Bergeron - Process 12345
Bergeron - Process 12345
Bergeron - Process 12345
Crystal Growth:
The Bergeron‐Findeisen Process Dana Tobin
This article serves to introduce readers to a process that is partly responsible for the growth of ice crystals in clouds.
Nearly every precipitation type starts out as an ice crystal except for warm rain clouds whose droplets form in a much
different way. Ice crystals that grow by this process may become large enough to precipitate out of a cloud. In order for
atmospheric scientists to begin to understand the microphysics of clouds and precipitation, it is important to understand
how ice crystals grow to form complex precipitation types that are observed in nature. It is expected that readers have
some familiarity with meteorology, as this article draws upon concepts that are presented in introductory level
meteorology courses. The introductory material will serve as a review and orient readers to the background knowledge
associated with the process.
The Wegener‐Bergeron‐Findeisenƚ process is a cloud
microphysical process in which ice crystals grow in an
environment whose ambient vapor pressure is between the
saturation vapor pressures over ice and over water. This
process occurs in mixed phase clouds – clouds that contain
both ice crystals and supercooled liquid water droplets.
Supercooled liquid water droplets are water droplets that
exist in the liquid form at temperatures less than 0°C. In this
environment, water molecules from numerous liquid water
droplets will deposit onto a single ice crystal. Vapor
deposition onto the ice crystal results in a shrinking of the
liquid water droplets and a growing of the ice crystal. This
process is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: The Bergeron-Findeisen Process
Photograph by R. Pitter.
ƚ
Alfred Wegener, Tor Bergeron, and Walter Findeisen are all credited for their work related to the process. In 1911, Wegener
theorized that the process which creates hoarfrost, if it also occurs in clouds, could be a mechanism for precipitation if the crystals
grow sufficiently large to fall out. Bergeron, who is most closely associated with the process, presented his theory in 1933 in support
of Wegener. He states that ice crystals will grow large enough to precipitate if the ice crystal population is much smaller than that of
the liquid water droplets in mixed-phase clouds. Findeisen continued and refined the work of Bergeron in the late 1930s.
exponential of inverse temperature, as shown in Figure 2.
Vapor Deposition
Vapor deposition is a physical process in which water changes
from its gaseous phase to its solid phase without first condensing
to its liquid phase. Although it is the primary mechanism for ice
crystal growth and is responsible for the Bergeron‐Findeisen
process, it is among a few other mechanisms for ice nucleation.
One other such mechanism is contact nucleation. This occurs
when an ice nucleus – a particle on which an ice crystal forms –
Figure 2: Vapor Pressure over Water and Ice collides with a supercooled water droplet and the droplet
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~martins/climate_water/lectures/evap_precip.ht
subsequently freezes. While this process can also occur when an
ice crystal comes into contact with a supercooled water droplet, the Bergeron‐Findeisen process is more important and
takes place much more rapidly.
Equilibrium of Liquid Water Droplets: Initially, supercooled
liquid water droplets are in equilibrium with the ambient
air. At this point, there is no further growth of the liquid
water droplets.
Introduction of Ice Crystal: Within a given domain, a single
ice crystal is introduced into this environment of
supercooled liquid water droplets. While the ambient
vapor pressure is initially saturated with respect to the
droplets, it is supersaturated with respect to the ice crystal.
Vapor Deposition onto Ice Crystal: Atmospheric water
vapor molecules immediately surrounding the ice crystal
begin to deposit onto the ice crystal surface through vapor Figure 3: Schematic Diagram of the Bergeron-
deposition. This occurs because the water vapor is not in Findeisen Process
http://www.ems.psu.edu/~lno/Meteo437/Bergeron.jpg
equilibrium over the ice crystal surface. In order to attain equilibrium, the water vapor molecules deposit onto
the ice crystal to reduce the vapor pressure of the ambient air.
Evaporation of Liquid Water Droplets: As water vapor molecules deposit onto the ice crystal to achieve
equilibrium over the ice crystal surface, the liquid water droplets surrounding the ice crystal are no longer in
equilibrium with the ambient air. In order for the liquid water droplets to maintain equilibrium, water molecules
must evaporate from the liquid surface to increase the vapor pressure of the ambient air.
Growth of Ice Crystal: The additional vapor pressure surrounding the ice crystal from the evaporation of the
liquid water droplets support further vapor deposition onto the ice crystal surface. This vapor deposition causes
the ice crystal to grow in this environment which is supersaturated with respect to its surface.
Shrinking of Liquid Water Droplets: As atmospheric water vapor continues to deposit onto the ice crystal,
surrounding water droplets continue to evaporate to maintain equilibrium. Evaporation of these droplets causes
the droplets to shrink and ultimately disappear as all the water molecules migrate to the ice crystal.
Precipitation of Ice Crystal: If the ice crystal grows sufficiently large, its mass will no longer allow it to remain
suspended in the air and will precipitate out of the cloud.
The Bergeron‐Findeisen process is a primary mechanism for precipitation. Although there are many other cloud
processes that are also responsible for precipitation, this process plays an important part in the growth of ice crystals.
These crystals may form a variety of different types of precipitation which include, but is certainly not limited to: Rain,
ice pellets, snow, freezing rain, sleet, and virga – precipitation that evaporates before it is able to reach the ground.