GOCIE]L
LE]VHPEMNI@NMJCPHWOF HA
GI >>02 ]urvgy ha Gociesl nof Nkgremno Ietgrnturg
IEVGPNVWPG
Gociesl Ietgrnturg, tlg `hfy ha wrettgo whrjs prhfumgf eo tlg Gocieslinocuncg `y eoln`etnots ha tlg @retesl Esigs (eomiufeoc Erginof) arhk tlg >3tlmgotury th tlg prgsgot fny.
]hurmg2 lttps2//www.`retnooemn.mhk/nrt/Gociesl-ietgrnturg
IG]]HO >2 HQGPQEGS
Vlg Hif Gociesl TgrehfVlg Gnriy Keffig GocieslTgrehfVlg Intgr Keffig Gocieslnof Pgonessnomg TgrehfVlg Pgonessnomg TgrehfVlg PgsthrntehoVlg ><tl MgoturyVlg Phknotem TgrehfVlg Thst-Phknotem nofQemthreno GrnsVlg 04tl MgoturyVlg 0>st Mgotury
TGPEHF]
Fesmuss tlg ietgrnry fgvgihpkgot eoGocinof.
H@BGMVEQG
Gociesl ietgrnturg lns shkgtekgs `ggosteckntezgf ns eosuinr. Et mno `g nrcugftlnt oh seocig Gociesl ohvgi nttneos tlguoevgrsniety ha tlg Pusseno wretgr IghVhisthy―s Snr nof Tgnmg hr tlg Argomlwretgr Custnvg Ainu`grt―s Knfnkg@hvnry. Ugt eo tlg Keffig Ncgs tlg Hif Gocieslietgrnturg ha tlg su`bucntgf ]nxhos wnsignvgogf `y tlg Inteo nof Nocih-Ohrkno wreteocs, gkeogotiy ahrgeco eohreceo, eo wleml tlg mlurmlkgo nof tlgOhrkno mhoqugrhrs gxprgssgftlgksgivgs. Arhk tles mhk`eontehogkgrcgf n aigxe`ig nof su`tig ieocuestemeostrukgot gxpihetgf `y CghaargyMlnumgr nof `rhuclt th suprgkgnppiemnteho `y Seiienk ]lnjgspgnrg.
]WKKNPU
GI >>02 ]urvgy ha Gociesl nof Nkgremno Ietgrnturg
VLG HIF GOCIE]L TGPEHF
Vlg Nocigs, ]nxhos, nof Butgs wlh eovnfgf @retneo eo tlg 7tl nof 1tlmgoturegs `rhuclt wetl tlgk tlg mhkkho Cgrknoem kgtrg: `ut ha tlger gnriegsthrni phgtry, prh`n`iy usgf ahr pnogcyrem, kncem, nof slhrt onrrntevg, iettig hr ohogsurvevgs. Ahr ognriy n mgotury natgr tlg mhovgrseho ha Jeoc Ngtlgi`grlt E ha Jgotth Mlrestenoety n`hut 144, tlgrg es oh gvefgomg tlnt tlg Gociesl wrhtg phgtry eotlger hwo inocuncg. @ut ]t. @gfg tlg Qgogrn`ig, eo les Lesthren gmmigsenstemn cgotesNocihruk (’Gmmigsenstemni Lesthry ha tlg Gociesl Tghpig‛), wrhtg tlnt eo tlg intg 3tlmgotury Mngfkho, no eiietgrntg Ohrtluk`reno mhwlgrf, wns eospergf eo n frgnk thmhkphsg n slhrt lyko eo prnesg ha tlg mrgnteho. Mngfkho intgr mhkphsgf vgrsgs `nsgf ho ]mrepturg, wleml wns gxphuofgfahr lek `y khojs nt ]trgnogslniml (ohw mniigf Slet`y), `ut hoiy tlg ’Lyko haMrgnteho‛ survevgs. Mngfkho igcetekezgf tlg ontevg vgrsg ahrk `y nfnpteoc et thMlresteno tlgkgs. Htlgrs, ahiihweoc les gxnkpig, cnvg Gocinof n `hfyha vgronmuinr phgtry uopnrniigigf eo Gurhpg `gahrg tlg gof ha tlg >st keiigooeuk.
THGVPU
Vlg gnriegst Gociesl prhsg whrj, tlg inw mhfg ha Jeoc Ngtlgi`grlt E ha Jgot,wns wrettgo wetleo n agw ygnrs ha tlg nrrevni eo Gocinof (753) ha ]t. Nucusteog haMnotgr`ury. Htlgr 3tl- nof <tl-mgotury prhsg, sekeinriy prnmtemni eo mlnrnmtgr,eomiufgs khrg inws, weiis, nof mlnrtgrs. Nmmhrfeoc th Mutl`grt, wlh wns n khoj ntBnrrhw, @gfg nt tlg tekg ha les fgntl lnf bust aeoeslgf n trnosinteho ha tlg Chspgiha ]t. Bhlo, tlhucl tles fhgs oht survevg. Vwh kgfemnitrnmts, Lgr`nreuk nof Kgfemeon fg qunfrupgfe`us, vgry iejgiy fntg arhk tlg <tlmgotury.
TPH]G
GI >>02 ]urvgy ha Gociesl nof Nkgremno Ietgrnturg
VLG GNPIU KEFFIG GOCIE]L TGPEHF
Vlg Ohrkno Mhoqugst whrjgf oh ekkgfentg trnosahrknteho ho getlgr tlg inocuncghr tlg ietgrnturg ha tlg Gociesl. Hifgr phgtry mhoteougf th `g mhpegf fureoc tlg inst lnia hatlg >>tl mgotury: twh phgks ha tlg gnriy >0tl mgotury‖’Furlnk,‛ wleml prnesgs tlntmety―s mntlgfrni nof ets rgiems, nof ’Eostrumtehos ahr Mlrestenos,‛ n fefnmtem pegmg‖slhw tlntmhrrgmt niietgrntevg vgrsg mhuif `g mhkphsgf wgii natgr >411. @ut gvgo `gahrg tlgmhoqugst, rlykg lnf `gcuo th suppinot rntlgr tlno suppigkgot niietgrnteho eo shkgphgks, wleml mhoteougf th usg tlg hifgr ahur-strgss ieog, nitlhucl tlger rlytlks vnregfarhk tlg sgt typgs usgf eo minssemni Hif Gociesl vgrsg. N phstmhoqugst gxnkpig es ’VlgCrnvg,‛ wleml mhotneos sgvgrni rlykeoc ieogs: n phgk arhk tlg Nocih-]nxho Mlrhoemig hotlg fgntl ha Seiienk tlg Mhoqugrhr, inkgoteoc les mrugity nof crggf, lns khrg rlykg tlnoniietgrnteho.
THGVPU
Hif Gociesl prhsg tgxts wgrg mhpegf ahr khrg tlno n mgotury natgr tlg OhrknoMhoqugst: tlg lhkeiegs ha Ngiarem wgrg gspgmeniiy phpuinr, nof Jeoc Niargf―s trnosintehos ha@hgtleus nof Nucusteog survevg hoiy eo >0tl-mgotury knousmrepts. Eo tlg gnriy >=tlmgotury no nohoykhus whrjgr nt Shrmgstgr suppiegf cihssgs th mgrtneo whrfs eo n ouk`grha Hif Gociesl knousmrepts, wleml fgkhostrntgs tlnt `y tles tekg tlg hifgr inocuncg wns`gceooeoc th phsg feaaemuitegs ahr rgnfgrs. Vlg mhkphseteho ha Gociesl prhsg nish mhoteougfwetlhut eotgrrupteho. Vwh knousmrepts ha tlg Nocih-]nxho Mlrhoemig gxle`et vgry strhocprhsg ahr ygnrs natgr tlg mhoqugst, nof hog ha tlgsg, tlg Tgtgr`hrhucl Mlrhoemig,mhoteougs th >>76. Vwh knousmrepts ha n`hut >044 mhotneo >0tl-mgotury sgrkhos, nofnohtlgr lns tlg whrjknoiejg mhkpeinteho Qemgs nof Qertugs, mhkphsgf n`hut >044. @uttlg Gociesl inocuncg anmgf steaa mhkpgteteho arhk `htl Nocih-Ohrkno (tlgeosuinr fenigmt ha Argoml `geoc usgf eomrgnseociy eo tlg khonstgregs) nof Inteo, n inocuncgeotgiiece`ig th spgnjgrs ha `htl Gociesl nof Argoml. Et wns eogvetn`ig, tlgo, tlnt tlgprhfumteho ha Gociesl prhsg slhuif fgmieog eo qunotety, ea oht eo quniety. Vlg crgnt prhsgwhrjs ha tles pgrehf wgrg mhkphsgf kneoiy ahr tlhsg wlh mhuif rgnf hoiy Gociesl‖whkgogspgmeniiy. Eo tlg Sgst Kefinofs tlg Hif Gociesl niietgrntevg prhsg trnfeteho rgkneogf vgrykuml nievg eoth tlg >=tl mgotury, wlgo tlg sgvgrni tgxts johwo mhiigmtevgiy nstlg Jntlgreog Crhup wgrg wrettgo. ]t. Jntlgreog, ]t. Knrcnrgt, nof ]t. Buienon, ahuofthcgtlgr eo n seocig knousmrept, lnvg rlytlks strhociy rgkeoesmgot ha tlhsg ha Ngiarem nofSuiastno.
TPH]G
GI >>02 ]urvgy ha Gociesl nof Nkgremno Ietgrnturg