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Paper 1 SectioD A

Tenns with 弋 mark deduction / no mark for spelling eπ0 ..

(a) 、porangiurn (1), produce spores (\12), for formation of gametophytes / propagation / 2 \12
reproduction of specics (\12), and di且缸里 the spores (\12)
%-3-
(b) diploid (\12) / 2n ;i vz-b-

m一
au-

2. ~ mark for each ∞π自t nurnber

(a) 7
(b) ) (3 not aαepted b民a凶e photosynthetic cells do not undergo alcoholic fermentation)
(c) 3
(d) 8 (also ac臼p臼 1 or 7)
(e) 10 (also aαepts ), 3 or 7)
(f) 2 |Q.2 = 3 marks
1!
•.

f'、

、
3. (a) *testis (1)

'，'，司，.
'，‘、

、且，'
-a
(b) B (\12)

，
- no spermatozoa {\12) in centre of seminiferous tubule in B (\12)
l

'，.、

、圖，
'，.、

、‘.，

*follicle 吋rnulating horrnone (1) / *testosterone / *luteinising horrnone / *interstitial cell

FL

stirnulating hormone
(N .B. FSH凡此，'ICSH (Y.))
!Q.3 = 3 \12 marks I
l

'，‘、

、 EJ
4. (a) predator-prey relationship (1) I X preys on Y
(-1
、‘

(b) Y and X out of phase ('1:) +at least 2 oscillation cycles are shovm (\12), peak for Y
EJ

higher 白白白at ofX (Y:), 2 C ll.L'"'\唱 co闊的， labelled as X and Y (~)

八 八八八八八〕

(axes without labels -~)

Ai 閏
-zz

L
心

(2)
一-

X
〉
-d，

、、、
x一-

,
』3.oz

',
',
',
',
',
',

Time •
-I
i.
、‘，
r. 、

Both X and Y would not die out completely (1) / X and Y would 5how
J

oscilla自19 cycle pattem. In the na tura.l environmen t, as the population density of

Yf已lls， it would be difficult for Xωlocate Y (1) / less food is available for X / (3)
X may prey on other available fi∞d 50叮ce other than Y. When X falls in
popu1ation. Y 前II take chance ωproliferate 0生) and this is followed by an
incr臨終 inXpop凶 ation 臼 rnore fiωd i5 available (~).
Q .4 = 6 marks
5. Group Function (any 1, I rnark each)
(a) *Ann elida (1) • maintains body shape 一 2
also ac臼pts • muscles of body wall aα5 on coelornic fluid
*Ann elid(s) to bring about locomotion
.-': - .
"" " _. ，' 且 ， • suppo前
• protectlon
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沮征ks

(b) .Cni也ria (1) / • catching prey / feeding

.Coe lenterata • defense / protection ,- 2
(al詞也自pts -一一一- … 一一一.

.C叫也討個(s) /
.Colenterate(s))

(deduct ~生 mark ifno tabu!ation) (4)

Q.5 = 4 marks

6. (a) Concentration of sucrose solution decreases in A (lf2) and in心reases in B (lf2).

The water potentia! gradient between the water and the sucrose so!ution in A is more than
that between the water and 也e sucrose so!ution in B (1), +because the sucrose so!ution in max.3
A is more concentrated than that in B (Y:). 而is causes waterωenter A by osmosis (1),
祖d 訂閱tes a hydrostatjc pressure / pressure potential / turgor press叮e in A (lf2) which
臼臨的 the s.ucrose solution to move a!ong the g!ass tube to B (1). Water is forced out of
B (lf2).

(4)

(b) *Mass f1 0w (1) hypothesis (1)

(c) A-phoωsynthetic 1臼f (lf2)

B-sωrage org叩(lf2) / growing point / fruit / see d/ young !eaf ( 1lf2)
glass tubing - ph!oem (~)
;

-叫“一
-m一
一旦
一一一一
-KU
-tu-rt -LA-

-c!"
『

自
η
7. (a) ! contro!s 扭扭瓜缸 motor 伽ctions whereas 2 contro!s 扭扭山回 motor functions (1) /
reflexes.

(b) when CO 2 concentra討on in b!ood rises (1), H+ concentration in f1 uid in brain incre品的/ (4)
pH decreas白，.detected by 3. 0位)， impulses will be sent 含油m3 (l是)ωthe diaphragm (~)
and intercostal muscle (~) causing them to contract faster and rnore powe由J1y (1).
l

'，.、

、‘'，
(c) '。勾司ocin (1)

Q.7 = 6 marks

8. sq也d - jet propulsion (1) / strong con甘action of muscles of mantle to squee扭曲e water out 0[. (m缸 .2)
mantle 臼vity through siphon, jerky movement (1) / darting
- undulation of lateral fms (呦， cruise / hovers / propels slow forward movement (lf2)
fish - lateral undulation ofthe tail (1) / posterior part ofthe body / whole body, (max.2)
or
lashing 企om side to side 含om 企ont to rear,
or
a1temate contraction ofmuscles on both sides ofthe body,
to bring about smooth (均 forw叫 movement (lf2)
flapping ofpectoral fins (呦， forward movement (lf2) / turning
Q8 =4 marks .1
9. 卜 .endospenn (1), provides fo叫 for 起扭扭也Il (lf2)組且~盟h (lf2) during gem由ation (4)
2- ﹒col臼ptile(1), protec臼 plumule when it emerges through the soil during gennination (1)
「Q.9= 石訂b

(possible total maL : 19Yz marks)

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-
4扛 一
- 、 - •
Ma血革
Paper 1 Section B - Bl

l Terms 咐弋 mark deduction I 00 叫如醉如m

10. (a) (2)

'，‘、

、.，
(b)

(c) (i) beca也e TN and TP •, chlorophyll a ↑(1)，甘~ and TP provides (2)

nutt1白白(ltS)
for g:rO\l.訕。 fpbytopl祖kton (Y:)
旬
，a﹒、

ina閏se 區也oropbyll a me叩s more photosvntheti~ activity (1) which (l Yí)

libe:'訟.es ~020位)
(i Íl) - Jow 到蝸 (Y:) 組d~)may_gr州h I survival of I Y:

ctivity ofthe n生

(3)

Page to13l = 9Y:

(d) Station B (Y:) yí

(Any tw'O of tbe follo\l.in皂， 1Y: marks each) 3

Among the 35也rions :
Bhas 址:咱... of eutrophication I • ~， because it has
tbe JowesfTN (~分 IlowTP
B has tbe low吋.y:)， ~f fish ~ill not be cJ嘟d by 叫im恥自斗
(1) 一 ν' 之
B has a rel甜吋 hi呵. (Y:)， 的叫“r respiration of fishes (1)
B is away from h臼Y)' marine tra伍c routes (呦， λfish farms will not be
d回!rbed (1).

(恥: . B. 1. Mzrlc givenω 由e 街百t two re訟。由 only . (3 ~你

主 Do not ac臼pt 也討onCbe臼use:ith臼 high SS , it is sìtuated in the
Vicrona Harbour where 因而 c was heavy and it has a low salinity
咄icb ís not st此able for marine fish culture.)

(e) (Any two oftbe follo怕也 1 mark 臼ch) : (2)

一 Jng:盟品質wage tr自由 eot 且~
Incr田里 e伺 cienc:::: of sewage tr間tmentpr，也esses
Export of treated sewage effiuents to anotber catchment I 包起g
pipelines for dis戶SaI oftr臼.ied sewage
計何花r I ad呵且te sewage dispo唱 al for 血旦旦旦旦d v il1 ages at Station A
Improved m訊超ement of indus甘ial effiuent
k洹slate control 00 all effiuents by sening minimum standarcis ofTN
andTP in a自uents

試卷由
Questio .
Pagc to13l = 5Y:
To13l DreamHome
= 15
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99-AL-810 1- 10

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',

'bom ~I\ σ也叫毛吋h 你ιA胸悶叭 O. 扭缸ks

11. (a) Tbe initial viab.i1 ity (含om day 0 to_ day 1) was the" 加 ~esofsoil (4)
(1). But from day 1 onw呦， the.圖.in field.oil ..做Ir • •1Þ
(I) 1 some seedling_' eventua))y a)) seedlings died on 伽 7'" day (1). In
field A soil , the ví訪î1ity of the seedlings increased continua))y (~) and
reached a maximum on the 7曲 day (~).
[Bon世 :dea曲 rate of seedlings in fieJd B soil > germination rate (1) after day

Page total = 4
(poss. Page total =叮

(b)
1!元

K= Fungi (~) 1~

吋‘
r ﹒、
d
page total =3

(c) (i) . þ (1) so that the effect observed in (2)

-一ious treatmen臼 is 面只Zτ?“dition of the micro-o耶nism(s) (1)
Inot a能cted by other organisms.
司的旬
，'‘、

Comparison of the resuJts Effect of J andlor K

。f 曲e tr，臼tments on 曲e 討ce seedling

viability of seedlings in P
Q&P to 1 ∞% but that of Q 2
to 0% (1).

2
viability ofthe seedlings in
R&P 甘eatments reached 100令官
1) 1 的 the.圖，
2
viability ofthe seedlings
and 咽JeTS 1~也 as in 佇eatmentc; P
(1) 恥、甘、主，\awer rz;，弋

(6)

徊。甘le 街ldings support hypothesis 1alone 日 (1)

(闕_.....←.... I toxic chemical I chemicals ﹒喝lìIIr ar，恤d 伽 (1)

s叫lings(1) I K outcompetes J for the binding site on the rice seedlings (1)
IKo心t 叫npetes J for essential nutrients (1)
領

K Ol恥ompetes J I K inhibits the growth of J

Page total = 10
Question total = 17

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99-AL.BIO 1 - 11

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J f . ~ 以 j.....
lot.ol~~ J， ~ .i

Paper 1 Section B - B2 凶且血直

12. (a) (An y 3 ofthe following , 1 mark each)

the concentration I amount of:
fumarate (3)
FADH 2
succtnate
FAD

(b) all e也yme molecules 訂'e saturated 叫th substrate molecules (1) I AII
active sites are saturated wi出 substrate molecules (1) I enzyme is
l 泊liting
FAD is lirniting (1) I FAD is not sufficient to accept the H 企om (2)
succinate (1)

Page tobl = 5

、‘'，
，a﹒、
(c) (i) Malate 也溢血血 the reaction (1).

(ii) 的 reactions in the Kr ebs cycle proceeds (~)， malate concentration will
increase (\':). Malate is sttucturally similar to succ jÒat~ (~)， hence will
comnete with succinat~ (~分 for binding to the 且且主立且也 on succinate
dehydrogenase (\治) I malate is a competitive inhibitor (1). This .s.lo.盟主 (4~分
dQ盟 the reactions in the .Kß垃4且k (~). Malate concentration is in (+Bonus= 5)
tum lowered (Yz) . Inhibition is removed (Yz), reaction rate in the Krebs
cycle increases again (Yz ).
[Bonus : negative feedback (Yz)]

Page total = 5 Yz
(p oss. page to t3l = 6)
Question Total = lO~
σoss. QUestiOD Total = 11)

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99-AL-810 1 - 12

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凶益區

13. (a) (i) Species A

勻缸
long-day pIanl (1)

， ，
13 (1)

1
叫Ja
100(1)
1I 0e是)

(6)

、'，
'，.、
(ii) Jeaves are the receptor of light (1)

Page total = 7

(b) (i) (1) - No (y,). Th e number of day 叫也 natural daylength that meets (2 !tS)
the requirement of A (ì .e. 240 days of 13 hours daylength / 160
也YS of 14 bours dayl凹gth) is Iess than that required for Aω
yield flower. (1 mark 伽∞π自t concept, 1 mark for data
quoted)

(2) - N組.UaI dayleng曲也閻明out 也e ye訂 is

_~)/I間也扭曲 aiti叫 daylength of 15 hours out more
th組 8 bours.
-甘le narural dayl 回g曲曲rougbout the year ~竺-竺.the
phoω向“ic ofsp自iesB (1).

(2)

(ii) (1) Feb.IO(I) (1)

Page total = SYz

(2) ) with artificiaI li的“ 2~也

(or - Use tlashes of li拉tωinterrupt / break period of darkness

froml血 31ω April 21 ，叩 that the pe討od of continuous
缸站的 isless 也血 9 hours (24 hours - 15 hours))

B:ωd間且終也yleng由 ω14 hours (l) after April 11 / April 12 2 Y,

to May II (1) by ∞V釘包g the pl卸的 with black cI oth (Y,)
(5)

Page total = 5
Question total= 17~生

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Paper 2 Section A 凶且也s
..
Anyfu泣。 fthe following, 1YJ marks each : (Accept coπect alternatives) 一“‘
"'1- 4..._;

(a)
- Universal solvent (均 /high polarity, facilitates chemical reactions (1) / serves 臼叮叮lsport
'Î
medium/medium for chemical reaction to take place
- Adheres 姐d cohe~es (YJ) / high surface tension and adhesion, allows 1.ormation of a continuous
mter column in plants (均 for water transport (YJ)

?WJTies 命
- High sp自 i t1c heat capaciI): (YJ) , helps!eep temperature stable which is essential for a 5table
environment for aquatic Iife (1) 0'\ 刊叭已 (m 缸 .6)

- 闊的 latent heat of vaporizatio!! (YJ) ， j旦旦控Eheat loss /cooling e ct in 旦旦旦巨型主 through

能
比 0 ，他\P.>δ (1)
sweating and .E.!空笠 thrωgh transpiration
- Hi凶1 latent heat of fu5ion( 呦， aq4atiF environm~nt and cell contents are 510w to freeze in cold
必~ weather (1) 報仇恃旬章也有能 hK._

- High transp訂閱 cy( 呦， allow5 Iight penetratio!! for photosynthesis of submerged.plants (YJ) /
也叫 vision for aQuatic animals (YJ)
r

一
F'reezing properties ofwater (~)， density ofwater decreases on 企eezing ， thus ice f1 oats , allows
aquatic organisms to survive in cold region (1)
I\I~I.\I"" lncompressibility of watef (Y2), provides且昆虫!ï for_世也 (Y2) and support for 且也越 with
叭的仇】'JY(iro-
skeleton(~)

(b) X 釘ophytes Iive in ~訂閱s (~) / where soil water is 鈴anty / inadeq陣late water supply.
Halophytes Iive in areas with a hi!?:h salt conten1 in the soil (~). Both habitats have low water
potential in the soil (1), this makes the osmosis of water into the root difficult (1). / Both max.2
experience di 昂 ωIty in water acquisition 企 om the environment.

Xerophytes are faced with an environment where air humidity is low, this creates stress due to. max. I
exce 路 ive 汀anspiration (1).
Halophytes also need to get 耐 of excess 5aIts that enter from the environment (1) in ord 訂 to
maintain constancy in the osmotic environment ofthe cel l.

(Bon臨 Halophytes are even faced with the problem ofwater 1055 from the root to the soil (1).) E且此三i
max.3
+Bonus =4
Xeroohvtic adaotations Haloohvtic adaotations
(rnust give 3 waysωget max. mark o(3) (must give 2 ways to get max. mark of2)
-﹒ ωreduce water 1055 (Y2)
• sωmata are sl扭扭且(~) / in depre5sions
(stomatal cryp心) +50 that the diffusion
.
- .to reduce water loss (~)
leaf with thick and waxy cuti cJ e
(~)
gradient of water vapo叮 between the leaf • erect leaf (Y2 ) ωreduce light I
w interior and the 侃terior is reduced (~) heat absorption (l是) max.5
• epidermal hairs (呦，也 is traps water vapour
扭曲 e vicinity (~) of the lea f，三。 that the - to conserve / store water (~)
diffusion gradient between the Ieaf interior • succulent leaf (均
and the exterior is reduced (~)
• rolling of leaf lamina (\是) / leaf modified to

\N
needle-like ωreduce surface area for
甘anspiration
-
.
to secrete / remove salt e元)
possess salt gland (~) in leaf (Y2) M
C
治)

• thick cuticJ e on leaf surface (~) to keep the - actively extrude salt out of root (1)
moisture / water proofing (~)

入
j .“ omata open at night and cJ ose at daytime
in some desert plants (~)
-ωconserve / store water 0位)
• succulent stem / 1 臼 f(~}
- to obtain water 0是)
~ 0 • deep root system (Y2) / extensive but
shallow root system

(m 缸 .8)
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Marks
(c) Skin (Yz)- keratin Iayer (Yz) I 0時nn05t 1叮叮 of epidermis has comi~ed ce1l5，制 i5 _waterproof l Yz
(Yz) I prevents water 1055
- 叫s eba缸c切凶 gl胡叫 ds“e的t協 e自50 州iI(仰%均)， 叫
e 咄甜白俯5W側a滋t呻m白峙略 p仰ro防叮(仰%份) 刀 λ 心=;:
訕
S un
忱 ke
叩 nr防官s叩
pi旭ratωory surface (ωlη) -1沁 叩
u 嗯
n g I alveoli 訂ar穹
q 旦且笠盟笠豆/ sunken into the chest, th閻明必r
105S 合om the moistened respiratory s叮face is kept ωa 2
minimum (1)
\主J Loop ofHenle is lorig (1) -countercurrent multiplier e能ct is ma伊 ified I achieved (1), 3 Yz
intensifies the osmotic gradient between the medulla and the
collecting duct contents (1), ~ water is reabsorbed (均/
hypertonic urine is produced
(Do not accept role of colon in water reabsorption because this is not an e5sential feature.)
(max. 6)
h.(l\rJ t c- (0 川訂從七JGter
Qualion Total : 20

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凶征ks

2. (a) Dn凶ni: rod shape showing the double envelope and cristae (1)
扭扭山路: (~mark each)
。回er envelope .‘
. inner membrane ~C :， j;:: 心丸
cnstae 、 max.2
matnx
nbosome
(accept other correct 甜uctures)
~ .\k-c仁青e_ 6叭叭岔，l\ 柚雨之赴
V\I\\有Î:'; Ù'\ D^ c) ì: c人 (3)
(b) (i) 血血迦血血:
- similar 泣~
range (1) / visible under Ii ght microscope
ω- both rod-shaped (Yz)
- both possess membrane (1) (max.4)
- both contain respiratory en勾叩es (Yz) for aerobic respiration (呦， and electron
carriers (Yz) to c訂ry out oxidative phosphorylation (1) (N .B. if state for energy /
ATP production , yz mark only)
(accept coπect altema討 ves)

(ii) N前前盟內的1J ctural chan 白宮:

- loss of bacterial cell wall (1) max. 3

- deveJop inωa doubJe-membrane structure / addition of a membrane (1)
- modify the bacteriaJ membrane to become the hi!'!hlv folded inner membrane , i. e.
cristae of mitochondrion (1), with the function to increase surface area for
accommodating the respirat。可 en勾叩e (1)
(aJ叩 accepts degeneration of flagell a/cilia)

Nec研究且 rv nhv~iol 0{7icalcham7es:

- 10ssofpa.I苗 itism / get rid of any h剖叩如 J effect on host cell (1)
- be able to estabJish interdependence with host cell / mutualistic reJationship with 2
host ceII (1) / gain raw materiaJs 企om 出e cytoplasm of host ceII (Yz) and suppJy
energyωhost ceII (均
(5)
N\.~"\:0巳.'^叭。 í~C 示支也 0r 坑已進化了
(iii) (Candi也les must answer the three aspects asked to score full mark of 8)
經世型是有而
且且:吋ruses are much smaIIer than mitochondri~ (~是)， 0nly visible under EM (Yz)
S且血血: V,(Î.\...)_ ~叭_ e.\ect(\~ti:'L M :U-""毛叫令是
- not necessarily rod-shaped (diverse forms川mitochondrion 肌肉盟主些盟豆豆(1)
- genetic material is encIosed by a protein có"a1.( 1) but not membrane (1) m品.3
- geneiic material may be DNA or RNA, not necessarily DNA (1)
- no 晶。some/ 。由釘 stroctures on mitoc世世豆豆(1)

Interaction with host ceJ1: 4

- virus upon infection, injects genetic material into host ceIIs (1), then uses host
rnachinery and materials (Yz) for replication (Yz) / multiply, forms protein coåt and
吋us particles (1), which then assemble as virus parti cIes (均 causes Jysis of host
自11 (1) 0叫. if state kiIIing the host cell (均 onJy)
mitocbondrion is vi(al to the ceII in providing energy for celluJ訂 metabolic
pro借給(1) / virus 個nn~t provide en釘gyor ATP for 伽 cell
(m位.8)

Qu臼 tion Total : 20

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99-AL-BIO 2 - 19

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J. (Candidatesωanswer all aspec俗. i.e. , causes and mode of transmission of each type of diseaseωscqre full
mark of6.)' M值2
s 1 ~ ~ : :.ï ~. ' . 、 . Þ .﹒司 、 白

(a) M仰自 di"?EE ?!r;Jd: : 1PI …干?!?iqme1 7ijfif c

C組鐘s: 包凶 (m拭3) : cte.:他c....1Ì'\.K_.等几心

旦旦盤空 (1) 1 'any 2, ~ mark - defect in genome I genetic material (~). max.4
each : bacteria. viruses , fungi induced (肘。rspon凶eous (~);僻的 mutation 豆豆
- ~rsonal l!迪生巨(~) I poor (~) due to changes in h.ase sequenc~ (~);
health I contaminated chromo峙。me mutatio!1 (呦. due ωchanges in 這三
environment chrornosome numbe[and I or .s扭曲且(~)

的明枷
m也闊
血空白副
司

Modes oftransmission
o
O

σ­
inhaJation -企om generation to generation through gametes max.4
(1) (1)
加dy f1 uid contact (1) I sexual
contact (~) I blood contact I
saliva contact
< vector (~) which incI udes insects
I animals (Yz)

(m缸.6)
'n oω 、\\)CÅ9夫心八CÅ. 許臥\)c=甘心吧于代
(b) A且正血岳重 ofthe following , 2 marks'each :

呵，但弓，-J
-空空旦旦旦11三of epidermis of intact sk郎 (1) provide physi呵1 barrie'r (1)
-secretions from sebaceous gland (1) 一 contains substances that inhibit growth of microbes (1)
-mucus in respiratory tract (1) - traps and stops pathogen from entering the body (1)

肉ι-
「J- 尚J-
- cilia in the respiratory tract (1) - sweep pathogen 0的 ofbody (1)
-且堅巨s._I digestive 拉些旦 in stomach (l) - strongly acidic , k.ì lls ingested pathogen (1) I
proteases (~)
- digestive juice (l) - protease (~) kills ingested pathogen (~) 2
-hair at nasaIp臼sage (1) - acts as filter ωtrap air-bome pathogen (1) 2
(accept other coπect alternatives)

l Oeduct 1 mark for incomplete sentence丸 denote as P =-1

(m臥 6)

XX is female (~)
XY is male (~)

-t零叫 sex linked means the gene responsible for the disease is on either the X or Y sex chromosome in
human (1)

A mother only transmits X sex chromosome to offsp吋1星(~). A father segregates either X or Y

sex chromosome to an offspring (~是).

A dominant allele will always express its phenotype in bo出 a male and a female individual (~). l~
A recessive allele will also express 自 phenotype in a male individual (~) but it requires
homozygosity for expressing the controlled phenotype in a female individual (~).

m缸.2

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99-AL-8IO 2 - 20

只限教師參閱 FOR TEACHERS' .USE ONLY

 只眼教師參閱: FOR TEACHERS' USE'.ONLY
M益區

lu仙
油
the 曲
d胸
is5闊闊s閃 u叫 a訓
枷
d恥
11le岫 Y-l垃恤
i
祉 i垃s 缸
e xp
伊ecα:ted 甘曲1a
滋t aJl male progeny of an áf釘
fe
叮ct臼ed 危
fat白
he叮r will be afπfe缸ct紛ed individuals (1η). 3
However，台om the pedigree, ma1e 泊dividual q_ in FI w臼 not affected al曲曲ghhis(ath叮川 ,

(mdivid閣12) was a能cted (1). Th血， thedi跨越e-ca也ing allele is not Y- Iinked (Y%).
or
it is exp前ted that all affected individuals must be male (1). However，台om the pedigree,
female individuals 4'and 5 in F. and female individuals 11 and 12 in F2 were also a餘的d (1).
Thus, the disease -c ausing allele is Dot Y-linked (Y%).

( lf tbe diseas閃叫ng all的 is X-linked aDd recessive (圳

“ ise坪ected 由at a11 affi自t吋 females inherit the disease-causing alleles 企'om both father and
mother (1). However，企om theμdigr間， affected female 1ndividuals 11 and 12 in F2 were 3
fathered by unaffected individual 3 個d affec:ted mother 4 (1). Th us , the disease-causing allele
is Dot recessive X-linked (Y%).
or
it is expected 出at an a能cted fern a1 e produces affected male progeny (1). However，的m the
pedigree, male individu a1s 9 個d 10 in F2 were unaffected，叫做y were sons of the a能cted
mother (individuaI4) (1). Tb血，油 e dis品se-causing allele is not recessive X-I泌kedO是).

(立即“倒叫白叫枷le is X-link~ aDd domi_nant (Yz), ')

包 is expected that an affected 叩n must inheTÌt his disease-causing allele 合'om his mother who is
組 affected individual ω0 (1). However，企om the pedigree , affected male (individual 7 in F, ) 3
W苗 mothered by unaffi前ted individual 1 (l). Th us, the disease-causing allele is not dominant
X-linked (Yz).
or
it is expected that the female proge可 of an affected father will be affected (1). However，舍。m
the pedigr帥， fernale individuals 15 個d 16 泊 F2 were unaffected altho曙h 曲eir father
(indi咐凶1 7) was affected (1). Th血，也edi銬的咱也ing allele is not dominant X-linked (Y%).

Thus，企om the above deduction, the dis扭扭-causing allele is neither X nor Y-Ii nked. m以: 6

(Aαept altemative approach 也atis ∞叮叮t)

(max.8)

Question Total : 20

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99-AL-BIO 2 - 21

口開訪問參閉 FOR TEACHERS'. USE ONLY

 只限教師參闊 - FOR TEACHERS' USE ONLY
Paper 2 Section B
且越s

Nervous co-ordination. (max.

.ι- .‘
4. 1月

(1) Cold streSs__results irÌ 'di叫large of s~

叩IP.a1出het
叫忱 i泌c 仙
0 u臼伽u叫1 (1) I e叮恥伽
b詠re缸r削 2
hy叩
llll
泊叫
othalarnuss (1):

• this ca凶es vaso-constriction of the skin arterioles (1), decreases blood f1 0w to the
skin (1), @reduces heat loss (呦， this conserves body temperature 仰
3

• erecωr muscle at the hair follicle ofthe skin con甘acts (l), hairs erect (均 I~

• leading to 曳hiverin!!: resoons~ of skeletal muscles (1), ~more heat is [l roduced (Yz) to
keep the body wann (Yz) 2

(2) As the man is 起~htened. 可mpathetic output increases (1), this íncreases heart rate (1)，地 is
increases the delivery of more blood to the rnuscles (1), provides for more O2 (Yz) / nu甘ients / 4
respiratory substrat白， for liberation of energy (Yz)

(3) Bodv curls lJll as. a voluntary response to cold stress (1)ωreduce surface 訂閱 for heat loss (1) 2

(4) Do exercise (1)ωgenera忱。 more heat (Yz) ωkeep body wann (Yz) 2
(Accept correct altemative answer)
max.12
Horrnonal co-ordination (max. 1月

.
rs

、‘'，

As the man was hungry, low blood glucose (1) :

‘、

泣血叫瓜且 secretion of 斟山站且 (1) 世omαcells (均 inp個cre臼 (Yz)， increases

breakdown of 亨 Ivco臼ninωglucose (1) in liver (Yz); hence blood glucose level 6~
resωres to normal (1), ensures glucose supply provided to cells (1) for energy
production (Yz) ωraise body ternperature to normal (均/ ensures glucose supply to
cells (l在) to maintain basic needs (均

• 也趾lilis secretion of 扭扭山 (1) 企om ß cells (Yz) in pancreas (Yz), slows down the 3
uptake of glucose by cells (1)

(2) 的 the man was 仕ightened，越且且lin secretion i且缸里~ (1), from the adrenal gland (Yz). This 3~
ilim凶益位 thebreakdown of !1' lvco空間 to glucose (1), thus .extra 哩 1ucose w jJJ be supplied 10 1he
且1ls to deaJ with the stressful situation (1)

(3) Increased adrenaline secretion also increased heart rate (1)，但onus: under sympathic
stimulation (1) ) -this increases the delivery ofmore blood to the muscles Bonus =1
(4) Mention of stress hormones e.g. ACTH , co口isol ， their sites of production , their actions e.g. max.2
glycogenolysis
max. 13
(N .8. -, @，~ : mark to be given once only)

QUestiOD Total : max.20

If~ 75% ofthe answer is in flowchart form, deduct 4 marks

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99-AL-810 2 - 22

~ff間對所參悶 FOR TEACHERS' USE ONLY

 求 ::zktf丸之立九六站立
只眼教師參閱 ~FOR TEACHERS' USE 'O NLY' .
6 令爪哇1人也決 D向他~ì.，叭叭d e..~亡o.c....，'cÅ. .' - 凶征ks

S. S且呈.t:lI.ß

l •.
BO曲的戶1yrners (呦， monom~叮r 伽 fb切r巾
仙
\11h
叫
01u凶叫』比
“
c1l恰忱
ei划忱
ic 叫
a叫
ciid的 1、川川
仙)J.
s盯
S!!
刊n叫
t
'，‘、

',
or .pyrimidine baSe (呦， a phd尋hate '7"phosphonc 齡id (份制dap伊閃 m釘叩nto
悍
p enω5跨e 叩g訂 i誌s 巫且豆空r 血a 且耳泣h臼豆笛 found 泊 i n DNA 衍 0 r 曲且皇 a
鈞s found in RNA (1η).
叭叭 0\'11\巴「 Monorri﹒釘 for \p再而再 is amino 缸id (~)， with one acidic 扭曲也正1 group (~) and one basic
個inn gro叩{助;商品 20 pJus amino 缸 ids (~).

(2) Nu c1 eic acids can be sin !1 Je stranded poJynuc1eotides, e.g. RNA (1) or doubJe strande:d in
antipa叫 1e1 fashi凹， coiled in a doubJe helix, e.g. DNA (1). SimiJarJy, proteins may be sin斟E 3
~tÎ 趴叭 d m凶~ poJypeptides (呦， b也t may aJso consist of many strands of poJypeptides (~).

(3) 甘leprimary structure of protein is considered as equivalent to the base sequence of DNA (1).
甘lesecondary structure of protein is' considered equiva1ent to the helical conformation of m 缸 .2
DNA (1). But there is no tertiary and quatemary equivalent conformation io DNA (1).

I而區心血州e boru:l between 吋aceot amino 齡ids (1), hydrogen bonds / disulphide
boods /‘一ι斗目ι」ι斗而斗斗ι主晶晶一ιr ← γ三% I jt) between polypeptides or
巳O f'cÀ._ di市rent Darts òf the Drotein molecuk to give the final confonnatioo (l). 1也niICIeic acidsλ max.5
phosphodiester bonds (1) I bonds join the phosphate group 笠 the 旦旦r 0f adjacent
nu cI eotides._ Jn DNA, hydrogen.(Y:) between complementary base pairs (~) / A-T and C-G、 of
the complemen凶y poJynu cJ eotide)trands. (1)
~D f'c\ ') max.l0
.E1ln且扭扭

Nu cJ eic acid(m缸 .6) 位姐姐n(m缸.~ m缸. 10

involved in protein synthesis (~)， as some - growth (~也)， repair (~生) I replacement
proteins become en勾喃自(~)， nu cJ eic acids - structuraJ: component of.cell membrane and
pJay a part in ~ontrolJing cellular activity cytopJasm (1) I muscle , hair
(~) - physiological (max. 5) : a brief description
• DNA - nuc1 eotide 尬的 form 伽 00 their functions in
codes for *amino acid various aspects (1
sequence in protein (l) mark each)
. DNA - can self-replicate (~)人臼n
and pass 戶netic materiaLfrom
• O2 transport : haemog10bin
• co -ordinatioo : hormone
RNA one generation to the next (1) • catalysis : enzymes
• mRNA - bears the codon (~)， • movement : mus c1 e con甘action
叮當lscribed 合omDNAC元)
- body defeoce : antibody (l) I fibrinogen
to detennine the *amino - respiratory substrate under extreme starvation
acid sequence in proteins (1)
o品)

. 血NA- 釘到15fers the amino acid to

site of protein syn也 esis (1) in
(accept correct altematives)
- 01..，抖川 、 州已 cwfJV PWHAKtdmd
心
pwkl
thec戶oplasm I to those 屯;ι" \"h;,.kct
ribosomes attached to
mRNA, bears th虐 an討codon
(~)，由at serves to recogn泣e/
match the codon 00 the
mRNA(~)
•
rRNA - a component of ribosome (1)
(acceμaltemative wordings used.
which 臼rry similar m臼ning)
(N .B. *: m訂女 ωbe given on臼 only)
Mark deductioo :
• No comparison, 00 mark.
• Deduct 1 mark for 甜swers in table fonn , denote as T = -1 試卷由 DreamHome 提供
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• Deduct 2 marks for answers in sep訂ate paragraphs and the comparison
99-AL-BIO 2 - 23
though identifiable but do not co~espon-d， deoote as S = -2 I
Question Total : max. 20

口閑要守所接閉口 nR T J= A~ J-f口間只， f .J SE ONLY

 只限教師參閑下OR TEACHERS' USE ONLY
組征ks

6. Reouirementll for 畫exual reoroduction

. • : 1,.
. . . r
一 一. .一

- ‘ individuals ωreach sexual maturi即 (1)， ωthat they can produce !'1UT1 etes (1) . ν . . :_"! i..: __
reductiori division .' ~且i.s iri life ' cycle (1) to produce 旭sililli1 garnetes ( 1), so that in max.6
fertilization , .d inloidv can be restored (1)
- means of brin2 in會 the !!:artlete宜的!!:ethe[for fe.國肛越拉且 (1)
- availability ofma1e and female that are compatible at breeding s回e (1)

E~nmnare and contra 有 t how mammals and flowerio p' Dlants acbie，re 雪Eτual renrnduction max. 17
(Candidates m凶t mention at least 2 simiIaritiesωget max. mark of 1η

凶amm到s Ðowe吋n 亨Jilimts

tJe\卅
一 gamete production by m且ÏQS.ÎS at the ovary and testis ~ιgamete production by m益且i.s伽n
the femaIe and male gametophytes
- gemeωphyt~ developed from sp傲自
監控型企盟1 meiosis of
sporophytes

More male garnetes than female gametes ( ~) to compensate for w苗te (-!-~)

- must involve 2 individuals of different sexes - not necessarily involve 2 individual

plants I some involve selι
fertil回tion
because some plants are
mon<個:cious I bisexual

--抖，
- mechanism of bringing the 2 individuals together I - no such mechanism

勻­
nuvd

，
matmg

lJ
- courtship behaviour
一 ttmmg: oes甘us

一 introduction of spe口n to female's body by -2叮叮al1y extemal agent involved /

copulation / no extemal agent involved involves pollination mechanisms :
e.g﹒、‘ind.， insec t, water , bird (any !拾 ，~

two)
""O V ι.Vo lt.

- sperms are motile / swim towards female gamete - male gamete is immotile
- water medium is needed - male gamete 甘ansfeπed to fe maJe
gamete by growth of pollenωbe

Internal fertilization in both

- completion of meiotic division in ovum after - completion of meiotic division of

fertilization egg nucI eus before fertilization

一 no double fertilization involved - do曲le fertilization involved

一 fertilization in the oviduct 一 fe而lization in the embryo sac

implantation - no impl組組討on

一 development of foetus in the uterus - development in the embryo sac

Nutrient supply 企om parent during embryonic development

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99-AL-BIO 2 - 24

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 只限教師參閱 FOR TEACHERS' USE QNLY
凶紅k.s

- detachment ofnew individual from parent: - some seeds ! fruits bearing 伽

- birth of baby involves laborious process / embl)'o may detach 合om the parent
muscular con甘action of uterine waJ l / mechanical ;. : plant by .yatia1ls mechanisms. ~ -♂
/ active force (No labor / no muscular contraction
of uterine. wall / not necessarily
involve mechanical force : ~ mark
only)
e. g. explosive mechanism
(dehiscence) I fruit simply detaches
from parent plan t.

Mark deduction :
• No comparison, no mark.
. Deduct 1 mark for answers 泊 table form , denote as T = -1

.• Deduct 1 mark for 位1Swers in note foπn， denote as N =-1

Deduct 2 marks for 缸1Swers in sep訂ate p訂agraphs and the comparison
出rough identifiable but not coπesponding， denote as S = -2

lQuestion total : max. 20

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99-AL-BIO 2 - 25

與開封閉發閉 FOR TEACHERS' USE ONLY

 只眼教師參閱.. FOR TEACHERS' U~E ' ONLY
Paper 2 Section C

The assessment of essay is divided into 2 訂閱， i.e. content and style. .-;' i:- . .... 扎一天 凶征隘
山區供二 .' .--.,. .- • _' . .- .' ‘ .. ; 九三 i 可. '旬

.
.
哼
.
., . u
~
λa ‘- ,,;

Qm拉瓜

Ideaslconcepts and mark.allocation suggested in the marking scheme will give markers some guidelines in (m缸.15)
assessing essays in this section. Nevertheless these ideaslconcepts should not be treated as the only
acceptable answers. Markers should exercise their professional expe成ise in judging alternative
options/viewpoints given by candidates which they consider relevant and appropriate. Th e chief examiner
should be consulted in case of doubts in accuracy.

N. B. An y modifications to the existing marking scheme (e.g. scope I requirement) could be worked out
by the examiner and the markers after they have examined some sample scripts. Markers are
requested to note down these modífications and send them by mail to 5.0 (Bio.) at the end ofthe
marking period.

~ 5

Marks on style is based on the fo 1l9wing :

(a) Wh ether there is a relevant introduction and conclusion 2

(b) Communication effectiveness : whether the ideas I arguments presented are clearly written , easy
to understand, organized and logical , showing a grasp of the gist of the question, and an effo口 to
respond directly to the question; effective use of accurate and relevant information , paragraphing
of facts I ideas / viewpoints 3

(c)' Overall impression ofthe essayas the whole.

Mark deduction: At least 1 - 2 marks to be deducted from style if answer is not in essay-form.

N. B. Errors in the use ofEnglish such as spelling and granunatical mistakes should not be spec 的cally
penalised, since a candidate with good command ofEnglish will have obvious advantage (e.g. in
writing speed, in organization , in expressing his ide俗， etc.) in essay writing.

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99-AL-BIO 2 - 26

只限教師參閱 FOR TEACHERS' .USE ONLY

 只眼教師參閱_ FOR TEACHER~'~.~給 _E-_9NLY 凶ru:ks
Paper2 se口ionC

7. _ (a) .A.Illll自由IU (any three ofthe follo叫ng fields) _m缸. 10

(4 ma;ks max. for each field of application. ~': mark on name offield, 3 marks 00 example and
哼lpli扭曲}

(1) Emiromn間包1 protection (~) :

• engÍn eered E. ëoli 戶S位時s geneωbreak do\\n cellulose1. speeding up the recycling
。f也e most abundant biomass ∞但nh
• gmeticallyengin陣ered mi叮∞rgani.sm自缸時吋a，如ngi ， algae) with enhanced ability
ω 做自kdownen由nmental且Il單單單-

(2) Medical (~):

• tbe oroduction of pharmaceuti臼ls for 甘甜nnent of diseases, e.g. human insulin by
rec咽binant E. coli，_E!坐坐5 血d for 品也e prevention, e.g. vaccine (he阿拉is 8
可-ao:ine)
在t/ 且口已♂( (('\1
• 2融 tberap'y:ω 的Edailyi捏捏ce tbe [nutant!undersirable gene which is disease-
can:sin g with a normaJ allele 之有 \ ITK ll -E
• CJ∞aI prop略 ation : a source of tlssue or 0月an for transplantation, avoid all the
F由lem of i~unoincompatibility J.妒 f
免也l' 啼I 攝 相1'..:1.
(3) Agrict血.u-e (~) :
• trëmS2: enic pl血ts and farm animals: - pest-r自is包nt ability , avoid I reduce use of
基也受改造街 cbemi臼I pesticides , 印rotects 伽
....，_司吋 environrnent, can be cited as an example
in (1))
梓完 - increases yield
. 函C扭扭 shelf-life I storage time oftomatoes

(..:) I.ndus:r凶(~) I fi∞d proquction :

.
﹒明訊自
巳se ofgeneti臼lly engineered micr∞也位也m to make stone-wash jeans
叫起v叫巳枷\_
(信自?= omer correctãltematives)

(5) Res扭曲個 d Edu臼rion (~)

(b) r.r前:ed nre of one cited examnle 4

procedure given m回 match 的
ç、..8. exa:nple)
e_εbu::n:an insul in :
• isolzri∞ of insulin gene (l)
• dooe 函!O a pl自mid (1) transform / put into E. ∞li (1)
.自sspr吋uction of E. coli for insulin (1)
or
e_ g.. d∞ing of sheep /臼ttle
• 1鉛!zrioo of nu cI eus of an undifferentiated cell (1)
• dOile ÍIItO an anu cI eate cell (p rotoplast fusion) (1)
• implant into suπogate mother (1)
• d.."yel中ment into an indi叫 dual (1)

De:dt路 1 阻ic from 蜘1 if 由e procedure given d仿制 match any of 出e examples quoted in
answer姆 part(a).

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99-AL-BIO 2 -1i

只限教師參閱 FOR TEACHERS' USE ONLY

、‘'

只眼教師參閱 FOR TEACHERS' USE ON(Y

凶証U

(c) Qm且且直(1 ~ each) max.3

. !. . .. .
、;. . ! '

mical (anvor叫 ;fJf i(4F

;1 (1) Using cloned organisms as. donor for medical treatmen t, is this ethically ri品i? ' ; ， 仁 ， ρ_" .~. .
(2) Gene therapy : if apply to germ ceJJs, causes irreversible change to the future generation
ofthe individua l. Wh o has the right to choose ?
(3) Gene r叩 lacement .: can individuals have the right to choose to change their genes (e.g.
I.見， skin colour - arouses racial issue) , violation of nature.
(4) Could clonal propagation be the sole reproductive mode for sexual organisms? ln
human society , this promotes the ‘ uniparent' trend and is against or even destroys the
culturally and the naturally developed 'biparent society'.

Safetv (anv one)

(1) Release of genetic recombinant organisms into field : 11psets the established ecol叩 ic且l
且也librium environmen t, impact is unpredictable.
(2) Food product : usually requires more research and model animal tests before the se l1i ng
of recombinant product. e.g. From the recombinant technology, a ‘ hybrid' product (of
出e two organisms involved) and not the exp自t~ø produc t( metabolite of one organism)
is produced. Such a ‘ hybrid' product may ~ause allerQ'y to some consumers.

_:. "'、

|content : m缸 15

• \片 1、九 T
J; . ......
... .
'
f
-
‘ adp
J h-'
I
-w F

A-
--E
-F 試卷由 DreamHome 提供
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99-AL-BJO 2 - 28

口官問費l:r 曹南毒~ JLEf J=' np T J= ð ("U C: D~' , ，~，-:= ,..,,,,, v

 只眼教師參閱 FOR TEACHERS'.USEONLY
組征ks

8. .. [80n凶 mark should be given to examples of specific sites , organisms or specific . . !n合~~C~ 1
development in Hong Kong (e.g. airport project)]
.,. t 恥1'， ' ， •
弓
- .,.

(a) Destroy the babitats of marine organisms max. 5

. •
loss 伽前ine habita~ along the original shore line due to reclamation 地司 .
1oss ofbreeding grounQ or feeding ground of many species such as horseshoe -c rab
• loss of shore animals
. •
loss of specific environment such as protected or semi-protected bays
destroy the unique habitat of endangered species

(b) Direc tI y kill marine organisms by max. 3

.
•
坐立全藍白e 坐坐坐“ a result ofdumoing of 叫 1 at the reclaimed sites
mechanical damage due ωdredging activity
• remove the organisms 企om the sea bottom during dredging and then disposing them with
the soil at the reclaimed areas

(c) Discharge a lot of suspended solids in the water column max.6

• mduce li2ht oenetration in the water column

• affect photosynthetic activity of phytopl個kton due ωlowligh討ng conditions
• affect zoopla暐ton community that graze on phytopl缸汝ton
• fuπher affect predator community such as fish and the entire food web
• directly ~log fish gil古/ 刁 l~:-'"
• a仔ect feeding ofbenthié suspension I filter feeders
• smothers corals
• high turbidity affects visibility of anímals , thus 呈監控 their fc型且

(d) Release nutrients I chemicals into the sea max.4

? • nutrients in the sediment is re(eased into the water column , ca凶es eu甘ophícation，
increase phytoplankton productivity
• r.elease heavy metals into the water column
• mkase ol1!: anic oollutants into the water column
• affect microbialloops recycling

(e) Affect the life of marine animals and their behaviors due to underwater dredging activity max.2

• nois些 pollution
in the ocean - affect sonic communication of organisms e.g. dolphin
• cha咿s in be的 ic commun 旬， affect mi伊tion ofm呵呵anisms ‘之再
叭"
，'‘、

Reclaimed land creates new habitats for new colonizers max. 3

• newly-claimed shore line .Erovides new habitats for new colonizers

• new habitats allow the establishment of new ecosy悅ms - new cornmunity structures
• new interactions among species, new food web

(g) Changes in shore line affects flow pattern and flow rate of water max. 2

.
•
increased wave action in harbour (Victoria Harbour) due ωexcessive reclamation
change food web and marine ecosystem

|conte的 :m拭 15 I

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, 9. [Cand油慨，那wer must cover the 4 aspec臼 to get the m且 15 marks on content]

(a) f恥d with excessive fat : leads to obesiηand overweight (\1:), obesity due to π1ax.7
缸umulation of fat in fany I adipose tissue (呦， obese and overweight p~.[sons have the
following health problems :

consequence biologi ca1 basis for health consequence

(1) cardiovascular (\1:) and - excess lipid deposits in 甜徊的 (\1:)， may 3
cerebrovascular (\1:) diseases lead to 也romb凶(呦，﹒cIog blood vessels in
h 閉口 and brain (\1:), increases risk of heart
attack 叩 d stroke (\1:)

-h沖 ertension (\1:), .: thrombus in blood

vessels offers resistance to blood flow (\1:), 2
hαeases 甜ess on heart functioD (\1:),
weakening ofbeart mus cI e (\1:)
(2) high cholesterol in plasma (均 - diet rich in fat usua l1 y constitutes to high
cholesterollevel (l你

(3) risk of some cancer disease (\1:) - e.g. pro叮當e 臼ncer in males, breast cancer
in fem a1 es (\1:)

(4) diabetes (\1:) - @obesity predi中oses individual to diabetes ,

because of d也reased sensitivity of insulin
閃閃ptor to ins叫訟， thus glucose uptake into
cells slow down (\分

(5) insufficient rest and oxygen supply - breathing problern (\1:)

at night, tiredness in the day (\1:)
-一
(6) musculoskeletal problems (~位) - gout 個d 位由ritis (\1:)

(ηgall stone (\也) - caused by high cholesterol intake ,

cholesterol crystallized into stone in gall
bladder / biJe du ct, hinders fat digestion (\1:)

(b) 胎。d with excessive sugar max .3

consequence biolocica1 basis for health cons咀空間ce

(1) obesity 0分 - excess sugar is converted to Ii pid (';6) and 2
stored as ad砂ose tissue (\1:), *cI ogs blood
vessels (均 inαeases 討sk of heart attack I
個d 甜oke ('h)

。) dental problems (\1:) dental 臼討es / - sugar ch血ges to aci d, dissolves enamel 2
plaque (\1:) results ÎD den包1 de個y (1) or pe吋odontal'
gwn dis揖峙，姆拉1 corne off (1)

。) diabetes (\1:) - @obesity predisposes individual to ctiabetes,

、 . because of decreased sensi討vity of insulin
. recepωrω inSUIin (\1:)

(N.B. ., 8 : mark to be given once 0叫y)

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99-AL-BIO 2 - 30 - 。、
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(c) fiωdwi也 eIcessive sodium - ;. m叫 .4

consequence . : ~:有 可•
biological basis for heal也∞nsc:quence " ~ -1 ( -. •

(1) high bl ∞d pressure (~) - excess Na+ in blood st加ulat自 water 2~

如esses the heart (~) absorption (~) as body's normal 筒中onse to
maintain osmotic balance n生)， blood volume
will thus increase (~)
(2) 甜瓜ses the kidney (~) - kidneys work harder to expel the excess Na +
(~)

(d) ∞ntaminated food - food containing the following : m缸 . 5

(1 marlc for ty阱. 2 marks max. for each biological reason)

Types of contaminants Biological basis for health ∞nsequence

(1) 戶thogen (1) - parasites ofhuman host, live in host for
prolonged period, e.g. tapeworm (1),
causes irritation of intestine, loss of
nutrient (1) , di伍cult to 卸車dicate; e.g. max.3
prion in beef (1) as cattle feed on recy cI ed
carcasses of diseased sheep /cattle , leads
to mad cow disease, spongiform brain
tissue (1)

(2) h 閉只y metal / insecticide / pesticide - bioaccumulation / biological max.3

(DDη(1) magnification through the food chain (1) ,
damage nervous tissue , leads to prolonged
e任ects， ~mpairs fe而 lity (1)

(3) aflatoxin released by fungi in - damages li叫d … liver cancerωi 2

moulded food , e.g. peanut (1)

l conten心 : 15 marks I

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沮缸垃

10. (a) Causes oC deforestatmn 5

1
Ufu~~+~-+~û(\
、‘'，
'，‘、
human activities

• fire (1)
• c1 earance of land for in命astructure developmen t. agriculture etc. (2)
• lúmbering (1) 屆又代

(2) Natural causes

• fire due to lightning (1)

(b) C.on電eQuences of deforestatjon(m缸. 12)

l max.6
'，.、

、‘'，

man 2' es in forest ecolo Q'V

. interrupt cJ imax communi紗，出ggers succession , alteration of community

struc心re(2)
• can lead to 5pecies extinction by direct killing I habitat destruction I changes in
food web by alteration of species interaction (any 2 (2))
. loss ofbiodiversity (1)

(2) C'hanges in water c、c1 e and c1 imate

(1 mark for each point ifthe concepts are embedded in the context and well elaborated) max.8

• reduce the fresh water storage on land as les5 rain water is 甘apped in fores t,
Vt hi5 reduce5 the rate ofretum ofmoi5ture to the atmosphere by 甘anspiration
• leadωdecline in local oreciDitation,_ d(qugl!!_ may result and change the pattem
of precipitation in the world ;~明
• v-removal of vegetation leads to ~oil / land er05ion bv rain and wind. as root5
bind soil particles together 嘩括考前』司
• 帥君叩
d p 叫 ion
叮
on ofs
臼叫叫
吋d
E 副
吋lme
mer
叮 昀間
叮叩圳
E 昀
nIt俗
s 切
i n 叩飢 ecωystem
叫 融
a f叮T海
能
e
叫 叫
cα
t

• ρuru
叮
fa
昀 臼e rn
c 叩
r叮
uun
mn-o
丌 祈 f佇
f 忱
in
附 cr陀
ea部se
臼s 血
d ur討巾
i泊
咚
n g rm
呵哥
φin
叮 Y 臼
5 ea
臼5
叩帥叩
o n
(1) causes 且∞卓且且~ in lowland
areas (1) 也卻非
• V1 0ss of vegetation interrupts the ..recvcling of mineraIs as 汀自s hold much of
mineral , ifbumt, minerals loss to soil •
leaching •
lead to poor soil fertility
• 問gional air temperature increases as detopped soil / barren land increases ratio
of solar energy reflected to that absorbed , affect temperature --d ependent
ecoiogical processes
• V" increased atmospheric CO;Lresu1ts in a decrease in photos)nthetic activity by
losing vegetation
• V'global warming due tO_g[een house effeçt
• desertification
• ch呻 the air-flow pattem ofthe.world ~扎

|conten心 :m缸 .15 I

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