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Biotechnology Principles And Processes Class 12 Biology Revision Notes

Biotechnology is a broad area of science involving multiple disciplines designed to use living
organisms or their products to perform valuable industrial or manufacturing processes or
applications pertaining to human benefit.

Recombinant DNA technology:

An organism's genome contains virtually all the information necessary for its growth and
development .rDNA technology creates a recombined DNA with genome of two different cells or
organisms.

Steps in producing recombinant DNA

1. The required gene is cut from a DNA molecule using a restriction enzyme.
2. A bacterial plasmid is isolated and cut with the same restriction enzyme. This ensures cut ends
are complementary (same base sequence) to the ends of the required gene.
3. The required gene is joined to the plasmid using the enzyme DNA ligase in a process called
ligation.
4. The resulting recombinant plasmid is returned to the bacterial cell.
5. The bacteria reproduce and the required gene is cloned..

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To isolate genomic DNA

1. Remove tissue from organism
2. Homogenize in lysis buffer (denatures proteins)
3. Mix with phenol/chloroform - removes proteins
4. Keep aqueous phase (contains DNA)
5. Add alcohol (ethanol or isopropanol) to precipitate DNA from solution
6. Collect DNA pellet by centrifugation

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7. Dry DNA pellet and resuspend in buffer

8. Store at 4°C
Each cell (with a few exceptions) carries a copy of the DNA sequences which make up the
organism's genome.

Recombinant DNA technology

Steps:
-Isolation of DNA
- Digestion using Restriction enzymes
- urification of the TARGET fragment
- Ligation with cloning vector.
- Transformation of host cell and selection of transformed cells
- Culturing for the desired product.

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Biotechnology Principles and Processes Class 12 Biology MCQ

Question : Plasmid has been used as vector because

a) both its ends show replication.

b) it can move between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
c) it is circular DNA which have capacity to join to eukaryotic DNA.
d) it has antibiotic resistance gene.

Answer : C

Question : Which of the following is a plasmid?

a) pBR 322 b) Bam H I

c) Sal I d) Eco RI

Answer : A

Question : Which of the following is known as specific molecular scissors?

a) Ligase
b) Helicase
c) Restriction endonuclease
d) DNA polymerase

Answer : C

Question : The first restriction endonuclease reported was

a) Hind II b) EcoRI
c) Hind III d) BamHI

Answer : A

Question : Restriction enzymes belong to a larger class of enzymes, which is called as

a) ligases b) kinases
c) nucleases d) polymerases

Answer : C

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Question : There is a restriction endonuclease called EcoRI. What does .co part in it stand for ?

a) Colon b) Coelom
c) Coenzyme d) coli

Answer : D

Question : Restriction endonuclease - Hind II always cuts DNA molecules at a particular point by
recognizing a specific sequence of

a) six base pairs. b) five base pairs.

c) four base pairs. d) seven base pairs.

Answer : A

Question : The enzyme used for joining two DNA fragments is called

a) ligase
b) restriction endonuclease
c) DNA polymerase
d) gyrase

Answer : A

Question : DNA fragments generated by the restriction endonucleases in a chemical reaction can be
separated by

a) polymerase chain reaction

b) electrophoresis
c) restriction mapping
d) centrifugation

Answer : D

Question : Agarose extracted from sea weeds is used in

a) spectrophotometry b) tissue culture

c) PCR d) gel electrophoresis

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Answer : D

Question : Rising of dough is due to

 a) Production of CO2
 b) Emulsification
 c) Hydrolysis of wheat flour starch into sugars
 d) Multiplication of yeast

Answer : Production of CO2

Question : An enzyme catalysing the removal of nucleotides from the ends of DNA is:

 a) exonuclease
 b) endonuclease
 c) Hind - II
 d) DNA ligase

Answer : exonuclease

Question : The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through the mediation of a
vector like virus is termed as

 a) Transduction
 b) Conjugation
 c) Transformation
 d) Translation

Answer : Transduction

Question : Which of the given statement is correct in the context of observing DNA separated by
agarose gel electrophoresis?

 a) Ethidium bromide stained DNA can be seen under exposure to UV light

 b) Ethidium bromide stained DNA can be seen in visible light
 c) DNA can be seen without staining in visible light
 d) DNA can be seen in visible light

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Answer : Ethidium bromide stained DNA can be seen under exposure to UV light

Question : 'Restriction' in Restriction enzyme refers to

 a) Prevention of the multiplication of bacteriophage in bacteria

 b) All of the above
 c) Cutting of DNA at specific position only
 d) Cleaving of phosphodiester bond in DNA by the enzyme

Answer : Prevention of the multiplication of bacteriophage in bacteria

Question : A recombinant DNA molecule can be produced in the absence of the following

 a) E.coli
 b) DNA fragments
 c) DNA ligase

Answer : E.coli

Question : In agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules are separated on the basis of their

 a) Size only
 b) Charge to size ratio
 c) All of the above
 d) Charge only

Answer : Size only

Question : The most important feature in a plasmid to be used as a vector is:

 a) Origin of replication (ori)

 b) Presence of a selectable marker
 c) Presence of sites for restriction endonuclease
 d) Its size

Answer : Origin of replication (ori)

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Question : Restriction enzymes were discovered by

 a) Smith and Nathans

 b) Smith and Nathans
 c) Berg
 d) None of these

Answer : Smith and Nathans

Question : Bacteria protect themselves from viruses by fragmenting viral DNA with

 a) Endonuclease
 b) Exonuclease
 c) Ligase
 d) Gyrase

Answer : Endonuclease

Question : While isolating DNA from bacteria, which of the following enzymes is not used?

 a) Deoxyribonuclease
 b) Protease
 c) Ribonuclease
 d) Lysozyme

Answer : Deoxyribonuclease

Question : Which of the following has popularised the PCR (polymerase chain reactions)?

 a) Availability of synthetic primers

 b) Availability of cheap deoxyribonucleotides
 c) Availability of 'Thermostable' DNA polymerase
 d) Easy availability of DNA template

Answer : Availability of synthetic primers

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Question : An antibiotic resistance gene in a vector usually helps in the selection of

 a) Transformed cells
 b) Recombinant cells
 c) None of the above
 d) Competent cells

Answer : Transformed cells

Question : Significance of 'heat shock' method in bacterial transformation is to facilitate

 a) Expression of antibiotic resistance gene

 b) Uptake of DNA through transient pores in the bacterial cell wall
 c) Uptake of DNA through membrane transport proteins
 d) Binding of DNA to the cell wall

Answer : Expression of antibiotic resistance gene

Question : The role of DNA ligase in the construction of a recombinant DNA molecule is

 a) None of the above

 b) Ligation of all purime and pyrimidine bases
 c) Formation of hydrogen bonds between sticky ends of DNA fragments
 d) Formation of phosphodiester bond between two DNA fragments

Answer : None of the above

Question : The first clinical application of gene therapy over a 4 year old girl was for

 a) The first clinical application of gene therapy

 b) Adenosine deficiency
 c) Adenosine deficiency
 d) None of these

Answer : The first clinical application of gene therapy

Question : Excision and insertion of a gene is called

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 a) Genetic engineering
 b) Cytogenetics
 c) Biotechnology
 d) None of these

Answer : Genetic engineering

Question : Which technique made it possible to genetically engineering living organisms

 a) Recombinant DNA techniques

 b) Recombinant DNA techniques
 c) Hybridisation
 d) X-ray diffraction

Answer : Recombinant DNA techniques

Question : There is a restriction endonuclease called EcoRI. What does 'co' part of it stands for

 a) coli
 b) Coenzyme
 c) Coelom
 d) None of these

Answer : coli

Question : Bt cotton genes repel

 a) Insect pest
 b) Nematode parasites
 c) Fungal pathogens
 d) None of these

Answer : Insect pest

Question : In genetic engineering, the antibiotics are used

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a) as selectable markers.
b) to select healthy vectors.
c) to keep the cultures free of infection.
d) as sequences from where replication starts.

Answer : A

Question : During heat shock to the bacterium, the temperature used for giving thermal shock is

a) 52°C b) 100°C
c) liquid nitrogen d) 42°C

Answer : D

Question : Which of the following enzyme is used in case of fungus to cause release of DNA along
with other macromolecules ?

a) Lysozyme b) Cellulase
c) Chitinase d) Amylase

Answer : C

Question : During isolation of DNA, addition of which of the following causes precipitation of purified
DNA ?

a) Chilled ethanol b) Ribonuclease enzyme

c) DNA polymerase d) Proteases

Answer : A

Question : Which of the following is a natural genetic engineer of plants ?

a) Yeast
b) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
c) E. coli
d) Mycoplasma

Answer : B

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Question : _______ is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium.

a) Transduction b) Transformation
c) Conjugation d) R.D.T

Answer : B

Question : Which one of the following is used as vector for cloning genes into higher organisms?

a) Baculovirus
b) Salmonella typhimurium
c) Rhizopus nigricans
d) Retrovirus

Answer : D

Question : Which of the following are required to facilitate cloning into a vector ?

a) Origin of replication b) Selectable marker

c) Cloning sites d) All of these

Answer : A

Question : In agarose gel electrophoresis

a) DNA migrates towards the negative electrode.

b) supercoiled plamids migrate slower than their nicked counterparts.
c) larger molecules migrate faster than smaller molecules.
d) ethidium bromide can be used to visualize the DNA.

Answer : D

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Question : For transformation with recombinant DNA, the bacterial cells must first be made ‘competent’
which means

a) should increase their metabolic reactions.

b) should decrease their metabolic reactions.
c) increase efficiency with which DNA enters the bacterium.
d) ability to divide fast.

Answer : C

Question : Which of the following bacteria is not a source of restriction endonuclease?

 a) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
 b) Escherichia coli
 c) Haemophilus influenzae
 d) Bacillius amyloli

Answer : Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Question : Which of the following steps are catalysed by Taq polymerase in a PCR reaction?

 a) Extension of primer end on the template DNA

 b) All of the above
 c) Annealing of primers to template DNA
 d) Denaturation of template DNA

Answer : Extension of primer end on the template DNA

Question : A bacterial cell was transformed with a recombinant DNA that was generated using a human
gene. However, the transformed cells did not produce the desired protein. Reasons could be

 a) Human gene may have intron which bacteria cannot process

 b) Amino acid codons for humans and bacteria are different
 c) Human protein is formed but degraded by bacteria
 d) All of the above

Answer : Human gene may have intron which bacteria cannot process

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Question : Which of the following should be chosen for best yield if one were to produce a recombinant
protein in large amounts?

 a) A continuous culture system

 b) Any of the above
 c) A stirred-tank bioreactor without in-lets and out-lets
 d) Laboratory flask of largest capacity

Answer : A continuous culture system

Question : Who among the following was awarded the Nobel Prize for the\ development of PCR
technique?

 a) Kary Mullis
 b) Arthur Kornberg
 c) Hargovind Khurana
 d) Herbert Boyer

Answer : Kary Mullis

Question : Which of the following statements does not hold true for restriction enzyme?

 a) It is isolated from viruses

 b) It produces the same kind of sticky ends in different DNA molecules
 c) It is an endonuclease
 d) It recognises a palindromic nucleotide sequence

Answer : It is isolated from viruses

Question : GMO technology is useful for

 a) All the above

 b) Making crop more tolerant to abiotic stresses
 c) Making crop more tolerant to abiotic stresses
 d) Enhancing nutritional value of food

Answer : All the above

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Question : The genetic defect adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency may be cured permanently by

 a) Introducing bone marrow cells producing (ADA) into cells at an early embryonic stages
 b) None of these
 c) Administrating adenosine deaminase activators
 d) Enzyme replacement therapy

Answer : Introducing bone marrow cells producing (ADA) into cells at an early embryonic stages

Question : Which is obtained from genetic engineering

 a) Golden Rice
 b) Haemoglobin
 c) Glucose
 d) None of these

Answer : Golden Rice

Question : The expression of a transgene in the target tissue is identified by a

 a) Reporter
 b) Enhancer
 c) Promoter
 d) Transgene

Answer : Reporter

Question : The restriction enzymes are used in genetic engineering, because

a) they can degrade harmful proteins

b) they can join different DNA fragments

c) they can cut DNA at spe cific base sequence

d) they are nucleases that cut DNA at variable sites

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Question : The basis for DNA fingerprinting is

a) occurrence of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)

b) phe noty pic differences between individuals

c) availability of cloned DNA

d) knowledge of human karyotype

Question : Introduction of one or more genes into an organism which normally does not possess them
or their deletion by using artificial means (not by breeding) comes under

a) Molecular Biology

b) Cytogenetics

c) Genetic hybridization

d) Genetic Engineering

Question : Recombinant DNA is obtained by cleaving the pro-DNA by

a) primase

b) exonucleases

c) ligase

d) restriction endonuclease

Question : Genetic engineering is possible, because

a) the phenomenon of transduction in bacteria is well understood

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b) we can see DNA by electron microscope

c) we can cut DNA at specific sites by endonucleases like DNAse-I

d) restriction endonucleases purified from bacteria can be used in vitro

Question : The process of replication in plasmid DNA, other than initiation, is controlled by

a) mitochondrial gene

b) bacterial gene

c) plasmid gene

d) None of the above

Question : Which of the following is related to genetic engineering?

a) Mutation b) Plasmid

c) Plastid d) Heterosis

Question : Plasmids are suitable vectors for gene clon- ing because

a) these are small circular DNA molecules which can integrate with host chromo- somal DNA

b) these are small circular DNA molecules with their own replication origin site

c) these can shuttle between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

d) these often carry antibiotic resistance genes

Question : Maximum number of bases in plasmids dis- covered so far is

a) 50 kilo base b) 500 kilo base

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c) 5000 kilo base d) 5 kilo base

Question : Plasmid is

a) fragment of DNA which acts as vector

b) a fragment which joins two genes

c) mRNA which acts as carrier

d) autotrophic fragment

Question : In bacteria, plasmid is

a) extrachromosomal material

b) main DNA

c) non-functional DNA

d) repetetive gene

Question : DNA finger-printing refers to

a) molecular analysis or profiles of DNA samples

b) analysis of DNA samples using imprint- ing device

c) techniques used for molecular analysis of different specimens of DNA

d) techniques used for identification of finger prints of individuals

Question : Restriction endonudeases

a) are present in mammalian cells for degradation of DNA when the cell dies

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b) are used in genetic engineering for ligating two DNA molecules

c) are used for in vitro DNA synthesis

d) are synthesized by bacteria as part of their defence mechanism

Question : Which one of the following is commonly used in transfer of foreign DNA into crop
plants?

a) Agrobacterium tumefaciens

b) Penicillium expansum

c) Trichoderma harzianum

d) Meloidogyne incognita

Question : Which one of the following is used as vector for cloning genes into higher organisms?

a) Baculovirus

b) Salmonella typhimurium

c) Rhizopus nigricans

d) Retrovirus

Question : DNA or RNA segment tagged with a radio- active molecule is called:

a) Vector b) Probe

c) Clone d) Plasmid

Question : Restriction endonucleases are enzymes which

a) make cuts at specific positions within the DNA molecule

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b) recognize a specific nucleotide sequence for binding of DNA ligase

c) restrict the action of the enzyme DNA polymerase

d) remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA molecule

Question : Satellite DNA is useful tool in

a) Organ transplantation

b) Sex determination

c) Forensic science

d) Genetic engineering

Question : Silencing of mRNA has been used in pro- ducing transgenic plants resistant to

a) Bacterial blights

b) Bollworms

c) Nematodes

d) White rusts

Question : Which one of the following techniques made it possible to genetically engineer living or-
ganisms

a) Hybridization

b) Recombinant DNA techniques

c) X-ray diffraction

d) Heavier isotope labelling

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Question : There is a restriction endonuclease called EcoRI. What does “co” part in it stand for ?

a) Colon b) Coelom

c) Coenzyme d) Coli

Question : In genetic engineering, the antibiotics are used

a) To select healthy vectors

b) As sequences from where replication starts

c) To keep the cultures free of infection

d) As selectable markers

Question : Which one of the following represents a pal- indromic sequence in DNA ?

a) 5'-CCAATG-3' 3'-GAATCC-5'

b) 5'-CATTAG-3' 3'-GATAAC-5'

c) 5'-GATACC-3' 3'-CCTAAG-5'

d) 5'-GAATTC-3' 3'-CTTAAG-5'

Question : What is it that forms the basis of DNA Fin- gerprinting ?

a) The relative difference in the DNA occurrence in blood, skin and saliva

b) The relative amount of DNA in the ridges and grooves of the fingerprints

c) S ate llite DNA occur r ing a s highly repeated short DNA segments

d) The relative proportions of purines and pyrimidines in DNA

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Question : Biolistics (gene-gun) is suitable for

a) Transformation of plant cells

b) Constructing recombinant DNA by joining with vectors

c) DNA finger printing

d) Disarming pathogen vectors

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