ILLMINATION

Presented By : Ar. Jasper .S– Asst Prof BGSSAP

 FUNDAMENTALS
OF
ILLUMINATION
Fundamentals: Quality & Quantity of Lighting;
Recommended Lux Levels; Type of Lamps –
Incandescent, Discharge Lamps, Fluorescent, CFL,
LED and OLED. Integration of Day lighting with
Artificial Lighting, Control Systems, Laws of
illumination.

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 LIGHT

The natural agent that stimulates sight and makes

things visible.

The definition of an illumination is the act or process of

making something clearer or brighter or a device for
doing so.

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 illuminance

Luminous flux Luminance

Luminous intensity

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 Illuminance QUANTITY OF LIGHT
LUMINOUS FLUX : Rate of light energy radiated per second from a light source .

Unit : Lumen

ILLUMINANCE : Amount of luminous flux per unit area

- light falling on a surface Unit : Lux

LUMINOUS INTENSITY : Spatial distribution of luminous flux with respect to solid

angle

Unit - Candela

Luminance QUALITY OF LIGHT

LUMINANCE : Ratio of luminous intensity of a surface to the projected
area of the surface

The intensity of light emitted from a surface per unit area or reflected

- light reflected off a surface from the surface in a given direction.

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QUALITY OF LIGHTING

GLARE : When the intensity of light emitted

from the source is uncontrollable , causes
hindrance to the vision .

Types :
Direct Glare .
Discomfort Glare .
Reflected Glare .

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QUALITY OF LIGHTING

Color temperature A color temperature of 2700–3600

Color temperature is used to denote the color K is generally recommended for
of a light source by comparison with The color most indoor
of a standardized ―black body radiator general and task lighting
applications
Color temperature is measured in Kelvin(K) temperature. Light colour of lamps: warm white
< 3,300 k
higher Kelvin temperatures (3600–5500 neutral white 3,300–5,300 k
K) considered cool lower color daylight white > 5,300 k
temperatures (2700–3000 K) considered
warm.

Cool light is preferred for visual tasks because it produces

higher contrast than warm light.
Warm light is preferred for livingspaces because it is more
flattering to skin tones and clothing.

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 COLOR RENDENTION INDEX
The purpose of all lighting is to produce illumination The top value of the CRI scale (100) is based on
illumination by a 100
Light and color
watt incandescent light bulb. A light
The way we perceive colors under artificial light depends source with a CRI of 80 or higher is
on the color rendering properties of the lamps. considered acceptable for most indoor
residential applications
Lamps with good color rendering properties Minimum Lamp CRI Applications
produce natural colors , lamps with poor color 50 Noncritical industrial, storage, and security
rendering properties cause color distortion lighting.
50–70 Industrial and general illumination
Color rendition: where color is not important.
How colors appear when illuminated by a light source. 70–79 Most office, retail, school, medical, and
other work and recreationalspaces.
The Color Rendition Index (CRI) is a 1–100 scale that measures a 80–89 Retail, work, and residential spaces
light source's ability to render colors where color quality is important.
90–100 Retail and work spaces where color
rendering is critical.

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THREE ELEMENTAL KINDS OF LIGHT
EFFECT
• Ambient Luminescence

• Focal glow

• Play of brilliants.

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 LUMINAIRES

Based on the directionality/ Light Distribution, Luminaires can be classified into -

Direct System
Indirect system
Semi direct System
Semi- indirect System
Direct – Indirect System
General/ Diffused System
Upward flux fraction (UFF) and downward flux fraction (DFF)

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 Direct Lighting : Lighting
• Lamp surface direct visibly
• High glare.
• Non uniform light distribution
Semi
Direct Semi-direct Indirect
indirect
In -Direct Lighting :
• Lamp surface direct visible
• High glare.
• uniform light distribution
• Diffuser completely covers lamp.
• Glare free
• Zero strain on human eyes
• Expensive – High energy cost
Semi - Direct Lighting : • Ideal for office
• Lamp will be used along with
louvers .
• Lamp is partially visible.
• Louvers distribute light
• uniform light distribution

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 TYPES OF LAMP
1. Incandescent lamp
2. Discharge lamps
3. Fluorescent
4. CFL
5. LED
Incandescent lamp
6. OLED

CFL Discharge lamps

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 INCANDESCENT LAMP
WORKING
• Lamp work on the principal of Incandescence (i.e. when a hot body is
heated, radiant energy is emitted in waveform).
• Hot wire – filament sealed in a glass jar (bulb)

• Electric current pass through the wire heats it to incandescence,

and the wire emits light.

• Inside inert gas is argon. At the centre of the

lamp is a tungsten filament. Material Used for Filament should have
following properties –
• Electricity heats this filament up to about 2,500 degrees Celsius.
• High Melting Point
• Light output is 15 lumens/watt • High Resistivity
• Low Temperature Coefficient
• Operating life 1000 hour • Low Vapour Pressure
• Efficiency increased by using – Coiled filament • Strong enough mechanically to with stand.
• Material used for filament is Carbon, Osmium
tantalum and Tungsten

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 DISCHARGE LAMPS
WORKING
• Electric discharge lamp has a transparent enclosure which contains a
gas and a vapor at low pressure .

• At the two ends of the lamp electrodes are provided for connecting
the lamp to the main. The principle of such lamp is that the light is
obtained from the excited atom of gas.

• Following are the types of electric discharge lamps :

1. Sodium vapour lamp
2. Mercury vapour lamp
3. High intensity discharge lamp

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 SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP WORKING :
CONSTRUCTION • Before the lamp starts working , the sodium is

• This type of lamp is of low luminosity, so the length of this lamp is in the form of a solid , deposited on the sides
large. of the tube walls.
• To get the required length it is made in the form of a U – tube. • In the beginning when the switch is on, it
operates as a low pressure neon lamp with
• Two oxide – coasted electrodes are sealed into the ends. The tube
pink colour.
contains a little sodium and neon gas. • The lamp gets warmed, sodium is
• The U-tube is enclosed in a double walled vacuum flask to keep the vaporised and it radiates yellow light and
temperature within the working range.
then, after sometime , about 10-15
minutes the lamp starts giving full light.

• To start the discharge lamp, a striking voltage

of 380V is required for 40W lamp & 450V for
100W lamp.
These voltages are obtained from a high
reactance transformer.

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 MERCURY VAPOUR LAMPS
WORKING

• Light is produced in a mercury lamp with electric current

through mercury vapour.

• A discharge in mercury produces light in 5 visible

wavelength and other wavelengths are converted to visible
by phosphor layers at the outer bulb.

• The efficacies of these lamps are a range of 40 – 60 lm /W, HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP
CRI between 40 – 60 and CCT at nearly 4000 K. • Latest Generation High Intensity lamp
Produce White light.
• Mercury lamps have been banned any few countries due • Luminous Efficacy – 80 to 100 Lumens/Watt.
• Colour rendering index – 85%.
their toxic content and heat intensive operations
• Factory, Stadium & Monument Lighting
Applications.

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 FLUORESCENT LAMPS

• Each end of the lamp tube contains an incandescent filament

that heats up the lamp and emits electrons

• Newer technology provides "rapid start" fluorescents without

ADVANTAGES
filaments • Efficient (75+ lumens/watt)
• The main body of the lamp constitutes a long electric arc, which
• Available in many configurations
ionizes the gas in the lamp. • Desirable colours available (2,700 Kto 4,100 K)
• The tube contains a quantity of mercury. Ionized mercury vapour is
• No warm-up required
an efficient way to make a lot of light
• Long life (6,000 - 20,000 hours)
• The inside surface of the tube is coated with a fluorescent phosphor
DISADVANTAGES
that converts the ultraviolet to visible light.
• Require a ballast
• Different colours of light are easily generated by using different • Temperature sensitive
phosphors • May require special controls

• Presence of mercury

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 ADVANTAGES
COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS • Compact Format
(CFL) •
•
Light Weight
Higher luminous efficacy thus greater energy
• The “Compact Fluorescent Lamp" is a refined version of the original fluorescent
savings
lamp. • Instant flicker free starting
• Flicker free operation
• The lamp tube is smaller in diameter and not as long • Low heat generation ,Universal burning
Position
• The smaller lamp tube is made even more compact by coiling the tube, or • Excellent colour rendering
bending it into parallel loops. • Can work on both AC and DC supply
• Longer Lamp life
• In order to get good light output from the smaller tube • Directly replaceable with conventional lamps in
the same holder
DISADVANTAGES
• High-efficiency phosphors are used. • Temperature
sensitive
• More mercury is used, to generate more ultraviolet, to be turned into more • May require
usable light. special controls
for dimmer
• The circuitry to drive the lamp is miniaturized and built into the base of the and timer
• Presence of
lamp itself. mercury

• Compact fluorescents save power and last longer.

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 ADVANTAGES
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED)
• Small in size and robust in design
• Long life time expectancy
• Light emitting diodes is a solid state lighting system based on p-n
• No toxic content and easy to
junction semiconductor crystal where photons are generated recycle
through radiative recombination through charge carriers (electrons • Has short start and re-starting
and holes). time

• The system is in line with semiconductor diode which is formed by • High luminous efficacy
combining p- and n-type materials together to form a junction. The • Low heat load
combination forms a layer of ionized acceptors in the p-side and
another layer of ionized donors in the n-side forming a potential DISADVANTAGES
junction.
• High price
• With electric current across the junction, the electrons will get
energized to jump from the one layer and recombine with the holes • Low luminous flux
emitting a photon. Average life time expectancy of LED is 15,000 to
• Risk of glare
25,000 hours with a CRI ranging from 50 – 90.
• Such a wide range of life expectancy and Colour rendering index ( • No standards are available for
. CRI ) is because the product is in a nascent stage of its product manufacturing
development and no standards are available in the market for a
uniform manufacturing.

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 Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED)
• OLED (Organic Light Emitting
Diodes) are light emitting panels
made from organic (carbon based)
materials that emit light when
electricity is applied. ...
• OLED is the only technology that
can create large
"area" lighting panels (as opposed
to point or line lighting enabled by
LEDs and fluorescent bulbs).

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 RECOMMENDED LUX LEVELS

Source : NBC 2016- Vol 2, Page no 107

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 RECOMMENDED LUX LEVELS

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 INTEGRATION OF DAY LIGHTING
WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
• Daylighting - Controlled admissions of natural
light , direct sunlight and diffused skylight into the
building to reduce electric lighting and save energy.
• It may not just of daylight apertures such as
skylights and windows , but is coupled with a
daylight responsive lighting control system .

Effective day lighted area extends into the building only

• about 2 times the width of a window and
• about 2 to 2.5 times its height.
Minimize east and west side windows
• Improve north and south facing openings
• North facing windows give high amount of light into the buildings.
(Industries)

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 COMPONENTS TO CONSIDER
FOR DAYLIGHTING
• Daylight optimized building foot print – optimal orientation
• Climate responsive window to wall ratio – The window area
needs to be a careful balance between admission of daylight and
thermal issues such as heat gain & heat loss.
• High performance glazing – A high performance glazing generally
admit more light and less heat than a typical window , allowing for
daylighting without impacting building cooling loads.
• Daylighting optimized fenestration design – The window has two
essential function in a daylit building .
• Daylight delivery or admittance – a very high visible light
transmittance.
• Provision of view to the occupants – relatively low visible
light transmittance .
• Skylights ( Passive or active ) –
• Passive because they have a clear or diffusing medium
• Active skylight have a mirror system within the skylight that
tracks the sun and are designed to increase the performance
of the skylight by channeling the sunlight down into the
skylight well
• Tubular daylight devices – Employees highly reflective film on the
interior of a tube to channel light from a lens at the roof , to a lens
at the ceiling plane .
• It is much smaller than the typical skylight yet still deliver
sufficient daylight for the purpose of dimming the electric
lighting

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 COMPONENTS TO CONSIDER
FOR DAYLIGHTING
• Daylight redirection devices :
• Takes incoming direct beam sunlight and redirect it ,
generally on to the ceiling of a space .
• These devices serve two functions , glare control and daylight
penetration.
• It takes one of two forms , a large Horizontal element or
louvered system.
• It is often called as light shelves

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 COMPONENTS TO CONSIDER
FOR DAYLIGHTING
• Solar shading devices:
• To control solar gain and potential
glare stemming from a daylighting
design
• Daylight responsive electric lighting
controls :
• It consists of continuous dimming
or stepped ballasts in the light
fixture one or more photocells to
sense the available light and dim or
turn off the electrical lighting in
response

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 COMPONENTS TO CONSIDER
FOR DAYLIGHTING
• Daylight optimized interior design ( such as furniture design ,
space planning & room surface finishes.)
Daylighting is an energy efficient strategy that incorporates many
technologies , a successful daylighting system will make use of the
following technology types
Exterior shading and control devices
Glazing materials
Aperture control
Reflectance of a room surface
Integration with electric lighting controls

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 DAYLIGHTING FACTORS

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 LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM

• Lighting controls are input and output devices and systems

• The control system receives information , decides what to do
with it and then adjust lighting power accordingly .
• Control systems
• Dimmer controls
• Motion sensor
• Occupancy sensor
• Photosensor
• Timer control
• Control strategies
• Manual control
• Occupancy sensing
• Timer scheduling
• Daylight response
• Institutional task tuning
• Color tuning
• Demand response
• Data generation

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 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
1. Inverse Square law
2. Lambert’s cosine law

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 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
1. Inverse Square law

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 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
Lambert’s cosine law : According to this law the
illumination of a surface at any point is dependant upon the
cosine of the angle between the line of flux and the normal
at the point.
Let F be the total light flux falling on the area.
Thus in the fig (a) the angle between
normal to the surface and line of flux is
zero. Intensity of illumination = F /
Area ABCD
In fig (b) the angle between them is
Intensity of illumination = F /Area ABCD X cos θ = Fcos θ /
d2

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Reference :
Source : NBC 2016- Vol 2, Page no 107
Fundamentals of Lighting by Susan M. Winchip.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVhKzyNRY_g&list=PLcwp2fRcIXJWOOA1w
JGXbRRWKUPXqS7Fd&index=10

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THANK YOU

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