Reproduction in Animals Class 8 Notes

Reproduction in Animals Class 8 Notes - Chapter 9
Introduction to Reproduction
 Reproduction is the process of giving rise to an offspring.

 Reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species.
 There are two modes of reproduction:
1. Sexual reproduction
2. Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
The type of reproduction in which only a single parent is involved is called
asexual reproduction.
 There is no mixing of genetic information.

 Eg: buds in Hydra
Sexual reproduction
The type of reproduction, which involves two parents to give rise to an
offspring is called sexual reproduction.
 The males and females have different reproductive parts or organs.

 These organs produce the male and female gametes, which fuse
together to form the offspring.
 Genetic information from both parents is inherited.
 Eg: humans
Fission
It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single-celled organism divides
into two.
 Division of nucleus is followed by division of other cell organelles in the

cytoplasm and finally the cytoplasm.
 Thus, two cells are produced from one parent cell.
 Example: Amoeba.
 Amoeba reproduces by binary fission, which is dividing into two cells.
If one parent cell gives rise to many daughter cells, this type of fission is called
multiple fission.
Budding
 A bud starts as an outgrowth on the parent body.

 As this bud grows, it becomes a new individual organism.
 In some organisms, the buds remain attached to the parent’s body
(example: yeast)
 In some organisms, it detaches from the parent body and develops into
a complete mature individual (hydra).
 This type of reproduction is called budding.
Sexual Reproduction in Humans
Male reproductive system

 The male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes, a pair of
sperm ducts and a penis.
 The testes are located outside the male body.
 Sperms are produced in testes.
 Sperms are the male gametes.
Testosterone
 Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and is produced by the

testes.
 Testosterone is responsible for the development of sex organs,
production of sperms and also the development of secondary sexual
characteristics.
Sperms
 Sperms are the male gametes produced by testes in humans.

 Millions of sperms are produced by the testes in a day.
 Each sperm is a single, microscopic cell having a head, a middle piece
and a tail as its parts.
 Head contains a nucleus with a single set of chromosomes.
 The middle piece contains a large number of mitochondria that provide
energy during active movement.
 Sperm is a motile gamete, which moves through the female
reproductive tract with the help of the tail.
Female reproductive system
 The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of

fallopian tubes (oviducts) and a single uterus.
 Ova are produced by ovaries.
 Fallopian tubes (oviducts) carry the ova from ovaries to the uterus.
 Uterus holds the growing embryo/foetus and thus helps in holding the
pregnancy.
Oestrogen
 Estrogen or oestrogen is the primary female sex hormone secreted by

ovaries.
 It is responsible for the development of female reproductive organs,
secondary sexual characteristics, development of female gamete i.e.
Ovum and maintenance of menstrual cycle.
Ovum
 The ovary produces the female gametes known as ovum or ova (plural).
 In human beings, a single mature egg or ovum is released into the
oviduct/fallopian tube by the respective side ovary every month.
 The ovum is a single cell and is much larger than the sperm.
 It is non-motile and is carried to the uterus by the oviduct.
Fertilization
Fertilization is the process of fusion of the male gamete with the female
gamete.
 Both the gametes containing haploid (single) set of chromosomes fuse

and thus maintain the diploid (double) number of chromosomes.
 The fertilized ovum is now called a zygote.
 In human fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube and then the
zygote is carried to the uterus.
 Inside the uterus, it undergoes repeated divisions and grows and
becomes an embryo.

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Reproduction in Animals Class 8 Notes - Chapter 9

 Reproduction is the process of giving rise to an offspring.

 There is no mixing of genetic information.

 The males and females have different reproductive parts or organs.

 Division of nucleus is followed by division of other cell organelles in the

 A bud starts as an outgrowth on the parent body.

Sexual Reproduction in Humans

Male reproductive system

 Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and is produced by the

 Sperms are the male gametes produced by testes in humans.

Female reproductive system

 The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of

 Estrogen or oestrogen is the primary female sex hormone secreted by

 Both the gametes containing haploid (single) set of chromosomes fuse

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