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    Infection and Immunity Bacterial, Viral and Fungal

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    CharrieBognotRagadi

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    Infection and Immunity Bacterial, Viral and Fungal

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    CharrieBognotRagadi
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    21 views30 pages

    Infection and Immunity Bacterial, Viral and Fungal

    Uploaded by

    CharrieBognotRagadi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 30

    Infection and Immunity:

    Bacterial, Viral
    & Fungal

    CHARRIE B. RAGADI M.D.


    The Normal Immune Response
    Innate Immunity

    Epithelial Barriers Macrophages and Dendritic Cells


    Neutrophils
    Specialized cells
    Epithelia of Skin, GI and
    Phagocytes in the blood Most important Antigen
    Repiratory Tracts
    Macrophages- presenting cell
    antimicrobial molecules
    monocytes that enter the has receptors that sense
    such as defensins
    tissues and mature microbes and cell
    Lymphocytes
    Ingest (phagocytose) damage
    microbes and other stimulate the secretion of
    offending agents cytokines
    Macrophages also has not key participants in
    antigen presenting the destruction of
    function microbes
    Innate Immunity

    Innate lymphoid Natural Killer Cells Complement System


    cells (ILCs)
    destroy abnormal cells, collection of plasma
    lack T-cell antigen such as virus-infected proteins
    receptors cells and tumor cells. function mainly in host
    activated by cytokines Achievved through defense against microbes
    Groups based on the release of perforins and and in pathologic
    dominant cytokines: granzymes inflammatory reactions.
    Groups 1, 2 and 3 source of IFN-gamma
    Innate Immunity
    capable of recognizing
    "pathogen-associated molecular
    patterns"
    Damage-associated molecular
    patterns (leukocytes)
    Pattern recognition receptors
    plasma membrane (TLRs)
    endosomal receptors (TLRs)
    cytosolic receptors (NLRs
    and RLRs)
    Reactions of Innate Immunity
    2 main Reactions: Innate immunity-
    stimulate adaptive

    1. Inflammation immune response


    2. Antiviral Defense does not have memory or
    fine antigen specificity

    100 different receptors to two types of receptors each


    recognize 1000 molecular with millions of variations, to
    patterns. recognize millions of
    antigens.
    The Adaptive Immunity
    2 TYPES:
    Humoral Immunity
    (B-lymphocytes)
    - protects against extracellular

    microbes and their toxins
    Cell Mediated Immunity
    (T-lymphocytes)
    -responsible for defense
    against intracellular microbes
    and against cancers.
    Cell Mediated Immunity
    Humoral Immunity
    Cytokines
    Messenger Molecules of the Immune

    System
    Innate Immune response: TNF, IL-1,
    IL-12, type I IFNs, IFN-γ, and
    chemokines
    Adaptive immune response:
    produced principally by CD4+ T
    lymphocytes (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17, and
    IFN-γ)
    TGF-β and IL-10- limit and terminate
    immune responses
    Overview of Lymphocyte Activation and
    Immune Responses

    Antigen recognition;
    activation of specific lymphocytes to proliferate and
    differentiate into effector and memory cells
    elimination of the antigen
    decline of the response with memory cells being the
    long-lived survivors.

    CURTIN HEALTHCARE SERVICES


    How
    microorganisms
    cause disease?
    How
    microorganisms
    cause disease?

    Routes of entry of Microbes


    Vertical Transmission

    Placental-fetal Postnatal
    Transmission during
    transmission during
    transmission birth
    breastfeeding
    Spread and
    Dissemination of
    Microbes in the
    Body
    Spread and Dissemination of
    Microbes in the Body

    spread within
    inflammatory cells
    via lymphatics
    via nerves
    via bloodstream
    Host Pathogen Immune evasion by Microbes
    Interactions
    1. Antigenic variation
    2. Inactivating antibodies or
    complement
    3. Resisting phagocytosis (e.g., by
    producing a capsule)
    4. Suppressing the host adaptive
    immune response
    5. Establishing latency, during which
    viruses survive in a silent state in
    infected cells
    6. Infecting and disabling or killing
    immune cells
    Host Damage by Microbes
    cell death ; changes in cellular metabolism and
    proliferation leading to transformation.
    Release toxins or enzymes that degrade tissue
    components, or damage blood vessels and cause
    ischemic necrosis.
    induce host immune responses that cause additional
    tissue damage.
    Mechanism of Viral Injury
    Tropism: The predilection for
    viruses to infect certain cells
    and not others
    Direct cytopathic
    effects
    Antiviral immune
    responses.
    Transformation of
    infected cells.
    Immune Response Against Viruses
    Mechanism of Bacterial Injury
    Bacterial Virulence Bacterial Adherence Bacterial Toxins
    to Host Cells Endotoxins-
    Virulence genes Lipopolysaccharides in
    Adhesins
    (e.g. S. enterica) Gram negative
    Pili
    Plasmids and Exotoxins- bacterial
    bacteriophages proteins
    increases bacterial Enzymes (proteases,
    pathogenicity and hyaluronidases,
    drug resistance coagulases,
    Biofilm formation fibrinolysins)
    Superantigens
    Immune Response against Bacteria
    Mechanism of Fungal Injury
    Most are opportunistic
    Mechanisms for adherence and invasion
    (mannoprotein)
    Extracellular enzymes (eg, proteases, elastases)
    Injury may be due to immune response against
    the infecting microorganism
    Immune Response Against Fungi
    Key Points:
    Diseases caused by microbes involve interplay
    between microbial virulence factors and host
    responses.
    Infectious agents cause death or dysfunction by
    directly interacting with the host cells.
    Injury may be due to local or systemic release of
    microbial products
    Key Points:
    Diseases caused by microbes involve interplay
    between microbial virulence factors and host
    responses.
    Infectious agents cause death or dysfunction by
    directly interacting with the host cells.
    Injury may be due to local or systemic release of
    microbial products
    Thank You!
    References:
    Kumar et al., 2021. Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 10th edition. Philadelphia.
    Elsevier
    Muñoz Carrillo, J. L., Castro García, F. P., Gutiérrez Coronado, O., Moreno García, M. A., &
    Contreras Cordero, J. F. (2017). Physiology and pathology of innate immune response against
    pathogens. IntechOpen.
    Pathogenesis and diagnosis of fungal infection. Ryan K.J., & Ray C(Eds.), (2014). Sherris Medical
    Microbiology, 6e. McGraw Hill. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?
    bookid=1020&sectionid=56968786

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