ABS SPM Rules Jan22
ABS SPM Rules Jan22
ABS SPM Rules Jan22
January 2022
RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING
Changes to the technical criteria include revisions made to other pertinent ABS Rules that are the basis of
SPM criteria; such as, the introduction of an adjustment factor (Q) to account for higher strength steels in
the determination of buoy scantlings. Also the section on Moorings and Anchoring Section (3-4-1, herein)
has been updated to reflect industry practice and to specifically allow the option to use the criteria found in
the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Floating Production Installations for this topic.
For the 2008 edition, Part 1, "Conditions of Classification" was consolidated into a generic booklet,
entitled Rules for Conditions of Classification – Offshore Units and Structures (Part 1) for all vessels other
than those in offshore service. The purpose of this consolidation was to emphasize the common
applicability of the classification requirements in "Part 1" to ABS-classed vessels, other marine structures
and their associated machinery, and thereby make "Conditions of Classification" more readily a common
Rule of the various ABS Rules and Guides, as appropriate.
Thus, this supplement specifies only the unique requirements applicable to single point moorings. This
supplement is always to be used with the aforementioned Rules for Conditions of Classification – Offshore
Units and Structures (Part 1).
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 ii
RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING
CONTENTS
PART 1 Conditions of Classification............................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of Classification............................. 1
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 iii
PART 1
Conditions of Classification
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of Classification............................................ 1
Section 1 Classification (1 January 2008)......................................... 2
Section 2 Classification Symbols and Notations................................3
Section 3 Rules for Classification (1 January 2008).......................... 5
Section 4 Plans and Design Data to be Submitted ...........................6
Section 5 Information Booklet and Maintenance Manual.................. 9
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 1
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
PART 1
CHAPTER 1
Scope and Conditions of Classification
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Classification (1 January 2008).......................................................... 2
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 1
PART 1
CHAPTER 1
Scope and Conditions of Classification
SECTION 1
Classification (1 January 2008)
The requirements for conditions of classification are contained in the separate, generic ABS Rules for
Conditions of Classification – Offshore Units and Structures (Part 1).
Additional requirements specific to single point moorings are contained in the following portions Sections
of this Chapter.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 2
PART 1
CHAPTER 1
Scope and Conditions of Classification
SECTION 2
Classification Symbols and Notations
A listing of Classification Symbols and Notations available to the Owners of vessels, offshore drilling and
production units and other marine structures and systems, “List of ABS Notations and Symbols” is
available from the ABS website “http://www.eagle.org”.
Where design fatigue life values are specified by the applicant for the position mooring system and the
design complies with the fatigue requirements of the ABS Guide for Position Mooring Systems, the
notation FLM (number of years), Year, where (number of years) refers to the target value of the
fatigue life for a new position mooring system and Year refers to the year of maturation associated with
the new position mooring system will be applied. Where an existing mooring system is to be reused, the
notation RFLM (number of years), Year referring to the remaining fatigue life of the existing position
mooring system will apply.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 3
Part 1 Conditions of Classification
Chapter 1 Scope and Conditions of Classification
Section 2 Classification Symbols and Notations 1-1-2
An example of a mooring system design that differs from the above concept is one characterized as a
detachable turret-type system. In this case the visiting vessel has a unique mating assembly used to join the
buoy and the vessel. The mating assembly may be located inside the hull of the visiting vessel, or the
assembly may be mounted externally at an end of the vessel. Fluid flow may occur through jumper hoses
or piping between the buoy and vessel. The applicability of these Rules to an unconventional design will
be decided by ABS on a case-by-case basis. In such a case, the criteria in these Rules may need to be
supplemented or replaced by criteria in the FPI Rules.
7 Classification Data
Data on single point moorings will be published in the Record as to the latitude and longitude of the
location of the mooring, the length overall and displacement of the ship it is designed to moor, the depth of
water at the site, maximum hawser tension where applicable, and general types of cargo and other fluids
which the mooring is designed to handle..
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 4
PART 1
CHAPTER 1
Scope and Conditions of Classification
SECTION 3
Rules for Classification (1 January 2008)
1 Application of Rules
These Rules are applicable to unmanned SPM’s as defined in Section 3-1-1 and are generally intended for
temporary moored vessels.
These Rules are applicable to those features of the system that are permanent in nature and can be verified
by plan review, calculation, physical survey or other appropriate means. Any statement in the Rules
regarding other features is to be considered as a guidance to the designer, builder, owner, et al.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 5
PART 1
CHAPTER 1
Scope and Conditions of Classification
SECTION 4
Plans and Design Data to be Submitted
1 Plans
Plans showing the scantlings, arrangements, and details of the principal parts of the structure, associated
piping and equipment of each SPM to be built under survey are to be submitted for review and approved
before construction is commenced. These plans are to clearly indicate the scantlings, joint details and
welding, or other methods of connection. The number of copies to be submitted is to be in accordance with
1-1-4/11 and 1-1-4/13. In general, plans are to include the following where applicable.
● General arrangement
● An arrangement plan of watertight compartmentation, including the location, type and disposition of
watertight and weathertight closures
● Structural arrangement showing shell plating, framing, bulkheads, flats, main and bracing members,
joint details, as applicable
● Details of watertight doors and hatches
● Welding details and procedures
● Corrosion control arrangements
● Type, location and amount of permanent ballast, if any
● Bilge, sounding and venting arrangements
● Hazardous areas
● Electrical system one line diagrams
● Location of fire safety equipment
● Mooring arrangement
● Mooring components including anchor legs, associated hardware, hawser(s), and hawser load-
deflection characteristics
● Foundations for mooring components, industrial equipment, etc. showing attachments to hull structure
● Anchoring system showing the size of anchor, holding capacity of piles, pile sizes, and capacity, etc.
● Pipe Line End Manifold (PLEM) as applicable
● SPM main bearing
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 6
Part 1 Conditions of Classification
Chapter 1 Scope and Conditions of Classification
Section 4 Plans and Design Data to be Submitted 1-1-4
● Cargo or product swivel including swivel driving mechanism, swivel bearings, and electrical swivel
details
● Product or cargo system piping schematic drawing with bill of materials
● Design data of equipment, piping and related components including minimum and maximum design
pressure and temperature
● Ancillary piping systems schematic drawings with bills of material
● Floating and underbuoy hoses/flexible risers
● Telemetry/Control system
● Navigation aids
● Methods and locations for nondestructive testing (NDT)
● Plans for conducting underwater inspections in lieu of drydocking
● Test and inspection plan for all major load carrying or pressure retaining components including cargo
or product swivel, electrical swivel, bearings.
● Test Procedures
3 Site Chart
To demonstrate that navigational considerations have been taken into account in establishing the mooring
location, a site chart of the mooring area is to be submitted in accordance with Section 3-1-2 which shows
the location of the mooring, potential navigation hazards and existing and planned navigation aids, bottom
contour elevations, maneuvering area and swing circle.
i) Environmental conditions of wind, waves, current, seiche, tide, visibility, temperature, and ice.
ii) Water depth, at berth and throughout the maneuvering area, bottom soil conditions, and subsurface
hazards.
7 Model Tests
When model tests are used to determine the design loads or to demonstrate that the established design
loads have been based on the results of physical dynamic model tests, a report is to be submitted describing
the design loads, calculations, description of model test facilities and procedures, and a summary of the
results. It is recommended that the designer consult with ABS concerning model testing, procedures,
methods and data analysis to ensure the investigation is adequate.
9 Calculations
In general, where applicable, the following calculations are to be submitted:
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 7
Part 1 Conditions of Classification
Chapter 1 Scope and Conditions of Classification
Section 4 Plans and Design Data to be Submitted 1-1-4
11 Additional Plans
Where certification under the other regulations described in Section 1-1-5 of the ABS Rules for Conditions
of Classification – Offshore Units and Structures (Part 1) is requested, submission of additional plans and
calculations may be required.
13 Submissions (2011)
Plans should generally be submitted electronically to ABS. However, hard copies will also be accepted.
Additional copies may be required when the required attendance of the Surveyor is anticipated at multiple
locations.
All plan submissions originating from manufacturers are understood to have been made with the
cognizance of the builder.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 8
PART 1
CHAPTER 1
Scope and Conditions of Classification
SECTION 5
Information Booklet and Maintenance Manual
For each SPM, a document is to be submitted. This document is to include recommendations regarding
operation and maintenance of the SPM facility, the design criteria for the SPM, information regarding the
mooring area, and the components of the SPM.
The Information Booklet and Maintenance Manual is to be submitted for review by ABS solely to ensure
the presence of the above information which is to be consistent with the design information and limitations
considered in the SPM’s classification. ABS is not responsible for the operation of the SPM.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 9
Part 1 Conditions of Classification
Chapter 1 Scope and Conditions of Classification
Section 5 Information Booklet and Maintenance Manual 1-1-5
The Information Booklet and Maintenance Manual required by these Rules may contain information
required by flag and coastal Administrations. These Administrations may require that additional
information be included in the Operation and Maintenance Manual.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 10
PART 2
Materials and Welding
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................. 12
Section 1 Materials and Welding..................................................... 13
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 11
PART 2
CHAPTER 1
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Materials and Welding....................................................................... 13
1 General (2014)..............................................................................13
3 Offshore Structures (2014)........................................................... 13
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 12
PART 2
CHAPTER 1
SECTION 1
Materials and Welding
The independent booklet, ABS Rules for Materials and Welding (Part 2) for steels, irons, bronzes, etc. is to
be referred to. This booklet consists of the following Chapters:
1 General (2014)
Rules for Testing and Certification of Materials
CHAPTER 2 Equipment
APPENDIX 1 List of Destructive and Nondestructive Tests Required for Materisls and Responsibility for Verifying
APPENDIX 5 Procedure for the Approval of Manufacturers of Hull Structural Steels Intended for Welding with High
Heat Input
APPENDIX 8 Additional Approval Procedure for Steel with Enhanced Corrosion Resistance Properties
APPENDIX 9 Welding Procedure Qualification Tests of Steels for Hull Construction and Marine Structures
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 13
PART 3
Mooring System Design
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 General................................................................................................15
Section 1 Definitions and Abbreviations.......................................... 16
Section 2 Site and Environmental Conditions..................................18
Section 3 Material Selection............................................................ 24
CHAPTER 2 Design................................................................................................. 26
Section 1 Design Loads...................................................................28
Section 2 Structural Design............................................................. 33
Section 3 Weld Design.................................................................... 43
CHAPTER 3 Stability............................................................................................... 49
Section 1 Stability and Watertight/Weathertight Integrity.................50
CHAPTER 4 Equipment.......................................................................................... 52
Section 1 Anchoring and Mooring Equipment (2014)...................... 53
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 14
PART 3
CHAPTER 1
General
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Definitions and Abbreviations.......................................................... 16
1 Definitions (2014)..........................................................................16
3 Abbreviations (2014).....................................................................17
5 Systems of Measurement............................................................. 17
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 15
PART 3
CHAPTER 1
General
SECTION 1
Definitions and Abbreviations
1 Definitions (2014)
Anchor Leg. Mooring element connecting the single point mooring structure to the seabed at the anchor
point, and is essential for station keeping of the system.
Buoyancy Element. A buoyancy member provided to support the weight of mooring equipment or risers,
and designed to resist differential pressure from submergence and internal pressure.
Hose. Conduit designed to convey fluids between supply and delivery points with significant relative
movement and able to tolerate large deflections. Typically, a hose is comprised of a string or series of short
hose segments joined together at flanged ends.
Hose, Floating. Hose or hose string located between the SPM structure and the moored vessel for the
purpose of conveying fluid. When not connected to a moored vessel, it remains connected to the SPM
structure and floats on the sea water surface.
Hose, Underbuoy. Hose or hose string located between the SPM structure and the pipeline end manifold
(PLEM) for the purpose of conveying fluids.
Main Bearing. The bearing which supports the load from the mooring and hawser and provides a
mechanism for the moored vessel to rotate or weathervane about the mooring structure
Product. Any fluid transferred between the moored vessel and the pipeline end manifold (PLEM) such as
crude oil, petroleum product, petroleum gas, slurry, and bunkers.
Product Swivel. A mechanism which provides for passage of cargo or product while allowing the main
structure to weathervane freely with respect to the fixed or anchored structure without significant leakage
at the rated design pressure.
Riser, Flexible. Conduit designed to convey fluids between supply and delivery points with or without
significant relative movement and able to tolerate large deflections. A flexible riser usually comprises one
continuous length, used for relatively greater water depths and constructed to be used totally submerged.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 16
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 1 General
Section 1 Definitions and Abbreviations 3-1-1
Single Point Mooring (SPM). A system which permits a vessel to weathervane while the vessel is moored
to a fixed or floating structure anchored to the seabed by a rigid or an articulated structural system or by
catenary spread mooring. Examples of such system are CALM, SALM, tower mooring, etc.
SPM, Fixed. A tower mooring and a Single Anchor Leg Mooring (SALM) which are gravity based (fixed
or pinned) system are defined here as fixed SPMs.
SPM, Floating. A Catenary Anchored Leg Mooring (CALM) is an example of a floating SPM.
Swing Circle. The swing circle is the area swept by the moored vessel as it revolves about the mooring
point.
3 Abbreviations (2014)
AFBMA: Anti Friction Bearing Manufacturers Association
5 Systems of Measurement
These Rules are written in three systems of units, i.e., SI units, MKS units and US customary units. Each
system is to be used independently of any other system.
Unless indicated otherwise, the format of presentation in the Rules of the three systems of units is as
follows:
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 17
PART 3
CHAPTER 1
General
SECTION 2
Site and Environmental Conditions
1 General
The provisions of this Section are intended to establish the method of defining the location of the SPM, the
environmental conditions which will affect operations at the SPM and which are to be considered in
establishing design criteria, and the bottom soil conditions which affect the anchorage of the SPM.
3 Mooring Location
The exact location and water depth of the mooring base or pipeline end manifold (PLEM), and each anchor
point, is to be indicated on the chart. The route of the submarine pipeline and of all other pipelines and
cables is to be indicated on the chart. If the mooring is associated with other SPMs in the area, or with a
pumping or control platform, these features are to be indicated on the chart. All other features and water
use areas which may present potential navigational hazards are to be identified. All existing and planned
navigation aids such as lights, buoys, and shore markers which will be used in conjunction with the
mooring are to be indicated and identified on the chart.
The chart is to show bottom contours at a vertical interval of 1.5 m (5 ft). Where the bottom is irregular,
the spacing of soundings is to be reduced. Where side scan sonar or wire drag is employed, the spacing of
soundings may be increased.
All obstacles, such as sunken wrecks, rocks, and pinnacles are to be identified and their clear depths
indicated. Where such obstacles are encountered, wire drag at a depth beneath the required water depth or
a side scan sonar survey is to be conducted throughout.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 18
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 1 General
Section 2 Site and Environmental Conditions 3-1-2
Where it is shown that water depth is far in excess of the required water depth, the survey may be
appropriately modified.
Where it can be shown that the prevailing environment (wind, waves, current, and tides) favorably
influences the mooring maneuver, and that the vessel can always maneuver to and from the SPM without
danger, the maneuvering area may be appropriately modified. Where tugs will always be used to assist in
mooring, the maneuvering area may be appropriately modified. Where mooring maneuvers are to be made
in extreme environments, the minimum radius is to be increased. Fixed obstacles such as platforms or
buoys, other than the mooring, are not to be anywhere within the maneuvering area. The route of the
submarine pipelines may be marked by a buoy at the edge of the maneuvering area. It is suggested that no
other pipelines exist in the SPM maneuvering area.
The designer may elect to specify limiting drafts for various vessel sizes when the proposed water depth is
not sufficient to allow a vessel of the maximum size to be moored in the maneuvering area under the
design operating environmental condition.
The determination of the required water depth is to be based upon calculations, data from ship model tests
or full scale trials, designers’ experience or other available sources of information.
The designer is to submit evidence to demonstrate to the satisfaction of ABS that in determining the
required water depth, the following effects have been considered:
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 19
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 1 General
Section 2 Site and Environmental Conditions 3-1-2
5 Soils Data
In the case of a mooring having a piled or gravity base, a boring or probing is to be taken at the location of
the base to the depth of any piles or to a depth sufficient to establish the soil characteristics of the site.
Site investigation in general should be in accordance with Section 3-2-5 of the ABS Rules for Building and
Classing Offshore Installations (Offshore Installation Rules). For mooring systems with anchor piles,
gravity boxes, or drag anchors, borings or probings are to be taken at all anchor locations to the depth of
any piles or to a depth sufficient to establish the soil characteristics of the site. As an alternative, sub-
bottom profile runs may be taken and correlated with at least two (2) borings or probings in the SPM
vicinity and an interpretation may be made by a soils consultant to adequately establish the soil profile at
all anchor pile locations.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 20
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 1 General
Section 2 Site and Environmental Conditions 3-1-2
When component parts are designed for a wave representing lesser recurrence interval, they are to
be noted in the design document.
It is recommended that data be obtained from a wave recorder operated in the general vicinity of
the SPM for a period of time sufficiently long to establish the reliability of the wave statistics. If
the site of the wave recorder is in a different water depth or different exposure from the mooring
site, an interpretation to transfer the data to the mooring site is to be performed by a recognized
consultant. Alternatively, data may be based on wave observation records for a period of time
sufficiently long to establish the reliability of the wave statistics from a local shore station or from
published references. The bias of such observations against design storms and therefore against
extreme wave heights is to be accounted for.Hindcast studies calibrated to measurements for a
location nearby the SPM’s installation site can also be used to supplement measured data.
The statistics for the maximum wave are to be based on wave records for a period of time
sufficiently long to establish the reliability of the wave statistics performed by a recognized
consultant.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 21
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 1 General
Section 2 Site and Environmental Conditions 3-1-2
Where possible, statistics are preferably to be based on data from an anemometer operated in the
general vicinity of the mooring for a period of time sufficiently long to establish the reliability of
the wind statistics. If the site of the anemometer is influenced by terrain or is inland or if the
mooring site is far offshore, an interpretation to transfer the data to the mooring site, performed by
a recognized consultant, is to be submitted.
Alternatively, the statistics may be based on wind velocity determined from synoptic weather chart
pressure gradients for a period of time sufficiently long to establish the reliability of the wind
statistics performed by a recognized consultant. If synoptic weather charts are not available, the
statistics may be based on observations from published references. These records are to be
reviewed and interpreted for the site by a recognized consultant. The bias of such observations
against extreme storms and therefore against extreme wind speeds is to be accounted for.
The maximum storm surge for the mooring site is to be established if the mooring is in a coastal or estuary
location. Sufficient data is to be submitted to establish the validity of this storm surge.
Maximum storm surge may preferably be determined from tide records taken near the location. If the
location from which the tide data is obtained is remote from the mooring site, a transformation of the tide
data to the mooring site is to be performed by a recognized consultant Storm surge hindcasts for design
(extreme) storms performed by a recognized consultant may be submitted.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 22
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 1 General
Section 2 Site and Environmental Conditions 3-1-2
When air temperature and precipitation, spray, or tidal action may combine to cause substantial ice
formation on the mooring, an analysis of the degree to which ice may form and how this ice may affect the
performance of the mooring is to be submitted.
The structure, equipment, hoses/flexible risers, component parts and their respective material which may
be affected by low temperatures are to be examined.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 23
PART 3
CHAPTER 1
General
SECTION 3
Material Selection
1 General (2014)
These Rules are intended for single point moorings (SPM) to be constructed of materials manufactured and
tested in accordance with the requirements referred to in Part 2 of these Rules. Where it is intended to use
materials of different process, manufacture or of different properties, the use of such materials and
corresponding scantlings will be specially considered.
3 Structure
For most applications, ordinary strength steel, such as, ABS Grade A or ASTM A36, is considered
acceptable. Critical load carrying components in the mooring load path, such as hawser connection,
padeyes, are to be considered as primary application structure. Materials used in the construction of the
SPM buoy structure are to comply with Chapter 1 of the ABS Rules for Materials and Welding (Part 2).
Materials used in the construction of the tower mooring structure are to be in accordance with the Offshore
Installation Rules.
The use of other commercial material specifications for SPM applications will be specially considered.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 24
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 1 General
Section 3 Material Selection 3-1-3
product swivels are to be witnessed by the Surveyor and are to be produced by ABS approved
manufacturers. In all other cases, materials need not be tested in the presence of the Surveyor and may be
accepted on the basis of a review of mill certificates by the Surveyor.
Materials used in cargo or product transfer systems that will be exposed to hydrogen sulfide are to be
selected within appropriate limits of chemical composition, heat treatment and hardness to resist sulfide
stress cracking. Material selection is to comply with the requirements of NACE MR 01 75/ ISO 15156.
Material selection is to consider the possibility of chloride stress cracking if chlorides are present in the
cargo or product fluid.
Refer to 4-1-2/7 for further requirements regarding underbuoy hoses/flexible risers and floating hoses.
9 Bearings (2014)
Materials used in the construction of bearings and bearing retainers are to comply with appropriate
material specifications as may be approved in connection with a particular design. The material
specifications are to comply with recognized standards and are to specify a suitable range of required
material properties. Materials need not be tested in the presence of the Surveyor. In general they may be
accepted on the basis of a review of mill certificates by the Surveyor.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 25
PART 3
CHAPTER 2
Design
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Design Loads..................................................................................... 28
1 Design Loads................................................................................28
3 Dead Loads and Buoyancy...........................................................28
5 Environmental Loads.................................................................... 28
5.1 Wave Loadings................................................................ 29
5.3 Wind Forces (2014)......................................................... 29
5.5 Current Forces.................................................................30
7 Mooring Loads.............................................................................. 30
7.1 Operating Mooring Loads................................................ 30
7.3 Loads from the Design Environmental Condition
(2014).............................................................................. 31
9 Fatigue Loading (2014).................................................................31
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 26
7.3 Member Stresses (2014)................................................. 35
7.5 Buckling Considerations (2014).......................................35
7.7 Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load and
Bending (2014)................................................................ 36
7.9 Column Buckling Stresses...............................................37
7.11 Equivalent Stress Criteria for Plated Structures (2014)... 38
9 Structural Design.......................................................................... 38
9.1 Plating..............................................................................39
9.3 Stiffeners and Beams (2014)........................................... 39
9.5 Girders and Webs............................................................40
11 Fixed Mooring Structure (2014).................................................... 41
13 Additional Structural Requirements.............................................. 41
15 Buoyancy Tanks for Hoses/Flexible Risers...................................41
17 Pipeline End Manifold (PLEM) (2014).......................................... 41
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 27
PART 3
CHAPTER 2
Design
SECTION 1
Design Loads
1 Design Loads
The design conditions are to be established by varying vessel size and loading conditions to determine the
critical loading conditions under the environmental conditions described in 3-1-2/7. The designer is to
submit calculations for the design condition. The following loads are to be considered in the design:
The buoyancy of the SPM structure results in upward forces, the distribution of which depends on the
distribution of the submergence of the structure.
5 Environmental Loads
The environmental loads due to the following environmental parameters are to be considered in the design:
● Waves
● Wind
● Currents
● Tides and storm surges
● Ice and snow
● Marine growth
● Air and sea temperatures
Other phenomena, such as tsunamis, submarine slides, seiche, abnormal composition of air and water, air
humidity, salinity, ice drift, icebergs, etc. may require special consideration.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 28
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 1 Design Loads 3-2-1
The wave induced responses of a vessel consist of three categories of response (e.g., first order (wave
frequency) motions, low frequency or slowly varying motions, and steady drift) are to be taken into
account for designing the SPM structure including the mooring line, anchors, piles, etc., as applicable.
The wind force on the SPM structure and the moored vessel is considered as a constant (steady) force due
to the one-minute wind. Alternatively, the designer may use a one-hour wind with appropriate wind
spectrum.
The wind force on the SPM structure and wind exposed appendages and unusual items onboard the vessel
may be calculated as drag force. The wind pressure Pwind on any particular windage may be calculated
using the following equations:
Vwind is in m/s for the first two of the above three equations, while it is in knots for the third equation.
The height coefficient Cℎ is used in the formulation above to take into account of the effect of wind
velocity (Vwind) profile in the vertical plane. The height coefficient Cℎ is given by the following equation:
Cℎ = (Vz /Vref)2
Vz = Vref × (z/Zref)β
where
β = 0.10 typically for one-minute average wind, other values supported by site specific data will be specially
considered.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 29
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 1 Design Loads 3-2-1
where
Awind = projected area of windage on a plane normal to the direction of the wind, in m2 (ft2)
The total wind force is then obtained by summing up the wind forces on each windage.
The shape coefficients for typical structural shapes are presented (for reference only) in 3-2-1/9 TABLE 1.
The height coefficients to represent the wind velocity profile (corresponding to β value of 0.10) are
presented in 3-2-1/9 TABLE 2 for height intervals of 15.25 meters (50 feet).
The current forces on the submerged buoy and/or mooring structure, hull of the moored vessel, mooring
lines, risers or any other submerged objects associated with the system are to be calculated using the
appropriate current profile. The basis of the current profile depends on the environmental conditions
described in 3-1-2/7.1.
Current forceFc on the submerged part of the mooring structure, mooring lines, risers, etc., is to be
calculated as the drag force as shown below:
Fc = 1/2ρ × CD × Ac × uc × | uc | kN (Tf, lbf)
where:
uc = current velocity vector normal to the plane of projected area, in m/s (ft/s)
7 Mooring Loads
(2014) The design loads of mooring legs and mooring elements (flexible hawsers or rigid mooring
elements such as arm and yoke) between the vessel and SPM may be calculated based on physical model
testing of the system, or by analytical methods verified by physical model testing of a similar system. The
calculation to determine the mooring load is to include high frequency, low frequency, and mooring line
dynamics. The most probable extreme values are to be obtained by time domain analysis for the design
environmental conditions described in 3-1-2/7.1 using a storm duration of three hours, unless specific site
data supports other durations.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 30
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 1 Design Loads 3-2-1
indicated in Section 3-1-2. Operating mooring loads are to be established and submitted for the hawser,
rigid connection between the vessel and the SPM as applicable, and the SPM anchor leg loads.
The operating mooring load may be statistically determined from model testing and/or analysis.
The model testing and analysis on which the operating mooring load is based is to reflect the
combined effects of wind, waves, current and tides on the loaded and unloaded vessel. If model
testing is performed, the model testing is to model the mooring system appropriately in regard to
load-displacement characteristics, and pretensioning of mooring legs as applicable.
TABLE 1
Shape Coefficients Cs for Windages
Deckhouse 1.00
* Note: 30% of projected block areas for both front and back sides.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 31
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 1 Design Loads 3-2-1
TABLE 2
Height Coefficients Cℎ (for β = 0.10)
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 32
PART 3
CHAPTER 2
Design
SECTION 2
Structural Design
1 General
An SPM structure is generally characterized as a floating or fixed type.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 33
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 2 Structural Design 3-2-2
determined by the requirements in 3-2-2/9.1, 3-2-2/9.3, and 3-2-2/9.5. The maximum reduction that will be
allowed is 10% of the shell plating, but not more than 3 mm (0.125 in.), provided that the section modulus
reduction is no more than 10%. In such instances, the justification for the reduction is to be submitted for
review together with the particulars of the coatings with or without sacrificial anodes including the
program for maintenance. The plans are to show the required and proposed scantlings, both suitably
identified. Where any of the proposed reductions are approved, a notation will be made in the Record that
such reductions have been taken.
Where scantlings and structural design are determined by the requirements of 3-2-2/5 and 3-2-2/7, or by
alternative structural design methods other than the requirements in 3-2-2/9, the following apply:
i) Where effective methods of corrosion control are provided, additional scantlings may not be
needed. The particulars of the coatings with or without sacrificial anodes including the program
for maintenance are to be submitted.
ii) Where effective methods of corrosion control are not provided, the scantlings and structural
thicknesses are to be suitably increased by a margin based on expected rates of corrosion
particular to the SPM’s location and the type of corrosive environment in contact with the
structure. The scantling increases are to be submitted to ABS for review.
5 Stresses
i) Transmission of the operating hawser (or yoke) load from the hawser (or yoke) attachment
point(s) to the anchor leg attachment point(s) or to the foundation
ii) Application of the maximum anchor load to the anchor leg attachment point including application
of appropriate wave and hydrostatic loads, in the case of a floating structure
iii) Application of the maximum wave, maximum wind, and maximum current loads in the case of a
fixed structure
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 34
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 2 Structural Design 3-2-2
7 Allowable Stresses
i) Design Operating Load Case. The combined gravity, environmental, and mooring loads for the
operating environmental condition, as described in 3-1-2/7.1.1
ii) Design Environmental Load Case. The combined gravity and environmental loads for the storm
condition, as described in 3-1-2/7.1.2. If mooring loads are present in the design environmental
condition they are to be combined with the gravity and environmental loads.
F = Fy /F . S .
where
Fy = specified minimum yield point or yield strength as defined in the ABS Rules for Material and Welding (Part
2).
F.S. = factor of safety
F = Fcr /F . S .
where
Fcr = critical compressive or shear buckling stress of the structural element, appropriate to its dimensional
configuration, boundary conditions, loading pattern, material, etc.
F.S. = factor of safety
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 35
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 2 Structural Design 3-2-2
Cmfb
When fa /Fa > 0 . 15 fa /Fa + ≤ 1.0
1 − fa /Fe′ Fb
However, the computed bending compressive stress, fb taken alone shall not exceed Fb
where
1) Yield stress divided by factor of safety for axial stress specified in 3-2-2/7.3
3) Local buckling stress divided by factor of safety for axial stress specified in 3-2-2/7.9.2
Fb = allowable axial compressive stress due to bending, determined by dividing the yield stress or local
buckling stress, whichever is less, by the factor of safety specified in 3-2-2/7.3
Fe′ = Euler buckling stress, may be increased 1/3 for combined loadings as defined in 3-2-2/7.3
= 5 . 15E
2
Kℓ/r
E = Modulus of Elasticity
ℓ = unsupported length of column
K = effective length factor which accounts for support conditions at ends of length ℓ. For cases where
lateral defections of end supports may exist K is not be considered less than 1.0.
r = radius of gyration
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 36
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 2 Structural Design 3-2-2
Cm = coefficient as follows:
Cm = 0 . 85
2) For restrained compression members in frames braced against joint translation and not subject
to transverse loading between their supports, in the plane of bending.
Cm = 0 . 6 – 0 . 4 M1 /M2
but not less than 0.4, where .M1/M2 is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends of
that portion of the member un-braced in the plane of bending under consideration. The ratio
M1/M2 is positive when the member is bent in reverse curvature and negative when it is bent
is single curvature.
3) For compressive members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane of loading and
subject to transverse loading between their supports, the value of Cmmay be determined by
rational analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis the following values may be used:
a) For members whose ends are restrained, Cm = 0 . 85
where
Fy = as defined in 3-2-2/7.3
Kℓ/r
F . S . = 1 . 67 1 + 0 . 15 when Kℓ/r < 2π2E/Fy
2π2E/Fy
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 37
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 2 Structural Design 3-2-2
Kℓ/r
F . S . = 1 . 35 1 + 0 . 15 when Kℓ/r < 2π2E/Fy
2π2E/Fy
where
where
Fy = as defined in 3-2-2/7.3
Note:
The Factor of Safety will be specially considered when the stress components account for surface stresses due to lateral
pressures.
The buckling strength of plated structures is to be designed according to the latest version of the ABS
Guide for Buckling and Ultimate Strength Assessment for Offshore Structures or other recognized standard
acceptable to ABS.
9 Structural Design
The hull and frame(s) which are part of the floating structure are to be designed in accordance with the
requirements of 3-2-2/5 and 3-2-2/7. In addition to those requirements, the scantlings of plating, stiffeners,
and beams are to meet the requirements of 3-2-2/9.1, 3-2-2/9.3, and 3-2-2/9.5. Alternatively the hull and
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 38
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 2 Structural Design 3-2-2
frame design is to be based on a systematic analysis based on sound engineering principles and accounting
for the external static and dynamic pressures imposed by the marine environment and the internal pressure
of the contents of tanks and floodable compartments.
9.1 Plating
9.1.1 Hull and Watertight Bulkhead Plating (2014)
Hull plating is to be of the thickness derived from the following equation.
t = sk qℎ /254 + 2 . 5 mm
t = sk qℎ /460 + 0 . 10 in.
but not less than 6.5 mm (0.25 in.) or s/150 + 2 . 5 mm (s/150 + 0 . 10 in.), whichever is
greater
where
t = thickness, in mm (in.)
s = stiffener spacing, in mm (in.)
k = 3 . 075 α – 2 . 077 / α + 0 . 272 (1 ≤ α ≤ 2)
= 1 (α > 2)
α = aspect ratio of the panel (longer edge/shorter edge)
q = 235/Y N/mm2 (24/Y kgf/mm2, 34,000/Y psi)
Y = specified minimum yield point or yield strength, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi), or 72% of the specified
minimum tensile strength, whichever is the lesser
ℎ = for plating, the greatest distance, in m (ft), from the lower edge of the plate to a point defined as the
following:
i) Void Compartment Space. Where the internal space is a void compartment, the head is to be
taken to the maximum permissible draft of the SPM in service.
ii) Areas Subject to Wave Immersion. The highest wave crest level during the most unfavorable
design situation, or 1.0 m (3.28 ft), whichever is greater.
SM = Qfcℎsℓ2 cm3 (in3 )
where
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 39
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 2 Structural Design 3-2-2
f = 7.8 (0.0041)
c = 0.9 for stiffeners having clip attachments to decks or flats at the ends or having such attachments at
one end with the other end supported by girders
ℓ = length, in m (ft), between supports. Where brackets are fitted at shell, deck, or bulkhead supports, and the
brackets are in accordance with 3-2-2/17 TABLE 1 and have a slope of approximately 45 degrees, the length ℓ
may be measured to a point on the bracket located at a distance from the toe equal to 25% of the length of the
bracket.
Q = material strength factor
SM = Qfcℎsℓ2 cm3 (in3)
where
f = 4.74 (0.0025)
c = 1.5
ℎ = vertical distance, in m (ft), from the middle of s in the case of girders or from the middle of ℓ in the
case of webs, to the same heights to which h for plating is measured (see 3-2-2/9.1.1)
s = sum of half lengths, in m (ft) (on each side of girder or web) of the stiffeners or beams supported
ℓ = length, in m (ft), between supports; where brackets are fitted at shell, deck or bulkhead supports, and
the brackets are in accordance with 3-2-2/17 TABLE 1 and have a slope of approximately 45 degrees,
the length ℓ may be measured to a point on the bracket located at a distance from the toe equal to
25% of the length of the bracket
Q = factor defined in 3-2-2/9.3
Where efficient struts are fitted connecting girders or webs on each side of the tanks and spaced
not more than four (4) times the depth of the girder or web, the section modulus, SM, for each
girder or web may be one-half that obtained from the above.
9.5.2 Proportions
Girders and webs are to have a depth not less than 0.125ℓ where no struts or ties are fitted, and
0.0833ℓ where struts are fitted. The thickness is not to be less than 1% of depth plus 3 mm (0.12
in.), but need not exceed 11 mm (0.44 in.). In general, the depth is not to be less than 2.5 times the
depth of cutouts.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 40
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 2 Structural Design 3-2-2
The average shell membrane stress at the test pressure is to be limited to 90% of the minimum specified
yield strength when subject to hydrostatic testing, and to 80% of the yield strength under pneumatic
testing. The combination of average shell membrane stress and bending stress at design operating pressure
is to be limited to 50% of the ultimate strength, or the minimum specified yield strength, whichever is less.
When the external pressure is not compensated by internal pressure the stress values are also to be checked
against critical buckling.
TABLE 1
Thickness and Flanges of Brackets and Knees
Millimeters Inches
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 41
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 2 Structural Design 3-2-2
Millimeters Inches
850 10.5 85
900 11.0 90
950 11.5 90
1000 11.5 95
Note: The thickness of brackets is to be suitably increased in cases where the depth at throat is less than two-thirds
that of the knee.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 42
PART 3
CHAPTER 2
Design
SECTION 3
Weld Design
1 Fillet Welds
1.1 General
1.1.1 Plans and Specifications
The actual sizes of fillet welds are to be indicated on detail drawings or on a separate welding
schedule and submitted for approval in each individual case.
1.1.2 Workmanship
Completed welds are to be to the satisfaction of the attending Surveyor. The gaps between the
faying surfaces of members being joined should be kept to a minimum. Where the opening
between members being joined exceeds 2.0 mm (1/16 in.) and is not greater than 5 mm (3/16 in.), the
weld leg size is to be increased by the amount of the opening in excess of 2.0 mm (1/16 in.). Where
the opening between members is greater than 5 mm (3/16 in.), corrective procedures are to be
specially approved by the Surveyor.
3 Tee Connections
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 43
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 3 Weld Design 3-2-3
wmin = 0 . 3tpℓ [4.0 mm (0.16 in.) where 3-2-3/9 is applicable], whichever is greater.
where
In selecting the leg size and spacing of matched fillet welds, the leg size for the intermittent welds is to be
taken as not greater than the designed leg size w or 0.7tpℓ + 2.00 mm (0.7tpℓ + 0.08 in.), whichever is less.
In determining weld sizes based on the above equations, the nearest half millimeter or one-thirty second of
an inch may be used.
For the weld size for tpℓ of 6.5 mm (0.25 in.) or less, see 3-2-3/3.11.
The use of the above equations for plating in excess of 6.5 mm (0.25 in.) may be specially considered
depending upon the location and the quality control procedure.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 44
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 3 Weld Design 3-2-3
Unbracketed stiffeners of non-tight structural bulkheads, deckhouse sides and after ends are to have a pair
of matched intermittent welds at each end.
9.1 General
Reduction in fillet weld sizes, except for slab longitudinals of thickness greater than 25 mm (1.0 in.), may
be specially approved by the Surveyor in accordance with either 3-2-3/9.3 or 3-2-3/9.5, provided that the
requirements of 3-2-3/3 are satisfied.
11 Lapped Joints
11.1 General
Lapped joints are generally to have overlaps of not less width than twice the thinner plate thickness plus 25
mm (1.0 in.).
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 45
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 3 Weld Design 3-2-3
Measures taken to achieve full or partial penetration corner or tee joints, where specified, are to be to the
satisfaction of the attending Surveyor. The designer is to give consideration to minimize the possibility of
lamellar tearing in such joints.
19 Alternatives
The foregoing are considered minimum requirements for electric-arc welding in hull construction, but
alternative methods, arrangements and details will be considered for approval. See 2-4-3/5 of the ABS
Rules for Materials and Welding (Part 2). Fillet weld sizes may be determined from structural analyses
based on sound engineering principles, provided that they meet the overall strength standards of the Rules.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 46
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 3 Weld Design 3-2-3
TABLE 1
Weld Factors
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 47
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 2 Design
Section 3 Weld Design 3-2-3
Note:
1 The weld size is to be determined from the thickness of the member being attached.
2 Unbracketed stiffeners and webs of hatch covers are to be welded continuously to the plating and to the face
plate for a length at ends equal to the end depth of the member.
3 With longitudinal framing, the weld size is to be increased to give an equivalent weld area to that obtained
without cut-outs for longitudinals.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 48
PART 3
CHAPTER 3
Stability
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Stability and Watertight/Weathertight Integrity...............................50
1 Stability......................................................................................... 50
1.1 Intact Stability.................................................................. 50
1.3 Damage Stability (2014).................................................. 51
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 49
PART 3
CHAPTER 3
Stability
SECTION 1
Stability and Watertight/Weathertight Integrity
1 Stability
The hull is to be divided by bulkheads into watertight compartments. Watertight manholes are to be
provided for access to all main floodable compartments.
i) The metacentric height is to be positive in the calm water equilibrium position for all
afloat conditions without any mooring leg(s) in place.
ii) The righting energy (area under the righting moment curve) at or before the angle of the
second intercept of the righting and the overturning moment curve or the down flooding
angle, which is less, is to reach a value of not less than 40% in excess of the area under
the overturning moment curve to the same limiting angle. Overturning moments are to be
taken as moments which result from the environmental and operational loads during
towout, installation, operation, and disconnected mode corresponding to environmental
conditions with return period of 100 years where applicable. Static angle of heel due to
overturning moment is to be below the first downflooding point.
iii) The hull is to reserve enough buoyancy so that the buoy will not capsize or sink due to the
pull of the anchor legs under pretension and of the underbuoy hoses/flexible risers under
the Design Environmental Condition.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 50
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 3 Stability
Section 1 Stability and Watertight/Weathertight Integrity 3-3-1
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 51
PART 3
CHAPTER 4
Equipment
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Anchoring and Mooring Equipment (2014)..................................... 53
1 General......................................................................................... 53
3 Anchor Points............................................................................... 53
5 Anchor Leg(s)............................................................................... 54
7 Alternative Criteria........................................................................ 55
9 Anchor and Chains....................................................................... 55
11 Mooring between Vessel and SPM...............................................55
13 Structural Components................................................................. 55
15 Buoyancy Elements...................................................................... 55
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 52
PART 3
CHAPTER 4
Equipment
SECTION 1
Anchoring and Mooring Equipment (2014)
1 General
The mooring legs and anchors of an SPM are to be designed to protect against the failure of the underbuoy
hose or riser with one anchor line broken, for the design environmental conditions described in 3-1-2/7.1.
In lieu of the foregoing a means of closure that isolates the SPM from the undersea pipeline may be
accepted, but this alternative applies to a hose that is qualified to OCIMF standards (see 4-1-2/7).
3 Anchor Points
The anchors are to be designed to have adequate holding capacity. For mooring systems with drag anchors,
the holding capacity of each anchor is to be determined by using the soil characteristics of the bottom
samples. The type of anchorage for the anchor leg(s) is to be selected according to conditions of the seabed
and the maximum design anchor load.
The factor of safety is defined as the minimum holding capacity of an anchor divided by the maximum
design anchor load. The required minimum factors of safety, given below, depend on whether the mooring
system is considered intact or broken and how the design loads are calculated. The minimum required
factors of safety can be based on one of the following two options. The option selected is to match that
used in 3-4-1/5.
Option i) When the mooring system is considered as being intact and the design loads are calculated in
accordance with 3-2-1/7.1 and 3-2-1/7.3, required minimum factors of safety are:
Where lower factors of safety of anchor leg(s) are desired with additional mooring analysis for any one
line broken case as indicated in 3-4-1/5, the factor of safety on the holding capacity of the anchor in a
broken line case for the Design Operating Load Case should not be less than 1.60.
In the case of an SPM system using anchor piles, it is recommended that pile foundations be designed to
comply with the appropriate sections of API RP 2A. A pile driving record or pile grouting record is to be
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 53
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 4 Equipment
Section 1 Anchoring and Mooring Equipment (2014) 3-4-1
taken and submitted for each pile. The method of installation of the piles and the equipment employed is to
be included in the pile driving record.
Where the anchoring system uses gravity boxes, resistance against sliding, uplifting, and overturning of the
gravity boxes are to be analyzed. The forces due to environmental, gravity and mooring are to be taken
into account appropriately. Scour effects on the gravity boxes are to be considered in the design.
After the mooring system is deployed, each mooring line will be required to be pull-tested. During the test,
each mooring line is to be pulled to the maximum design load determined by dynamic analysis for the
intact design condition and held at that load for 30 minutes in presence of ABS Surveyor. The pull test load
is to be the greater of the following two values:
● Maximum design load of mooring line for the Design Operating Load Case
● Maximum design load of mooring line for the Design Environmental Case
For certain high efficiency drag anchors in soft clay, the test load may be reduced to not less than 80
percent of the maximum intact design load. For all types of anchors, the attainment of design-required
minimum soil penetration depth is to be verified at the site.
ABS will determine the necessity of a maximum intact design tension pull test depending on the extent of
the geotechnical investigation, the magnitude of loading, analytical methods used for the geotechnical
design and the experience with the soils in the area of interest. For suction piles, ABS will review the pile
installation records to verify the agreement between the calculated suction pressures and the suction
pressure used to install the suction piles. For conventional piles, ABS will review the pile installation
records to verify agreement between the calculated pile driving blow counts and the actual blow counts
required to drive the piles to the design penetrations.
If the maximum intact design tension pull tests are waived, ABS will require preloading each anchor to a
load that is necessary to develop the ultimate holding capacity of the anchor, but not less than the mean
intact design tension, and to verify the integrity and alignment of the mooring line.
5 Anchor Leg(s)
The minimum factor of safety against the breakage of each anchor leg component can be based on one of
the following two options. The option selected is to match that used in 3-4-1/3.
Option i) When the mooring system is considered as being intact and the design loads are calculated in
accordance with 3-2-1/7.1 and 3-2-1/7.3, required minimum factors of safety are:
A lower factor of safety of 2.5 for anchor leg components will be allowed for the intact Design
Operating Load Case if an analysis of the mooring system with any one line broken provides a factor of
safety of at least 2.00 with respect to the minimum breaking strength of anchor leg component(s).
The mooring structure of a fixed SPM system is to be designed in accordance with 3-2-2/11.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 54
Part 3 Mooring System Design
Chapter 4 Equipment
Section 1 Anchoring and Mooring Equipment (2014) 3-4-1
7 Alternative Criteria
When requested, the ABS will accept the criteria contained in Sections 6-1-1 and 6-1-2 of the FPI Rules as
an alternative to those given in 3-4-1/3 and 3-4-1/5, above. The application of the alternative criteria
includes the specified dynamic analyses, anchor leg broken conditions, corrosion assumptions, fatigue life
predictions, etc. that are entailed in the referenced sections of the FPI Rules. Both the Design Operating
Load Case of 3-2-2/7.1.i and the Design Environmental Load Case of 3-2-2/7.1.ii are to be analyzed, and
the load case producing the higher design loads is to be used in the application of the alternative criteria.
Where the vessel is moored to the SPM using hawsers running through more than two (2) fairleads on the
vessel, the hawser loads are to be calculated as if there are only two (2) fairleads.
Hawser manufacture is to comply with the OCIMF Quality Control and Inspection during the Production
of Hawsers.
Note:
The above mentioned OCIMF references are available in volume entitled, OCIMF Guidelines for the Purchasing and Testing
of SPM Hawsers.
When a rigid mooring structure is used as the mooring structure between the vessel and the SPM, the
connecting structures are to comply with 3-2-4/5 of the MOU Rules.
13 Structural Components
If not indicated elsewhere in these Rules, the structural and mechanical components (mooring hardware
(e.g., connecting links, shackles, chain stoppers, fairleads, etc.)) which transmit the mooring loads are to be
designed to the Minimum Breaking Load (MBL) of the mooring line. Items such as chain stoppers and
fairleads can be designed to other criteria if it is intended that they are to maintain structural integrity after
failure of the mooring line.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 55
PART 4
Equipment and Systems
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Cargo or Product Transfer Systems................................................ 57
Section 1 General............................................................................ 58
Section 2 Hoses/Flexible Risers...................................................... 59
Section 3 Cargo or Product Swivels and Related Systems and
Equipment........................................................................61
Section 4 Cargo or Product Piping Systems....................................63
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 56
PART 4
CHAPTER 1
Cargo or Product Transfer Systems
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 General................................................................................................58
1 General......................................................................................... 58
1.1 Conditions Applicable to Pipeline Connection................. 58
3 Materials....................................................................................... 58
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 57
PART 4
CHAPTER 1
Cargo or Product Transfer Systems
SECTION 1
General
1 General
The provisions of this Chapter are applicable to the cargo or product transfer system and associated
components of single point moorings (SPM). The cargo or product transfer system includes all system
components from the seafloor connection to a pipeline to the first flange on the loading tanker or other
type of unit. Pipe Line End Manifolds (PLEMs), if provided, are to comply with the provisions of this
Chapter.
i) It is to be anchored to the sea bottom to resist forces due to waves, current, and forces imposed by
the SPM and the undersea pipeline.
ii) A means of closure is to be provided to permit isolation of the SPM from the undersea pipeline.
3 Materials
Refer to 3-1-3/7 for material requirements for cargo or product transfer systems.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 58
PART 4
CHAPTER 1
Cargo or Product Transfer Systems
SECTION 2
Hoses/Flexible Risers
1 General (2014)
The length of the hose/flexible riser system, provision for buoyancy, spreaders between hoses/flexible
risers, external restraints (if required), and angle of connection to the pipeline end and the SPM are to be
established taking into account at least the following.
i) Maximum excursion of the SPM structure both under the operating conditions with a moored
vessel and the design conditions without a moored vessel
ii) Motion of the components of the system
iii) External forces on the hose/flexible riser system
iv) Range of specific gravity of the contents of the hose/flexible riser system including the various
cargoes anticipated and sea water
v) Installation tolerances
5 Floating Hoses
Lifting arrangements are to be provided at the end of the floating hose. Special hose is to be provided at the
vessel end to accommodate the bending of the hose over the vessel rail (Tanker Rail Hose). The vessel end
of the hose is to be provided with a blind flange to avoid contamination of the sea water. Consideration is
to be given to providing swivels, specially reinforced hose, or both, at the connection of the floating hose
with components of the SPM system. Consideration is to be given to providing a breakaway coupling with
shutoff valves in each floating hose string to provide surge and axial overload protection to the hose string,
and to minimize pollution in the event of an excessive pressure surge or tanker breakout.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 59
Part 4 Equipment and Systems
Chapter 1 Cargo or Product Transfer Systems
Section 2 Hoses/Flexible Risers 4-1-2
7 Construction (2014)
All hose is to comply with the OCIMF Guide to Manufacturing and Purchasing Hoses for Offshore
Moorings and is to be manufactured to ABS Survey and Inspection. Prototype hose approval in accordance
with Section 3 of this standard is required.
Variances from the OCIMF Guide to Manufacturing and Purchasing Hoses for Offshore Moorings as
required to satisfy the system’s operating conditions will be considered on a case-by-case basis. Adequate
justification for such variances will be required.
The bolting and gasket materials and design are to comply with an applicable recognized design standard
and be suitable for their intended service.
Flexible risers, if utilized, are to meet the requirements found in the ABS Guide for Building and Classing
Subsea Riser Systems and API RP 17B Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe.
i) The shut-off head at the vessel's manifold at zero flow, plus the gravity head of the contents to the
part of the SPM pipe or hose in question.
ii) The head calculated due to surge pressure, resulting from design valve closing times.
11 Testing (2014)
Each length of hose is to be subjected to hydrostatic and vacuum tests in accordance with requirements of
1.11.6 and 1.11.8, respectively, of the OCIMF Guide to Manufacturing and Purchasing Hoses for Offshore
Moorings. These tests are to be witnessed by a Surveyor. In all cases where the design pressure of the
system exceeds 15.5 bar (15.8 kgf/cm2, 225 psi), the hydrostatic test is to be carried out at not less than the
design pressure. Where flexible risers are used, they are to be tested using recognized standards.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 60
PART 4
CHAPTER 1
Cargo or Product Transfer Systems
SECTION 3
Cargo or Product Swivels and Related Systems and Equipment
1.1 Design
Cargo or product swivels are to be of steel construction with flanged or welded connections. Details of the
swivel connecting stationary SPM piping with rotating piping are to be submitted for approval. Such
details are to include fixed and rotating parts details, plate thicknesses, nozzle locations and arrangement,
seal and bearing design, and welding.
The swivel design is to consider the most adverse combination of applicable loads. At least the following
loads are to be considered:
Pressure retaining components of the swivel are to be designed in accordance with a recognized standard
such as the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Structural components of the swivel and driving
mechanism are to comply with Section 3-2-2 of these Rules, the ASME code, or other recognized
structural design standard.
1.3 Testing
Testing is to be conducted at the manufacturer’s plant in accordance with an approved test procedure in the
presence of a Surveyor. The procedure is to address acceptable leakage criteria and is to specify the
following tests as a minimum:
i) Hydrostatic pressure test to at least 1.5 times the design pressure for at least two (2) hours.
ii) Hydrostatic pressure test to design pressure through two (2) complete revolutions in each direction
at a rate of approximately ten (10) minutes per revolution.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 61
Part 4 Equipment and Systems
Chapter 1 Cargo or Product Transfer Systems
Section 3 Cargo or Product Swivels and Related Systems and Equipment 4-1-3
iii) Hydrostatic pressure test to design pressure through four (4) complete revolutions. The first
revolution is to be clockwise, and the final counterclockwise. Each rotation is to be in stages of 30
degrees at a rate of approximately 30 seconds per 30 degrees with a 30 second pause between each
30 degree rotation. For each 30 degree rotation, the breakaway torque and the rotating torque are
to be recorded. Where fluid assembly swivel rotates in unison with mooring swivel, this test is to
be conducted on the combined system.
A pressure balanced, or over-pressured, isolation seal shall be used between the primary seal and the
product in gas or gas containing production fluid swivels.
5 Bearings
Bearing mounting bolts are to be designed in accordance with recognized standards. For high tension bolts
stress corrosion cracking is to be considered.
7 Corrosion Protection
The swivels are to be coated on the outside with a suitable corrosion resistant coating. This coating will not
be required for parts made of corrosion resistant material. The possibility of corrosion due to the presence
of CO2, O2, or H2S in the cargo or product fluid is to be considered in the swivel design.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 62
PART 4
CHAPTER 1
Cargo or Product Transfer Systems
SECTION 4
Cargo or Product Piping Systems
1 Piping (2014)
All piping for the cargo or product transfer system mounted on the SPM is to be of steel with welded or
flanged connections. Piping is to be securely mounted on the SPM and anchored to resist the forces
resulting from internal pressure and flow in the system and loads induced by the hose/flexible riser system
connected to it. Provision is to be made for expansion. Piping is to be shop tested after fabrication to a
minimum pressure of 1.5 times the design pressure in the presence of a Surveyor.
Cargo or product piping installed on SPMs is to comply with ASME B31.3 and other applicable
recognized standards, except that piping less than Standard weight should not be used. Standard weight
pipe is defined as the American National Standards Institute Schedule 40 up to a maximum wall thickness
of 9.5 mm (0.375 in.).
3 Valves
A shutoff valve is to be provided on the SPM for each cargo transfer line. Valves are to be of steel
construction and capable of manual operation. Valves are to be constructed and tested in accordance with
recognized standards such as those of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Non-standard
valves are those valves that are not certified by the manufacturer as complying with a recognized standard.
The use of nonstandard valves is subject to special consideration and drawings of such valves showing
details of construction and materials are to be submitted for review, as well as the basis for valve pressure
rating, such as design calculations or appropriate burst test data.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 63
Part 4 Equipment and Systems
Chapter 1 Cargo or Product Transfer Systems
Section 4 Cargo or Product Piping Systems 4-1-4
joint showing construction of the joint including end fitting attachment and a bill of materials are to be
submitted for review. Results of the burst test are to be submitted for review.
For metallic bellows expansion joints, cross sectional drawings of the joint along with a bill of materials
are to be submitted for review. Calculations and/or bust test results verifying the pressure and temperature
rating and fatigue life are to be submitted for review.
Alternatively, the PLEM may also be constructed and tested in accordance with ASME B31.4 Pipeline
Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids.
11 Corrosion Protection
The cargo or product piping, valves and fittings are to be coated on the outside with a suitable corrosion
resistant coating. This coating will not be required for parts made of corrosion resistant material. The
possibility of corrosion due to the presence of CO2, O2, or H2S in the cargo or product fluid is to be
considered in the piping design.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 64
PART 4
CHAPTER 2
Ancillary Systems and Equipment
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Requirements for Ancillary Systems and Equipment.................... 66
1 General......................................................................................... 66
3 Bilge Pumping...............................................................................66
5 Tank Sounding (2014)...................................................................66
7 Tank Venting................................................................................. 66
9 Ancillary Components...................................................................67
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 65
PART 4
CHAPTER 2
Ancillary Systems and Equipment
SECTION 1
Requirements for Ancillary Systems and Equipment
1 General
Ancillary systems such as hydraulic, pneumatic, fuel, ballast, telemetry, controls; etc., which may be
provided on a single point mooring are to comply with the applicable requirements of the MOU Rules,
except as specified in this Section.
3 Bilge Pumping
Single point moorings are to be provided with a means for pumping from and draining all tanks and void
compartments. Pumping by means of a portable hand operated pump would be acceptable in lieu of a fixed
bilge system.
7 Tank Venting
All tanks that are filled or emptied through fixed pumping arrangements and all voids through which
pressure piping passes are to be fitted with vent pipes.
The structural arrangement of tanks or voids requiting a vent is to be such as to permit the free passage of
air and gasses from all parts of the spaces to the vent pipes. Each tank or void requiring a vent is to be
fitted with at least one vent pipe, which is located at the highest part of the tank. Vent pipes are to be
arranged to provide adequate self-drainage under normal conditions. Vent outlets on the open deck are to
terminate by way of return bends. Satisfactory means, permanently attached, are to be provided for closing
the vent pipes.
The internal diameter of each vent pipe is not to be less than 51 mm (2 in.) unless specially approved
otherwise. Where tanks are to be filled by pump pressure, the aggregate area of the vents on the tank is to
be at least 125% of the effective area of the filling line. Notwithstanding the above, the pump capacity and
pressure head are to be considered in the sizing of the vents.
Vent pipes are to terminate in the weather and their height is to be at least 760 mm (30 in.) above the deck
except where this height may interfere with the working of the SPM, a lower height may be approved
provided that the closing arrangements and other circumstances justify a lower height.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 66
Part 4 Equipment and Systems
Chapter 2 Ancillary Systems and Equipment
Section 1 Requirements for Ancillary Systems and Equipment 4-2-1
9 Ancillary Components
Ancillary mechanical components such as hoists, winches, quick connect and disconnect devices, are to be
designed in accordance with applicable industry standards, codes and published recommended practices.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 67
PART 4
CHAPTER 3
Hazardous Areas and Electrical Installations
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Hazardous Areas................................................................................69
1 Definitions..................................................................................... 69
3 Classification of Areas (2014).......................................................69
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 68
PART 4
CHAPTER 3
Hazardous Areas and Electrical Installations
SECTION 1
Hazardous Areas
1 Definitions
Hazardous Areas. Hazardous areas are all those areas where a flammable atmosphere may be expected to
exist continuously or intermittently. Hazardous areas are subdivided into Zones 0, 1 and 2 defined as
follows:
Zone 0. A zone in which an explosive gas-air mixture is continuously present or present for long periods.
Zone 1. A zone in which an explosive gas-air mixture is likely to occur in normal operating conditions.
Zone 2. A zone in which an explosive gas-air mixture is not likely to occur, and if it occurs, it will exist
only for a short time.
Enclosed Space. An enclosed space is considered to be a space bounded by decks and bulkheads which
may or may not have doors, windows, or other similar openings.
When a cargo or product swivel is installed within an enclosed space, the space is considered a Zone 1
area.
The inside of tanks, swivels, or pipes containing hydrocarbons are considered Zone 0 areas.
In addition to the hazardous areas defined above, the principles of API RP 500 Recommended Practice for
Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I,
Division 1 and Division 2; or RP 505 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical
Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1, and Zone 2 are to be considered
in delineating hazardous areas associated with components of the single point mooring.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 69
PART 4
CHAPTER 3
Hazardous Areas and Electrical Installations
SECTION 2
Electrical Installations
1 General
Electrical installations onboard single point moorings are to comply with the requirements of Part 4,
Chapter 3 of the MOU Rules and the additional or modified requirements contained in this Section.
Alternatively, consideration will be given to installations that comply with the requirements contained in
this Section and applicable recognized standards, provided that they are not less effective.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 70
Part 4 Equipment and Systems
Chapter 3 Hazardous Areas and Electrical Installations
Section 2 Electrical Installations 4-3-2
provided any brushes, switching mechanisms, or similar arc-producing devices are approved for
Zone 1 areas:
5 Electrical Swivels
If installed in a hazardous area, the electrical swivel is to be certified by an independent testing laboratory
as suitable for installation within such an area as per Section 4-3-1 of these Rules.
The amperage ratings of electrical swivels (slip rings) are to be adequate to carry the full load current of
the equipment supplied.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 71
PART 4
CHAPTER 4
Safety Provisions
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 General................................................................................................73
1 Navigation Aids.............................................................................73
1.1 Obstruction Lights............................................................73
1.3 Fog Signal........................................................................73
1.5 Radar Reflector................................................................73
3 Fire Fighting Equipment (2014).................................................... 73
5 Identification Marks (2014)........................................................... 73
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 72
PART 4
CHAPTER 4
Safety Provisions
SECTION 1
General
1 Navigation Aids
● One 360 degree white light visible for five (5) miles under an atmospheric transmissivity of 0.85,
flashing six (6) times per minute, and arranged for operation at least from sunset to sunrise local time.
● It is recommended that the floating hoses be marked with winker lights.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 73
PART 5
Testing and Surveys
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Tesing During Construction..............................................................75
Section 1 Requirements for Testing During Construction................ 76
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 74
PART 5
CHAPTER 1
Tesing During Construction
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Requirements for Testing During Construction..............................76
1 Survey of Buoy Structures, Buoyancy Elements, PLEM
Structures, and other Structures...................................................76
1.1 General............................................................................ 76
2 Materials....................................................................................... 77
3 Welding.........................................................................................77
3.1 Qualification of Welding Procedures and Welders...........77
3.2 Production Welding..........................................................77
4 Nondestructing Inspection (NDI)...................................................77
4.1 Type and Extent of NDT.................................................. 77
5 Tank, Bulkhead and Fittings/Tightness Testing ............................78
5.1 General............................................................................ 78
5.3 Tank Testing.....................................................................78
5.5 Hydrostatic Testing.......................................................... 78
6 Tank Test for Structural Adequacy................................................ 79
7 Mooring System Equipment Fabrication and Installation Tests.... 79
7.1 Anchor Legs.....................................................................79
7.3 Mooring Equipment between Vessel and SPM................79
7.5 Tower Mooring................................................................. 79
7.7 Piles and Anchors............................................................80
8 Cargo Transfer System.................................................................80
9 Control and Safety System........................................................... 80
10 Hoses/Flexible Risers................................................................... 80
10.1 Hose/Flexible Riser Testing............................................. 80
10.2 Buoyancy Tank Pressure Test......................................... 80
11 Surveys at the Vendor Manufacturer's Facility............................. 80
11.1 General............................................................................ 80
11.2 Pre-Fabrication Meeting.................................................. 80
11.3 ABS Survey..................................................................... 81
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 75
PART 5
CHAPTER 1
Tesing During Construction
SECTION 1
Requirements for Testing During Construction
1.1 General
Paragraphs 5-1-1/1-6 detail the requirements for surveys at the manufacturer of the buoy, buoyancy
elements, PLEM strcutures and other structures not included in 5-1-1/11.3 TABLE 2.
All items of the buoy hull structure and associated outfitting are to be surveyed during construction,
outfitting and testing.
Welding and fabrication of structural components are to be in accordance with Sections 2-4-1 and 2-4-3 of
the ABS Rules for Materials and Welding (Part 2), as applicable.
The Quality Control Program for the construction of a unit is to include the following items, as
appropriate:
Where structure is assembled in blocks or modules, the Surveyor is to inspect the fit-up, piping and
electrical connections, and to witness the required tests on the completed assembly in accordance with the
quality control program, and in accordance with the approved plans and Rule/Guide requirements. The
progress and suitability of structural fit-up and joining of constructed/fabricated blocks/modules are to be
to the satisfaction of the attending Surveyor. All erection joints of hull structure are to be visually
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 76
Part 5 Testing and Surveys
Chapter 1 Tesing During Construction
Section 1 Requirements for Testing During Construction 5-1-1
examined, proven tight, and the extent of Nondestructive Testing (NDT) carried out is to be to the
satisfaction of the attending Surveyor.
2 Materials (2022)
Materials for structural applications are to be certified in accordance with Section 2-1-1. The builder is to
maintain a system of material traceability to the satisfaction of the attending Surveyor. Data showing place
of origin and results of tests for materials shall be retained and are to be readily available to the attending
Surveyor upon request.
When forming changes base plate properties beyond acceptable limits, appropriate heat treatments are to
be carried out to reestablish required properties. Unless approved otherwise, the acceptable limits of the
reestablished properties should meet the minimums specified for the original material before forming.
Formed members with the forming dimensional tolerances specified by the design are to be examined.
3 Welding (2022)
For qualification of welders and welding procedures, only the applicable ABS Rules are to be used. Other
alternative standards will be subject to special consideration and require prior review and approval by
ABS.
All NDT procedures are to be reviewed and accepted by the Surveyor before commencement of NDT.
Radiographic Testing (RT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI), Penetrant Testing
(PT), Eddy Current (EC) or Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) is to be carried out to the
satisfaction of the Surveyor. With the exception of RT, the Surveyor may require to witness the NDT
carried out by a qualified technician.
Minimum NDT is to include 10% volumetric and 20% surface examination of joints of less than 19 mm
and 50% volumetric and 100% surface NDE of joints 19 mm and over.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 77
Part 5 Testing and Surveys
Chapter 1 Tesing During Construction
Section 1 Requirements for Testing During Construction 5-1-1
Additional NDT may be requested by the Surveyor if the quality of fabrication or welds is not in
accordance with these Rules and applicable Standards.
NDT personnel, records, and acceptance standards are to be in accordance with the NDI Guide.
5.1 General
After all hatches and watertight accesses are installed, penetrations including pipe connections are fitted,
all tanks and watertight bulkheads or flats are to be tested and proven tight. Refer to 5-1-1/11.3 TABLE 1
for specific test requirements. Close visual examination combined with NDT may be accepted in certain
areas where specialty approved, as an alternative to hose testing.
Compartments and spaces which are designed to be watertight, gas-tight or fire-tight are to be tested in
presence of a Surveyor by a procedure aaccepted by the attending Surveyor. Any access doors, hatches,
manholes or closures of such compartments and spaces as well as any type of pipe or electrical penetration
pieces through such boundaries are to be completed and tested in similar manner to the satisfaction of the
attending Surveyor.
Details of testing methods are to be in accordance with 7-1-2/23.9 through 7-1-2/23.27 of the MOU Rules.
Tank testing is to be carried out to the satisfaction of the attending Surveyor, and additional or alternative
testing may be required at the Surveyor’s discretion.
i) Structural Testing is a test to verify the structural adequacy of tank construction. This may be
hydrostatic or hydropneumatic testing in accordance with 5-1-1/1.5 .
ii) Leak Testing is a test to verify the tightness of a boundary. Unless specific testing is indicated, this
may be hydrostatic/hydropneumatic testing or air testing as specified in 5-1-1/11.3 TABLE 1. A
hose test may be considered an acceptable form of leak test for certain boundaries, as specified in
5-1-1/11.3 TABLE 1.
Where permitted in 5-1-1/11.3 TABLE 1, air testing or combined air hydrostatic testing may be accepted
by the Surveyor.
When hydrostatic testing applies, tanks are to be tested with a head of water to the overflow or to the
highest point to which the contents may rise under service conditions, whichever is higher. Tests may be
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 78
Part 5 Testing and Surveys
Chapter 1 Tesing During Construction
Section 1 Requirements for Testing During Construction 5-1-1
carried out before or after the buoy is launched. Special coatings may be applied before hydrostatic testing
provided all welded joint and penetrations are visually examined to the satisfaction of the Surveyor before
special coating is applied.
● Chain and accessories are to be in accordance with the ABS Guide for the Certification of Offshore
Mooring Chain and tested in the presence of the attending Surveyor.
● Synthetic mooring lines are to be in accordance with the ABS Guidance Notes on the Application of
Fiber Rope for Offshore Mooring or API RP 2SM
● Wire ropes are to be in accordance with API Specification 9A
Each mooring leg is to be pull tested upon installation in accordance with an approved procedure in the
presence of a Surveyor. The pull test is to be in accordance with 3-4-1/3.
● Steel components such as chafe chains, shackles, etc, that are installed on the hawser line between the
vessel and SPM, are to be certified in accordance with the ABS Guide for Certification of Offshore
Mooring Chain.
● Synthetic mooring lines are to be in accordance with the ABS Guidance Notes on the Application of
Fiber Rope for Offshore Mooring or API RP 2SM
● Wire ropes are to be in accordance with API Specification 9A
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 79
Part 5 Testing and Surveys
Chapter 1 Tesing During Construction
Section 1 Requirements for Testing During Construction 5-1-1
Surveys regarding the manufacturing and testing of anchors are to be in accordance with Section 2-2-1 of
the ABS Rules for Materials and Welding (Part 2).
Each vendor is required to have an effective quality system, which is to be verified by the attending
Surveyor prior to the start of fabrication. Additionally, vendors are encouraged to obtain ABS Quality
System accreditation through the ABS Quality Assurance scheme.
i) Confirm and/or establish the main point of contacts (PoCs) for the manufacturer and ABS
ii) Review the project quality plans
iii) Review project manufaturing and delivery schedules
iv) Review and confirm project "hold points"
v) Review any proposed sub-contractor lists and/or qualifications
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 80
Part 5 Testing and Surveys
Chapter 1 Tesing During Construction
Section 1 Requirements for Testing During Construction 5-1-1
vi) Confirm specification, drawings and/or documentation associated with the manufacturing process
i) Confirm that the facilities to manufacture, fabricate or repair of systems, subsystem, equipment or
and/or components have and maintain an effective quality control program covering design,
procurement, manufacturing and testing, as applicable, and meeting the requirements of a
recognized standard applied to their products.
ii) Qualify or verify welder’s qualifications to the extent deemed necessary by the attending ABS
Surveyor.
iii) Qualify or verify welding procedure specifications (WPS) and corresponding weld procedure
qualification records (PQR) to the extent deemed necessary by the attending ABS Surveyor
iv) Verification that materials used for the construction of equipment in 5-1-1/11.3 TABLE 2 are
tested in the presence of a Surveyor in accordance with Section 2-1-1
v) Survey fit-up prior to major weldments
vi) Survey final weldments
vii) Witness, as far as deemed necessary, nondestructive examination tests of welds and to review
records of nondestructive examinations
viii) Verify records of post-weld heat treatment
ix) Verify dimensions are as shown on approved drawings
x) Check dimensional tolerances and alignment of mating surfaces
xi) Witness pressure and/or proof-load testing of equipment and as a unit, as applicable and as
specified in the fabrication procedures
xii) Witness final testing and functional testing of subassemblies and completed units, as specified in
the fabrication procedures
xiii) Verify all purged and pressurized systems, motor controllers, consoles and instrumentation and
control panels are in compliance with approved drawings
xiv) Carry out other survey activities as agreed upon during prefabrication meeting
TABLE 1
Initial Tank and Bulkheads Tightness Test Requirements
Note: “Hose Test” in this Table and 5-1-1/5.7 is intended to mean testing of boundaries with a stream of water from a
hose provided for this purpose.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 81
Part 5 Testing and Surveys
Chapter 1 Tesing During Construction
Section 1 Requirements for Testing During Construction 5-1-1
TABLE 2
Certification Details - Equipment (2022)
Piles/Anchors 5 3-4-1/9
5-1-1/5.7
Mooring Chain, Mooring Wire, Synthetic Mooring Rope and Mooring Components, 5 3-4-1/9
Steel Components between SPM and vessel such as Chafe Chains, Shackles, etc. 5-1-1/5
Utility Winch 1
Pig Launcher 1
Notes:
1 Refer to Appendix 1-1-A3 of the Offshore Installation Rules for details of Type Approval Tiers.
2 Rule References listed are nominal references, and not comprehensive.
3 Design Calculations may be required.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 82
PART 5
CHAPTER 2
Surveys After Construction
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Conditions for Surveys After Construction.....................................85
1 Damage........................................................................................ 85
3 Notification and Availability for Survey..........................................85
5 Annual Classification Surveys...................................................... 85
7 Special Periodical Surveys........................................................... 85
9 Continuous Surveys......................................................................86
9.1 .........................................................................................86
9.3 .........................................................................................86
11 Lay-up and Reactivation............................................................... 86
11.1 .........................................................................................86
11.3 .........................................................................................86
11.5 .........................................................................................86
11.7 .........................................................................................86
11.9 Units Laid-up Offshore.....................................................86
13 Incomplete Surveys...................................................................... 87
15 Alterations.....................................................................................87
17 Welding and Replacement of Materials........................................ 87
17.1 Ordinary and Higher Strength Structural Steels.............. 87
17.3 Special Materials............................................................. 87
17.5 Substitutions and Alterations (2014)................................87
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 83
1.1 SPM Buoy or Platform Structure......................................91
1.3 Mooring Components...................................................... 91
1.5 Foundations and Supporting Structure............................ 91
1.7 Underwater Parts.............................................................91
1.8 Corrosion Protection........................................................ 92
1.9 Thickness Gaugings........................................................ 92
1.11 Inspection of Underwater Joints...................................... 93
1.13 Openings to the Sea........................................................ 93
1.15 Tower Mooring (2014)......................................................93
3 Mooring Hardware........................................................................ 93
3.1 Complete Mooring System.............................................. 93
3.3 Examination at End of Design Life...................................93
3.5 Components (Flexible or Rigid) for Mooring of the
Attached Vessel............................................................... 93
5 Cargo Hoses or Flexible Risers.................................................... 94
5.1 Cargo Hoses....................................................................94
5.3 Flexible Risers................................................................. 94
7 Safety Equipment......................................................................... 94
9 Swivel and Cargo Transfer Equipment......................................... 94
11 Electrical Installations................................................................... 94
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 84
PART 5
CHAPTER 2
Surveys After Construction
SECTION 1
Conditions for Surveys After Construction
1 Damage
See 1-1-8/1 of the ABS Rules for Conditions of Classification – Offshore Units and Structures (Part 1).
Special Periodical Surveys may be commenced at the fourth Annual Survey and be continued with a view
to completion by the due date. In connection with the preparation for the Special Periodical Survey,
thickness gaugings required for the Special Periodical Surveys are to be taken to the extent accessible and
practical in connection with the fourth Annual Survey.
Where the Special Periodical Survey is commenced prior to the fourth annual survey, the entire survey is
normally to be completed within 12 months if such work is to be credited to the Special Periodical Survey.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 85
Part 5 Testing and Surveys
Chapter 2 Surveys After Construction
Section 1 Conditions for Surveys After Construction 5-2-1
9 Continuous Surveys
9.1
At the request of the Owner, and upon the approval of the proposed arrangements, a system of continuous
Surveys may be undertaken whereby the Special Periodical Survey requirements are carried out in regular
rotation to complete all the requirements of the particular Special Periodical Survey within a five (5) year
period.
If the Continuous Survey is completed beyond the five (5) year period, the completion date will be
recorded to agree with the original due date of the cycle. If the Continuous Survey is completed
prematurely but within three (3) months prior to the due date, the Special Periodical Survey will be
credited to agree with the effective due date.
The Committee reserves the right to authorize extensions of Rule required Special Periodical Surveys
under extreme circumstances. Each part (item) surveyed becomes due again for survey approximately five
(5) years from the date of survey. For continuous Surveys, a suitable notation will be entered in the Record
and the date of completion of the cycle published. If any defects are found during the survey, they are to be
dealt with to the satisfaction of the Surveyor.
9.3
At a survey approximately four (4) years after each Special Continuous Survey of an SPM hull or buoy has
been credited, thickness gaugings that are required for forthcoming Special Periodical Survey that are
accessible are to be taken.
11.1
ABS is to be notified by the Owner that the SPM has been laid-up or otherwise removed from service. This
status will be noted in the Record and any surveys falling due during lay-up may then be held in abeyance
until the SPM is placed back in service. Lay-up procedures and arrangements for maintenance of
conditions during lay-up may be submitted to ABS for review and verification by survey.
11.3
In the case where the SPM has been laid up for an extended period (i.e., six (6) months or more) the
requirements for the surveys for reactivation are to be specially considered in this case, due regard being
given to the status of the surveys at the time of the commencement of the lay-up period and the length and
the conditions under which the SPM had been maintained during that period.
11.5 (2022)
Where the lay-up preparation and procedures have been submitted to ABS for review and survey, verified
at the time of lay-up and re-verified annually by survey, consideration may be given to deducting part of all
of the time in lay-up from the progression of survey intervals, or to modifying the requirements of the up-
dating survey at time of reactivation.
11.7
For an SPM returning to active service regardless of whether ABS has been informed previously that the
SPM has been in lay-up, a Reactivation Survey is required.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 86
Part 5 Testing and Surveys
Chapter 2 Surveys After Construction
Section 1 Conditions for Surveys After Construction 5-2-1
i) Emergency/contingency scenarios
ii) Availability of shoreside or field support
iii) Schedule of examinations to verify the unit's general condition
iv) Open class findings
v) Mooring system residual fatigue life
vi) Mooring system maintenance and examinations
vii) Sufficient control of the unit to provide for the following capabilities:
a) Monitor the unit's stability and rectify any stability issues
b) Monitor the unit's location and take action if an excursion occurs
c) Periodically verify the unit's general condition
d) Periodically verify that there is no change in tank levels
13 Incomplete Surveys
When a survey is not completed, the Surveyor is to report immediately upon the work done in order that
Owners and the Committee may be advised of the parts still to be surveyed.
15 Alterations
No alterations which affect or may affect classification are to be made to the hull or machinery of a classed
SPM unless plans of the proposed alterations are submitted and approved by the ABS Technical Office
before the work of alterations is commenced and such work, when approved, is carried out to the
satisfaction of the Surveyor. Nothing contained in this section or in the rule or regulation of any
government or other administration, or the issuance of any report or certificate pursuant to this section or
such a rule or regulation, is to be deemed to enlarge upon the representations expressed in Section 1-1-1 of
the ABS Rules for Conditions of Classification – Offshore Units and Structures (Part 1) thereof and the
issuance and use of any such reports or certificates are to in all respects be governed by Section 1-1-1
thereof.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 87
PART 5
CHAPTER 2
Surveys After Construction
SECTION 2
Drydocking Surveys or Equivalent
1 General
An examination of the underwater parts of each SPM and associated mooring hardware is to be made at
intervals not exceeding five (5) years, This examination is to align with the due date of the Special Survey.
Parts to be examined include external surfaces of the SPM. Prior to examination, all mooring and
anchoring attachments are to be cleaned including all openings to the sea, if any. Anchor legs including
connecting hardware are to be examined over the full length from the lowest exposed point at the seabed to
the connection point at the SPM.
● The underwater inspection procedures are to be submitted for review prior to execution of the
UWILD.
● Divers carrying out the underwater inspection are to be suitably qualified.
● The condition of the SPM found during the UWILD is to be acceptable.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 88
PART 5
CHAPTER 2
Surveys After Construction
SECTION 3
Annual Surveys
At each Annual Survey, the SPM is to be generally examined so far as can be seen and placed in
satisfactory condition as necessary. For a fixed mooring system (e.g., tower mooring system), the surveys
are to be carried out in accordance with the Offshore Installation Rules. For floating SPM systems, the
following items are to be examined, placed in satisfactory condition and reported upon:
● Swivels
● Main bearing
● Mooring system
● Corrosion protection system
● Hawsers
● Hoses and flexible piping
● Pressure testing
● PLEM
● Product valves
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 89
Part 5 Testing and Surveys
Chapter 2 Surveys After Construction
Section 3 Annual Surveys 5-2-3
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 90
PART 5
CHAPTER 2
Surveys After Construction
SECTION 4
Special Periodical Surveys (2022)
Special Survey No. 1 of the SPM hull or buoy is to include compliance with the foregoing Annual Survey
and Drydocking Survey requirements and in addition, the following requirements as listed below are to be
carried out as applicable, the parts examined, placed in satisfactory condition, and reported upon.
1 Structure
Suspect areas may be required to be tested for tightness, non-destructive tested or thickness gauged. Tanks
and other normally closed compartments filled with foam or corrosion inhibitors, and tanks used only for
lube oil, light fuel oil, diesel oil, or other noncorrosive products may be waived provided that upon a
general examination, the Surveyor considers their condition to be satisfactory. External thickness gaugings
may be required to confirm corrosion control.
SPM main bearing and other major load carrying bearings, cargo swivel, bolting and connections are to be
examined, weardown and grease records reviewed, and bearing proven to move freely.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 91
Part 5 Testing and Surveys
Chapter 2 Surveys After Construction
Section 4 Special Periodical Surveys 5-2-4
Survey shall include the underwater portions of the buoy, underbuoy hoses or risers and PLEM when part
of Class. Any scour identified around PLEM or foundation shall be investigated, documented, and referred
to ABS Engineering, and remedial actions applied as necessary.
1) Suspect areas throughout 1) Suspect areas throughout 1) Suspect areas throughout 1) Suspect areas throughout
the facility. the facility. the facility. the facility.
2) Areas around the splash 2) Plating in way of the 2) Plating in way of the 2) Plating in way of the
zone where wastage is splash zone splash zone splash zone
evident 3) One (1) transverse section 3) Exposed shell plating 3) Exposed shell plating
of exposed deck plating 4) Internals in ballast and 4) Shell plating below
free flooding spaces waterline
5) Exposed hatch covers and 5) Internals in ballast and
coamings free flooding spaces
6) Main bearing substructure 6) Exposed hatch covers and
coamings
7) Main bearing substructure
Notes:
i Gauging requirements noted may be modified as deemed necessary or appropriate by the Surveyor if the structure
remains effectively protected against corrosion by a permanent type special coating.
ii In any case where excessive wastage is evident, additional gaugings may be required.
iii Splash zone is to be considered as the structural area that is periodically in and out of the water when the unit is at
its operating depth.
Wastage Allowances
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 92
Part 5 Testing and Surveys
Chapter 2 Surveys After Construction
Section 4 Special Periodical Surveys 5-2-4
3 Mooring Hardware
i) Removal of one section of the mooring system for examination out of the water.
ii) Submital to ABS Engineering the results of a strength analysis and a fatigue assessment performed
in accordance with the ABS Guide for Position Mooring Systems (Mooring Guide). This entails
the dynamic analysis, anchor leg broken conditions, corrosion assumptions, fatigue life
predictions, Fatigue Design Factors (FDFs), etc. specified in the FPI Rules. The analyses are to
consider the loadings to which the SPM has been subjected to in the past, replacements and repairs
carried out on the mooring system, the expected condition of the mooring system components as
inferred from the inspection of accessible parts, and the expected future service of the SPM until
the next Special Survey. The submitted analyses are to suitably reflect the completeness and
accuracy of the service and condition records of the SPM.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 93
Part 5 Testing and Surveys
Chapter 2 Surveys After Construction
Section 4 Special Periodical Surveys 5-2-4
Vacuum testing of cargo hoses is required in association with Special Survey or after five (5) years of
service as indicated above.
i) Underwater examination of the flexible risers including arch support buoyancy tanks.
ii) Examination of high stress areas such as areas in way of the end flanges, in way of the arch
support clamps and the bottom of all looped areas.
iii) Examination of wear and tear on spreader bars, if fitted, which separate one riser string from
another.
iv) Hydrostatic testing of flexible risers to be carried out to working pressure with special attention
paid to upper end terminations.
v) (2014) Examination of wear and tear on connecting links padeyes between buoyancy tanks and
their clump weights, if fitted. Non-destructive testing to be carried out if found necessary.
7 Safety Equipment
Safety equipment associated with the classification of the SPM is to be examined and tested as required by
the attending Surveyor. Refer to Section 4-4-1 for requirements applicable to the safety equipment.
Upon completion of the examination, the swivel assembly is to be hydrostatically tested to design pressure
and the sealing capability of the swivel is to be verified through one complete revolution.
11 Electrical Installations
Satisfactory operation of equipment is to be verified and circuits are to be inspected for possible
development of physical changes or deterioration. The insulation resistance of the circuits is to be
measured between conductors and between conductors and ground. These values are to be compared with
those previously measured. Any large and abrupt decrease in insulation resistance is to be further
investigated and either restored to normal or reviewed as indicated by the conditions found.
ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SINGLE POINT MOORINGS • 2022 94