Left: A kiwi orchard.

The large kiwi vines

grow best when they are supported off the
Kiwi fruit cultivation ground; the trellises also make it easier for
Nepal: lsjL -7]sL_ ˚n v]lt farmers to pick the fruits when they are
ripe. Note the trellis T-bar supports. (Samden
Sherpa)
Right: Kiwi plants with fruit (Samden Sherpa)
Kiwi fruit cultivation on sloping land in the mid-hill areas of
Nepal can help prevent soil erosion and is a sustainable land
management practice. This high value crop introduces biodiversity
and improves livelihoods by providing a source of cash income.

The kiwi fruit is native to China. Previously called Chinese gooseberry, it is now
more commonly known by its marketing name of kiwi fruit. Kiwi fruits grow on
large vines that are similar to grapevines in their general growth and fruiting
habits as well as their training and trellising requirements. The fruit normally
ripens within 25 weeks after the flowers first appear. The fruits range in weight
from 40 to 90 g and can be picked shortly after the first frost in autumn; after
that, they can be kept in cold storage for 4–6 months at oC. Kiwi vines can be
grown on a wide range of soil types at elevations ranging from 1000 m to 2500 m.
The kiwi plant is dioecious, meaning individual plants are either male or female.
Only female plants bear fruit, but only when pollinated by a male plant. Vines of
both sexes are essential for fruit production, and they must flower at the same WOCAT database reference: QT NEP 30
time to ensure pollination. One male pollinator vine is required for eight female Location: ICIMOD Knowledge Park at
vines. The vines are commonly supported on sturdy structures strong enough to Godavari, Lalitpur District, Nepal.
Technology area: 1 ha
bear the heavy fruit, which might otherwise break the rather weak vines. T-bars or
Conservation measure(s): Vegetative
hitching post trellises are recommended to support the large fruiting area in the
Land Use: Perennial (non-woody) cropping
form of a canopy and provide easy access to the fruit.
Stage of intervention: Mitigating land
Seedlings can be planted in the spring as soon as there is little chance of frost. degradation
Vines need to be pruned both in summer and in winter to maintain a balance Origin: Introduced as an experiment (plant
between kiwi plant growth and profitable fruit production. Excessive plant origin China)
growth is removed during the growing season to keep the kiwi canopy open and Climate: Subhumid/temperate
to remove non-fruiting wood. Harvesting can begin from the end of November. Related approach: Not described
Frequent weeding is required to reduce competition for moisture and fertilizer. Compiled by: Samden Sherpa, ICIMOD
Kiwi fruit requires abundant water; during the dry season the newly planted kiwi Date: April 2011, updated March 2013
vines need deep watering once a week.

The technology was documented using the WOCAT (www.wocat.org) tool.

Natural Resource Management Approaches and Technologies in Nepal: Technology – Kiwi fruit cultivation 1
 Classification

Land use problems

When sloping land is not used for agricultural production and not planted with ground cover or other vegetation (such as
contour hedgerows), the fertile soil can be eroded and washed away by heavy monsoon rains.

Land use Climate Degradation Conservation measures

Perennial (non- Subhumid/ Loss of topsoil Nutrient Vegetative:

woody) cropping temperate by water depletion and planting of
(rainfed) erosion reduced fertility kiwi fruit with
by overuse hedegrows
of chemical
fertilizers
Stage of intervention Origin Level of technical knowledge
Prevention Land users’ initiative Low
Mitigation/reduction Research: demonstration Medium: some technical knowledge needed
Rehabilitation Externally introduced High
Other (specify)

Main causes of land degradation: Soil erosion and nutrient depletion can occur on sloping land when there is insufficient ground cover.

Technical function/impact
Main: - Improves ground cover Secondary: - Reduces gradient
- Reduces soil erosion - Controls erosion
- Increases soil fertility - Retards runoff
- Increases biomass production

Environment

Natural environment
Average annual Altitude (masl) Landform Slope (%)
rainfall (mm)
plains/plateaus ridges very steep (>60)
>4000 >4000
mountain slopes steep (30–60)
3000–4000 3000–4000
2000–3000 2500–3000 ridges hilly (16–30)
1500–2000 2000–2500
rolling (8–16)
1000–1500 1500–2000 hill slopes
750–1000 1000–1500 moderate (5–8)
500–750 500–1000 footslopes
gentle (2–5)
250–500 100–500
<250 <100 valley floors flat (0–2)

Soil depth (cm) Growing season(s): two Ground water table: <5 m
0–20 Soil texture: medium loam Availability of surface water: good
20–50
Soil fertility: medium Water quality: good for drinking and agricultural use
50–80
80–120 Topsoil organic matter: high (>3%) Biodiversity: high (695 species of flora and 230
>20 Soil drainage/infiltration: medium species of fauna have been documented within the
Soil water storage capacity: medium Knowledge Park's 30 ha area)

Tolerant of climatic extremes: mild winter frost and heavy rainfall events
Sensitive to climatic extremes: sustained heat spells, strong winds, hail and dust storms; seedlings are susceptible to drought
If sensitive, what modifications were made/are possible: a net canopy can be used to protect the vines from hail storms and help
prevent fruit from dropping prematurely

Human environment
Crop land per
Land user: for demonstration and experiment Market orientation: mixed subsistence and commercial
household (ha)
Population density: >10 persons per km2 in the vicinity of the demonstration site
<0.5
0.5–1 Land ownership: government Mechanization: manual and animal traction
1–2 Land/water use rights: community/individual Number of livestock: in the vicinity of the
2–5
Relative level of wealth: neighbouring communities are poor demonstration site poor households may have a few goats
5–15
15–50 Importance of off-farm income: >50% of all households whereas wealthier farmers often own several cattle
50–100 around the demonstration site have off-farm income Purpose of forest/woodland use: fodder, fuelwood
100–500
500–1000 Access to services and infrastructure: labour available; road Types of other land: scrubland
1000–10000 access used to transport crops Level of technical knowledge required: medium for
>10000
farmers and technicians, some training is required

2 Natural Resource Management Approaches and Technologies in Nepal: Technology – Kiwi fruit cultivation
 Establishing a kiwi orchard
Above: Layout of a kiwi orchard.
The ideal density of kiwi plants in an
orchard is 300 per ha, or in terms of
the units of measure commonly used
in Nepal, 15 plants per ropani. The
plants are spaced 6 m apart and the
distance between the rows is
5 m, with a male to female plant
ratio of 1:8.
Below: T-bars are used as trellis
supports for the kiwi vines. The
T-bars are 2.5–3 m long iron posts
that are anchored into the ground;
they extend approximately 1.8 m
above the ground and 60–70 cm
deep into the soil. The arms of the
T-bar extend 1–1.2 m. The bars are
spaced approximately 4.5 m apart
with galvanized wire strung between
them and pulled taught to form the
trellis itself. The end posts are braced
by 4–5 wires that are secured into
the ground (as shown).
The kiwi plants should be at least
0.6 m away from the T-bars. The
centre wire supports the main
cordons, and the outer wires support
the fruiting lateral parts.
(AK Thaku)

Implementation activities, inputs and costs

Establishment activities Establishment inputs and costs per ha (average)

Vegetative: Inputs Cost % met by
• The plot where the vines are to be planted is prepared by clearing (USD) land user
and weeding. Labour (136 person days) 500
• The seedling pits are prepared at least 2 months before planting. Equipment
Typically the pits are 1 m x 1 m and 1 m deep. The pits are filled with – Iron poles 3500
compost (30 kg per pit ) and covered with soil to a height of 0.3 m Materials
above the ground. – Planting materials 1500
• Seedlings are planted in the winter to the same depth as in the Agricultural
nursery; they are planted 6 m apart in rows spaced 5 m apart. – Compost/farmyard manure 150
• The plants are pruned back to single, healthy shoots 15–30 cm high. TOTAL 5650 0%

Structural:
Details of the T-bar trellises are given in the diagram.

Maintenance/recurrent activities Maintenance/recurrent inputs and costs per ha per

• Permanent sod is maintained between the plant rows. Frequent year*
weeding is required especially during the rainy season. Inputs Cost % met by
• Both summer and winter pruning is required. (USD) land user
• Cuttings from branches that fruited during the previous season Labour (122 person days) 450
(typically less than a pencil width in thickness) are collected during Equipment
the winter pruning for propagation. – Secateurs 50
• Overhead sprinkler irrigation is used for commercial kiwi production. Materials
• Kiwi vines are fertilized with manure in the early spring – Binding wire 650
Agricultural
– Compost 150
TOTAL 1300 0%

Remarks:
• *The above establishment cost is for a plantation of 300 plants on one hectare; the recurrent annual maintenance cost
has been calculated for a plantation of 300 plants per ha per year. All costs are estimated based on experience gained
at the ICIMOD Knowledge Park at Godavari.
• All costs and amounts are rough estimates by the technicians and authors. Exchange rate USD 1 = NPR 71 in April 2011

Natural Resource Management Approaches and Technologies in Nepal: Technology – Kiwi fruit cultivation 3
 Assessment

Impacts of the technology

Production and socioeconomic benefits Production and socioeconomic disadvantages
+ + + Reduced downstream flooding – – Increased demand for irrigation
+ + + Improved buffering/infiltration capacity
Socio-cultural benefits Socio-cultural disadvantages
+ + + Strengthened community institution; increased income – – Kiwi fruit is considered an elite fruit and it is usually too
+ + + Improved knowledge of land management with kiwi fruit cultivation expensive for local consumption
Ecological benefits Ecological disadvantages
+ + + Improved ground cover – – Increased competition with other plants for water, nutrients,
+ + + More efficient use of land and sunlight when intercropping
+ + + Reduced soil erosion
+ + + Mixed farming (enhanced biodiversity)
+ + + Pollen for bees
Off-site benefit Off-site disadvantages
+ + + Reduced soil erosion none
+ + + Increase biomass production
Contribution to human wellbeing/livelihood
+ + + Kiwi production can be a good source of cash income as it is a high value crop. Kiwi fruit is high in nutrients, eating kiwis has been
show to boost the immune system, to help regulate blood pressure, and to be beneficial for cardiac patients.

Benefits/costs according to the land user Benefits compared with costs short-term long-term
The approximate annual income from kiwi production is Establishment positive very positive
USD 11,765/ha/year. The technology provides on-farm employment Maintenance/recurrent slightly very positive
opportunities for both men and women. positive

Acceptance/adoption:
Kiwi fruit is gaining in popularity in Nepal; at present it is cultivated commercially by farmers in Kavre, Lalitpur, Dolakha, and
Ilam Districts as well as in the Kathmandu Valley. The technology is widely accepted. Kiwi saplings were initially supplied by
ICIMOD and by a private nursery in Kavre District.

Driver for adoption:

• Increased market demand for kiwi fruit
• A good alternative for sloping land management
• Kiwi cultivation is a source of income generation

Constraints
• It has been difficult to meet the high demand for kiwi seedlings. The scarcity of seedlings is the main bottleneck limiting
the uptake of kiwi production.

Concluding statements

Strengths and èhow to sustain/improve Weaknesses and èhow to overcome

Orchards are easy to establish and farmers can readily learn what is needed The initial costs associated with establishing the orchard may be a little
for kiwi cultivation è Awareness and training programmes can help farmers expensive for many farmers, these include the purchase of: T-bar trellises,
quickly learn what is needed for kiwi cultivation. seedlings, iron rods, and wire. è Begin by using locally available materials
such as bamboo poles to make T-bar trellis.
The benefits of the technology are easy to observe; farmers generate cash
income from selling kiwi fruit, juice, and jam. è Awareness and training
programmes can help farmers quickly learn what is needed for kiwi
cultivation and postharvest processing.
Soil erosion is decreased due to increased groundcover. è Awareness and
training programmes can help farmers quickly learn what is needed for kiwi
cultivation.
Kiwi cultivation provides on-farm employment opportunities. è Awareness
and training programmes can help farmers quickly learn what is needed for
kiwi cultivation.

Key reference(s): Himelrick, DG; Powell, A (1998) Kiwi fruit production guide. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States: Alabama University
http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1084/ANR-1084.pdf (accessed 11 November 2012)
Thapa, DB (2009) Kiwi fruit culture. Kirtipur, Nepal: Horticultural Office
Contact person(s): Mr Samden Lama Sherpa, ICIMOD, P.O.Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal; Tel: +977 1 5003222; Email: [email protected]
© 2013 ICIMOD; published by ICIMOD

4 Natural Resource Management Approaches and Technologies in Nepal: Technology – Kiwi fruit cultivation