Protection P343.
Protection P343.
Protection P343.
Since version 0700C (P34x/EN T/F33), several changes on existing features have been amended or
added. These are described below:
Front cover
Safety section
- - - Section re-written
EC declaration of conformity
- - - Added
Front panel
CB control*
Courier communication
MODBUS communication
DNP3.0 communication
Reference conditions
Dielectric withstand
Impulse
Insulation resistance
Class A
Fast transients
Radiated immunity
Radiated immunity
EC EMC compliance
EC LVD compliance
4-Stage non-directional/directional
overcurrent (50/51) (67)
Setting ranges
Accuracy
Setting ranges
Accuracy
Accuracy
Accuracy
Accuracy
Volts/Hz (24)
Accuracy
Accuracy
Performance
Performance
Record length
Battery life
Rear port 1
Performance
Diagnostics
Features
Performance
Design
Terminals
Configuration column
CT and VT ratios
NPS overpower
Heading re-written
Overvoltage protection
Setting guidelines
Setting guidelines
Overfluxing protection
97 - 98 Paragraph 3 : re-written
98 Paragraph 4 : amended
98 Figure 35 : added
Continued 2.31.3 137 - 139 Data in 3rd table : amended and added
Menu settings
Scheme description
General events
Setting changes
Disturbance recorder
Paragraph 1 : added
Settings
Settings
Control inputs
Disturbance recorder
Processor board
Input board
Record logging
Disturbance recorder
Disturbance recorder
4.1.3 17 Minor amendment to section
Continuous self-testing
Test pattern
Contact test
Test LEDs
Input opto-isolators
Voltage inputs
Voltage connections
Setting record
Bus termination
Biasing
EIA(RS)232 connection
Serial interface
Character framing
Conventions
Memory pages
Register map
Measurement values
Controls
Event extraction
Record data
Extraction procedure
Setting changes
4.13 44 New section added
Password protection
4.13.1 44 - 45 New section added
Control and support settings
Time synchronization
Protection settings
Rack mounting
INTRODUCTION
P34x/EN IT/G44 Introduction
RP1 Protocol
IEC 60870-5-103
The next cell down controls the IEC 60870-5-103 address of the relay:
RP1 address
162
IEC 60870-5-103 communication is asynchronous. Two baud rates are supported by the
relay, 9600 bits/s and 19200 bits/s . It is important that whatever baud rate is selected on
the relay is the same as that set on the IEC 60870-5-103 master station.
The next cell down controls the period between IEC 60870-5-103 measurements:
The IEC 60870-5-103 protocol allows the relay to supply measurements at regular intervals.
The interval between measurements is controlled by this cell, and can be set between 1 and
60 seconds.
The following cell is not currently used but is available for future expansion:
The next cell down the column controls the physical media used for the communication:
The default setting is to select the copper electrical EIA(RS)485 connection. If the optional
fiber optic connectors are fitted to the relay, then this setting can be changed to Fiber optic .
This cell is also invisible if second rear comms. port is fitted as it is mutually exclusive with
the fiber optic connectors.
The next cell down can be used for monitor or command blocking:
TECHNICAL DATA
P34x/EN TD/G44 Technical Data
I
P34x/EN TD/G44 Technical Data
APPLICATION NOTES
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 Protection of generators 11
2.3.5.4.1 NPS overpower and NPS overcurrent interlocking for zero sequence voltage interturn
protection 31
2.5.1 RI curve 35
2.26.3.1 What happens if EG/ES has different values less than one (1) 111
2.26.3.3 How to determine the generator reactance during a pole slipping condition 111
4.2 Voltage dependent overcurrent, field failure, thermal overload, pole slipping,
underimpedance and negative phase sequence protection functions 172
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
4.3 Sensitive directional earth fault protection function residual current input 172
FIGURES
Figure 17: Modification of current pickup level for voltage restrained overcurrent protection 45
Figure 18: Voltage vector transformation for a delta-star transformer 46
Figure 19: Under impedance element tripping characteristic 48
Figure 20: Co-ordination of underfrequency protection function with system load shedding 56
Figure 21: Generator abnormal frequency protection 59
Figure 22: Field failure protection characteristics 61
Figure 23: Negative phase sequence thermal characteristic 67
Figure 24: Effective coverage of stator earth fault protection 76
Figure 25: IDG characteristic 78
Figure 26: Alternative relay connections for residual overvoltage/NVD protection 80
Figure 27: Relay connections for biased REF protection 86
Figure 28: Biased REF protection operating characteristic 86
Figure 29: Neutral scaling for biased REF protection 87
Figure 30: Principle of high impedance differential protection 89
Figure 31: Relay connections for high impedance REF protection 89
Figure 32: Distribution of the 3rd harmonic component along the stator winding of a large generator,
(a) normal operation, (b) stator earth fault at the star point (c), stator earth fault at the
terminals 94
Figure 33: 100% stator earth fault protection block diagram 95
Figure 34: Connection for 3rd harmonic undervoltage and overvoltage for 100% stator earth fault
protection 96
Figure 35: Multi-stage overfluxing characteristic for large generators 98
Figure 36: Scheme logic for large generator multi-stage overfluxing characteristic 99
Figure 37: Multi-stage overfluxing characteristic for small generators 99
Figure 38: Scheme logic for small generator multi-stage overfluxing characteristic 100
Figure 39: Fixed scheme logic for unintentional energization of standstill protection 102
Figure 40: Connection for RTD thermal probes 104
Figure 41: Field failure protection function characteristics (small co-generator) 107
Figure 42: Simplified two machine system 109
Figure 43: Apparent impedance loci viewed at the generator terminal (point A) 110
Figure 44: Pole slipping protection using blinder and lenticular characteristic 113
Figure 45: State machine 114
Figure 46: Regions and zones definition (generating mode) 114
Figure 47: Logic structure of pole slipping module 116
Figure 48: Regions and zones definition (motoring mode) 117
Figure 49: Lenticular scheme characteristic 118
Figure 50: Pole slipping protection using blinder and lenticular characteristic 119
Figure 51: Example system configuration 121
Figure 52: CB fail logic 129
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Figure 53: Breaker flashover protection for directly connected machine 130
Figure 54: Breaker flashover protection for indirectly connected machine 130
Figure 55: Simple busbar blocking scheme (single incomer) 131
Figure 56: Simple busbar blocking scheme (single incomer) 132
Figure 57: Relationship between the transducer measuring quantity and the current input range 133
Figure 58: Relationship between the current output and the relay measurement 136
Figure 59: VTS logic 142
Figure 60: CT supervision function block diagram 145
Figure 61: CB state monitoring 148
Figure 62: Pole dead logic 149
Figure 63: TCS scheme 1 153
Figure 64: PSL for TCS schemes 1 and 3 154
Figure 65: TCS scheme 2 154
Figure 66: PSL for TCS scheme 2 155
Figure 67: TCS scheme 2 155
Figure 68: Trip LED logic diagram 169
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
1. INTRODUCTION
Over frequency
Over fluxing
Dead machine energization
Breaker flashover
System related
Loss of synchronism
Over frequency
Under frequency
Synchronized over voltage
Over fluxing
Undervoltage
In addition various types of mechanical protection may be necessary, such as vibration
detection, lubricant and coolant monitoring, temperature detection etc.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Urgent shutdown
Non-urgent shutdown
Alarm only
An urgent shutdown would be required, for example, if a phase to phase fault occurred within
the generator electrical connections. A non-urgent shutdown might be sequential, where the
prime mover may be shutdown prior to electrically unloading the generator, in order to avoid
over speed. A non-urgent shutdown may be initiated in the case of continued unbalanced
loading. In this case, it is desirable that an alarm should be given before shutdown becomes
necessary, in order to allow for operator intervention to remedy the situation.
For urgent tripping, it may be desirable to electrically maintain the shutdown condition with
latching protection output contacts, which would require manual resetting. For a non-urgent
shutdown, it may be required that the output contacts are self-reset, so that production of
power can be re-started as soon as possible.
The P342/3/4 is able to maintain all protection functions in service over a wide range of
operating frequency due to its frequency tracking system (5 - 70 Hz). The P343/4 frequency
tracking capability is of particular interest for pumped storage generation schemes, where
synchronous machines can be operated from a variable frequency supply when in pumping
mode. Additionally, in the case of combined cycle generating plant, it may be necessary to
excite and synchronize a steam turbine generating set with a gas turbine set at low
frequency, prior to running up to nominal frequency and synchronizing with the power
system.
When the P342/3/4 protection functions are required to operate accurately at low frequency,
it will be necessary to use CTs with larger cores. In effect, the CT requirements need to be
multiplied by fn/f, where f is the minimum required operating frequency and fn is the nominal
operating frequency.
100% Stator earth fault protection - Provides protection against earth faults close to the
generator star point. {P343/4 only}
Under/overvoltage protection - Two stage undervoltage and two stage overvoltage
protection.
Negative phase sequence overvoltage protection - Provides protection for incorrect
phase rotation.
Under/over frequency protection - Four stage under frequency and two stage over
frequency protection.
Turbine abnormal frequency protection - Six accumulating time bands of frequency.
Field failure - Two stage element for protection against loss of excitation.
Negative phase sequence thermal protection - Provides protection against unbalanced
loading which can cause overheating of the generator.
Overfluxing - Provides protection for the generator/transformer against unusual voltage
or frequency conditions. One alarm stage plus 4 trip stages.
Programmable scheme logic - Allowing user defined protection and control logic to suit
particular customer applications.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Remote serial communications - To allow remote access to the relays. The following
communications protocols are supported; Courier, MODBUS, IEC870-5-103 (VDEW)
and DNP3.0.
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
CT AND VT RATIOS
Main VT Primary 110V 100V 1000000V 1V
110V 80V 140V 1V
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
Main VT Sec y 440V 320V 560V 4V
(Vn=380/480) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
VN2 Primary
110V 100V 1000000V 1V
(P344 only)
110V 80V 140V 1V
VN2 VT Sec'y (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
(P344 only) 440V 320V 560V 4V
(Vn=380/480) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
VN1 Primary
110V 100V 1000000V 1V
(P344 only)
110V 80V 140V 1V
VN1 VT Sec'y (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
(P344 only) 440V 320V 560V 4V
(Vn=380/480) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
VN VT Primary
110V 100V 1000000V 1V
(P342/3 only)
110V 80V 140V 1V
VN VT Sec'y (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
(P342/3 only) 440V 320V 560V 4V
(Vn=380/480) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
SEF CT Secondary 1 1 5 4
The generator differential protection function available in the P343/4 relay can be used in
either biased differential or high impedance differential mode. Both modes of operation are
equally valid; users may have a preference for one over the other. The operating principle of
each is described in the following sections.
The generator differential protection may also be used for interturn protection that is
described in the following sections.
The generator differential protection can be blocked by energizing the relevant DDB signal
via the PSL (Gen Diff Block: DDB 397). If blocking of the generator differential protection or
interturn protection is required from the CT supervision this must be done in PSL by
connecting DDB 738: CTS-1 Block OR DDB 787: CTS-2 Block to DDB 397: Gen Diff Block.
A DDB (Digital Data Bus) signal is available to indicate the tripping of each phase of
differential protection (DDB 419, DDB 420, DDB 421), in addition a three-phase trip DDB
signal is provided (DDB 418). These signals are used to operate the output relays and
trigger the disturbance recorder as programmed into the Programmable Scheme Logic
(PSL). The state of the DDB signals can also be programmed to be viewed in the Monitor
Bit x cells of the COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
The following table shows the relay menu for the Differential protection element, including
the available setting ranges and factory defaults:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 GEN DIFF
Disabled, Biased,
Gen Diff Function Biased N/A
High Impedance, Interturn
Gen Diff s1 0.1 0.05 n A 0.5 n A 0.01 n A
Gen Diff k1 0 0 20% 5%
Gen Diff s2 1.5 1.0 n A 5.0 n A 0.1 n A
Gen Diff k2 150 20% 150% 10%
Interturn Is_A 0.1 0.05 n A 2 nA 0.01 n A
Interturn Is_B 0.1 0.05 n A 2 nA 0.01 n A
Interturn Is_C 0.1 0.05 n A 2 nA 0.01 n A
Interturn
0.1 s 0s 100 s 0.01 s
ITimeDelay
1 + 2
BIAS = 2
The Biased differential protection function uses the two sets of three-phase current
measurement inputs ( A, B, C, A2, B2, C2), connected to measure the phase current at
the neutral end and terminals of the machine, as shown in Figure 3. The bias and differential
currents are calculated by the relay software, providing a phase segregated differential
protection function, and may be viewed in the MEASUREMENTS columns in the relay
menu.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
The differential current setting, Gen Diff s1 , should be set to a low setting to protect as
much of the machine winding as possible. A setting of 5% of rated current of the machine is
generally considered to be adequate. Gen Diff s2 , the threshold above which the second
bias setting is applied, should be set to 120% of the machine rated current.
The initial bias slope setting, Gen Diff k1 , should be set to 0% to provide optimum
sensitivity for internal faults. The second bias slope may typically be set to 150% to provide
adequate stability for external faults.
These settings may be increased where low accuracy class CTs are used to supply the
protection.
The relay can be made stable for this maximum applied voltage by increasing the overall
impedance of the relay circuit, such that the resulting current through the relay is less than its
current setting. As the impedance of the relay input alone is relatively low, a series
connected external resistor is required. The value of this resistor, RST, is calculated by the
formula shown in Figure 4. An additional non-linear resistor, Metrosil, may be required to
limit the peak secondary circuit voltage during internal fault conditions.
To ensure that the protection will operate quickly during an internal fault the CTs used to
operate the protection must have a kneepoint voltage of at least 2Vs.
The high impedance differential protection function uses the A2, B2, C2 current inputs
connected to measure the differential current in each phase, as shown in Figure 5.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
The differential current setting, Gen Diff s1 , should be set to a low setting to protect as
much of the machine winding as possible. A setting of 5% of rated current of the machine is
generally considered to be adequate. This setting may need to be increased where low
accuracy class CTs are used to supply the protection. A check should be made to ensure
that the primary operating current of the element is less than the minimum fault current for
which the protection should operate.
The primary operating current ( op) will be a function of the current transformer ratio, the
relay operating current (Gen Diff s1), the number of current transformers in parallel with a
relay element (n) and the magnetizing current of each current transformer ( e) at the stability
voltage (Vs). This relationship can be expressed in three ways:
1. To determine the maximum current transformer magnetizing current to achieve a
specific primary operating current with a particular relay operating current.
1 op
e < x - Gen diff REF > s1
n
CT ratio
2. To determine the maximum relay current setting to achieve a specific primary
operating current with a given current transformer magnetizing current.
op
Gen diff s1 < -ne
CT ratio
3. To express the protection primary operating current for a particular relay operating
current and with a particular level of magnetizing current.
In order to achieve the required primary operating current with the current transformers that
are used, a current setting (Gen Diff s1) must be selected for the high impedance element,
as detailed in expression (ii) above. The setting of the stabilizing resistor (RST) must be
calculated in the following manner, where the setting is a function of the required stability
voltage setting (Vs) and the relay current setting (Gen Diff s1).
Vp = 2 2Vk ( Vf - Vk )
Where:
Vp = Peak voltage developed by the CT under internal fault conditions.
When the value given by the formulae is greater than 3000V peak, Metrosils should be
applied. They are connected across the relay circuit and serve the purpose of shunting the
secondary current output of the current transformer from the relay in order to prevent very
high secondary voltages.
Metrosils are externally mounted and take the form of annular discs. Their operating
characteristics follow the expression:
0.25
V = C
Where:
V = Instantaneous voltage applied to the non-linear resistor ( Metrosil ).
C = Constant of the non-linear resistor ( Metrosil ).
With a sinusoidal voltage applied across the Metrosil, the RMS current would be
approximately 0.52x the peak current. This current value can be calculated as follows:
Vs (rms) x 2 4
(rms) = 0.52
C
Where:
Vs(rms) = rms value of the sinusoidal voltage applied across the Metrosil.
This is due to the fact that the current waveform through the non-linear resistor ( Metrosil ) is
not sinusoidal but appreciably distorted.
For satisfactory application of a non-linear resistor ( Metrosil ), its characteristic should be
such that it complies with the following requirements:
1. At the relay voltage setting, the non-linear resistor ( Metrosil ) current should be as
low as possible, but no greater than approximately 30mA rms. for 1A current
transformers and approximately 100mA rms. for 5A current transformers.
2. At the maximum secondary current, the non-linear resistor ( Metrosil ) should limit the
voltage to 1500V rms or 2120V peak for 0.25 second. At higher relay voltage settings,
it is not always possible to limit the fault voltage to 1500V rms., so higher fault
voltages may have to be tolerated.
The following tables show the typical Metrosil types that will be required, depending on relay
current rating, REF voltage setting etc.
Metrosil Units for Relays with a 1 Amp CT
The Metrosil units with 1 Amp CTs have been designed to comply with the following
restrictions:
1. At the relay voltage setting, the Metrosil current should less than 30mA rms.
2. At the maximum secondary internal fault current the Metrosil unit should limit the
voltage to 1500V rms if possible.
The Metrosil units normally recommended for use with 1Amp CTs are as shown in the
following table:
Nominal
Relay Voltage Recommended Metrosil Type
Characteristic
Setting
C Single Pole Relay Triple Pole Relay
Up to 125V rms 450 0.25 600A/S1/S256 600A/S3/1/S802
125 to 300V rms 900 0.25 600A/S1/S1088 600A/S3/1/S1195
Note: Single pole Metrosil units are normally supplied without mounting
brackets unless otherwise specified by the customer.
Metrosil Units for Relays with a 5 Amp CT
These Metrosil units have been designed to comply with the following requirements:
1. At the relay voltage setting, the Metrosil current should less than 100mA rms
(the actual maximum currents passed by the units shown below their type description.
2. At the maximum secondary internal fault current the Metrosil unit should limit the
voltage to 1500V rms for 0.25secs. At the higher relay settings, it is not possible to
limit the fault voltage to 1500V rms hence higher fault voltages have to be tolerated
(indicated by *, **, ***).
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
The Metrosil units normally recommended for use with 5 Amp CTs and single pole relays are
as shown in the following table:
Amps rms Up to 200V rms 250V rms 275V rms 300V rms
600A/S1/S1213 600A/S1/S1214 600A/S1/S1214 600A/S1/S1223
50A C = 540/640 C = 670/800 C = 670/800 C = 740/870*
35mA rms 40mA rms 50mA rms 50mA rms
600A/S2/P/S1217 600A/S2/P/S1215 600A/S2/P/S1215 600A/S2/P/S1196
100A C = 470/540 C = 570/670 C = 570/670 C = 620/740
70mA rms 75mA rms 100mA rms 100mA rms *
600A/S3/P/S1219 C 600A/S3/P/S1220 600A/S3/P/S1221 600A/S3/P/S1222
150A = 430/500 C = 520/620 C= 570/670** C = 620/740***
100mA rms 100mA rms 100mA rms 100mA rms
The differential current settings, Interturn s_A, Interturn s_B, Interturn s_C , should be set
to a low setting to protect as much of the machine winding as possible. A setting of 5% of
rated current of the machine is generally considered to be adequate. This setting may need
to be increased where low accuracy class CTs are used to supply the protection.
The time delay setting Interturn TimeDelay should be set to prevent operation on CT
transient error currents that may occur during external faults. A typical time setting would be
0.1s.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
With this type of VT connection the zero sequence voltage from the VT is small for an
external fault. Also, the output from the star connected secondary winding of the VT will not
be able to correctly represent phase-ground voltages (for external faults), only phase-phase
voltages will remain accurate. Therefore, the sensitive directional earth fault protection and
CT supervision element, which use zero sequence voltage, may not operate if the VN
polarizing input is set to Derived . The VN polarizing input should be set to Measured or
the function disabled for these functions where the Main VT is used for interturn protection
( Measured is the VN input for P342/3 and the VN1 Input for P344). The under and over
voltage protection can be set as phase to phase measurement with this type of VT
connection. The underimpedance and the voltage dependent overcurrent use phase-phase
voltages anyway, therefore the accuracy should not be affected. The protection functions
which use phase-neutral voltages are the power, the loss of excitation and pole slipping
protection; all are for detecting abnormal generator operation under three-phase balanced
conditions, therefore the accuracy of these protection functions should not be affected.
If the neutral voltage displacement element is required for 95% stator earth fault protection
as well as interturn protection a separate VT connection at the terminals of the generator or
a distribution transformer at the generator earth is required to obtain the correct zero
sequence voltage. Note, the neutral voltage displacement protection in the P342/3 relay can
use the measured residual voltage from the VN input and the derived residual voltage from
the three-phase voltage inputs. So, if the derived residual voltage is used for interturn
protection, then the measured residual voltage from a distribution transformer at the
generator neutral point can not be used for 95% stator earth fault protection using one relay.
The P344 has two dedicated neutral voltage displacement inputs, VN1 and VN2, as well as a
derived neutral voltage element. So one neutral voltage input can be used for interturn
protection and one for 95% stator earth fault protection, see Figure 11. See section 2.18 for
more information on the P342/3/4 neutral voltage displacement protection.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Figure 11: Interturn protection (VN2) and earth fault protection (VN1) by zero
sequence voltage measurement
2.3.5.4.1 NPS overpower and NPS overcurrent interlocking for zero sequence voltage interturn
protection
To prevent the neutral voltage (zero sequence) element used for interturn protection from
maloperation for an external phase-phase or earth fault, the element can be interlocked with
a NPS apparent power element (S2 = I2 x V2, non-directional) and a directional NPS
overcurrent element looking away from the machine. The trip signal is issued only if all of
the elements, VNx>, S2> and I2> operate. An example of the PSL logic for this interlocking
is shown in Figure 12.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
This element uses the A, B, and C relay inputs and can be fed from CTs at the terminal or
neutral end of the generator, depending on the application.
Each stage can be blocked by energizing the relevant DDB signal via the PSL (DDB
354 - 357). DDB signals are also available to indicate the start and trip of each phase of
each stage of protection, (Starts: DDB 597 - 612, Trips: DDB 477 - 492). The state of the
DDB signals can be programmed to be viewed in the Monitor Bit x cells of the
COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
Setting ranges for this element are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 OVERCURRENT
PHASE O/C Sub Heading
Disabled, DT, IEC S Inverse,
IEC V Inverse, IEC E Inverse,
>1 Function Disabled UK LT Inverse, UK Rectifier, RI, IEEE M
Inverse, IEEE V Inverse, IEEE E Inverse,
US Inverse, US ST Inverse
>1 Current Set 1x nA 0.08 x n A 4x nA 0.01 x n A
>1 Time Delay 1s 0 100 s 0.01 s
>1 TMS 1 0.025 1.2 0.025
>1 Time Dial 1 0.01 100 0.01
>1 K(RI) 1 0.1 10 0.05
>1 Reset Char. DT DT or Inverse N/A
>1 tRESET 0s 0s 100 s 0.01s
>2 Cells as for
>1 Above
>3 Status Disabled Disabled or Enabled N/A
Non-Directional
>3 Direction Non-Directional Directional Fwd N/A
Directional Rev
>3 Current Set 10 x n 0.08 x n 10 x n 0.01 x n
>3 Time Delay 0 0s 100s 0.01s
>4 Cells as for
>3 Above
> Char Angle 45 95° +95° 1°
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 OVERCURRENT
Bit 0 = VTS Blocks >1,
Bit 1 = VTS Blocks >2,
> Function Link 00001111 Bit 2 = VTS Blocks >3,
Bit 3 = VTS Blocks >4,
Bits 4, 5, 6 & 7 are not used.
Note: VTS Block when the relevant bit is set to 1, operation of the Voltage
Transformer Supervision (VTS), will block the stage if directionalized.
When set to 0, the stage will revert to Non-Directional upon operation
of the VTS.
For inverse time delayed characteristics, the following options are available. Note that all
IDMT curves conform to the following formula:
IEC Curves
K
t= Tx + L
( / s) - 1
IEEE Curves
K
t = TD x + L
( / s) - 1
t = Operation time
K = Constant
= Measured current
= Constant
L = ANSI/IEEE constant (zero for IEC curves)
T = Time multiplier setting
TD = Time dial setting for IEEE curves
Note: The IEEE and US curves are set differently to the IEC/UK curves, with
regard to the time setting.
A time multiplier setting (TMS) is used to adjust the operating time of the IEC curves,
whereas a time dial setting is employed for the IEEE/US curves. Both the TMS and Time
Dial settings act as multipliers on the basic characteristics but the scaling of the time dial is
approximately 10 times that of the TMS, as shown in the previous menu. The menu is
arranged such that if an IEC/UK curve is selected, the >1 Time Dial cell is not visible and
vice versa for the TMS setting. The UK rectifier curve is not required for generator protection
applications but it is included for consistency with other MiCOM products that use
overcurrent protection.
Note, that the IEC/UK inverse characteristics can be used with a definite time reset
characteristic, however, the IEEE/US curves may have an inverse or definite time reset
characteristic. The following equation can be used to calculate the inverse reset time for
IEEE/US curves:
TD x S
tRESET = in seconds
(1 - M2)
Where:
TD = Time dial setting for IEEE curves
S = Constant
M = / s
2.5.1 RI curve
The RI curve (electromechanical) has been included in the first stage characteristic setting
options for Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault protections. The curve is represented by the
following equation:
1
in seconds
(
t = K x 0.339 - 0.236/
M )
With K adjustable from 0.1 to 10 in steps of 0.05
M = / s
If an IEC inverse or DT operating characteristic is chosen for, this time delay is set via the
>1 tRESET setting.
If an IEEE/US operate curve is selected, the reset characteristic may be set to either definite
time or inverse time as selected in cell >1 Reset Char . If definite time ( DT ) is selected the
>1 tRESET cell may be used to set the time delay. If inverse time reset ( Inverse ) is
selected the reset time will follow the inverse time operating characteristic, modified by the
time dial setting, selected for >1 Function .
Another situation where the timer hold facility may be used to reduce fault clearance times is
where intermittent faults may be experienced. When the reset time of the overcurrent relay
is instantaneous the relay will be repeatedly reset and not be able to trip until the fault
becomes permanent. By using the timer hold facility the relay will integrate the fault current
pulses, thereby reducing fault clearance time.
The first and second stage of overcurrent protection can be selected by setting >1/2
Function to any of the inverse or DT settings. The first and second stage is disabled if
>1/2 Function is set to Disabled .
The first or second stage can provide back-up protection for faults on the generator and the
system. As such it should be co-ordinated with downstream protection to provide
discrimination for system faults, setting the current threshold ( I>1/2 Current Set ), and the
time delay.
The following section describes how negative phase sequence overcurrent protection may
be applied in conjunction with standard overcurrent and earth fault protection in order to
alleviate some less common application difficulties.
Note: NPS overcurrent protection will not provide any system back-up
protection for three-phase faults.
In certain applications, residual current may not be detected by an earth fault relay due
to the system configuration. For example, an earth fault relay applied on the delta side
of a delta-star transformer is unable to detect earth faults on the star side. However,
negative sequence current will be present on both sides of the transformer for any fault
condition, irrespective of the transformer configuration. Therefore, a negative phase
sequence overcurrent element may be employed to provide time-delayed back-up
protection for any uncleared asymmetrical faults downstream.
For rotating machines a large amount of negative phase sequence current can be a
dangerous condition for the machine due to its heating effect on the rotor. Therefore, a
negative phase sequence overcurrent element may be applied to provide back-up
protection to the negative phase sequence thermal protection that is normally applied to
a rotating machine, see section 2.15.
It may be required to simply alarm for the presence of negative phase sequence currents
on the system. Operators may then investigate the cause of the unbalance.
A directional negative phase sequence overcurrent element can be used to prevent
maloperation of the zero sequence overvoltage protection used to provide interturn
protection for a system earth or phase-phase fault, see section 2.3.5.4.
The negative phase sequence overcurrent element has a current pick up setting "I2>x
Current Set", and is time delayed in operation by an adjustable timer "I2>x Time Delay". The
user may choose to directionalize operation of the element, for either forward or reverse fault
protection for which a suitable relay characteristic angle may be set. Alternatively, the
element may be set as non-directional.
Each stage can be blocked by energizing the relevant DDB signal via the PSL (DDB
404-407). DDB signals are also available to indicate the start and trip of each stage of
protection, (Starts: DDB 678-681, Trips: DDB 523-527). The state of the DDB signals can be
programmed to be viewed in the Monitor Bit x cells of the COMMISSION TESTS column
in the relay.
Setting ranges for this element are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 OVERCURRENT
NPS
Sub heading
OVERCURRENT
2>1 Status Disabled Disabled, Enabled
2>1 Direction Non- Directional Non-Directional, Directional Fwd, Directional Rev.
2>1 Current Set 0.2 n 0.08 n 4n 0.01 n
2>1 Time Delay 10s 0s 100s 0.01s
2>2/3/4 Cells as
for 2>1 Above
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 OVERCURRENT
Bit 0 = VTS Blocks 2>1,
Bit 1 = VTS Blocks 2>2,
2> VTS Block 00001111 Bit 2 = VTS Blocks 2>3,
Bit 3 = VTS Blocks 2>4,
Bits 4, 5, 6 & 7 are not used.
5V 0.5V 25V 0.5V
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
2> V2pol Set 20V 2V 100V 2V
(Vn=380/480V (Vn=380/480V (Vn=380/480V (Vn=380/480V
Note: VTS Block - when the relevant bit is set to 1, operation of the Voltage
Transformer Supervision (VTS), will block the stage if
directionalized. When set to 0, the stage will revert to Non-Directional
upon operation of the VTS.
The non-directional and directional operation is shown in the following diagrams:
Where the negative phase sequence element is required to operate for specific uncleared
asymmetric faults, a precise threshold setting would have to be based upon an individual
fault analysis for that particular system due to the complexities involved. However, to ensure
operation of the protection, the current pick-up setting must be set approximately 20% below
the lowest calculated negative phase sequence fault current contribution to a specific remote
fault condition.
Note, that in practice, if the required fault study information is unavailable, the setting must
adhere to the minimum threshold previously outlined, employing a suitable time delay for co-
ordination with downstream devices, this is vital to prevent unnecessary interruption of the
supply resulting from inadvertent operation of this element.
As stated above, correct setting of the time delay for this function is vital. It should also be
noted that this element is applied primarily to provide back-up protection to other protective
devices or to provide an alarm or used in conjunction with neutral voltage displacement
protection and NPS overpower protection for interturn protection. Hence, in practice, it
would be associated with a long time delay if used to provide back-up protection or an alarm.
If this protection is used as a directional NPS overcurrent element in conjunction with neutral
voltage displacement and NPS overpower for interturn protection then a short time delay
(less than the neutral voltage displacement operating time) is desirable to ensure stability for
external earth or phase-phase faults.
Where the protection is used for back-up protection or as an alarm it must be ensured that
the time delay is set greater than the operating time of any other protective device (at
minimum fault level) on the system which may respond to unbalanced faults, such as:
The angle that occurs between V2 and 2 under fault conditions is directly dependent upon
the negative sequence source impedance of the system. However, typical settings for the
element are as follows:
The function operates from the phase currents measured by the A, B and C measurement
inputs on the relay.
The voltage dependent overcurrent and underimpedance System Backup protection
elements can be blocked by energizing the relevant DDB signal via the PSL, (VDepOC
Timer Block, DDB 352 and UnderZ Timer Block, DDB 353). DDB signals are also available
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
to indicate a three-phase and per phase start and trip, (Voltage dependent overcurrent
Starts: DDB 639-642, Voltage dependent overcurrent Trips: DDB 425-428, Underimpedance
Starts: DDB 650-657, Underimpedance Trips: DDB 500-507). The state of the DDB signals
can be programmed to be viewed in the Monitor Bit x cells of the COMMISSION TESTS
column in the relay.
Setting ranges for this element are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 SYSTEM BACK-UP
Voltage Disabled, Voltage Controlled, Voltage Restrained,
Back-up Function
Controlled Under Impedance
Vector Rotation None None, Delta-Star N/A
DT, IEC S Inverse, IEC V Inverse, IEC E Inverse,
UK LT Inverse, UK Rectifier, RI, IEEE M Inverse,
V Dep. OC Char. IEC S Inverse
IEEE V Inverse, IEEE E Inverse, US Inverse,
US ST Inverse
V Dep. OC > Set 1x nA 0.8 x n A 4x nA 0.01 x n A
V Dep. OC T Dial 1 0.01 100 0.01
V Dep. OC Reset DT DT or Inverse N/A
V Dep. OC Delay 1s 0s 100 s 0.01 s
V Dep. OC TMS 1 0.025 1.2 0.025
V Dep. OC K(RI) 1 0.1 10 0.05
V Dep. OC
0s 0s 100 s 0.01 s
tRESET
80V 5V 120V 1V
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
V Dep. OC V<1Set 320 V 20V 480V 4V
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
60V 5V 120V 1V
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
V Dep. OC V<2Set 240V 20V 480V 4V
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
V Dep. OC k Set 0.25 0.1 1 0.05s
70/ n 2/ n 120/ n 0.5/ n
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
Z<1 Setting 120/ n 8/ n 480/ n 2/ n
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
For inverse time delayed characteristics refer to the phase overcurrent elements, section 2.5.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
A single stage, non-directional overcurrent element is provided. The element has a time
delayed characteristic that can be set as either Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) or
Definite Time (DT). The element can be selectively enabled or disabled and can be blocked
via a relay input so that the element can be integrated into a blocked overcurrent protection
scheme.
The element can be fed from CTs at the terminal or neutral end of the generator.
If voltage dependant overcurrent operation is selected, the element can be set in one of two
modes, voltage controlled overcurrent or voltage restrained overcurrent.
Figure 16: Modification of current pickup level for voltage controlled overcurrent
protection
Where the generator is directly connected to a busbar, voltage controlled overcurrent
protection may be preferred.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
The current setting, V Dep. OC > Set , should be set to have a primary operating value in
excess of the maximum generator load current.
The current setting multiplying factor, V Dep OC k Set , governs the protection function
setting under low voltage conditions. This should be set to give a primary operating current
less than 50% of the minimum steady-state fault current for a multi-phase fault at the remote
end of a feeder, with the generator being the only source. This ensures the element will
provide adequate back-up protection for an uncleared fault on that feeder.
The voltage-controlled protection fault characteristic should co-ordinate with outgoing feeder
protection for a feeder fault under minimum plant conditions. The operating characteristic,
V Dep. OC Char. and the time delay ( V Dep. OC TMS for IEC curves; V Dep.
OC T Dial for US/IEEE curves; V Dep. OC Delay for definite time) should be selected
accordingly.
Where parallel sources are present, a remote feeder fault may not result in a sufficient
voltage reduction to enable the fault characteristic. For such applications a time
undervoltage element can be used to clear the fault (see section 2.8). Alternatively, negative
sequence thermal protection could be used (see section 2.15).
The voltage setting for switching between load and fault characteristics, V Dep.
OC V<1 Set , should be greater than the terminal voltage for a fault where back-up
protection is required. On a solidly earthed system the element can be made insensitive to
earth faults by ensuring that the voltage setting is below 57%Vn (minimum phase to phase
voltage for a single phase to earth fault). A typical setting would be 30%Vn. A voltage
setting higher than 57%Vn will allow the relay operating characteristic to change for both
phase and earth faults.
More accurate settings may be determined with reference to the following equations.
The minimum fault current for a remote-end multi-phase fault on a feeder can be determined
as follows. This calculation is based on no-load excitation being applied and no field-forcing
or AVR action during the fault.
En
Three-phase fault: f= (nRf)2 + (Xs + nXf)2
3En
Phase to phase fault: f=
(2nRf)2 + (Xs + X2 + 2nXf)2
Where:
The steady-state voltage seen by the relay under external fault conditions can be deduced
as follows:
En 3 ((nRf)2 + (nXf)2)
Three-phase fault: V• -•• •=
(nRf)2 + (Xs + nXf)2
The current setting multiplier, V Dep. OC k Set , must be set such that V Dep.
OC k Set x V Dep. OC Set is less than f as calculated above. The voltage setting,
V Dep. OC V<1 Set , must be greater than. V• -•• •as calculated above.
The voltage controlled overcurrent protection is provided with a timer hold facility. Setting
the hold timer to a value other than zero delays the resetting of the protection element timers
for this period.
If an IEC inverse or DT operating characteristic is chosen, this hold time delay is set via the
V Dep. OC tRESET setting.
If an IEEE/US operate curve is selected, the reset characteristic may be set to either definite
time or inverse time as selected in cell V Dep. OC Reset Char. . If definite time ( DT ) is
selected the V Dep. OC tRESET cell may be used to set the time delay, as above. If
inverse time reset ( Inverse ) is selected the reset time will follow the inverse time operating
characteristic, modified by the time dial setting, selected for V Dep. OC Function .
V - Vs2
For Vs2 < V < Vs1: Current setting ( s) = K. > + ( > - K. > )
Vs1 - Vs2
For V < Vs2: Current setting ( s) = K. >
Where:
Figure 17: Modification of current pickup level for voltage restrained overcurrent
protection
closer faults, which would yield higher currents and lower voltages. Further reduction in the
current setting for closer faults may make co-ordination with local feeder overcurrent
protection more difficult (if this is not already a problem).
The steady-state primary current and voltage magnitudes seen for a feeder remote-end
three-phase fault are given as follows:
Where:
The first stage impedance setting, Z<1 Setting , should be set to 70% of the maximum load
impedance. This gives an adequate margin for short time overloads, voltage variation etc.,
whilst giving adequate back-up protection for generator, generator-transformer and busbar
faults.
Vph - n
For example Z<1 = 3 x 0.7 x
flc x 1.2
allowing for a 20% overload of the generator full load current.
The second stage impedance setting Z<2 Setting , could be set to 50 - 60% of the
generator-transformer impedance. This stage can then be used to obtain faster operation for
faults closer to the generator.
The time delay, Z<1 Time Delay should allow co-ordination with downstream overcurrent
and distance protection devices and with the zone 2 underimpedance protection. The time
delay, Z<2 Time Delay should allow co-ordination with generator and transformer LV phase
fault protection.
The under impedance protection is provided with a timer hold facility, as described in section
2.7.1.2. Setting the hold timer, Z< tRESET , to a value other than zero, delays the resetting
of the protection element timer for this period.
Setting ranges for this element are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 VOLTAGE PROTECTION
Undervoltage Sub Heading
V< Measur t. Mode Phase-Neutral Phase-Phase, Phase-Neutral
V< Operate Mode Any-phase Any phase, Three phase
V<1 Function DT Disabled, DT, IDMT
80V 10V 120V 1V
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
V<1 Voltage Set 320V 40V 480V 4V
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
The IDMT characteristic available on the first stage is defined by the following formula:
t = K / (1 M)
Where:
K = Time Multiplier Setting (V<1 TMS)
t = Operating Time in Seconds
M = Measured Voltage /Relay Setting Voltage (V<1 Voltage Set)
phase-phase voltage seen by the relay under such circumstances are given in section
2.7.1.3.
The operating characteristic would normally be set to definite time, set V<1 Function to
DT . The time delay, V<1 Time Delay , should be set to co-ordinate with downstream
protections and the System Back-up protection of the relay, if enabled. Additionally, the
delay should be long enough to prevent unwanted operation of the under voltage protection
for transient voltage dips. These may occur during clearance of faults further into the power
system or by starting of local machines. The required time delay would typically be in
excess of 3s-5s.
The second stage can be used as an alarm stage to warn the user of unusual voltage
conditions so that corrections can be made. This could be useful if the machine is being
operated with the AVR selected to manual control.
Where the relay is used to provide the protection required for connecting the generator in
parallel with the local electricity supply system (e.g. requirements of G59 in the UK), the local
electricity supply authority may advise settings for the element. The settings must prevent
the generator from exporting power to the system with voltage outside of the statutory limits
imposed on the supply authority.
To prevent operation of any under voltage stage during normal shutdown of the generator
poledead logic is included in the relay. This is facilitated by selecting V Poledead Inh to
Enabled . This will ensure that when a poledead condition is detected (i.e. all phase
currents below the undercurrent threshold or CB Open, as determined by an opto isolator
and the PSL) the undervoltage element will be inhibited.
Note: If the overvoltage protection is set for phase-phase operation then the
DDB signals V>1/2 Start/Trip A/AB, V>1/2 Start/Trip B/BC, V>1/2
Start/Trip C/CA refer to V>1/2 Start/Trip AB and V>1/2 Start/Trip BC
and V>1/2 Start/Trip CA. If set for phase-neutral then the DDB signals
V>1/2 Start/Trip A/AB, V>1/2 Start/Trip B/BC, V>1/2 Start/Trip C/CA
refer to V>1/2 Start/Trip A and V>1/2 Start/Trip B and V>1/2 Start/Trip
C.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Setting ranges for this element are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 VOLTAGE PROTECTION
Overvoltage Sub Heading
V> Measur t. Mode Phase-Neutral Phase-Phase, Phase-Neutral
V> Operate Mode Any-Phase Any phase, Three-phase
V>1 Function DT Disabled, DT, IDMT
150V 60V 185V 1V
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
V>1 Voltage Set 600V 240V 740V 4V
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
The IDMT characteristic available on the first stage is defined by the following formula:
t = K / (M - 1)
Where:
K = Time Multiplier Setting ( V>1 TMS )
t = Operating Time in Seconds
M = Measured Voltage/Relay Setting Voltage ( V>1 Voltage Set )
The second stage can be used to provide instantaneous high-set over voltage protection.
The typical threshold setting to be applied, V>2 Voltage Set , would be 130 - 150% of the
nominal phase-phase voltage seen by the relay, depending on plant manufacturers advice.
For instantaneous operation, the time delay, V>2 Time Delay , should be set to 0s.
Where the relay is used to provide the protection required for connecting the generator in
parallel with the local electricity supply system (e.g. requirements of G59 in the UK), the local
electricity supply authority may advise settings for the element. The settings must prevent
the generator from exporting power to the system with voltages outside of the statutory limits
imposed on the supply authority.
If phase to neutral operation is selected, care must be taken to ensure that the element will
grade with downstream protections during earth faults, where the phase-neutral voltage can
rise significantly.
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 VOLTAGE PROTECTION
NPS
Sub Heading
OVERVOLTAGE
V2>1 status Enabled Enabled, Disabled N/A
15V 1V 150V 1V
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
V2>1 Voltage Set 60V 4V 600V 4V
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
Setting ranges for this element are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 FREQUENCY PROTECTION
Under frequency Sub Heading
F<1 Status Enabled Disabled, Enabled
F<1 Setting 49.5 Hz 45 Hz 65 Hz 0.01 Hz
F<1 Time Delay 4s 0.1 s 100 s 0.1 s
F<2 Status Enabled Disabled, Enabled
F<2 Setting 49.5 Hz 45 Hz 65 Hz 0.01 Hz
F<2 Time Delay 4s 0.1 s 100 s 0.1 s
F<3 Status Enabled Disabled, Enabled
F<3 Setting 49.5 Hz 45 Hz 65 Hz 0.01 Hz
F<3 Time Delay 4s 0.1 s 100 s 0.1 s
F<4 Status Enabled Disabled, Enabled
F<4 Setting 49.5 Hz 45 Hz 65 Hz 0.01 Hz
F<4 Time Delay 4s 0.1 s 100 s 0.1 s
Bit 0 - Enable Block F<1 during Poledead
Bit 1 - Enable Block F<2 during Poledead
F< Function Link 1111
Bit 2 - Enable Block F<3 during Poledead
Bit 3 - Enable Block F<4 during Poledead
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 FREQUENCY PROTECTION
Overfrequency Sub Heading
F>1 Status Enabled Disabled, Enabled
F>1 Setting 49.5 Hz 45 Hz 68 Hz 0.01 Hz
F>1 Time Delay 4s 0.1 s 100 s 0.1 s
F>2 Status Enabled Disabled, Enabled
F>2 Setting 49.5 Hz 45 Hz 68 Hz 0.01 Hz
F>2 Time Delay 4s 0.1 s 100 s 0.1 s
relay, the information is not lost. An individual dead band time delay setting is provided for
each band. Within this dead band time delay, the frequency is allowed to stay inside the
band without initiating the accumulative time measurement. This delay allows the blade's
resonance during under frequency conditions to be established first, thus avoiding
unnecessary accumulation of time. The delay therefore does not contribute to the
accumulated time. It is recommended by the IEEE Guide for Abnormal Frequency
Protection for Power Generating Plants (IEEE C37.106) to be around 10 cycles. Note that
the dead band delay has no effect on the initiation of the start signals. Therefore, the start
signals can be used during commissioning and maintenance (by setting the dead times
temporarily or switching to a different setting group with a high value) to test the frequency
band's pick-up and drop-off without adding to the accumulated times. Time accumulation
will stop and all the start signals will be reset if the Frequency Not Found DDB is set.
The amount of time spent in each band can be viewed in the MEASUREMENTS 3 column
in the relay. The maximum allowable time in each band is 1000 hours (3600000s), beyond
which no more accumulation will be made. An individual reset cell is available in the
MEASUREMENTS 3 column in the relay for each accumulative time measurement to be
independently reset to zero.
It is normally recommended that the turbine abnormal frequency protection system should be
in-service whenever the unit is synchronized to the system, or while separated from the
system but supplying auxiliary load. An inhibit signal is available to inhibit the time
accumulation when the generator is off-line, i.e. the circuit breaker is open.
The trip output is latched and can only be reset only if any of the following conditions occur:
1. The accumulative time is reset, or
2. The corresponding band is disabled, or
3. The entire abnormal frequency protection is disabled, or
4. The Inhibit DDB 'Turbine F Inh' is energized.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
The trip signals of the element can be used as either an operator alarm or for shutting down
the generator.
peak induction generator torque level is exceeded, a machine can stabilize at a much higher
level of slip (perhaps 5% above synchronous speed). When this happens, the machine will
draw a very high reactive current from the power system and a stator winding current as high
as 2.0 p.u. may be reached. The slip-frequency rotor currents could lead to rotor core or
winding damage if the condition is sustained.
Operation as an induction generator under field failure conditions relies upon the ability of
the rest of the system being able to supply the required reactive power to the machine. If the
system cannot supply enough reactive power the system voltage will drop and the system
may become unstable. This could occur if a large generator running at high power suffers a
loss of field when connected to a relatively weak system. To ensure fast tripping under this
condition one of the impedance elements can be used with a short time delay. This can trip
the machine quickly to preserve system stability. This element should have a small diameter
to prevent tripping under power swinging conditions. The second impedance element, set
with a larger diameter, can provide detection of field failure under lightly loaded conditions.
This second element should be time delayed to prevent operation during power swing
conditions.
The Field Failure protection impedance elements are also provided with an adjustable delay
on reset (delayed drop off) timer. This time delay can be set to avoid delayed tripping that
may arise as a result of cyclic operation of the impedance measuring element, during the
period of pole slipping following loss of excitation. Some care would need to be exercised in
setting this timer, since it could make the Field Failure protection function more likely to give
an unwanted trip in the case of stable power swinging. The impedance element trip time
delay should therefore be increased when setting the reset time delay.
The delay on reset timer might also be set to allow the field failure protection function to be
used for detecting pole slipping of the generator when excitation is not fully lost; e.g.
following time-delayed clearance of a nearby power system fault. This subject is discussed
in more detail in section 2.25.
DDB signals are available to indicate the start and tripping of each stage (Starts: DDB 637,
DDB 638, Trips: DDB 422, DDB 423). A further DDB Field Fail Alarm signal is generated
from the field failure alarm stage (DDB 309). The state of the DDB signals can be
programmed to be viewed in the Monitor Bit x cells of the COMMISSION TESTS column
in the relay.
Setting ranges for the field failure elements are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 FIELD FAILURE
FFail Alm. Status Disabled Disabled, Enabled
FFail Alm. Angle 15° 15° 75° 1°
FFail Alm. Delays 5s 0s 100s 0.1s
FFail1 Status Enabled Disabled, Enabled
20/ n 0/ n 40/ n 0.5/ n
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
FFail1 Xa1 80/ n 0/ n 160/ n 2/ n
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
220/ n 25/ n 325/ n 1/ n
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
FFail1 Xb1 880/ n 100/ n 1300/ n 4/ n
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 FIELD FAILURE
20/ n 0/ n 40/ n 0.5/ n
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
FFail2 Xa2 80/ n 0/ n 160/ n 2/ n
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
integrating function for instances when the impedance may cyclically enter and exit the
characteristic. This can allow detection of pole slipping conditions, for more information see
section 2.25. When settings other than 0s are used the protection pick-up time delay,
FFail1 Time Delay , should be increased to prevent mal-operation during stable power
swing conditions.
kV2
FFail2 Xb2 =
MVA
a + a2 b +a c
2 = where a = 1.0 120
3
Unbalanced loading results in the flow of positive and negative sequence current
components. Load unbalance can arise as a result of single-phase loading, non-linear loads
(involving power electronics or arc furnaces, etc.), uncleared or repetitive asymmetric faults,
fuse operation, single-pole tripping and reclosing on transmission systems, broken overhead
line conductors and asymmetric failures of switching devices. Any negative phase sequence
component of stator current will set up a reverse-rotating component of stator flux that
passes the rotor at twice synchronous speed. Such a flux component will induce double
frequency eddy currents in the rotor, which can cause overheating of the rotor body, main
rotor windings, damper windings etc.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Where a machine has a high continuous negative phase sequence current withstand level
( 2 amp), as in the case of typical salient-pole machines, it would not be essential to enable
the NPS protection function. The NPS protection function can, however, offer a better
method of responding to an uncleared asymmetric fault remote from the generator bus. As
mentioned in section 2.7.1.5, it may be difficult to set the voltage dependant overcurrent
protection function to detect a remote fault and co-ordinate with feeder backup protection for
a close-up three-phase fault.
For high levels of negative phase sequence current, eddy current heating can be
considerably in excess of the heat dissipation rate. Thus, virtually all the heat acquired
during the period of unbalance will be retained within the rotor. With this assumption, the
temperature attained within any critical rotor component will be dependent on the duration of
the unbalance (t seconds) and the level of NPS current (I2 per unit) and is proportional to I22t.
Synchronous generators are assigned a per-unit I22t thermal capacity constant (Kg) to define
their short time NPS current withstand ability, see column 3 in Table 1. Various rotor
components have different short time thermal capacities and the most critical (lowest value
of I22t) should form the basis of the generator manufacturer s short time I22t withstand claim.
Many traditional forms of generator NPS thermal protection relays have been designed with
an extremely inverse ( 22t) operating time characteristic. Where the operating time of the
characteristic is dependent solely on the instantaneous magnitude of negative phase
sequence current present. This characteristic would be set to match the claimed generator
thermal capacity. This is satisfactory when considering the effects of high values of negative
phase sequence current.
For intermediate levels of NPS current, the rate of heating is slower. As a result, heat
dissipation should be considered.
The basic expression of t = K/ 2cmr does not cater for the effects of heat dissipation or for low
standing levels of negative phase sequence current. The latter resulting in an increase in
rotor temperature which remains within the machines design limits. An existing, tolerable,
level of negative phase sequence current ( 2< 2cmr), has the effect of reducing the time to
reach the critical temperature level, if the negative phase sequence current level should
increase beyond 2cmr. The P34x NPS thermal replica is designed to overcome these
problems by modeling the effects of low standing levels of negative phase sequence
currents.
The temperature rise in critical rotor components is related to the negative phase sequence
current (I2 per unit) and to time (t seconds) as follows. This assumes no preceding negative
phase sequence current:
C I22 (1 - e-t/ )
Where:
The limiting continuous maximum temperature ( CMR) would be reached according to the
following current-time relationship:
Note: All current terms are in per-unit, based on the relay rated current, n.
When the protected generator sees a reduction in negative phase sequence current, metallic
rotor components will decrease in temperature. The relay is provided with a separate
thermal capacity setting ( 2>2 KRESET), used when there is a reduction in 2.
The negative sequence protection element will respond to system phase to earth and phase
to phase faults. Therefore, the element must be set to grade with downstream earth and
phase fault protections. To aid grading with downstream devices a definite minimum
operating time for the operating characteristic can be set. The definite minimum time setting
should be set to provide an adequate margin between the operation of the negative phase
sequence thermal protection function and external protection. The co-ordination time margin
used should be in accordance with the usual practice adopted by the customer for backup
protection co-ordination.
For levels of negative phase sequence current that are only slightly in excess of the thermal
element pick-up setting, there will be a noticeable deviation between the P34x negative
phase sequence thermal protection current-time characteristic and that of the simple 22t
characteristic. For this reason, a maximum negative phase sequence protection trip time
setting is provided. This maximum time setting also limits the tripping time of the negative
phase sequence protection for levels of unbalance where there may be uncertainty about the
machine s thermal withstand.
A time delayed negative sequence overcurrent alarm stage is provided to give the operator
early warning of an unbalanced condition that may lead to generator tripping. This can allow
corrective action to be taken to reduce the unbalance in the load.
The Negative Sequence element uses the current measured at the A, B, C inputs on the
relay.
Thermal state of the machine can be viewed in the NPS Thermal cell in the
MEASUREMENTS 3 column. The thermal state can be reset by selecting Yes in the
Reset NPS Thermal cell in Measurements 3 . Alternatively the thermal state can be reset
by energizing DDB 389 Reset 2 Thermal via the relay PSL.
A DDB signal is also available to indicate tripping of the element (DDB 424). A further DDB
NPS Alarm signal is generated from the NPS thermal alarm stage (DDB 306). The state of
the DDB signal can be programmed to be viewed in the Monitor Bit x cells of the
COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 NPS THERMAL
2therm>1 Alarm Enabled Disabled, Enabled
2therm>1 Set 0.05 n A 0.03 n A 0.5 n A 0.01 n A
2therm>1 Delay 20 s 2s 60 s 0.1 s
2therm>2 Trip Enabled Disabled, Enabled
2therm>2 Set 0.1 n A 0.05 n A 0.5 n A 0.01 n A
2therm>2 k 15 2 40 0.1
2therm>2 kRESET 15 2 40 0.1
2therm>2 tMAX 1000 s 500 s 2000 s 10 s
2therm>2 tMIN 0.25 s 0.25 s 40 s 0.25 s
2 Sn - 350
= 0.8 - 4
n 3 x 10
To obtain correct thermal protection, the relay thermal current setting, 2therm>2 Set , and
thermal capacity setting, 2therm>2 k , should be set as follows:
flc
2therm > 2 Set = 2cmr x x n
p
2
flc
2 >therm 2 k = Kg x
p
Where:
Unless otherwise specified, the thermal capacity constant setting used when I2 is reducing,
2therm>2 kRESET , should be set equal to the main time constant setting, 2therm>2 k
Setting . A machine manufacturer may be able to advise a specific thermal capacity
constant when I2 is reducing for the protected generator.
The current threshold of the alarm stage, 2therm>1 Set , should be set below the thermal
trip setting, 2therm>2 Set , to ensure that the alarm operates before tripping occurs. A
typical alarm current setting would be 70% of the trip current setting. The alarm stage time
setting, 2therm>1 Delay , must be chosen to prevent operation during system fault
clearance and to ensure that unwanted alarms are not generated during normal running. A
typical setting for this time delay would be 20s.
To aid grading with downstream devices a definite minimum operating time for the operating
characteristic can be set, 2therm>2 tMIN . This definite minimum time setting should be
set to provide an adequate margin between the operation of the negative phase sequence
thermal protection function and external protection. The co-ordination time margin used
should be in accordance with the usual practice adopted by the customer for back-up
protection co-ordination.
A maximum operating time for the negative phase sequence thermal characteristic may be
set, 2therm>2 tMAX . This definite time setting can be used to ensure that the thermal
rating of the machine is never exceeded.
Two stages of power protection are provided, these can be independently selected as either
reverse power, over power, low forward power or disabled, and operation in each mode is
described in the following sections. The power elements may be selectively disabled, via
fixed logic, so that they can be inhibited when the protected machines CB is open, this will
prevent mal-operation and nuisance flagging of any stage selected to operate as low forward
power.
The P34x relay is connected with the convention that the forward current is the current
flowing from the generator to the busbar. This corresponds to positive values of the active
power flowing in the forward direction. When a generator is operating in the motoring mode,
the machine is consuming active power from the power system. The motoring active power
therefore flows in the reverse direction. The Operating Mode setting for the power
protection allows the user to set the operating mode to either Generating or Motoring . If
the mode is set to Motoring , the polarity of the calculated active power is inverted. The
operating mode setting can be useful in applications involving pumped storage generators.
DDB signals are available to indicate starting and tripping of each stage (Starts: DDB 595,
DDB 596, Trips: DDB 475, 476). The state of the DDB signals can be programmed to be
viewed in the Monitor Bit x cells of the COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
Setting ranges for the Power elements are shown in the following table:
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 POWER
Operating Mode Generating Generating, Motoring
Power1 Function Reverse Disabled, Reverse, Low Forward, Over
5x nW 1x nW 300 x n W 0.2 x n W
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
P>1 Setting 20 x n W 4x nW 1200 x n W 0.8 x n W
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
5x nW 1x nW 300 x n W 0.2 x n W
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
P<1 Setting 20 x n W 4x nW 1200 x n W 0.8 x n W
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
5x nW 1x nW 300 x n W 0.2 x n W
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
P>1 Setting 20 x n W 4x nW 1200 x n W 0.8 x n W
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
5x nW 1x nW 300 x n W 0.2 x n W
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
P<2 Setting 20 x n W 4x nW 1200 x n W 0.8 x n W
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
5x nW 1x nW 300 x n W 0.2 x n W
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
P>2 Setting 20 x n W 4x nW 1200 x n W 0.8 x n W
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
PA = A VA cos ( - C)
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Where is the angle of A with respect to VA and C is the compensation angle setting.
Therefore, rated single-phase power, Pn, for a 1A rated CT and 110V rated VT is
Pn = n x Vn = 1 x 110/ 3 = 63.5 W
The minimum setting is 0.3 W = 0.47% Pn
Two stages of sensitive power protection are provided, these can be independently selected
as either reverse power, over power, low forward power or disabled, and operation in each
mode is described in the following sections. The power elements may be selectively
disabled, via fixed logic, so that they can be inhibited when the protected machine s CB is
open, this will prevent mal-operation and nuisance flagging of any stage selected to operate
as low forward power.
The P34x relay is connected with the convention that the forward current is the current
flowing from the generator to the busbar. This corresponds to positive values of the active
power flowing in the forward direction. When a generator is operating in the motoring mode,
the machine is consuming active power from the power system. The motoring active power
therefore flows in the reverse direction. The Operating Mode setting for the sensitive
power protection allows the user to set the operating mode to either Generating or
Motoring . If the mode is set to Motoring , the polarity of the calculated active power is
inverted. The operating mode setting can be useful in applications involving pumped storage
generators.
Measurement displays of A Phase sensitive active power, reactive power and power factor
angle APh Sen Watts, Aph Sen Vars and APh Power Angle are provided in the
MEASUREMENTS 3 menu to aid testing and commissioning.
DDB signals are available to indicate starting and tripping of each stage (Starts: DDB 643,
DDB 644, Trips: DDB 495, 496). The state of the DDB signals can be programmed to be
viewed in the Monitor Bit x cells of the COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
Setting ranges for the Sensitive Power elements are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 SENSITIVE POWER
Comp. Angle 0 -5 5 0.1
Operating Mode Generating Generating, Motoring
Sen. Power1 Func. Reverse Disabled, Reverse, Low Forward, Over
0.5 x n W 0.3 x n W 100 x n W 0.1 x n W
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
Sen. P>1 Setting 2x nW 1.2 x n W 400 x n W 0.4 x n W
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
0.5 x n W 0.3 x n W 100 x n W 0.1 x n W
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
Sen. P<1 Setting 2x nW 1.2 x n W 400 x n W 0.4 x n W
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 SENSITIVE POWER
0.5 x n W 0.3 x n W 100 x n W 0.1 x n W
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
Sen. P>2 Setting 2x nW 1.2 x n W 400 x n W 0.3 x n W
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
consulted for a rating for the protected machine. The operating mode should be set to
Generating for this application.
When required for loss of load applications, the threshold setting of the low forward power
protection function, P<1 Setting/Sen. P<1 Setting or P<2 Setting/Sen. P<2 Setting , is
system dependent, however, it is typically set to 10 - 20% below the minimum load. For
example, for a minimum load of 70%Pn, the setting needs to be set at 63% - 56%Pn. The
operating mode should be set to Motoring for this application.
For interlocking non-urgent trip applications the time delay associated with the low forward
power protection function, Power1 TimeDelay/Sen. Power1 Delay or Power2
TimeDelay/Sen. Power2 Delay , could be set to zero. However, some delay is desirable so
that permission for a non-urgent electrical trip is not given in the event of power fluctuations
arising from sudden steam valve/throttle closure. A typical time delay for this reason is 2s.
For loss of load applications the pick up time delay, Power1 TimeDelay/Sen. Power1 Delay
or Power2 TimeDelay/Sen. Power2 Delay , is application dependent but is normally set in
excess of the time between motor starting and the load being established. Where rated
power can not be reached during starting (for example where the motor is started with no
load connected) and the required protection operating time is less than the time for load to
be established then it will be necessary to inhibit the power protection during this period.
This can be done in the PSL using AND logic and a pulse timer triggered from the motor
starting to block the power protection for the required time.
The delay on reset timer, Power1 DO Timer or Power2 DO Timer , would normally be set
to zero when selected to operate low forward power elements.
To prevent unwanted relay alarms and flags, a low forward power protection element can be
disabled when the circuit breaker is open via poledead logic. This is controlled by setting
the power protection inhibit cells, P1 Poledead Inh or P2 Poledead Inh , to Enabled .
Possible Damage
Prime Mover Motoring Power
(Percentage Rating)
Risk of fire or explosion from
Diesel Engine 5% - 25%
unburned fuel
Motoring level depends on compression ratio and cylinder bore stiffness. Rapid
disconnection is required to limit power loss and risk of damage.
10% - 15%
(Split-shaft) With some gear-driven sets, damage
Gas Turbine may arise due to reverse torque on
>50% gear teeth.
(Single-shaft)
Compressor load on single shaft machines leads to a high motoring power compared to
split-shaft machines. Rapid disconnection is required to limit power loss or damage.
0.2 - >2%
(Blades out of water) Blade and runner cavitation may
Hydraulic Turbines
>2.0% occur with a long period of motoring
(Blades in water)
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Possible Damage
Prime Mover Motoring Power
(Percentage Rating)
Power is low when blades are above tail-race water level. Hydraulic flow detection
devices are often the main means of detecting loss of drive. Automatic disconnection is
recommended for unattended operation.
0.5% - 3% Thermal stress damage may be
(Condensing sets) inflicted on low-pressure turbine
Steam Turbines
3% - 6% blades when steam flow is not
(Non-condensing sets) available to dissipate windage losses.
Damage may occur rapidly with non-condensing sets or when vacuum is lost with
condensing sets. Reverse power protection may be used as a secondary method of
detection and might only be used to raise an alarm.
Table showing motor power and possible damage for various types of prime mover.
In some applications, the level of reverse power in the case of prime mover failure may
fluctuate. This may be the case for a failed diesel engine. To prevent cyclic initiation and
reset of the main trip timer, and consequent failure to trip, an adjustable reset time delay is
provided ( Power1 DO Timer/Power2 DO Timer ). This delay would need to be set longer
than the period for which the reverse power could fall below the power setting ( P<1
Setting/Sen. P<1 Setting ). This setting needs to be taken into account when setting the
main trip time delay. It should also be noted that a delay on reset in excess of half the period
of any system power swings could result in operation of the reverse power protection during
swings.
Reverse power protection may also be used to interlock the opening of the generator set
circuit breaker for non-urgent tripping, as discussed in 2.16.1. Reverse power interlocks are
preferred over low forward power interlocks by some utilities.
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 EARTH FAULT
Disabled, DT, IEC S Inverse, IEC V
Inverse, IEC E Inverse, UK LT Inverse, RI,
N>1 Function Disabled
IEEE M Inverse, IEEE V Inverse, IEEE E
Inverse, US Inverse, US ST Inverse, IDG
N>1 Current 0.1 x n A 0.02 x n A 4x nA 0.01 x n A
N1>1 IDG s 1.5 1 4 0.1
N>1 Time Delay 1s 0s 200 s 0.01 s
N>1 TMS 1 0.025 1.2 0.025
N>1 Time Dial 1 0.01 100 0.01
N>1 K(RI) 1 0.1 10 0.05
N>1 IDG Time 1.2 1 2 0.01
N>1 Reset Char. DT DT, Inverse N/A
N>1 tRESET 0s 0s 100 s 0.01 s
N>2 Function DT Disabled, DT N/A
N>2 Current Set 0.45 x n A 0.02 x n A 10 x n A 0.01 x n A
N>2 Time Delay 0s 0s 200 s 0.01 s
For further details regarding the inverse time characteristics refer to the Overcurrent
Protection, section 2.5.
t = 5.8 - 1.35 loge in seconds
N > Setting
Where:
= Measured current
N>Setting = An adjustable setting which defines the start point of the characteristic
Although the start point of the characteristic is defined by the N> setting, the actual relay
current threshold is a different setting called IDG s . The IDG s setting is set as a
multiple of N> .
An additional setting IDG Time is also used to set the minimum operating time at high
levels of fault current.
Figure 25 illustrates how the IDG characteristic is implemented.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
10
3
IDG Time Setting Range
2
0
1 10 100
I/IN>
P2242ENa
The first stage of earth fault protection can be selected by setting N>1 Function to any of
the inverse or DT settings. The first stage is disabled if N>1 Function is set to Disabled .
The second stage of earth fault protection can be selected by setting N>2 Function to
Enabled . The second stage is disabled if N>2 Function is set to Disabled .
For a directly connected machine the stator earth fault protection must co-ordinate with any
downstream earth fault protections. The first stage current setting, N>1 Current , should
typically be set to less than 33% of the machine earth fault contribution or full load current,
whichever is lower. The time delay characteristic of the element (selected via N>1
Function and N>1 Time Delay , N>1 TMS or N>1 Time Dial ) should be set to time
grade with any downstream earth fault protection. Where the element is required to protect
95% of the generator winding a current setting of 5% of the limited earth fault current should
be used.
Where impedance or distribution transformer earthing is used the second stage may be used
to detect flashover of the earthing impedance. In such a case the second stage current
setting, N>2 Current , could be set to approximately 150% of the limited earth fault current
and the time delay, N>2 Time Delay , would be set to 0s, to provide instantaneous
operation.
For a machine connected to the system via a step-up transformer there is no need to grade
the stator earth fault element with system earth fault protections. In this case the first stage
should be set to 5% of the limited earth fault current to provide protection for 95% of the
machine winding. The time delay characteristic of the stage should grade with VT fuses for
VT earth faults. A transient generator earth fault current may also occur for a HV earth fault
due to transformer inter-winding capacitance. Correct grading under these conditions can be
provided by using a definite time delay of between 0.5 - 3s. Experience has shown that it is
possible to apply an instantaneous stator earth fault element on a indirectly connected
machine if a current setting of 10% of the limited earth fault current is used. Therefore the
second stage can be set to give this instantaneous protection.
This could be measured, for example, at the secondary terminals of a voltage transformer
having a broken delta secondary connection. Hence, a residual voltage measuring relay
can be used to offer earth fault protection on such a system. Note that this condition causes
a rise in the neutral voltage with respect to earth that is commonly referred to as neutral
voltage displacement or NVD.
Alternatively, if the system is impedance or distribution transformer earthed, the neutral
displacement voltage can be measured directly in the earth path via a single-phase VT. This
type of protection can be used to provide earth fault protection irrespective of whether the
generator is earthed or not, and irrespective of the form of earthing and earth fault current
level. For faults close to the generator neutral the resulting residual voltage will be small.
Therefore, as with stator earth fault protection, only 95% of the stator winding can be reliably
protected.
It should be noted that where residual overvoltage protection is applied to a directly
connected generator, such a voltage will be generated for an earth fault occurring anywhere
on that section of the system and hence the NVD protection must co-ordinate with other
earth fault protections.
The neutral voltage displacement protection function of the P342/3 relays consist of two
stages of derived and two stages of measured neutral overvoltage protection with adjustable
time delays. The P344 has an additional two stages of measured neutral overvoltage
protection as it has a dedicated second neutral voltage input.
Two stages are included for the derived and measured elements to account for applications
that require both alarm and trip stages, for example, an insulated system. It is common in
such a case for the system to have been designed to withstand the associated healthy
phase overvoltages for a number of hours following an earth fault. In such applications, an
alarm is generated soon after the condition is detected, which serves to indicate the
presence of an earth fault on the system. This gives time for system operators to locate and
isolate the fault. The second stage of the protection can issue a trip signal if the fault
condition persists.
A dedicated voltage input (one VN input is available in the P342/3 and two VN1/2 inputs are
available in the P344) is provided for this protection function, this may be used to measure
the residual voltage supplied from either an open delta connected VT or the voltage
measured on the secondary side of a distribution transformer earth connection, as shown in
Figure 26. Alternatively, the residual voltage may be derived internally from the three-phase
to neutral voltage measurements. Where derived measurement is used the three-phase to
neutral voltage must be supplied from either a 5-limb or three single-phase VTs. These
types of VT design allow the passage of residual flux and consequently permit the relay to
derive the required residual voltage. In addition, the primary star point of the VT must be
earthed. A three limb VT has no path for residual flux and is therefore unsuitable to supply
the relay when residual voltage is required to be derived from the phase to neutral voltage
measurement.
The residual voltage signal can be used to provide interturn protection as well as earth fault
protection, see section 2.3.5.4. The residual voltage signal also provides a polarizing
voltage signal for the sensitive directional earth fault protection function.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 RESIDUAL O/V NVD
VN>1 Status Enabled Disabled, Enabled
VN>1 Input Derived
VN>1 Function DT Disabled, DT, IDMT
5V 1V 80V 1V
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
VN>1 Voltage Set 20V 4V 320V 4V
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 RESIDUAL O/V NVD
VN>3 Status Enabled Disabled, Enabled
VN>3 Input VN1
VN>3 cells as for
VN>1 above
VN>4 Status Disabled Disabled, Enabled
VN>4 Input VN1
VN>4 cells as for
VN>1 above
VN>5 Status Enabled Disabled, Enabled (P344 only)
VN>5 Input VN2
VN>5 cells as for
VN>1 above
VN>6 Status Disabled Disabled, Enabled (P344 only)
VN>6 Input VN2
VN>6 cells as for
VN>2 above
The IDMT characteristic available on the first stage is defined by the following formula:
t = K / (M 1)
Where:
K = Time Multiplier Setting ( VN>1 TMS )
t = Operating Time in Seconds
M = Measured Residual Voltage/Relay Setting Voltage ( VN>1 Voltage Set )
Where:
Veff = Effective voltage setting of current operated protection
from mal-operating due to VT fuse failure the element can be blocked from the VT
supervision logic by setting the ISEF Func. Link -Block ISEF from VTS to 1. If the ISEF
Func. Link is set to 0 the SEF element will revert to non-directional upon operation of the
VTS.
Where Petersen Coil earthing is used, users may wish to use Wattmetric Directional Earth
Fault protection or an cos characteristic. Settings to enable the element to operate as a
wattmetric element are also provided. For insulated earth applications, it is common to use
the sin characteristic. See the P140 technical guide P14x/EN T, section 2.8 for more
details on the application of directional earth fault protection on insulated and Petersen coil
systems.
The Sensitive Earth Fault protection can be blocked by energizing the relevant DDB signal
via the PSL (DDB 362). This allows the protection to be integrated into busbar protection
schemes as shown in section 2.28, or can be used to improve grading with downstream
devices. DDB signals are also available to indicate the start and trip of the protection, (Start:
DDB 617, Trips: DDB 447). The state of the DDB signals can be programmed to be viewed
in the Monitor Bit x cells of the COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
Setting ranges for the Sensitive Earth Fault element are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 SEF/REF PROTECTION
SEF, SEF Cos (PHI), SEF Sin (PHI),
SEF/REF Options SEF Wattmetric, Hi Z REF, Lo Z REF,
Lo Z REF + SEF, Lo Z REF + Watt
SEF>1 Function DT Disabled, DT
Non-Directional, Directional Fwd, Directional
SEF>1 Directional Non-Directional
Rev.
SEF>1 Current 0.05 n A 0.005 n A 0.1 n A 0.00025 n A
SEF>1 Delay 1s 0s 200 s 0.01 s
SEF> Func. Link Bit 0 - Block SEF> from VTS
SEF DIRECTIONAL Sub Heading
SEF> Char. Angle 90° 95° 95° 1°
SEF> VNpol Input Measured Measured, Derived
5V 0.5 V 80 V 0.5 V
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
SEF> Vnpol Set 20 V 2V 320 V 2V
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
For further details regarding the inverse time characteristics refer to the Overcurrent
Protection, section 2.5.
Note: VTS Block - When the relevant bit is set to 1, operation of the Voltage
Transformer Supervision (VTS), will block the stage if directionalized.
When set to 0, the stage will revert to non-directional upon operation
of the VTS.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
The directionality of the element is selected in the SEF> Direction setting. If SEF>
Direction is set to Directional Fwd the element will operate with a directional characteristic
and will operate when current flows in the forward direction, i.e. when current flows into the
machine with the relay connected as shown in the standard relay connection diagram. If
SEF> Direction is set to Directional Rev. the element will operate with a directional
characteristic and will operate when current flows in the opposite direction, i.e. current flow
out of the machine into the system. If SEF> Direction is set to Non-Directional the
element will operate as a simple overcurrent element. If either of the directional options are
chosen additional cells to select the characteristic angle of the directional characteristic and
polarizing voltage threshold will become visible.
The operating current threshold of the Sensitive Earth Fault protection function,
SEF>1 Current , should be set to give a primary operating current down to 5% or less of
the minimum earth fault current contribution to a generator terminal fault.
The directional element characteristic angle setting, SEF> Char. Angle , should be set to
match as closely as possible the angle of zero sequence source impedance behind the
relaying point. If this impedance is dominated by an earthing resistor, for example, the angle
setting would be set to 0°. On insulated or very high impedance earthed systems the earth
fault current measured by an SDEF element is predominantly capacitive hence the RCA
should be set to 90°.
The polarizing voltage threshold setting, SEF> VNpol Set , should be chosen to give a
sensitivity equivalent to that of the operating current threshold. This current level can be
translated into a residual voltage as described for the residual overvoltage protection in
section 2.18.
When the element is set as a non-directional element the definite time delay setting SEF>1
Delay should be set to co-ordinate with downstream devices that may operate for external
earth faults. For an indirectly connected generator the SEF element should co-ordinate with
the measurement VT fuses, to prevent operation for VT faults. For directional applications
when the element is fed from the residual connection of the phase CTs a short time delay is
desirable to ensure stability for external earth faults or phase/phase faults. A time delay of
0.5s will be sufficient to provide stability in the majority of applications. Where a dedicated
core balance CT is used for directional applications an instantaneous setting may be used.
When applying differential protection such as REF, some suitable means must be employed
to give the protection stability under external fault conditions, thus ensuring that relay
operation only occurs for faults on the transformer winding/connections. Two methods are
commonly used; percentage bias or high impedance. The biasing technique operates by
measuring the level of through current flowing and altering the relay sensitivity accordingly.
The high impedance technique ensures that the relay circuit is of sufficiently high impedance
such that the differential voltage that may occur under external fault conditions is less than
that required to drive setting current through the relay.
The REF protection in the P34x relays may be configured to operate as either a high
impedance differential or a low impedance biased differential element. The following
sections describe the application of the relay in each mode.
Note that the high impedance REF element of the relay shares the same CT input as the
SEF protection. Hence, only one of these elements may be selected.
A DDB signals are also available to indicate the tripping of the REF protection, (DDB 446).
The state of the DDB signals can be programmed to be viewed in the Monitor Bit x cells of
the COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
The REF settings can be found in the SEF/REF PROT N. column and are shown below:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 SEF/REF PROT N.
SEF, Wattmetric, Hi Z REF, Lo Z REF,
SEF/REF Options SEF
Lo Z REF + SEF, Lo Z REF + Watt
REF PROTECTION Sub Heading
REF> k1 20% 0 20% 1%
REF> k2 150% 0 150% 1%
REF> s1 0.2 n A 0.05 n A 1 nA 0.01 n A
REF> s2 1 nA 0.1 n A 1.5 n A 0.01 n A
REF> s 0.2 n A 0.05 n A 1 nA 0.01 n A
The reason for the scaling factor included on the neutral current is explained by referring to
Figure 29:
REF> k2 bias is applied for through currents above REF> s2 and may typically be set
to 150% to ensure adequate restraint for external faults.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
The neutral current scaling factor which automatically compensates for differences between
neutral and phase CT ratios relies upon the relay having been programmed with the correct
CT ratios. It must therefore be ensured that these CT ratios are entered into the relay, in the
CT RATIOS menu, in order for the scheme to operate correctly.
The differential current setting REF> s1 should typically be set to 5% of the limited earth
fault current level.
The relay can be made stable for this maximum applied voltage by increasing the overall
impedance of the relay circuit, such that the resulting current through the relay is less than its
current setting. As the impedance of the relay input alone is relatively low, a series
connected external resistor is required. The value of this resistor, RST, is calculated by the
formula shown in Figure 30.
An additional non-linear resistor, Metrosil, may be required to limit the peak secondary circuit
voltage during internal fault conditions.
To ensure that the protection will operate quickly during an internal fault the CT s used to
operate the protection must have a kneepoint voltage of at least 4Vs.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
The necessary relay connections for high impedance REF are shown in Figure 31:
As can be seen from Figure 31, the high impedance protection uses an external differential
connection between the line CTs and neutral CT. The SEF input is then connected to the
differential circuit with a stabilizing resistor in series.
1 op
e< x - Gen diff REF > s1
n CT ratio
2. To determine the maximum relay current setting to achieve a specific primary
operating current with a given current transformer magnetizing current.
op
REF s1 < -ne
CT ratio
3. To express the protection primary operating current for a particular relay operating
current and with a particular level of magnetizing current.
Vs
F (RCT + 2RL)
RST = =
REF > s1
REF > s1
See Figure 30 for reference.
current transformer ratio, the current transformer secondary winding resistance, the current
transformer lead resistance to the common point, the relay lead resistance and the
stabilizing resistor value.
Vp = 2 2 Vk (Vf - Vk )
Where:
Vp = Peak voltage developed by the CT under internal fault conditions
Vk = Current transformer knee-point voltage
Vf = Maximum voltage that would be produced if CT saturation did not occur
Vs (rms) x 2 4
(rms) = 0.52
C
Where:
Vs(rms) = rms value of the sinusoidal voltage applied across the Metrosil
This is due to the fact that the current waveform through the non-linear resistor ( Metrosil ) is
not sinusoidal but appreciably distorted.
For satisfactory application of a non-linear resistor ( Metrosil ), its characteristic should be
such that it complies with the following requirements:
1. At the relay voltage setting, the non-linear resistor ( Metrosil ) current should be as low
as possible, but no greater than approximately 30mA rms for 1A current transformers
and approximately 100mA rms for 5A current transformers.
2. At the maximum secondary current, the non-linear resistor ( Metrosil ) should limit the
voltage to 1500V rms or 2120V peak for 0.25 second. At higher relay voltage settings,
it is not always possible to limit the fault voltage to 500V rms, so higher fault voltages
may have to be tolerated.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
The following tables show the typical Metrosil types that will be required, depending on relay
current rating, REF voltage setting etc.
Metrosil Units for Relays with a 1 Amp CT
The Metrosil units with 1 Amp CTs have been designed to comply with the following
restrictions:
1. At the relay voltage setting, the Metrosil current should less than 30mA rms
2. At the maximum secondary internal fault current the Metrosil unit should limit the
voltage to 1500V rms if possible.
The Metrosil units normally recommended for use with 1Amp CTs are as shown in the
following table:
Nominal
Relay Voltage Recommended Metrosil Type
Characteristic
Setting
C Single Pole Relay Triple Pole Relay
Up to 125V rms 450 0.25 600A/S1/S256 600A/S3/1/S802
125 to 300V rms 900 0.25 600A/S1/S1088 600A/S3/1/S1195
Note: Single pole Metrosil units are normally supplied without mounting
brackets unless otherwise specified by the customer
Metrosil Units for Relays with a 5 Amp CT
These Metrosil units have been designed to comply with the following requirements:
1. At the relay voltage setting, the Metrosil current should less than 100mA rms (the
actual maximum currents passed by the units shown below their type description).
2. At the maximum secondary internal fault current the Metrosil unit should limit the
voltage to 1500V rms for 0.25secs. At the higher relay settings, it is not possible to
limit the fault voltage to 1500V rms hence higher fault voltages have to be tolerated
(indicated by *, **, ***).
The Metrosil units normally recommended for use with 5 Amp CTs and single pole relays are
as shown in the following table:
2. Metrosil units for higher relay voltage settings and fault currents can be supplied if
required.
For further advice and guidance on selecting METROSILS please contact the Applications
department at AREVA T&D.
Figure 32: Distribution of the 3rd harmonic component along the stator winding of a
large generator, (a) normal operation, (b) stator earth fault at the star point
(c), stator earth fault at the terminals
m = relative number of turns
To detect faults in the last 5% of the generator winding, the P343/4 relay is provided with a
third harmonic undervoltage and overvoltage element. These, together with the residual
overvoltage or stator earth fault protection elements, will provide protection for faults over the
complete winding.
The third harmonic neutral under voltage element is applicable when the neutral voltage
measurement is available at the neutral end of the generator. It is supervised by a
three-phase under voltage element, which inhibits the protection when all the phase-phase
voltages at the generator terminal are below the threshold, to prevent operation when the
machine is dead, interlocking may also be required to prevent false operation during certain
conditions. For example, some machines do not produce substantial third harmonic voltage
until they are loaded. In this case, the power supervision elements (active, reactive and
apparent power) could be used to detect load to prevent false tripping under no load
conditions. These power thresholds can be individually enabled and disabled and the setting
range is from 2 - 100%Pn.
For applications where the neutral voltage measurement can only be obtained at the
generator terminals, from a broken delta VT for example, the under voltage technique cannot
be applied. Therefore, the third harmonic neutral over voltage element can be used for this
application. The blocking features of the under voltage and power elements are not required
for the 3rd harmonic neutral over voltage element.
Note: The relay can only select 3rd harmonic neutral under voltage or 3rd
harmonic neutral over voltage, but not both.
The logic diagrams of the two protection schemes are shown in Figure 33.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Vab<
Vca<
P 3ph <
Q 3ph <
S 3ph <
Note: 3Ph W, 3ph VAR and 3ph VA inhibits can be individually disabled.
P1253ENa
Figure 34: Connection for 3rd harmonic undervoltage and overvoltage for 100%
stator earth fault protection
DDB signals are available to indicate the start and trip of the protection, (Start: DDB 621,
Trip: DDB 416). The state of the DDB signals can be programmed to be viewed in the
Monitor Bit x cells of the COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
Setting ranges for the 100% stator earth fault third harmonic undervoltage protection element
are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 100% EF
100% St. EF Status Enabled Disabled, VN3H< Enabled, VN3H> Enabled
1V 0.3V 20V 0.1V
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
100% St. EF VN3H< 4V 1.2V 80V 0.4V
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 100% EF
1V 0.3V 20V 0.1V
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
100% St. EF VN3H> 4V 1.2V 80V 0.4V
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
this stage can be used to provide the protection trip output. There are also 3 other definite
time stages which can be combined with the inverse time characteristic to create a combined
multi-stage V/Hz trip operating characteristic using PSL. An inhibit signal is provided for the
V/Hz>1 stage 1 only, which has the inverse time characteristic option. This allows a definite
time stage to override a section of the inverse time characteristic if required. The inhibit has
the effect of resetting the timer, the start signal and the trip signal. Figures 35 - 38 give
examples of the V/Hz settings and PSL logic to achieve a combined multi-stage V/Hz
characteristic for a large and small machine.
There is also one definite time alarm stage that can be used to indicate unhealthy conditions
before damage has occurred to the machine.
Figure 36: Scheme logic for large generator multi-stage overfluxing characteristic
Figure 38: Scheme logic for small generator multi-stage overfluxing characteristic
The V/Hz>1 stage can be inhibited by energizing the relevant DDB signal via the PSL
(V/Hz>1 Inhibit: DDB 409). DDB signals are also available to indicate the start and trip of the
protection, (Start: DDB 636, 683 - 685, Trip: DDB 429, 528 - 530). A further DDB V/Hz
Alarm signal is generated from the overfluxing alarm stage (DDB 308). The state of the
DDB signals can be programmed to be viewed in the Monitor Bit x cells of the
COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
Setting ranges for the overfluxing protection element are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 VOLTS/HZ
V/Hz Alarm Status Enabled Disabled, Enabled
2.31 V/Hz 1.5 V/Hz 3.5 V/Hz 0.01 V/Hz
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
V/Hz Alarm Set 9.24 V/Hz 6 V/Hz 14 V/Hz 0.04 V/Hz
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 VOLTS/HZ
V/Hz>2 Trip Delay 3s 0s 600 s 0.01 s
V/Hz>3 Status Enabled Disabled, Enabled
2.86 V/Hz 1.5 V/Hz 3.5 V/Hz 0.01 V/Hz
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
V/Hz>3 Trip Set 11.44 V/Hz 6 V/Hz 14 V/Hz 0.04 V/Hz
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
TMS
t =
(M - 1)2
Where:
V/f
M =
( V/f Trip Setting )
V = Measured voltage
F = Measured frequency
Note, the IDMT characteristic has been changed in the 31 version software. The new
characteristic is compatible with the old one and allows the option of future expansion of the
number of characteristics with different exponents of (M-1).
Inverse time characteristic in software version 30 and lower is as shown below:
0.18 * TMS
t = 0.8 +
(M - 1)2
Where:
Figure 39: Fixed scheme logic for unintentional energization of standstill protection
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Setting ranges for the Dead Machine/Unintentional Energization protection element are
shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 DEAD MACHINE
Dead Mach. Status Enabled Enabled, Disabled
Dead Mach. > 0.1 n A 0.08 n A 4 nA 0.01 n A
80 V 10V 120V 1V
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
Dead Mach. V< 320V 40V 480V 4V
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
The overcurrent threshold, Dead Mach. > , can be set to less than full load current as the
element will not be enabled during normal machine operation. A setting of 10% of full load
current can typically be used.
The undervoltage threshold, Dead Mach. V< , should typically be set at 85% of the nominal
voltage to ensure that the element is enabled when the machine is not running.
The pick-up time delay, Dead Mach. tPU , which provides a small time delay to prevent
initialization of the element during system faults, should typically be set to 5s, or at least in
excess of the protection clearance time for a close up phase to phase fault.
The drop off time delay, Dead Mach. tDO , ensures that the element remains initialized
following accidental closure of the circuit breaker, when the undervoltage detector could
reset. A delay of 500ms will ensure that the element can operate when required.
Alarming, should a temperature threshold be exceeded for longer than a set time delay
Tripping, should a temperature threshold be exceeded for longer than a set time delay
Should the measured resistance be outside of the permitted range, an RTD failure alarm will
be raised, indicating an open or short circuit RTD input. These conditions are signaled via
DDB signals available within the PSL (DDB 310 - 314) and are also shown in the
measurements 3 menu.
DDB signals are also available to indicate the alarm and trip of the each RTD, (Alarm: DDB
743 - 752 Trip: DDB 430 - 439). The state of the DDB signals can be programmed to be
viewed in the Monitor Bit x cells of the COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
Note that direct temperature measurement can provide more reliable thermal protection than
devices that use a thermal replica energized from phase current. The latter is susceptible to
inaccuracies in time constants used by the replica model, and also inaccuracies due to the
variation in ambient temperature.
See the Installation section (P34x/EN IN), for recommendations on RTD connections and
cables.
Setting ranges for the RTD Thermal protection are shown in the following table:
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 RTD PROTECTION
Bit 0 - Select RTD 1
Bit 1 - Select RTD 2
Bit 2 - Select RTD 3
Bit 3 - Select RTD 4
Bit 4 - Select RTD 5
Select RTD 0000000000
Bit 5 - Select RTD 6
Bit 6 - Select RTD 7
Bit 7 - Select RTD 8
Bit 8 - Select RTD 9
Bit 9 - Select RTD 10
RTD x Alarm Set 80°C 0°C 200°C 1°C
RTD x Alarm Dly 10 s 0 100 s 1s
RTD x Trip Set 85°C 0°C 200°C 1°C
RTD x Trip Dly 1s 0 100 s 1s
Where x = 1 to 10
The process of pole slipping following excitation failure is discussed in section 2.14. The
P342 field failure protection function should respond to such situations to give a time delayed
trip. The electrical/mechanical power/torque oscillations following excitation failure may be
relatively gentle. If pole slipping occurs with maximum excitation (generator e.m.f. >2.0 p.u.),
the power/torque oscillations and power system voltage fluctuations following loss of stability
can be much more severe. For large machines there may be a requirement to provide
protection to trip the generator under such circumstances, to prevent plant damage or
remove the disturbance to the power system.
Pole slipping protection is frequently requested for relatively small generators running in
parallel with strong public supplies. This might be where a co-generator runs in parallel with
the distribution system of a public utility, which may be a relatively strong source, but where
high-speed protection for distribution system faults is not provided. The delayed clearance
of system faults may pose a stability threat for the co-generation plant.
With the P342 relay there is no specific pole slipping protection function, but a number of the
protection functions provided can offer a method of ensuring delayed tripping, if appropriately
applied.
2.26.1 Introduction
Sudden changes or shocks in an electrical power system such as line switching operations,
large jumps in load or faults may lead to power system oscillations which appear as regular
variations of the currents, voltages and angular separation between systems. This
phenomenon is referred to as a power swing.
In a recoverable situation, the power swing will decay and finally disappear in a few seconds.
Synchronism will be regained and the power system will recover to stable operation. In a
non-recoverable situation, the power swing becomes so severe that synchronism is lost
between the generator and system, a condition recognized as out-of-step or pole slipping
from the view of a generator. If such a loss of synchronism does occur, it is imperative to
separate the asynchronous areas from the rest of the system before generators are
damaged or before a widespread outage can occur.
Pole slipping occurs when the prime mover input power of a generator exceeds the electrical
power absorbed by the system. The condition results from the mismatch in the operating
frequencies of two or more machines. During pole slipping the machine produces
alternatively generating and motoring torque of high magnitudes with corresponding current
peaks and voltage dips.
During normal system operation the following events can lead to the generator pole slipping
condition.
If the initial transient disturbance is severe enough and for a sufficiently long duration the
rotor swing may exceed the maximum stability limit causing the generator to slip poles.
For a weak system switching transients may also result in pole slipping.
Nowadays, with the advent of EHV systems, large conductor-cooled generators and with the
expansion of the transmission system, system and generator impedances have changed
considerably. System impedances have decreased while generator and step-up transformer
impedances have increased. This trend has resulted in the impedance center during a
power swing appearing inside the step-up transformer or inside the generator that is
generally out of the protection zone of conventional out-of-step relays installed in the system.
Therefore, separate relaying should be applied to protect the machine against pole slipping.
Relays employing impedance-measuring elements for the detection of the pole slipping
condition utilize the generator terminal voltage and current signals as inputs. During a
generator pole slip the system voltage and current go through slip frequency variations of
extremely high amplitude. These variations are reflective of the corresponding apparent
changes in the generator terminal impedance. The relay will be able to detect the condition
only after the generator has actually slipped poles. The conventional technique employs
measurement of generator terminal impedance to determine pole slipping conditions.
Directional and blinder elements are used together with a mho element to obtain the desired
relay characteristics.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Where:
Where:
EG
n = E = magnitude ratio of generator terminal voltage to the system voltage
S
G
= arg = rotor angle by which generator terminal voltage leads system voltage
S
P1255ENa
Figure 43: Apparent impedance loci viewed at the generator terminal (point A)
It has been well proven that the locus of the impedance as measured at the generator
terminals (point A) is either a straight line or circular depending on whether EG and ES are of
equal or different magnitudes. The impedance locus is a straight line which is a
perpendicular bisector of the total system impedance between G and S when EG / ES = 1.
When EG / ES > 1, the circular locus is located above the bisector with its center on the
extension of the total impedance line GS. When EG / ES < 1, the impedance locus is situated
below the bisector with its center on the extension of the total impedance line SG.
The diameters and centers of these circles are a function of the voltage ratio EG / ES and the
total impedance, as shown in Figure 43. It is not always necessary to go into the detail of
plotting the circular characteristic to identify the loss of synchronism. In most cases, it is only
necessary to simply draw the perpendicular bisector to the total impedance line to locate the
point on the system where the swing will traverse which is sufficiently accurate for relaying
purposes.
It should be noted that the angle formed by the intersection of lines SL and GL on line ML is
the angle of separation between the generator and system. During an unrecoverable
power swing, oscillates between 0 and 360 degrees according to the points L and M on the
bisector. There are several points of interest along line LM. The first is the point where the
separation reaches 90 degrees. If we draw a circle whose diameter is the total impedance,
line GS, the intersection of the circle and line LM will be the point where =90 degrees. If the
swing locus does not go beyond this point the system will be able to regain synchronism.
However, if the locus reaches 120 degrees or more, the system is not likely to recover.
When the impedance locus intersects the total impedance, line GS, the generator and
system are 180 degree out of phase, which is known as the electrical center or impedance
center of the system. As the locus crosses this point and enters the left hand side of the line
GS, the generator and system will become more in phase. A slip cycle has been completed
when the locus reaches the point where the swing started.
Note that the following assumptions have been made in this simplified approach:
In reality the impedance loci as viewed at the generator terminals may be distorted
compared with the ideal loci. The following discussion illustrates the impact on the pole
slipping characteristic when other factors are taken into account.
2.26.3.1 What happens if EG/ES has different values less than one (1)
For a given total impedance, as the voltage ratio decreases below one (1), the circle also
decreases in diameter and the center moves closer to the origin. Therefore, a decreased
internal voltage results in the impedance loci having a smaller diameter. The radius and
circular center calculations using the equation shown in Figure 43 shows these trends.
During a fault, if the voltage regulator is out of service the internal machine voltage will decay
and will remain at the resulting lower level after the fault is cleared. If the effects of the
voltage regulator during a fault is included, the impedance locus circles are larger in
diameter but will still be in the generator zone.
2.26.3.3 How to determine the generator reactance during a pole slipping condition
Since the generator reactance plays a role in the determination of the pole slipping
impedance locus, it is crucial to use proper reactance values when we plot these loci. At
zero slip XG is equal to the synchronous reactance (Xd), and at 100% slip XG is equal to
sub-transient reactance (X d). The impedance in a typical case has been shown to be equal
to the transient reactance X d at 50% slip, and to 2X d with a slip of 0.33%. As most slips are
likely to be experienced at low asynchronous speed running, perhaps 1%, it is sufficient to
take the value XG=2X d when assessing pole slipping.
On the whole, the pole slipping protection must remain stable under all fault conditions
and recoverable power swings other than a genuine non-recoverable pole slipping
condition.
For a particular loss of synchronism condition, if the impedance center happens to lie in
the generator/step-up transformer zone, it is recommended the generator be tripped
without delay, preferably during the first half slip cycle of a loss of synchronism condition.
If the center lies outside of the zone, then the pole slipping relay should not trip
immediately, but should allow time for tripping to take place at some other location
external to the power station. Only if this should fail must the pole slipping protection
respond in stage II, i.e. after a pre-set number of slips, to isolate the generator.
In order to reduce the damage to the generator during a pole slip, it must reliably detect
the first and subsequent slips of a synchronous machine within a wide range (slipping
frequency 0.1% to 10% of fn).
The tripping should avoid the point where the generator and the system are 180 degrees
out-of-phase, when the currents reach the maximum value and subject the circuit
breaker to a maximum recovery voltage during interruption.
2.26.5.1 Characteristic
The P343/4 pole slipping characteristic consists of three parts as shown in the R/X diagram
of Figure 44. The first part is the lenticular (lens) characteristic. The second is a straight line
referred to as the blinder that bisects the lens and divides the impedance plane into the left
and right halves. The third is a reactance line which is perpendicular to the blinder.
The inclination of the lens and the blinder, , is determined by the angle of the total system
impedance. The equivalent impedance of the system and the step-up transformer
determines the forward reach of the lens, ZA, whereas the generator s transient reactance
determines the reverse reach ZB. The width of the lens is varied by the setting of the angle
. A reactance line, perpendicular to the axis of the lens, is used to distinguish whether the
impedance center of the swing is located in the power system or in the generator. It is set by
the value of Zc along the axis of the lens, as shown in Figure 44. The reactance line splits
the lens into Zone 1 (below the line) and Zone 2 (above the line).
For the pole slipping protection element the minimum operating current is 2% n and the
minimum voltage is 1 V for 100/120 and 4V for 380/480 V ratings. The pole slipping
protection operates from the A and VA current and voltage inputs to the relay.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Blinder
X
ZA
ZC
Reactance Line
Lens
ZB
P1256ENa
Figure 44: Pole slipping protection using blinder and lenticular characteristic
X Blinder
Zone2
Reactance Line
Zone1
R4 R3 R2 R1
R
Lens
R represents Region
P1257ENa
Note: The regions shown in Figure 46 are independent of the reactance line
although it is shown in the same diagram (zones are independent of
the lens and the blinder).
In order to track the impedance locus under a pole slipping condition, a State Machine
approach is adopted. There are 4 states Idle , Start , Confirm and Detected used to
describe the movement of the impedance locus. Each state has one entrance and one or
several exit terminals depending on the state. Exit terminals fall into two categories: normal
exit and abnormal exit . There is only one normal exit which leads to the next state when
the impedance locus moves into the desired region. Unexpected impedance movement will
result in a return to the Idle State or will be ignored depending on where the impedance
stays.
Idle: This is the normal state when the measured impedance is the normal load
impedance. The impedance locus of any pole slip should start from here. In
this state the normal exit is when the measured impedance moves from R1
to R2. Timer 1 that is used to time the duration of the impedance locus
remaining in R2 is started when this change is detected.
If the impedance locus moves to R4 and Both is selected in the Mode setting, a flag
(Flag_Mode) indicating the generator operating mode is toggled to indicate Motoring . Note,
this does not cause a state transition, refer to section 2.26.6.4 for details about the
Flag_Mode .
In this state impedance locus changes to R3 will be ignored.
Start: This is the state when the impedance locus stays inside R2. Normal exit is
taken only if the impedance has stayed in R2 longer than the T1 time delay
and moves to R3. Three actions are carried out along with this transition:
check the operating status of the reactance line, start Timer 2 and reset Timer
1. The purpose of checking the operating status of the reactance line at this
point is to decide whether the pole slip belongs to Zone1 or Zone2. A flag
(Flag_Zone1) is latched if Zone1 picks up, which is used later on to
differentiate whether counters are incremented for pole slips in zone1 or
zone2. Theoretically, this flag is generated at the point where the impedance
locus intersects the blinder, which is called the electrical center. Timer2 is
used to time the duration of the impedance locus remaining in R3;
If the impedance moves to R1 or R4 or moves to R3 but stays in R2 less than
T1, the state machine will be reset to the Idle state. Timer 1 is reset when
the impedance leaves R2 via these abnormal exits. Besides pole slipping, a
stable power swing or fault occurrence could enter this state as well. The
state machine is designed to differentiate these conditions.
Confirm: This state is reached when the impedance has crossed the blinder and
arrived at Region3. Further confirmation is required to see if the impedance
stays for at least time T2 and is bound to leave for R4. Otherwise, an
abnormal exit will reset the state machine to the Idle state. Actions on
abnormal transition include resetting Flag_Zone1 and Timer 2.
Note: As soon as the impedance locus leaves the lens through the normal
exit counters of different zones will be updated, depending on the
Flag_Zone1 and if the pole slip has completed the pre-set slip cycles
setting a trip signal is given. If Flag_Zone1 is set then the Zone 1
counter (C1) will be incremented. Zone 2 is the backup pole slipping
stage and so all pole slips increment the Zone2 counter (C2).
The Reset_Timer and reset Timer 2 are started when the normal transition occurs. The
Reset_Timer is started only when the first pole slip is detected and will be reset in its time
delay (see Reset_Timer time out actions in the state machine diagram).
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Detected: This is the stage where the impedance locus has to complete its full cycle
although the counter is updated in the previous confirm stage. Abnormal
movements of the impedance locus in this stage will be ignored and this state
is kept until the impedance moves to R1 indicating completion of a pole slip
cycle. If a trip signal has not been given for this pole slip, only the
Start_Signals and Flag_Zone1 are reset in preparation for the next pole slip
cycle. However, if a trip signal has been issued, then the Trip_Signals and
the counters are both reset.
In general, once the measured impedance has traversed all the States in the normal exit
sequence, a pole slip is confirmed. For a stable power swing or fault condition the measured
impedance will not satisfy all the exit transition criteria.
The State Machine diagram has been simplified to present an overview of how to detect
pole slipping. There are also several supporting protection functions which are explained in
the following sections.
Flag_Zone1
poleslz_RegionCal
& R1
poleslz_Zone1Pu( )
IAi,IAj Zone1 Start
poleslz_BlinderPu()
&
(Generating Mode - Pick-up zone left of blinder; Zone1
Motoring Mode - Pick-up zone right of blinder) Zone 1 Trip
Count++
poleslz_LensPu() Genuine
Pole Slipping
Pole Slipping State Machine
Zone2 Start
Zone2
&
Zone 2 Trip
Count++
R3
& R4
P1258ENa
poleslz_Zone1Pu
poleslz_LensPu
poleslz_BlinderPu
poleslz_RegionCal
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
X Blinder
Pick-Up Zone
Zone2
Reactance Line
Zone1
R1 R2 R3 R4
R
Lens
R represents Region
P1257ENb
In the state machine, a flag called Flag_Mode is used to deal with the mode change.
During the initialization, the flag is set to generating , with the pick up zone of the blinder on
the left-hand side. If the impedance traverses the blinder from R1 to R4 in the Idle state,
the Flag_Mode is toggled to Motoring . This causes the blinder pick-up zone to change
from the left-hand side to right-hand side, thus automatically redefining the regions
numbering on the impedance plane, as discussed previously. Subsequent crossing of the
blinder from R1 to R4 in the Idle mode will cause the Flag_Mode to toggle, thus tracking
the normal running operation of the pump storage generator, irrespective of whether it is in
generating or motoring mode.
2. Lens inclination
The inclination of the lens should be kept consistent with the system impedance angle,
vector GS in Figure 43.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
3. angle .
The width of the lens is proportional to the angle . Two factors should be considered
to determine the proper angle :
Under all conditions, the load impedance remains safely outside the lens.
The tripping point, limited by the left side of the lens for generating should be the
point when the angular separation between the system and the generator is small.
Although CBs are rated to break twice the system voltage i.e. when the machines
are in anti-phase, it is recommended that the trip command is issued at the
smallest phase shift possible. For this reason the angle should be chosen as
small as possible (setting range is 90° to 150°).
The construction of the lens can be seen in Figure 49, ZR is the maximum width of half
the lens. The minimum resistive component of the load should be at least 130% of the
reach of the lens, ZR, in the transverse direction. ZR can be determined by calculation
as follows:
Note: The minimum relay setting for is 90° as this defines the largest size
of the characteristic, a circle.
X Blinder
Pick-Up Zone
Zone2
Reactance Line
Zone1
R1 R2 R3 R4
R
Lens
R represents Region
P1256ENb
Figure 50: Pole slipping protection using blinder and lenticular characteristic
4. Reactance setting
The value of Zc
The value of Zc determines the distance of the reactance line from the origin. The
reactance line provides a means of discrimination of the pole slipping within the
generator or power swing within the HV power system. It should be set to encompass
the step-up transformer and generator reactance with sufficient margin.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
2.26.7.1 Settings
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 POLE SLIPPING
Pslip Function Enabled Disabled, Enabled
Pole Slip Mode Generating Motoring, Generating, Both
0.5/ n 350/ n 0.5/ n
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
Pslip Za Forward 100/ n 2/ n 1400/ n 2/ n
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 POLE SLIPPING
Blinder Angle 75 20 90 1
0.5/ n 350/ n 0.5/ n
(Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V) (Vn=100/120V)
PSlip Zc 50/In 2/ n 1400/ n 2/ n
(Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V) (Vn=380/480V)
The minimum suitable angle which defines the lens limit in relation to the minimum load
resistance is:
min = 65.7o
The minimum setting for on the relay is 90° so this is the setting used.
2.27.1 Introduction
Overloads can result in stator temperature rises which exceed the thermal limit of the
winding insulation. Empirical results suggest that the life of insulation is approximately
halved for each 10 C rise in temperature above the rated value. However, the life of
insulation is not wholly dependent upon the rise in temperature but on the time the insulation
is maintained at this elevated temperature. Due to the relatively large heat storage capacity
of an electrical machine, infrequent overloads of short duration may not damage the
machine. However, sustained overloads of a few percent may result in premature ageing
and failure of insulation.
The physical and electrical complexity of generator construction result in a complex thermal
relationship. It is not therefore possible to create an accurate mathematical model of the true
thermal characteristics of the machine.
However, if a generator is considered to be a homogeneous body, developing heat internally
at a constant rate and dissipating heat at a rate directly proportional to its temperature rise, it
can be shown that the temperature at any instant is given by:
T = Tmax (1-e-t/ )
Where:
Tmax = final steady state temperature
measured generator positive sequence current. Note, the P34x also includes a negative
sequence overcurrent protection function based on 22t specifically for thermal protection of
the rotor.
The equivalent current for operation of the overload protection is in accordance with the
following expression:
2 2
eq = ( 1 +M 2 )
Where:
1 = Positive sequence current
eq = Equivalent current
Thermal > = Relay setting current
exp( t/ ) = ( - 1)/( - p)
Where:
2
= eq /(Thermal >)2
and
2
p = p /(Thermal >)2
Note: The thermal model does not compensate for the effects of ambient
temperature change.
t = . Loge (K2-A2/(K2-1))
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Where:
K = eq/Thermal >
A = P/Thermal >
The Thermal state of the machine can be viewed in the Thermal Overload cell in the
MEASUREMENTS 3 column. The thermal state can be reset by selecting Yes in the
Reset ThermalO/L cell in Measurements 3 . Alternatively the thermal state can be reset
by energizing DDB 390 Reset ThermalO/L via the relay PSL.
A DDB signal Thermal O/L Trip is also available to indicate tripping of the element (DDB
499). A further DDB signal Thermal Alarm is generated from the thermal alarm stage (DDB
399). The state of the DDB signal can be programmed to be viewed in the Monitor Bit x
cells of the COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
Setting ranges for the thermal overload element are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 THERMAL OVERLOAD
Thermal Enabled Disabled, Enabled
Thermal > 1.2 n A 0.5 n A 2.5 n A 0.01 n A
Thermal Alarm 90% 20% 100% 1%
T-heating 60 mins. 1 min. 200 mins. 1 min.
T-cooling 60 mins. 1 min. 200 mins. 1 min.
M Factor 0 0 10 1
manufacturer as these curves assume positive sequence currents only that come from a
perfectly balanced supply and generator design, so the default setting is 0.
Simple CBF, where only CB Fail 1 Timer is enabled. For any protection trip, the CB
Fail 1 Timer is started, and normally reset when the circuit breaker opens to isolate the
fault. If breaker opening is not detected, CB Fail 1 Timer times out and closes an
output contact assigned to breaker fail (using the programmable scheme logic). This
contact is used to backtrip upstream switchgear, generally tripping all infeeds connected
to the same busbar section.
A re-tripping scheme, plus delayed backtripping. Here, CB Fail 1 Timer is used to route
a trip to a second trip circuit of the same circuit breaker. This requires duplicated circuit
breaker trip coils, and is known as re-tripping. Should re-tripping fail to open the circuit
breaker, a backtrip may be issued following an additional time delay. The backtrip uses
CB Fail 2 Timer , which is also started at the instant of the initial protection element trip.
CBF elements CB Fail 1 Timer and CB Fail 2 Timer can be configured to operate for trips
triggered by protection elements within the relay or via an external protection trip. The latter
is achieved by allocating one of the relay opto-isolated inputs to External Trip using the
programmable scheme logic.
Where a circuit breaker has started to open but has become jammed. This may result in
continued arcing at the primary contacts, with an additional arcing resistance in the fault
current path. Should this resistance severely limit fault current, the initiating protection
element may reset. Thus, reset of the element may not give a reliable indication that the
circuit breaker has opened fully.
For any protection function requiring current to operate, the relay uses operation of
undercurrent elements ( <) to detect that the necessary circuit breaker poles have tripped
and reset the CB fail timers. However, the undercurrent elements may not be reliable
methods of resetting circuit breaker fail in all applications. For example:
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
CB FAIL + <
Breaker Fail Sub Heading
CB Fail 1 Status Enabled Enabled, Disabled
CB Fail 1 Timer 0.2s 0s 10s 0.01s
CB Fail 2 Status Disabled Enabled, Disabled
CB Fail 2 Timer 0.4s 0s 10s 0.01s
CBF Non Reset CB Open & < < Only, CB Open & <, Prot Reset & <
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
CBF Ext Reset CB Open & < < Only, CB Open & <, Prot Reset & <
Under Current Sub Heading
< Current Set 0.1 n 0.02 n 3.2 n 0.01 n
N< Current Set 0.1 n 0.02 n 3.2 n 0.01 n
SEF< Current 0.02 n 0.001 n 0.8 n 0.00025 n
Blocked O/C Sub Heading
< CT Source IA-1, IB-1, IC-1 IA-1, IB-1, IC-1/IA-2, IB-2, IC-2
The phase undercurrent settings ( <) must be set less than load current, to ensure that <
operation indicates that the circuit breaker pole is open. A typical setting for overhead line or
cable circuits is 20% n, with 5% n common for generator circuit breaker CBF.
The sensitive earth fault protection (SEF) and standby earth fault (SBEF) undercurrent
elements must be set less than the respective trip setting, typically as follows:
For generator applications the undercurrent elements should be measuring current from CTs
on the terminal side of the generator. This is because for an internal fault on the generator
after the CB has tripped the generator will still be supplying some fault current which will be
seen by undercurrent elements measuring current from CTs on the neutral side of the
generator. This could thus give false indication of a breaker fail condition.
The voltage dependent overcurrent protection and underimpedance protection used for
back-up protection of system faults are usually connected to the neutral side CTs so that the
generator is in the zone of protection. These protection functions use the IA, IB, IC current
inputs in the P343/4. Therefore, if the IA, IB, IC inputs are connected to neutral side CTs
then the IA-2, IB-2, IC-2 inputs should be selected for the undercurrent elements using the
setting I< Current Input - IA-1, IB-1, IC-1/IA-2, IB-2, IC-2 .
This mode of breaker failure is most likely to occur on one phase initially and can be
detected by a neutral current measuring element. If the generator is directly connected to
the power system, the second stage of stator earth fault protection ( N>2... ) could be
applied as an instantaneous element by setting the time delay N>2 TimeDelay to 0s, to
quickly detect the flashover. To prevent loss of co-ordination this stage must be blocked
when the circuit breaker is closed. This can be programmed by correct configuration of the
programmable scheme logic and can be integrated into the circuit breaker fail logic, as
shown in Figure 53.
Where the machine is connected to the system via a step-up transformer a similar scheme
can be arranged. The P34x relay standby earth fault protection element can be connected
to measure the transformer HV earth fault current to provide the breaker flashover
protection, via suitable scheme logic. The machine earth fault protection can be provided by
the P34x sensitive earth fault protection element, as shown in Figure 54.
Figure 57: Relationship between the transducer measuring quantity and the current
input range
Note: If the Maximum is set less than the Minimum, the slopes of the graphs
will be negative. This is because the mathematical relationship
remains the same irrespective of how Maximum and Minimum are set,
e.g., for 0 - 1mA range, Maximum always corresponds to 1mA and
Minimum corresponds to 0mA.
Power-on diagnostics and continuous self-checking are provided for the hardware
associated with the current loop inputs. When a failure is detected, the protection associated
with all the current loop inputs is disabled and a single alarm signal (CL Card I/P Fail, DDB
320) is set and an alarm (CL Card I/P Fail) is raised. A maintenance record with an error
code is also recorded with additional details about the type of failure.
For the 4 - 20mA input range, a current level below 4mA indicates that there is a fault with
the transducer or the wiring. An instantaneous under current alarm element is available, with
a setting range from 0 to 4mA. This element controls an output signal (CLI1/2/3/4 I< Fail
Alm., DDB 326 - 329) which can be mapped to a user defined alarm if required.
Hysteresis is implemented for each protection element. For Over protection, the
drop-off/pick-up ratio is 95%, for Under protection, the ratio is 105%.
Each current loop input can be blocked by energizing the relevant DDB signal via the PSL,
(CL Input 1/2/3/4 Blk., DDB 393 - 396). If a current loop input is blocked the protection and
alarm stages and 4 - 20mA undercurrent alarm associated with that input are blocked. The
blocking signals may be useful for blocking the current loop inputs when the CB is open for
example.
DDB signals are available to indicate starting an operation of the alarm and trip stages of the
each current loop inputs, (CLI1/2/3/4 Alarm Start: DDB 658 - 661, CLI1/2/3/4 Trip Start: DDB
662 - 665, CL Input 1/2/3/4 Alarm: DDB 322 - 325, CLI Input1/2/3/4 Trip: DDB 508 - 511).
The state of the DDB signals can be programmed to be viewed in the Monitor Bit x cells of
the COMMISSION TESTS column in the relay.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Setting ranges for the current loop inputs are shown in the following table:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 CLIO PROTECTION
CLIO Input 1 Disabled Disabled/Enabled
CLI1 Input Type 4 - 20mA 0 - 1mA, 0 - 10mA, 0 - 20mA, 4 - 20mA
CLI1 Input Label CLIO Input 1 16 characters
CLI1 Minimum 0 -9999 9999 0.1
CLI1 Maximum 100 -9999 9999 0.1
CLI1 Alarm Disabled Disabled/Enabled
CLI1 Alarm Fn Over Over/Under
Min. (CLI1 Max. (CLI1
CLI1 Alarm Set 50 0.1
Min., Max.) Min., Max.)
CLI1 Alarm Delay 1 0 100s 0.1s
CLI1 Trip Disabled Disabled/Enabled
CLI1 Trip Fn Over Over/Under
Min. (CLI1 Max. (CLI1
CLI1 Trip Set 50 0.1
Min., Max.) Min., Max.)
CLI1 Trip Delay 1 0 100s 0.1s
CLI1 I< Alarm
Disabled Disabled/Enabled
(4 - 20 mA input only)
CLI1 I< Alm Set
3.5 mA 0 4 mA 0.1 mA
(4 - 20 mA input only)
Repeat for current loop inputs 2, 3 and 4
Alarm threshold, range within the maximum and minimum set values
Alarm delay
Trip threshold, range within maximum and minimum set values
Trip delay
Each current loop input can be selected as Enabled or Disabled as can the Alarm and Trip
stage of each of the current loop input. The Alarm and Trip stages can be set for operation
when the input value falls below the Alarm/Trip threshold Under or when the input current is
above the input value Over depending on the application. One of four types of analog
inputs can be selected for transducers with ranges of 0 - 1mA, 0 - 10mA, 0 - 20mA or
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
4 - 20mA.
The Maximum and Minimum settings allow the user to enter the range of physical or
electrical quantities measured by the transducer. The settings are unit-less; however, the
user can enter the transducer function and the unit of the measurement using the
16-character user defined CLI Input Label. For example, if the analog input is used to
monitor a power measuring transducer, the appropriate text could be Active Power(MW) .
The alarm and trip threshold settings should be set within the range of physical or electrical
quantities defined by the user. The relay will convert the current input value into its
corresponding transducer measuring value for the protection calculation. For example if the
CLI Minimum is 1000 and the CLI Maximum is 1000 for a 0 - 10mA input, an input current
of 10mA is equivalent to a measurement value of 1000, 5mA is 0 and 1mA is 800. If the
CLI Minimum is 1000 and the CLI Maximum is -1000 for a 0 - 10mA input, an input current of
10mA is equivalent to a measurement value of 1000, 5mA is 0 and 1mA is 800. These
values are available for display in the CLIO Input 1/2/3/4 cells in the MEASUREMENTS 3
menu. The top line shows the CLI Input Label and the bottom line shows the measurement
value.
Analog inputs
The user can set the measuring range for each analog output. The range limits are defined
by the Maximum and Minimum settings. This allows the user to zoom in and monitor a
restricted range of the measurements with the desired resolution. For voltage, current and
power quantities, these settings can be set in either primary or secondary quantities,
depending on the CLO1/2/3/4 Set Values - Primary/Secondary setting associated with each
current loop output.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
The output current of each analog output is linearly scaled to its range limits, as defined by
the Maximum and Minimum settings. The relationship is shown in Figure 58.
Figure 58: Relationship between the current output and the relay measurement
Note: If the Maximum is set less than the Minimum, the slopes of the graphs
will be negative. This is because the mathematical relationship
remains the same irrespective of how Maximum and Minimum are set,
e.g., for 0 - 1mA range, Maximum always corresponds to 1mA and
Minimum corresponds to 0mA.
The P34x transducers are of the current output type. This means that the correct value of
output will be maintained over the load range specified. The range of load resistance varies
a great deal, depending on the design and the value of output current. Transducers with a
full scale output of 10mA will normally feed any load up to a value of 1000 (compliance
voltage of 10V). This equates to a cable length of 15km (approximately) for lightweight cable
(1/0.6mm cable). A screened cable earthed at one end only is recommended to reduce
interference on the output current signal. The table below gives typical cable
impedances/km for common cables. The compliance voltage dictates the maximum load
that can be fed by a transducer output. Therefore, the 20mA output will be restricted to a
maximum load of 500 approximately.
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 CLIO PROTECTION
CLIO Output 1 Disabled Enabled, Disabled
CLO1 Output Type 4 - 20mA 0 - 1mA, 0 - 10mA, 0 - 20mA, 4- 20mA
CLO1 Set Values Primary Primary, Secondary
A list of parameters are shown in the table
CLO1 Parameter IA Magnitude
below
Range, step size and unit corresponds to the
CLO1 Minimum 0
selected parameter in the table below
Range, step size and unit corresponds to the
CLO1 Maximum 1.2 In
selected parameter in the table below
Repeat for current loop inputs 2, 3 and 4
Current Loop
Default Default
Output Abbreviation Units Range Step
Min. Max.
Parameter
Current IA Magnitude A 0 to 16A 0.01A 0A 1.2A
Magnitude IB Magnitude
IC Magnitude
IN Measured Mag.
(P342)
IN-1 Measured
Mag. (P343/4)
IN-2 Measured
Mag. (P343/4)
Sensitive Current I Sen Magnitude A 0 to 2A 0.01A 0A 1.2A
Input Magnitude
Phase Sequence I1 Magnitude A 0 to 16A 0.01A 0A 1.2A
Current I2 Magnitude
Components I0 Magnitude
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Current Loop
Default Default
Output Abbreviation Units Range Step
Min. Max.
Parameter
RMS Phase IA RMS* A 0 to 16A 0.01A 0A 1.2A
Currents IB RMS*
IC RMS*
P-P Voltage VAB Magnitude V 0 to 200V 0.1V 0V 140V
Magnitude VBC Magnitude
VCA Magnitude
P-N voltage VAN Magnitude V 0 to 200V 0.1V 0V 80V
Magnitude VBN Magnitude
VCN Magnitude
Neutral Voltage VN1 Measured V 0 to 200V 0.1V 0V 80V
Magnitude Mag.
VN Derived Mag.
VN2 Measured
Mag. (P344)
3rd Harmonic VN 3rd Harmonic V 0 to 200V 0.1V 0V 80V
Neutral Voltage
Phase Sequence V1 Magnitude* V 0 to 200V 0.1V 0V 80V
Voltage V2 Magnitude
Components V0 Magnitude
RMS Phase VAN RMS* V 0 to 200V 0.1V 0V 80V
Voltages VBN RMS*
VCN RMS*
Frequency Frequency Hz 0 to 70Hz 0.01Hz 45Hz 65Hz
Current Loop
Default Default
Output Abbreviation Units Range Step
Min. Max.
Parameter
Three-Phase IA Fixed Demand* A 0 to 16A 0.01A 0A 1.2A
Current IB Fixed Demand*
Demands IC Fixed Demand*
IA Roll Demand*
IB Roll Demand*
IC Roll Demand*
IA Peak Demand*
IB Peak Demand*
IC Peak Demand*
3Ph Active 3Ph W Fix W -6000W 1W 0W 300W
Power Demands Demand* to
3Ph W Roll Dem* 6000W
3Ph W Peak Dem*
3Ph Reactive 3Ph Vars Fix Var -6000Var 1Var 0Var 300Var
Power Demands Dem* to
3Ph Var Roll 6000Var
Dem*
3Ph Var Peak
Dem*
Rotor Thermal NPS Thermal % 0 to 200 0.01 0 120
State
Stator Thermal Thermal Overload % 0 to 200 0.01 0 120
State
RTD RTD 1* °C -40°C 0.1°C 0°C 200°C
Temperatures RTD 2* to
RTD 3* 300°C
RTD 4*
RTD 5*
RTD 6*
RTD 7*
RTD 8*
RTD 9*
RTD 10*
Current Loop CL Input 1 - -9999 0.1 0 9999
Inputs CL Input 2 to
CL Input 3 9999
CL input 4
Flux, V/Hz Volts/Hz V/Hz 0-20 0.01 0 4
Note 1: For measurements marked with an asterisk, the internal refresh rate is
nominally 1s, others are 0.5 power system cycle or less.
Note 2: The polarity of Watts, Vars and power factor is affected by the
Measurements Mode setting.
Note 3: These settings are for nominal 1A and 100/120V versions only. For
other nominal versions they need to be multiplied accordingly.
Note 4: For the P343/4, the IA/IB/IC Current magnitudes are IA-1 Magnitude,
IB-1 Magnitude, IC-1 Magnitude.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
3.1 VT supervision
The voltage transformer supervision (VTS) feature is used to detect failure of the ac voltage
inputs to the relay. This may be caused by internal voltage transformer faults, overloading,
or faults on the interconnecting wiring to relays. This usually results in one or more VT fuses
blowing. Following a failure of the ac voltage input there would be a misrepresentation of the
phase voltages on the power system, as measured by the relay, which may result in
mal-operation.
The VTS logic in the relay is designed to detect the voltage failure, and automatically adjust
the configuration of protection elements whose stability would otherwise be compromised. A
time-delayed alarm output is also available.
There are three main aspects to consider regarding the failure of the VT supply. These are
defined below:
1. Loss of one or two-phase voltages
2. Loss of all three-phase voltages under load conditions
3. Absence of three-phase voltages upon line energization
The VTS feature within the relay operates on detection of negative phase sequence (nps)
voltage without the presence of negative phase sequence current. This gives operation for
the loss of one or two-phase voltages. Stability of the VTS function is assured during system
fault conditions, by the presence of nps current. The use of negative sequence quantities
ensures correct operation even where three-limb or V connected VT s are used.
Negative sequence VTS element:
The negative sequence thresholds used by the element are V2 = 10V (Vn = 100/120V) or
40V (Vn = 380/480V), and 2 = 0.05 to 0.5 n settable (defaulted to 0.05 n).
an overcurrent level detector (VTS > Inhibit) is used which will prevent a VTS block from
being issued if it operates. This element should be set in excess of any non-fault based
currents on line energization (load, line charging current, transformer inrush current if
applicable) but below the level of current produced by a close up three-phase fault. If the
line is now closed where a three-phase VT failure is present the overcurrent detector will not
operate and a VTS block will be applied. Closing onto a three-phase fault will result in
operation of the overcurrent detector and prevent a VTS block being applied.
This logic will only be enabled during a live line condition (as indicated by the relays pole
dead logic) to prevent operation under dead system conditions i.e. where no voltage will be
present and the VTS > Inhibit overcurrent element will not be picked up.
A>, B>, C>, these level detectors operate in less than 20ms and their settings should
be greater than load current. This setting is specified as the VTS current threshold.
These level detectors pick-up at 100% of setting and drop-off at 95% of setting.
2>, this level detector operates on negative sequence current and has a user setting.
This level detector picks-up at 100% of setting and drops-off at 95% of setting.
IA>, B>, C>, these level detectors operate on superimposed phase currents and
have a fixed setting of 10% of nominal. These level detectors are subject to a count
strategy such that 0.5 cycle of operate decisions must have occurred before operation.
VA>, VB>, VC>, these level detectors operate on phase voltages and have a fixed
setting, Pick-up level = 30V (Vn = 100/120V), 120V (Vn = 380/480V), Drop Off level =
10V (Vn = 100/120V), 40V (Vn = 380/480V).
V2>, this level detector operates on negative sequence voltage, it has a fixed setting of
10V/40V depending on VT rating (100/120 or 380/480) with pick-up at 100% of setting
and drop-off at 95% of setting.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
3.1.2.1 Inputs
3.1.2.2 Outputs
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 SUPERVISION
VTS Status Blocking Blocking, Indication
VTS Reset Mode Manual Manual, Auto
VTS Time Delay 5s 1s 10s 0.1s
VTS > Inhibit 10 n 0.08 n 32 n 0.01 n
VTS 2> Inhibit 0.05 n 0.05 n 0.5 n 0.01 n
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
VTS set to provide alarm indication only (DDB 292 VT Fail Alarm);
Optional blocking of voltage dependent protection elements (DDB 736 VTS Fast Block,
DDB 737 VTS Slow Block);
Optional conversion of directional SEF, directional overcurrent and directional NPS
overcurrent elements to non-directional protection (available when set to blocking mode
only). These settings are found in the function links cell of the relevant protection
element columns in the menu.
Time delayed protection elements (Directional NPS Overcurrent, Directional SEF, Power,
Sensitive Power, Field Failure) are blocked after the VTS Time Delay on operation of the
VTS Slow Block. Fast operating protection elements (Directional overcurrent, Neutral
Voltage Displacement, System Backup, Undervoltage, Dead Machine, Pole Slipping, NPS
Overpower) are blocked on operation of the VTS Fast Block.
Note: The directional SEF and neutral voltage displacement protection are
only blocked by VTS if the neutral voltage input is set to Derived and
not Measured.
Other protections can be selectively blocked by customizing the PSL, integrating DDB 736
VTS Fast Block and DDB 737 VTS Slow Block with the protection function logic.
The VTS > Inhibit or VTS 2> Inhibit elements are used to override a VTS block in event of a
fault occurring on the system which could trigger the VTS logic. Once the VTS block has
been established, however, then it would be undesirable for subsequent system faults to
override the block. The VTS block will therefore be latched after a user settable time delay
VTS Time Delay . Once the signal has latched then two methods of resetting are available.
The first is manually via the front panel interface (or remote communications) provided the
VTS condition has been removed and secondly, when in Auto mode, by the restoration of
the three-phase voltages above the phase level detector settings mentioned previously.
A VTS indication will be given after the VTS Time Delay has expired. In the case where the
VTS is set to indicate only the relay may potentially mal-operate, depending on which
protection elements are enabled. In this case the VTS indication will be given prior to the
VTS time delay expiring if a trip signal is given.
Where a miniature circuit breaker (MCB) is used to protect the voltage transformer ac output
circuits, it is common to use MCB auxiliary contacts to indicate a three-phase output
disconnection. As previously described, it is possible for the VTS logic to operate correctly
without this input. However, this facility has been provided for compatibility with various
utilities current practices. Energizing an opto-isolated input assigned to MCB Open on the
relay will therefore provide the necessary block.
Where directional overcurrent elements are converted to non-directional protection on VTS
operation, it must be ensured that the current pick-up setting of these elements is higher
than full load current.
3.2 CT supervision
The current transformer supervision feature is used to detect failure of one or more of the ac
phase current inputs to the relay. Failure of a phase CT or an open circuit of the
interconnecting wiring can result in incorrect operation of any current operated element.
Additionally, interruption in the ac current circuits risks dangerous CT secondary voltages
being generated.
derived from the three-phase-neutral voltage inputs as selected by the CTS Vn Input
setting.
The voltage transformer connection used must be able to refer residual voltages from the
primary to the secondary side. Thus, this element should only be enabled where the
three-phase VT is of five limb construction, or comprises three single-phase units, and has
the primary star point earthed. A derived residual voltage or a measured residual voltage is
available.
There are two stages of CT supervision CTS-1 and CTS-2. The derived neutral current is
calculated vectorially from IA, IB, IC for CTS-1 and IA-2, IB-2, IC-2 for CTS-2. The neutral
voltage is either measured or derived, settable by the user.
CTS-1 supervises the CT inputs to IA, IB, IC which are used by the biased differential
protection and all the power, impedance and overcurrent based protection functions. CTS-2
supervises the CT inputs to IA-2, IB-2, IC-2 which are used by the biased or high impedance
differential or interturn protection in the P343/4. The CTS-2 independent enabled/disabled
setting is to prevent CTS-2 from giving unnecessary alarms when the Generator Differential
is disabled. For interturn faults, some utilities may isolate the faulted winding section and
return the generator to service, thus producing unbalanced phase currents. Under these
circumstances the CTS-2 may also need to be disabled or de-sensitized to prevent a false
alarm and a false block
Operation of the element will produce a time-delayed alarm visible on the LCD and event
record (plus DDB 293: CT-1 Fail Alarm, DDB 317 CT-2 Fail Alarm), with an instantaneous
block (DDB 738: CTS-1 Block, DDB 787 CTS-2 Block) for inhibition of protection elements.
Protection elements operating from derived quantities, (Negative Phase Sequence (NPS)
Overcurrent, NPS Thermal, NPS Overpower, Thermal Overload protection) are always
blocked on operation of the CTS-1 supervision element; other protections can be selectively
blocked by customizing the PSL, integrating DDB 738: CTS-1 Block and DDB 787: CTS-2
Block with the protection function logic. If blocking of the generator differential protection or
interturn protection is required from the CT supervision this must be done in PSL by
connecting DDB 738: CTS-1 Block OR DDB 787: CTS-2 Block to DDB 397: Gen Diff Block.
The following table shows the relay menu for the CT supervision element, including the
available setting ranges and factory defaults:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
GROUP 1 SUPERVISION
CT Supervision Sub Heading
CTS1 Status Disabled Enabled/Disabled N/A
CTS1 VN Input Derived Derived/Measured N/A
0.5/2V for 22/88V for 0.5/2V for
CTS1 VN< Inhibit 1 110/440V 110/440V 110/440V
respectively respectively respectively
CTS1 N> Set 0 0.08 x n 4x n 0.01 x n
CTS1 Time Delay 5 0s 10s 1s
CTS2 cells as for
CTS1 above
In the CB CONTROL column of the relay menu there is a setting called CB Status Input .
This cell can be set at one of the following four options:
None
52A
52B
Both 52A and 52B
Where None is selected no CB status will be available. This will directly affect any function
within the relay that requires this signal, for example CB control, auto-reclose, etc. Where
only 52A is used on its own then the relay will assume a 52B signal from the absence of the
52A signal. Circuit breaker status information will be available in this case but no
discrepancy alarm will be available. The above is also true where only a 52B is used. If
both 52A and 52B are used then status information will be available and in addition a
discrepancy alarm will be possible, according to the following table. 52A and 52B inputs are
assigned to relay opto-isolated inputs via the PSL. The CB State Monitoring logic is shown
in Figure 61).
If one or more poles are dead the relay will indicate which phase is dead and will also assert
the ANY POLE DEAD DDB signal (DDB 758). If all phases were dead the ANY POLE
DEAD signal would be accompanied by the ALL POLE DEAD DDB signal (DDB 757).
In the event that the VT fails a signal is taken from the VTS logic (DDB 737 - Slow Block) to
block the pole dead indications that would be generated by the under voltage and
undercurrent thresholds. However, the VTS logic will not block the pole dead indications if
they are initiated by a CB Open signal (DDB 754).
The pole dead logic diagram is shown below:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
CB CONDITION
CB operations
0 0 10000 1
{3 pole tripping}
Total A Broken 0 0 25000 n^ 1
Total B Broken 0 0 25000 n^ 1
Total C Broken 0 0 25000 n^ 1 n^
CB operate time 0 0 0.5s 0.001
Reset CB data No Yes, No
The above counters may be reset to zero, for example, following a maintenance inspection
and overhaul.
The following table, detailing the options available for the CB condition monitoring, is taken
from the relay menu. It includes the set up of the current broken facility and those features
which can be set to raise an alarm or CB lockout.
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
CB MONITOR SETUP
Broken ^ 2 1 2 0.1
^ Maintenance Alarm disabled Alarm disabled, Alarm enabled
^ Maintenance 1000 n^ 1 n^ 25000 n^ 1 n^
^ Lockout Alarm disabled Alarm disabled, Alarm enabled
^ Lockout 2000 n^ 1 n^ 25000 n^ 1 n^
No CB Ops. Maint. Alarm disabled Alarm disabled, Alarm enabled
No CB Ops. Maint. 10 1 10000 1
No CB Ops. Lock Alarm disabled Alarm disabled, Alarm enabled
No CB Ops. Lock 20 1 10000 1
CB Time Maint. Alarm disabled Alarm disabled, Alarm enabled
CB Time Maint. 0.1s 0.005s 0.5s 0.001s
CB Time Lockout Alarm disabled Alarm disabled, Alarm enabled
CB Time Lockout 0.2s 0.005s 0.5s 0.001s
Fault Freq. Lock Alarm disabled Alarm disabled, Alarm enabled
Fault Freq. Count 10 1 9999 1
Fault Freq. Time 3600s 0 9999s 1s
The circuit breaker condition monitoring counters will be updated every time the relay issues
a trip command. In cases where the breaker is tripped by an external protection device it is
also possible to update the CB condition monitoring. This is achieved by allocating one of
the relays opto-isolated inputs (via the programmable scheme logic) to accept a trigger from
an external device. The signal that is mapped to the opto is called Ext. Trip 3Ph , DDB 380.
The setting range for Broken ^ is variable between 1.0 and 2.0 in 0.1 steps. It is imperative
that any maintenance program must be fully compliant with the switchgear manufacturer s
instructions.
CB is in isolated position
Should both sets of contacts be closed, only one of the following two conditions would apply:
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
CB Time Maint. 0.1s 0.005s 0.5s 0.001s
CB Time Lockout Alarm disabled Alarm disabled, Alarm enabled
CB Time Lockout 0.2s 0.005s 0.5s 0.001s
Fault Freq. Lock Alarm disabled Alarm disabled, Alarm enabled
Fault Freq. Count 10 0 9999 1
Fault Freq. Time 3600s 0 9999s 1s
The circuit breaker condition monitoring counters will be updated every time the relay issues
a trip command. In cases where the breaker is tripped by an external protection device it is
also possible to update the CB condition monitoring. This is achieved by allocating one of
the relays opto-isolated inputs (via the programmable scheme logic) to accept a trigger from
an external device. The signal that is mapped to the opto is called External Trip .
Optional
P2228ENa
Note: A 52a CB auxiliary contact follows the CB position and a 52b contact
is the opposite.
When the breaker is closed, supervision current passes through the opto input, blocking
diode and trip coil. When the breaker is open current still flows through the opto input and
into the trip coil via the 52b auxiliary contact. Hence, no supervision of the trip path is
provided whilst the breaker is open. Any fault in the trip path will only be detected on CB
closing, after a 400ms delay.
Resistor R1 is an optional resistor that can be fitted to prevent mal-operation of the circuit
breaker if the opto input is inadvertently shorted, by limiting the current to <60mA. The
resistor should not be fitted for auxiliary voltage ranges of 30/34 volts or less, as satisfactory
operation can no longer be guaranteed. The table below shows the appropriate resistor
value and voltage setting (OPTO CONFIG menu) for this scheme.
This TCS scheme will function correctly even without resistor R1, since the opto input
automatically limits the supervision current to less that 10mA. However, if the opto is
accidentally shorted the circuit breaker may trip.
Auxiliary Voltage (Vx) Resistor R1 (ohms) Opto Voltage Setting with R1 Fitted
24/27 - -
30/34 - -
48/54 1.2k 24/27
110/250 2.5k 48/54
220/250 5.0k 110/125
Note: When R1 is not fitted the opto voltage setting must be set equal to
supply voltage of the supervision circuit.
shorted by a self-reset trip contact. When the timer is operated the NC (normally closed)
output relay opens and the LED and user alarms are reset.
The 50ms delay on pick-up timer prevents false LED and user alarm indications during the
relay power up time, following an auxiliary supply interruption.
Optional
Optional
P2230ENa
P2231ENa
VIEW RECORDS
LCD Reference Description
Setting range from 0 to 511. This selects the required event
Select Event record from the possible 512 that may be stored. A value of 0
corresponds to the latest event and so on.
Time & Date Stamp for the event given by the internal Real
Time & Date
Time Clock
Up to 16 Character description of the Event (refer to following
Event Text
sections)
Up to 32 Bit Binary Flag representative of the Event (refer to
Event Value
following sections)
Setting range from 0 to 4. This selects the required fault record
Select Fault from the possible 5 that may be stored. A value of 0
corresponds to the latest fault and so on.
The following cells show all the fault flags, protection starts,
protection trips, fault location, measurements etc. associated
with the fault, i.e. the complete fault record.
Setting range from 0 to 4. This selects the required
Select Maint. maintenance record from the possible 5 that may be stored. A
value of 0 corresponds to the latest record and so on.
Up to 32 Character description of the occurrence (refer to
Maint. Text
following sections).
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
VIEW RECORDS
LCD Reference Description
These cells are numbers representative of the occurrence.
Maint. Type/ Main Data They form a specific error code which should be quoted in any
related correspondence to AREVA T&D.
Either Yes or No. This serves to reset the trip LED indications
Reset Indication
provided that the relevant protection element has reset.
For extraction from a remote source via communications, refer to SCADA Communications
(P34x/EN CT), where the procedure is fully explained.
Note that a full list of all the event types and the meaning of their values is given in document
P34x/EN GC.
Types of Event
An event may be a change of state of a control input or output relay, an alarm condition,
setting change etc. The following sections show the various items that constitute an event:
The Event Value is an 8, 12, 16, 24 or 32 bit word showing the status of the opto inputs,
where the least significant bit (extreme right) corresponds to opto input 1 etc. The same
information is present if the event is extracted and viewed via PC.
The Event Value is a 7, 11, 14, 15, 16, 22, 24 or 32 bit word showing the status of the output
contacts, where the least significant bit (extreme right) corresponds to output contact 1 etc.
The same information is present if the event is extracted and viewed via PC.
Resulting Event
Alarm Condition
Event Text Event Value
Alarm Status 1 (Alarms 1 - 32) (32 bits)
Bit position 2 in 32 bit
Setting Group Via Opto Invalid Setting Grp Invalid ON/OFF
field
Bit position 3 in 32 bit
Protection Disabled Prot n Disabled ON/OFF
field
Bit position 13 in 32 bit
Frequency Out of Range Freq out of Range ON/OFF
field
Bit position 4 in 32 bit
VTS Alarm VT Fail Alarm ON/OFF
field
Bit position 6 in 32 bit
CB Trip Fail Protection CB Fail ON/OFF
field
Alarm Status 2 (Alarms 1 - 32) (32 bits)
SR User Alarm 1 - 4 SR User Alarm 1 - 4 Bit position 17 - 31 in 32
(Self Reset) ON/OFF bit field
MR User Alarm 5 - 16 MR User Alarm 5 - 16 Bit position 16 - 27 in 32
(Manual Reset) ON/OFF bit field
Alarm Status 3 (Alarms 1 - 32) (32 bits)
Bit position 0 in 32 bit
Battery Fail Battery Fail ON/OFF
field
Bit position 1 in 32 bit
Field Voltage Fail Field V Fail ON/OFF
field
The previous table shows the abbreviated description that is given to the various alarm
conditions and also a corresponding value which displays alarms as bit positions in a 32 bit
field. The bit will be set to 1 if the alarm is ON and 0 if it is OFF. This value is appended to
each alarm event in a similar way as for the input and output events previously described. It
is used by the event extraction software, such as MiCOM S1, to identify the alarm and is
therefore invisible if the event is viewed on the LCD. Either ON or OFF is shown after the
description to signify whether the particular condition has become operated or has reset.
The User Alarms can be operated from an opto input or a control input using the PSL. They
can thus be useful to give an alarm led and message on the LCD display and an alarm
indication via the communications of an external condition, for example trip circuit
supervision alarm, rotor earth fault alarm. The menu text editor in MiCOM S1 can be used to
edit the user alarm text to give a more meaningful description on the LCD display.
Displayed Text in
Nature of Event Displayed Value
Event Record
Level 1 password modified, either
PW1 modified UI, F, R
from user interface, front or rear UI=6, F=11, R=16, R2=38
or R2
port
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Note: The fault measurements in the fault record are given at the time of the
protection start. Also, the fault recorder does not stop recording until
any start or relay 3 (protection trip) resets in order to record all the
protection flags during the fault.
It is recommended that the triggering contact (relay 3 for example) be self reset and not
latching. If a latching contact was chosen the fault record would not be generated until the
contact had fully reset.
Where # = 1 to 4
Note: Some occurrences will result in more than one type of event, e.g. a
battery failure will produce an alarm event and a maintenance record
event.
If the Protection Event setting is Enabled a further set of settings is revealed which allow the
event generation by individual DDB signals to be enabled 1 or disabled 0 .
As can be seen, the first line gives the description and time stamp for the event, whilst the
additional information that is displayed below may be collapsed via the +/ symbol.
For further information regarding events and their specific meaning, refer to document
P34x/EN GC.
Note: The relevant CT and VT ratios for the analog channels are also
extracted to enable scaling to primary quantities.
If a CT ratio is set less than unity, the relay will choose a scaling factor
of zero for the appropriate channel.
The DISTURBANCE RECORDER menu column is shown below:
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
Setting Range
Menu Text Default Setting Step Size
Min. Max.
DISTURBANCE RECORDER
Duration 1.5s 0.1s 10.5s 0.01s
Trigger Position 33.3% 0 100% 0.1%
Trigger Mode Single Single or Extended
VAN, VBN, VCN, VCHECK SYNC, A, B, C,
Analog Channel 1 VAN
N, N SEF
Analog Channel 2 VBN As above
Analog Channel 3 VCN As above
Analog Channel 4 A As above
Analog Channel 5 B As above
Analog Channel 6 C As above
Analog Channel 7 N As above
Analog Channel 8 N SEF As above
Any output contact or optical input or internal
Digital Inputs 1 to 32
digital signal
No Trigger, Trigger L/H except Dedicated
Inputs 1 to 32
No Trigger Trigger H/L Trip Relay O/P s which are set to
Trigger
Trigger L/H
Note: The available analog and digital signals will differ between relay types
and models and so the individual courier database in SCADA
Communications (P34x/EN CT) should be referred to when
determining default settings etc.
The pre and post fault recording times are set by a combination of the Duration and Trigger
Position cells. Duration sets the overall recording time and the Trigger Position sets the
trigger point as a percentage of the duration. For example, the default settings show that the
overall recording time is set to 1.5s with the trigger point being at 33.3% of this, giving 0.5s
pre-fault and 1s post fault recording times.
If a further trigger occurs whilst a recording is taking place, the recorder will ignore the trigger
if the Trigger Mode has been set to Single . However, if this has been set to Extended ,
the post trigger timer will be reset to zero, thereby extending the recording time.
As can be seen from the menu, each of the analog channels is selectable from the available
analog inputs to the relay. The digital channels may be mapped to any of the opto isolated
inputs or output contacts, in addition to a number of internal relay digital signals, such as
protection starts, LED s etc. The complete list of these signals may be found by viewing the
available settings in the relay menu or via a setting file in MiCOM S1. Any of the digital
channels may be selected to trigger the disturbance recorder on either a low to high or a
high to low transition, via the Input Trigger cell. The default trigger settings are that any
dedicated trip output contacts (e.g. relay 3) will trigger the recorder.
It is not possible to view the disturbance records locally via the LCD; they must be extracted
using suitable software such as MiCOM S1. This process is fully explained in SCADA
Communications (P34x/EN CT).
3.9 Measurements
The relay produces a variety of both directly measured and calculated power system
quantities. These measurement values are updated on a per second basis and are
summarized below:
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
In addition to the measured power quantities the relay calculates the power factor on a
phase by phase basis in addition to a three-phase power factor.
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
These power values are also used to increment the total real and reactive energy
measurements. Separate energy measurements are maintained for the total exported and
imported energy. The energy measurements are incremented up to maximum values of
1000GWhr or 1000GVARhr at which point they will reset to zero, it is also possible to reset
these values using the menu or remote interfaces using the Reset Demand cell.
* Note these settings are available for products with integral fault location.
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
The Control Input commands can be found in the Control Input menu. In the Ctrl /P status
menu cell there is a 32 bit word which represent the 32 control input commands. The status
of the 32 control inputs can be read from this 32 bit word. The 32 control inputs can also be
set and reset from this cell by setting a 1 to set or 0 to reset a particular control input.
Alternatively, each of the 32 Control Inputs can be set and reset using the individual menu
setting cells Control Input 1, 2, 3, etc. The Control Inputs are available through the relay
menu as described above and also via the rear communications.
In the programmable scheme logic editor 32 Control Input signals, DDB 832 - 863, which can
be set to a logic 1 or On state, as described above, are available to perform control functions
defined by the user.
The status of the Control Inputs are held in non-volatile memory (battery backed RAM) such
that when the relay is power-cycled, the states are restored upon power-up.
The CTRL I/P CONFIG column has several functions one of which allows the user to
configure the control inputs as either latched or pulsed . A latched control input will remain
in the set state until a reset command is given, either by the menu or the serial
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
communications. A pulsed control input, however, will remain energized for 10ms after the
set command is given and will then reset automatically (i.e. no reset command required).
In addition to the latched/pulsed option this column also allows the control inputs to be
individually assigned to the Hotkey menu by setting 1 in the appropriate bit in the Hotkey
Enabled cell. The hotkey menu allows the control inputs to be set, reset or pulsed without
the need to enter the CONTROL INPUTS column. The Ctrl Command cell also allows the
SET/RESET text, displayed in the hotkey menu, to be changed to something more suitable
for the application of an individual control input, such as ON / OFF , IN / OUT etc.
The CTRL I/P LABELS column makes it possible to change the text associated with each
individual control input. This text will be displayed when a control input is accessed by the
hotkey menu, or it can be displayed in the PSL.
Note: With the exception of pulsed operation, the status of the control inputs
is stored in battery backed memory. In the event that the auxiliary
supply is interrupted the status of all the inputs will be recorded.
Following the restoration of the auxiliary supply the status of the
control inputs, prior to supply failure, will be reinstated. If the battery
is missing or flat the control inputs will set to logic 0 once the auxiliary
supply is restored.
3.12 VT connections
Grp PSL Ref When downloading a PSL to the relay, the user will be
prompted to enter which groups the PSL is for and a reference
ID. The first 32 characters of the reference ID will be displayed
in this cell. The and keys can be used to scroll through
32 characters as only 16 can be displayed at any one time.
18 Nov 2002 This cell displays the date and time when the PSL was down
loaded to the relay.
08:59:32.047
Grp 1 PSL ID This is a unique number for the PSL that has been entered.
Any change in the PSL will result in a different number being
2062813232
displayed.
Note: The above cells are repeated for each setting group.
To improve the recognition time of the time sync. opto input by approximately 10ms, the opto
input filtering could be disabled. This is achieved by setting the appropriate bit to 0 in the
Opto Filter Cntl cell (OPTO CONFIG column). Disabling the filtering may make the opto
input more susceptible to induced noise. Fortunately the effects of induced noise can be
minimized by using the methods described in section 2.3.3 of the Relay Description
(P34x/EN HW).
Application Notes P34x/EN AP/G44
60
Vk 30 n (Rct + 2RL + Rr) with a minimum of for X/R < 40
n
Where the generator is impedance earthed and the maximum secondary earth fault current
is less than n then the CT knee point voltage requirements are:
60
Vk 25 n (Rct + RL + Rr) with a minimum of for X/R <60
n
60
Vk 50 n (Rct + RL + Rr) with a minimum of for X/R <120
n
Where:
Vk = Minimum current transformer kneepoint voltage for through fault stability
VK 2 * s1 * Rs
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
Where:
Rs = Value of stabilizing resistor (ohms)
4.2 Voltage dependent overcurrent, field failure, thermal overload, pole slipping,
underimpedance and negative phase sequence protection functions
When determining the current transformer requirements for an input that supplies several
protection functions, it must be ensured that the most onerous condition is met. This has
been taken into account in the formula given below. The formula is equally applicable for
current transformers mounted at either the neutral-tail end or terminal end of the generator.
4.3 Sensitive directional earth fault protection function residual current input
on which these CT requirements are based). For IEC standard protection class current
transformers, it should be ensured that class 5P are used.
4.3.2 Core balanced current transformers
Unlike a line current transformer, the rated primary current for a core balanced current
transformer may not be equal to the stator winding rated current. This has been taken into
account in the formula:
Note: N should not be greater than 2. The core balance current transformer
ratio should be selected accordingly.
The earth fault n current input is used by the stator earth fault protection function.
VA x ALF
Vk = + ALF x n x Rct
n
VK = Required CT knee point voltage (volts)
Rs = ( f) * (RCT + 2RL) / S1
VK 4 * s1 * Rs
Where:
Rs = Value of Stabilizing resistor (ohms)
To correctly load the current transformer, its VA rating should match the VA burden (at rated
current) of the external secondary circuit through which it is required to drive current. Use of
the P34x sensitive power phase shift compensation feature will help in this situation.
VA x ALF
Vk = + ALF x n x Rct
n
Where:
Vk = Required kneepoint voltage
VA = Current transformer rated burden (VA)
ALF = Accuracy limit factor
15 x 10
Vk = + 10 x 5 x 0.2
5
= 40V
P34x/EN AP/G44 Application Notes
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
RELAY DESCRIPTION
P34x/EN HW/G44 Relay Description
COMMISSIONING
P34x/EN CM/G44 Commissioning
••
P34x/EN CM/G44 Commissioning
3D00 VOLTS/Hz
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Group 1 Settings
Settings Settings Settings Settings
3D2A V/Hz>2 Delay
3D30 V/Hz>3 Status
3D35 V/Hz>3 Trip Set
3D3A V/Hz>3 Delay
3D40 V/Hz>4 Status
3D45 V/Hz>4 Trip Set
3D4A V/Hz>4 Delay
MAINTENANCE
P34x/EN MT/A11 Maintenance
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
P34x/EN PR/G44 Problem Analysis
Retrofit
Warranty
Paid service
Wrong supply
Name:
Telephone No.:
Fax No.:
E-mail:
IDENTIFICATION OF UNIT
Fields marked (M) are mandatory, delays in return will occur if not completed.
FAULT INFORMATION
Other:
Fault Reproducibility
Fault persists after removing, checking on test bench
Fault persists after re-energization
Intermittent fault
Description of Failure Observed or Modification Required - Please be specific (M)
Would you like us to install an updated firmware version after repair? Yes No
E-mail: E-mail:
REPAIR TERMS
1. Please ensure that a copy of the import invoice is attached with the returned unit, together with the
airway bill document. Please fax/e-mail a copy of the appropriate documentation (M).
2. Please ensure the Purchase Order is released, for paid service, to allow the unit to be shipped.
3. Submission of equipment to AREVA T&D is deemed as authorization to repair and acceptance of quote.
4. Please ensure all items returned are marked as Returned for Repair/Modification and protected by
appropriate packaging (anti-static bag for each board and foam protection).
SCADA Communications P34x/EN CT/G44
SCADA COMMUNICATIONS
P34x/EN CT/G44 SCADA Communications
3.5.1 Method 1 10
3.5.2 Method 2 10
3.5.3 Relay settings 11
3.5.4 Setting transfer mode 11
4.5.1 Conventions 16
P34x/EN CT/G44 SCADA Communications
6.7.1 Object 1 53
6.7.2 Object 20 54
6.7.3 Object 30 54
This section describes the remote interfaces of the MiCOM relay in enough detail to allow
integration within a substation communication network. As has been outlined in earlier
sections, the relay supports a choice of one of four protocols via the rear communication
nd
interface. This is in addition to the front serial interface and 2 rear communications port,
which supports the Courier protocol only.
The rear EIA(RS)485 interface is isolated and is suitable for permanent connection
whichever protocol is selected. The advantage of this type of connection is that up to 32
relays can be daisy chained together using a simple twisted pair electrical connection.
For each of the protocol options, the supported functions/commands will be listed together
with the database definition. The operation of standard procedures such as extraction of
event, fault and disturbance records, or setting changes, will also be described.
It should be noted that the descriptions contained within this section do not aim to fully detail
the protocol itself. The relevant documentation for the protocol should be referred to for this
information. This section serves to describe the specific implementation of the protocol in
the relay.
P34x/EN CT/G44 SCADA Communications
The EIA(RS)485 two-wire connection provides a half-duplex fully isolated serial connection
to the product. The connection is polarized and whilst the product s connection diagrams
indicate the polarization of the connection terminals, it should be borne in mind that there is
no agreed definition of which terminal is which. If the master is unable to communicate with
the product, and the communication parameter s match, then it is possible that the two-wire
connection is reversed.
EIA(RS)485 provides the capability to connect multiple devices to the same two-wire bus.
MODBUS is a master-slave protocol, so one device will be the master, and the remaining
devices will be slaves. It is not possible to connect two masters to the same bus, unless
they negotiate bus access.
The EIA(RS)485 bus must have 120 (Ohm) ½ Watt terminating resistors fitted at either end
across the signal wires - see Figure 1. Some devices may be able to provide the bus
terminating resistors by different connection or configuration arrangements, in which case
separate external components will not be required. However, this product does not provide
such a facility, so if it is located at the bus terminus then an external termination resistor will
be required.
The EIA(RS)485 standard requires that each device be directly connected to the physical
cable that is the communications bus. Stubs and tees are expressly forbidden, as are star
topologies. Loop bus topologies are not part of the EIA(RS)485 standard and are forbidden
by it.
Two-core screened cable is recommended. The specification of the cable will be dependent
on the application, although a multi-strand 0.5mm2 per core is normally adequate. Total
cable length must not exceed 1000m. The screen must be continuous and connected at one
end, normally at the master connection point; it is important to avoid circulating currents,
especially when the cable runs between buildings, for both safety and noise reasons.
This product does not provide a signal ground connection. If a signal ground connection is
present in the bus cable then it must be ignored, although it must have continuity for the
benefit of other devices connected to the bus. At no stage must the signal ground be
connected to the cables screen or to the product s chassis. This is for both safety and noise
reasons.
It may also be necessary to bias the signal wires to prevent jabber. Jabber occurs when the
signal level has an indeterminate state because the bus is not being actively driven. This
can occur when all the slaves are in receive mode and the master is slow to turn from
receive mode to transmit mode. This may be because the master purposefully waits in
receive mode, or even in a high impedance state, until it has something to transmit. Jabber
causes the receiving device(s) to miss the first bits of the first character in the packet, which
results in the slave rejecting the message and consequentially not responding. Symptoms of
this are poor response times (due to retries), increasing message error counters, erratic
communications, and even a complete failure to communicate.
Biasing requires that the signal lines be weakly pulled to a defined voltage level of about 1V.
There should only be one bias point on the bus, which is best situated at the master
connection point. The DC source used for the bias must be clean; otherwise noise will be
injected. Note that some devices may (optionally) be able to provide the bus bias, in which
case external components will not be required.
SCADA Communications P34x/EN CT/G44
It is possible to use the product s field voltage output (48V DC) to bias the bus using values
of 2.2k (½W) as bias resistors instead of the 180 resistors shown in the above diagram.
Note the following warnings apply:
It is extremely important that the 120 termination resistors are fitted. Failure to do so
will result in an excessive bias voltage that may damage the devices connected to the
bus.
As the field voltage is much higher than that required, AREVA cannot assume
responsibility for any damage that may occur to a device connected to the network as a
result of incorrect application of this voltage.
Ensure that the field voltage is not being used for other purposes (i.e. powering logic
inputs) as this may cause noise to be passed to the communication network.
It is possible to connect the EIA(RS)485 bus to an EIA(RS)232 (RS232) port with the use of
an EIA(RS)485 to EIA(RS)232 converter. The AREVA CK222 interface converter provides
a suitable solution that is compliant to protection grade standards. There are of course many
alternative industrialized converters on the market.
P34x/EN CT/G44 SCADA Communications
Courier is an AREVA T&D communication protocol. The concept of the protocol is that a
standard set of commands is used to access a database of settings and data within the
relay. This allows a generic master to be able to communicate with different slave devices.
The application specific aspects are contained within the database itself rather than the
commands used to interrogate it; i.e. the master station does not need to be pre-configured.
The same protocol can be used via two physical links K-Bus or EIA(RS)232.
K-Bus is based on EIA(RS)485 voltage levels with HDLC FM0 encoded synchronous
signaling and its own frame format. The K-Bus twisted pair connection is unpolarized,
whereas the EIA(RS)485 and EIA(RS)232 interfaces are polarized.
The EIA(RS)232 interface uses the IEC60870-5 FT1.2 frame format.
The relay supports an IEC60870-5 FT1.2 connection on the front-port. This is intended for
temporary local connection and is not suitable for permanent connection. This interface
uses a fixed baud rate, 11-bit frame, and a fixed device address.
The rear interface is used to provide a permanent connection for K-Bus and allows
multi-drop connection. It should be noted that although K-Bus is based on EIA(RS)485
voltage levels it is a synchronous HDLC protocol using FM0 encoding. It is not possible to
use a standard EIA(RS)232 to EIA(RS)485 converter to convert IEC60870-5 FT1.2 frames to
K-Bus. Nor is it possible to connect K-Bus to an EIA(RS)485 computer port. A protocol
converter, such as the KITZ101, should be employed for this purpose.
The following documentation should be referred to for a detailed description of the Courier
protocol, command-set and link description.
R6509 K-Bus Interface Guide
R6510 IEC60870 Interface Guide
R6511 Courier Protocol
R6512 Courier User Guide
The front EIA(RS)232 1 9 pin port supports the Courier protocol for one to one
communication. It is designed for use during installation and commissioning/maintenance
and is not suitable for permanent connection. Since this interface will not be used to link the
relay to a substation communication system, some of the features of Courier are not
implemented. These are as follows:
Automatic extraction of Event Records:
Courier Status byte does not support the Event flag.
Send Event/Accept Event commands are not implemented.
Automatic extraction of Disturbance records:
Courier Status byte does not support the Disturbance flag.
Busy Response Layer:
Courier Status byte does not support the Busy flag, the only response to a request will be the
final data.
Fixed Address:
1 This port is actually compliant to EIA(RS)574; the 9-pin version of EIA(RS)232, see
www.tiaonline.org.
SCADA Communications P34x/EN CT/G44
The address of the front Courier port is always 1; the Change Device address command is
not supported.
Fixed Baud Rate:
19200 bps.
It should be noted that although automatic extraction of event and disturbance records is not
supported it is possible to manually access this data via the front port.
Note: Commands indicated with an * are not supported via the front Courier
port.
P34x/EN CT/G44 SCADA Communications
The Courier database is a two dimensional structure with each cell in the database being
referenced by a row and column address. Both the column and the row can take a range
from 0 to 255. Addresses in the database are specified as hexadecimal values; e.g. 0A02 is
column 0A (10 decimal) row 02. Associated settings/data will be part of the same column,
row zero of the column contains a text string to identify the contents of the column, i.e. a
column heading.
P34x/EN GC contains the complete database definition for the relay. For each cell location
the following information is stated:
Cell Text
Cell Datatype
Cell value
Whether the cell is settable, if so
Minimum value
Maximum value
Step size
3.5.1 Method 1
This uses a combination of three commands to perform a settings change:
Enter Setting Mode - Checks that the cell is settable and returns the limits.
Pre-load Setting - Places a new value to the cell, this value is echoed to ensure that
setting corruption has not taken place, the validity of the setting is not
checked by this action.
Execute Setting - Confirms the setting change, if the change is valid then a positive
response will be returned, if the setting change fails then an error
response will be returned.
Abort Setting - This command can be used to abandon the setting change.
This is the most secure method and is ideally suited to on-line editors as the setting limits are
taken from the relay before the setting change is made. However this method can be slow if
many settings are being changed as three commands are required for each change.
3.5.2 Method 2
The Set Value command can be used to directly change a setting, the response to this
command will be either a positive confirm or an error code to indicate the nature of a failure.
This command can be used to implement a setting more rapidly then the previous method,
however the limits are not extracted from the relay. This method is most suitable for off-line
setting editors such as MiCOM S1, or for the issuing of pre-configured (SCADA) control
commands.
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Disturbance recorder
Events can be extracted either automatically (rear port only) or manually (either Courier
port). For automatic extraction all events are extracted in sequential order using the
standard Courier event mechanism, this includes fault/maintenance data if appropriate. The
manual approach allows the user to select events, faults, or maintenance data at random
from the stored records.
Alarm condition
Setting change
P34x/EN CT/G44 SCADA Communications
Password entered/timed-out
Fault record (Type 3 Courier Event)
Cell reference
Time stamp
Cell text
Cell value
The menu database, P34x/EN GC, contains a table of the events created by the relay and
indicates how the contents of the above fields are interpreted. Fault records and
Maintenance records will return a Courier Type 3 event, which contains the above fields
together with two additional fields:
The stored disturbance records within the relay are accessible in a compressed format via
the Courier interface. The records are extracted using column B4. It should be noted that
cells required for extraction of uncompressed disturbance records are not supported.
SCADA Communications P34x/EN CT/G44
The programmable scheme logic (PSL) settings can be uploaded from and downloaded to
the relay using the block transfer mechanism defined in Chapter 12 of the Courier User
Guide.
The following cells are used to perform the extraction:
The MODBUS interface uses the first rear EIA(RS)485 (RS485) two-wire port RP1 . The
port is designated EIA(RS)485/K-Bus Port on the external connection diagrams.
The interface uses the MODBUS RTU mode of communication, rather than the ASCII
mode since it provides for more efficient use of the communication bandwidth and is in wide
spread use. This mode of communication is defined by the MODBUS standard, noted
above.
The MODBUS protocol provides numerous query functions, of which the product supports
the subset in Table 1. The product will respond with exception code 01 if any other query
function is received by it.
2 The inactivity timer is started (or restarted) whenever the active password level is reduced upon the
entry of a valid password, or a change is made to the setting scratchpad. When the timer expires,
the password level is restored to its default level and any pending (uncommitted) setting changes on
the scratch pad are discarded. The inactivity timer is disabled when the password level is at its
default value and there are no settings pending on the scratchpad. See section 4.13.
SCADA Communications P34x/EN CT/G44
Table 3 shows the maximum amount of data that the product can process for each of the
supported query functions (see section 4.2) and the maximum amount of data that can be
sent in a corresponding response frame. The principal constraint is the maximum query and
response frame size, as noted in section 4.1.2. Maximum MODBUS query and response
frame size.
4.5.1 Conventions
3 One consequence of this is that the granularity of the register address space (in the 3x and 4x
memory pages) is governed by the size of the data item being requested from the internal database.
Since this is often more than the 16-bits of an individual register, not all register addresses are valid.
See section 4.14 for more details.
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Example:
Task:
Obtain the status of the output contacts from the AREVA P343 device at address 1.
The output contact status is a 32-bit binary string held in input registers 3x8 and 3x9
(see section §4.8).
Select MODBUS function code 4 Read input registers and request two registers starting
at input register address 7. NB the register address is one less than the required register
ordinal.
The MODBUS query frame is: 4
01 04 00 07 00 02 C0 0A
Device Check
Address Sum
The frame is transmitted from left to right by the master device. Note that the start register
address, register count and check sum are all 16-bit numbers that are transmitted in a
high byte - low byte order.
The query may elicit the following response: 4
01 04 04 00 00 10 04 F7 87
Device Check
Address Sum
Function Data Second
Code Field First
Register
Length Register
The frame was transmitted from left to right by the slave device. The response frame is
valid because 8th bit of the function code field is not set. The data field length is 4 bytes
since the query was a read of two 16-bit registers. The data field consists of two pairs of
bytes in a high byte - low byte order with the first requested registers data coming first.
Thus, the request for the 32-bit output contact status starting at register 3x8 is 00001004h
(1000000000100b), which indicates that outputs 3 and 13 are energized and the
remaining outputs are de-energized.
The right-hand columns in the tables indicate whether the register is implemented in a
particular product model; an asterisk indicates that the model implements the register.
The following table presents all of the product s available measurements: analog values and
counters. Their values are refreshed approximately every second.
5 Register 3x00272 as 3x00252 in P340 software revisions 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, & 07. Register
3x00252 overlaps with the register pair beginning at 3x00251. As separate requests, these registers
yielded the correct values. However, the overlap prevents a multi-register request that yields the
required data. Moreover, the overlap could confuse certain master stations such that the value of
assigned to the 3x00252 variable was the value yielded for the 3x00251 register-pair request. This is
because it considers the slaves register map to be discrete 16-bit registers akin to a piece of memory
and simply works to construct a copy of the slaves register memory.
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3 Phase VArHours
VArh 0314 3x00349 3x00351 G29 3 * * * *
Fwd.
3 Phase VArHours
VArh 0315 3x00421 3x00422 G125 2 * * * *
Rev.
3 Phase VArHours
VArh 0315 3x00352 3x00354 G29 3 * * * *
Rev.
3 Phase W Fix
Watts 0316 3x00423 3x00424 G125 2 * * * *
Demand
3 Phase W Fix
Watts 0316 3x00355 3x00357 G29 3 * * * *
Demand
3 Phase VArs Fix
VAr 0317 3x00425 3x00426 G125 2 * * * *
Demand
3 Phase VArs Fix
VAr 0317 3x00358 3x00360 G29 3 * * * *
Demand
IA Fixed Demand Amps 0318 3x00361 3x00362 G24 2 * * * *
IB Fixed Demand Amps 0319 3x00363 3x00364 G24 2 * * * *
IC Fixed Demand Amps 031A 3x00365 3x00366 G24 2 * * * *
3 Phase W Roll
Watts 031B 3x00427 3x00428 G125 2 * * * *
Demand
3 Phase W Roll
Watts 031B 3x00367 3x00369 G29 3 * * * *
Demand
3 Phase VArs Roll
VAr 031C 3x00429 3x00430 G125 2 * * * *
Demand
3 PhaseVArs Roll
VAr 031C 3x00370 3x00372 G29 3 * * * *
Demand
IA Roll Demand Amps 031D 3x00373 3x00374 G24 2 * * * *
IB Roll Demand Amps 031E 3x00375 3x00376 G24 2 * * * *
IC Roll Demand Amps 031F 3x00377 3x00378 G24 2 * * * *
3 Phase W Peak
Watts 0320 3x00431 3x00432 G125 2 * * * *
Demand
3Ph W Peak Dem Watts 0320 3x00379 3x00381 G29 3 * * * *
3 Phase VArs Peak
VAr 0321 3x00433 3x00434 G125 2 * * * *
Demand
3 Phase VArs Peak
VAr 0321 3x00382 3x00384 G29 3 * * * *
Demand
IA Peak Demand Amps 0322 3x00385 3x00386 G24 2 * * * *
IB Peak Demand Amps 0323 3x00387 3x00388 G24 2 * * * *
IC Peak Demand Amps 0324 3x00389 3x00390 G24 2 * * * *
IA-2 Magnitude Amps 0401 3x00435 3x00436 G24 2 * *
IA-2 Phase Angle Degrees 0402 3x00437 G30 1 * *
IB-2 Magnitude Amps 0403 3x00438 3x00439 G24 2 * *
IB-2 Phase Angle Degrees 0404 3x00440 G30 1 * *
IC-2 Magnitude Amps 0405 3x00441 3x00442 G24 2 * *
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Freq. Band 3
Seconds 0438 3x00506 3x00507 G27 2 * * *
Time (s)
Freq. Band 4
Seconds 043C 3x00508 3x00509 G27 2 * * *
Time (s)
Freq. Band 5
Seconds 0440 3x00510 3x00511 G27 2 * * *
Time (s)
Freq. Band 6
Seconds 0444 3x00512 3x00513 G27 2 * * *
Time (s)
Volts Per Hertz V/Hz 0450 3x00514 3x00515 G24 2 * * *
Binary status information is available for the product s optically-isolated status inputs
( optos ), relay contact outputs, alarm flags, control inputs, internal digital data bus ( DDB ),
and the front panel 25-pin test port. 6
The product s internal digital data bus consists of 1023 binary-status flags. The allocation of
the points in the DDB are largely product and version specific. See the Relay Menu
Database, P34x/EN GC, for a definition of the product s DDB.
The relay-contact status information is available from the 0x Coil Status MODBUS page
and from the 3x Input Register MODBUS page. For legacy reasons the information is
duplicated in the 3x page with explicit registers (8 & 9) and in the DDB status register area
(723 & 724).
The current state of the optically isolated status inputs is available from the 1x Input Status
MODBUS page and from the 3x Input Register MODBUS page. The principal 3x registers
are part of the DDB status register area (725 & 726). For legacy reasons, a single register at
3x00007 provides the status of the first 16 inputs.
The 0x Coil Status and 1x Input Status pages allow individual or blocks of binary status
flags to be read. The resultant data is left aligned and transmitted in a big-endian (high order
to low order) format in the response frame. Relay contact 1 is mapped to coil 1, contact 2 to
coil 2 and so on. Similarly, opto-input 1 is mapped to input 1, opto-input 2 to input 2 and so
on.
The following table presents the available 3x and 4x binary status information.
6 The test port allows the product to be configured to map up to eight of its digital data bus
(DDB - see Relay Menu Database, P34x/EN GC) signals to eight output pins. The usual application
is to control test equipment. However, since the test port output status is available on the MODBUS
interface, it could be used to efficiently collect up to eight DDB signals.
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The data available from the 3x input registers is arranged into register sets. A register set is
a fixed collection of values in a contiguous block of register addresses. The advantage of
this is that multiple values may be read with a single MODBUS query, function code 4 Read
Input Registers , up to the maximum data limits of the query (see section 4.4).
The definition of a register-set is specified by the selection of a start and end address, which
can span multiple contiguous values in the 3x Register, see Relay Menu Database,
P34x/EN GC. The only rule being that a register set must not result in an attempt to read
only part of a multi-register data type (see section 4.14). It is permissible for a register set to
span unused register locations, in which case a value of zero is returned for each such
register location.
Some examples of useful register sets are:
3x391 to 3x408 provide the per phase power measurements in floating point format
3x409 to 3x414 provide the three-phase power measurements in floating point format
3x184 to 3x193 provide the ten RTD measurement values (P342/3/4 only)
There are many other possibilities dependent upon your application and an appraisal of the
3x Register Map in the Relay Menu Database, P34x/EN GC. The capabilities of the
MODBUS master device, performance targets, and communications latencies may also
influence the degree to which multiple values are read as register sets, as opposed to
individually.
The following table presents MODBUS 4x Holding Registers that allow the external system
to control aspects of the product s behavior, configuration, records, or items of plant
connected to the product such as circuit breakers.
The column Command or setting indicates whether the control is a self-resetting
Command or a state based Setting .
Command controls will automatically return to their default value when the control action
has been completed. For example, writing the trip value to the CB Trip/Close control will
result in the controlled circuit breaker opening (if CB remote control is enabled, the CB has a
valid state, and it was closed). The value of the CB Trip/Close register will automatically
return to no operation . This may lead to problems with masters that attempt to verify write
requests by reading back the written value.
Setting controls maintain the written value, assuming that it was accepted. For example
the Active Setting Group register reports the current active group on reads and accepts
writes with a valid setting group number to change the active group to the one specified.
(This assumes that setting group selection by optically isolated status inputs has not been
enabled and that the specified group is enabled).
Entries without a defined setting range, as per the min. , max. and step columns, are
binary-string values whose pattern is defined by its stated data type.
Active Setting Group 0903 4x00404 G90 1 1 Setting 0 3 1 1 * * * *
CB Trip/Close 0010 4x00021 G55 1 No Operation Command 0 2 1 1 *
SCADA Communications
The product is capable of storing 512 event records in battery backed memory. An event
record consists of a time stamp, a record type, and a set of information fields. The record
type and the information fields record the event that occurred at the time captured by the
time stamp.
The product has several classes of event record:
Alarm events
Opto-isolated status input events
Relay contact output events
Note: Version 31 of the product introduced a new set of 3x registers for the
presentation of the event and fault record data. These registers are
used throughout the text of the following sub-sections. For legacy
compatibility, the original registers are still provided. These are
described as previous MODBUS address in the Relay Menu
Database, P34x/EN GC. They should not be used for new
installations. See section 4.11.5 for additional information.
7 This was 249 in P340 software revisions 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, & 07, since they only stored 250
event records.
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For each of the above registers, a value of zero represents the most recent stored record.
The following registers can be read to indicate the numbers of the various types of record
stored.
3x10000 - Number of stored event records
3x10001 - Number of stored fault records
3x10002 - Number of stored maintenance records
Each fault or maintenance record logged causes an event record to be created by the
product. If this event record is selected the additional registers showing the fault or
maintenance record details will also become populated.
Time Stamp 3x10003 4 See G12 data type the Relay Menu Database,
P34x/EN GC.
Event Type 3x10007 1 Indicates the type of the event record. See G13
data type in the Relay Menu Database,
P34x/EN GC (additionally, a value of 255
indicates that the end of the event log has been
reached).
Event Value 3x10008 2 Contains the associated status register value, as
a string of binary flags, for relay-contact,
opto-input, alarm, and protection events.
Otherwise, it will have a value of zero.
When a status value is supplied, the value
represents the recorded value of the event types
associated register pair, as indicated by the
Event Origin value. 8
Event Origin 3x10010 1 The Event Original value indicates the MODBUS
Register pair where the change occurred. 9
Possible values are:
30011: Alarm Status 1 event
30013: Alarm Status 2 event
30015: Alarm Status 3 event
30723: Relay contact event
(2 registers: DDB 0-31 status)
30725: Status input event
(2 registers: DDB 32-63 status)
30727 to 30785:
Protection events (Indicates the 32-bit
DDB status word that was the origin of
the event)
For General events, Fault events, and
Maintenance events a value of zero will be
returned.
Event Index 3x10011 1 The Event Index value is used to distinguish
between events with the same Event Type and
Event Origin.
The registers value depends on the type of the
event:
For protection events, the value is the ID of the
DDB that caused the event.
For alarm events, the value is the ID of the alarm
that caused the event.
In both cases, the value includes the direction of
the state transition in the most significant bit.
This direction bit is 1 for a 0-1 (low to high)
change, and 0 for a 1-0 (high to low) change.
For all other types of events, it will have a value
8 The protection-event status information is the value of the DDB status word that contains the
protection DDB that caused the event.
9 Subtracting 3000 from the Event Origin value results in the MODBUS 3x memory-page register ID,
subtracting one from this results in the MODBUS register address - see section 4.5.1.2. The
resultant register address can be used in a function code 4 MODBUS query.
P34x/EN CT/G44 SCADA Communications
of zero.
Additional 3x10012 1 Indicates whether the record has additional data.
Data
0: Indicates that there is no additional data.
Present
1: Indicates that fault record data can be read
from 3x10020 to 3x10999. 10
2: Indicates that maintenance record data can
be read from registers 3x36 to 3x39.
If a fault record or maintenance record is directly selected using the manual mechanism,
then the data can be read from the fault or maintenance data register ranges specified
above. The event record data in registers 3x10003 to 3x10012 will not be valid.
See the Relay Menu Database, P34x/EN GC for the record values for each event.
The general procedure for decoding an event record is to use the value of the Event Type
field combined with the value of the Event Index field to uniquely identify the event. The
exceptions to this are event types 4, 5, 7, 8, & 9.
Event types 4 Relay Contact Output Events and 5 Opto-Isolated Status Input Events only
provide the value of the input or output status register (as indicated by the Event Origin
value) at the time the event occurred. If event transition information for each input or output
is required then this must be deduced by comparing the event value with the previous event
value (for identically typed events records).
Event type 7 General Event events are solely identified by their Event Value .
Event types 8 Fault Record and 9 Maintenance Record require additional registers to be
read when the associated additional data is available. 11 The Fault record registers in the
range 3x10020 to 3x10999 (the exact number of registers depends on the individual product)
are clearly documented in the 3x register-map in the Relay Menu Database, P34x/EN GC.
The two additional 32-bit maintenance record register-pairs consist of a maintenance record
type (register pair 3x36/7) and a type-specific error code (register pair 3x38/9). Table 9 lists
the different types of maintenance record available from the product.
10 The exact number of fault record registers depends on the individual product - see Relay Menu
Database, P34x/EN GC.
11 As noted at the beginning of section 4.11, it should not be assumed that the additional data will be
available for fault and maintenance record events.
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The product provides facilities for both manual and automatic extraction of disturbance
records. The two methods differ only in the mechanism for selecting a disturbance record,
the method for extracting the data and the format of the data are identical. Note that the
record format and extraction procedures have changed for version 20 of the product
software and are not compatible with prior versions.
Records extracted are presented in IEEE COMTRADE format. This involves extracting two
files: an ASCII text configuration file, and a binary data file.
Each file is extracted by repeatedly reading a data-page until all of the file s data has been
transferred. The data-page is made up of 127 registers; providing a maximum of 254 bytes
per register block request.
3x00001 Status register Provides the status of the product as bit flags:
b0 - Out of service
b1 - Minor self test failure
b2 - Event
b3 - Time synchronization
b4 - Disturbance
b5 - Fault
b6 - Trip
b7 - Alarm
b8 to b15 - Unused
A 1 in bit b4 indicates the presence of one or more
disturbance records.
3x00800 Number of stored Indicates the total number of disturbance records
disturbances currently stored in the product, both extracted and
unextracted.
3x00801 Unique identifier of Indicates the unique identifier value for the oldest
the oldest disturbance record stored in the product. This is an
disturbance record integer value used in conjunction with the Number of
stored disturbances value to calculate a value for
manually selecting records.
4x00250 Manual disturbance This register is used to manually select disturbance
record selection records. The values written to this cell are an offset of
register the unique identifier value for the oldest record. The
offset value, which ranges from 0 to the No of stored
disturbances - 1, is added to the identifier of the oldest
record to generate the identifier of the required record.
SCADA Communications P34x/EN CT/G44
4x00400 Record selection This register is used during the extraction process and
command register has a number of commands. These are:
b0 - Select next event
b1 - Accept event
b2 - Select next disturbance record
b3 - Accept disturbance record
b4 - Select next page of disturbance data
b5 - Select data file
3x00930 Record time stamp These registers return the timestamp of the
to disturbance record.
3x00933
3x00802 Number of registers This register informs the master station of the number
in data page of registers in the data page that are populated.
3x00803 Data page registers These 127 registers are used to transfer data from the
to product to the master station.
3x00929
3x00934 Disturbance record The disturbance record status register is used during
status register the extraction process to indicate to the master station
when data is ready for extraction. See next table.
4x00251 Data file format This is used to select the required data file format.
selection This is reserved for future use.
The Disturbance Record status register will report one of the following values:
During the extraction of a COMTRADE file, an error may occur that will be reported in the
disturbance record status register, 3x934. This can be caused by the product overwriting the
record being extracted or by the master issuing a command that is not within the bounds of
the extraction procedure.
The first address for a multi-register write must be a valid address. If there are
unmapped addresses within the range being written to then the data associated with
these addresses will be discarded.
If a write operation is performed with values that are out of range then an illegal data
response code will be produced. Valid setting values within the same write operation will
be executed.
4x00000-4x00599
4x00700-4x00999
4x02049 to 4x02052
4x10000-4x10999
4x00600-4x00699
12 Note that registers 4x02049 to 4x02052 are not part of protection setting group #1 and therefore do
not repeat in any of the other protection setting groups. These registers are for time synchronization
purposes and are standard for most AREVA T&D products. See section 4.13.2.1.
P34x/EN CT/G44 SCADA Communications
It is possible to copy the contents of one setting group to another by writing the source
group to register 4x00406 and the target group to 4x00407.
It should be noted that the setting changes performed by either of the two operations
defined above are made to the scratchpad area. These changes must be confirmed by
writing to register 4x00405.
The product maps one or more MODBUS registers to data-typed information contained
within an internal database. These data-types are referred to as G-Types since they have a
G prefixed identifier. The Relay Menu Database, P34x/EN GC gives a complete definition
of the all of the G-Types used in the product.
In general, the data types are transmitted in high byte to low byte order, which is some times
called Big Endian format . This may require the MODBUS master to reorder the received
bytes into a format compliant with its byte-order and register order (for multi-register
G-Types) conventions. Most MODBUS masters provide byte-swap and register-swap device
(or data point) configuration to cope with the plethora of implementations.
The product s data-types are atomic in nature. This means that the multi-register types
cannot be read (or written) on an individual register basis. All of the registers for a
multi-register data-typed item must be read (or written) with a single block read (or write)
command.
The following subsections provide some additional notes for a few of the more complex
G-Types.
Numeric settings are integer representations of real (non-integer) values. The register value
is the number of setting increments (or steps) that the real value is away from the settings
real minimum value. This is expressed by the following formula:
Sreal = Smin. + (Sinc. x Snumeric)
Where:
For example, a setting with a real value setting range of 0.01 to 10 in steps of 0.01 would
have the following numeric setting values:
0.01 0
0.02 1
1.00 99
The G2 numeric data type uses 1 register as an unsigned 16-bit integer, whereas the G35
numeric data type uses 2 registers as an unsigned 32-bit integer. The G2 data type
therefore provides a maximum setting range of 216 x Sinc. Similarly the G35 data type
provides a maximum setting range of 232 x Sinc.
The date-time data type G12 allows real date and time information to be conveyed down to a
resolution of 1ms. The data-type is used for record time-stamps and for
time synchronization (see section 4.13.2.1).
The structure of the data type is shown in Table 13 and is compliant with the IEC60870-5-4
Binary Time 2a format.
Bit Position
Byte
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 m7 m6 m5 m4 m3 m2 m1 m0
2 m15 m14 m13 m12 m11 m10 m9 m8
3 IV R I5 I4 I3 I2 I1 I0
4 SU R R H4 H3 H2 H1 H0
5 W2 W1 W0 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
6 R R R R M3 M2 M1 M0
7 R Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
Where:
m =0 59,999ms
I = 0 59 minutes
H = 0 23 Hours
W = 1 7 Day of week; Monday to Sunday, 0 for not calculated
D = 1 31 Day of Month
The seven bytes of the structure are packed into four 16-bit registers. Two packing formats
are provided: standard and reverse. The prevailing format is selected by the G238 setting in
the Date and Time menu column or by register 4x306. 13
The standard packing format is the default and complies with the IEC60870-5-4 requirement
that byte 1 is transmitted first, followed by byte 2 through to byte 7, followed by a null (zero)
byte to make eight bytes in total. Since register data is usually transmitted in big-endian
format (high order byte followed by low order byte), byte 1 will be in the high-order byte
position followed by byte 2 in the low-order position for the first register. The last register will
contain just byte 7 in the high order position and the low order byte will have a value of zero.
The reverse packing format is the exact byte transmission order reverse of the standard
format. That is, the null (zero) byte is sent as the high-order byte of the first register and byte
7 as the register s low-order byte. The second register s high-order byte contains byte 6 and
byte 5 in its low order byte.
Both packing formats are fully documented in the Relay Menu Database, P34x/EN GC for
the G12 type.
The principal application of the reverse format is for date-time packet format consistency
when a mixture of MiCOM Px20, Px30, and Px40 series products are being used. This is
especially true when there is a requirement for broadcast time synchronization with a mixture
of such MiCOM products.
The data type provides only the year of century value; the century must be deduced.
Simplistically the century could be imposed as 20 for applications not dealing with dates
stored in this format from the previous (20th) century. Alternatively, the century can be
calculated as the one that will produce the nearest time value to the current date. For
example: 30-12-99 is 30-12-1999 when received in 1999 & 2000, but is 30-12-2099 when
received in 2050. This technique allows 2 digit years to be accurately converted to 4 digits in
a ±50 year window around the current datum.
The invalid bit has two applications:
1. It can indicate that the date-time information is considered inaccurate, but is the best
information available.
2. Date-time information is not available.
The summertime bit is used to indicate that summertime (day light saving) is being used and,
more importantly, to resolve the alias and time discontinuity which occurs when summertime
starts and ends. This is important for the correct time correlation of time stamped records.
(Note that the value of the summertime bit does not affect the time displayed by the product).
The day of the week field is optional and if not calculated will be set to zero.
The concept of time zone is not catered for by this data type and hence by the product. It is
up to the end user to determine the time zone utilized by the product. Normal practise is to
use UTC (universal co-ordinated time), which avoids the complications with day light saving
time-stamp correlation s.
The power and energy measurements are available in two data formats, G29 integer format
and G125 IEEE754 floating point format. The G125 format is to be preferred over the older
G29 format.
13 Note that this menu cell does not exist in P340 software revisions 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, & 07.
Maintenance revisions after software versions 03H, 04J, 05J, 06D and 07D will include just the time
format selection register 4x306. Versions prior to this use just the standard time format.
SCADA Communications P34x/EN CT/G44
type G27, which is an unsigned 32-bit quantity. Thus, the overall value conveyed by the G29
data type must be calculated as G29=G28 G27.
The product calculates the G28 per unit power or energy value as G28=((measured
secondary quantity) / (CT secondary) (110V / (VT secondary)). Since data type G28 is a
signed 16-bit integer, its dynamic range is constrained to ±32768. This limitation should be
borne in mind for the energy measurements, as the G29 value will saturate a long time
before the equivalent G125 does.
The associated G27 multiplier is calculated as G27=(CT primary) (VT primary / 110V)
when primary value measurements are selected, and as G27=(CT secondary) (VT
secondary / 110V) when secondary value measurements are selected.
Due to the required truncations from floating point values to integer values in the calculations
of the G29 component parts and its limited dynamic range, the use of the G29 values is only
recommended when the MODBUS master cannot deal with the G125 IEEE754 floating point
equivalents.
Note that the G29 values must be read in whole multiples of three registers. It is not
possible to read the G28 and G27 parts with separate read commands.
Example:
For A-Phase Power (Watts) (registers 3x00300 - 3x00302) for a 110V nominal, In = 1A,
VT ratio = 110V:110V and CT ratio = 1A:1A.
Applying A-phase 1A @ 63.51V
A-phase Watts = ((63.51V 1A) / In=1A) (110/Vn=110V) = 63.51 Watts
The G28 part of the value is the truncated per unit quantity, which will be equal to 64
(40h).
The multiplier is derived from the VT and CT ratios set in the product, with the equation
((CT Primary) (VT Primary) / 110V)). Thus, the G27 part of the value will equal 1.
Hence the overall value of the G29 register set is 64 1 = 64W.
The registers would contain:
3x00300 - 0040h
3x00301 - 0000h
3x00302 - 0001h
Using the previous example with a VT ratio = 110,000V:110V and CT ratio = 10,000A : 1A
the G27 multiplier would be 10,000A 110,000V/110 = 10,000,000. The overall value of
the G29 register set is 64 10,000,000 = 640MW. (Note that there is an actual error of
49MW in this calculation due to loss of resolution).
The registers would contain:
3x00300 - 0040h
3x00301 - 0098h
3x00302 - 9680h
The IEC60870-5-103 interface is a master/slave interface with the relay as the slave device.
The relay conforms to compatibility level 2; compatibility level 3 is not supported.
The following IEC60870-5-103 facilities are supported by this interface:
Initialization (Reset)
Time Synchronization
Event Record Extraction
General Interrogation
Cyclic Measurements
General Commands
Two connection options are available for IEC60870-5-103, either the rear EIA(RS)485 port or
an optional rear fiber optic port. Should the fiber optic port be fitted the selection of the
active port can be made via the front panel menu or the front Courier port, however the
selection will only be effective following the next relay power up.
For either of the two modes of connection it is possible to select both the relay address and
baud rate using the front panel menu/front Courier. Following a change to either of these
two settings a reset command is required to re-establish communications, see reset
command description below.
Whenever the relay has been powered up, or if the communication parameters have been
changed a reset command is required to initialize the communications. The relay will
respond to either of the two reset commands (Reset CU or Reset FCB), the difference being
that the Reset CU will clear any unsent messages in the relays transmit buffer.
The relay will respond to the reset command with an identification message
ASDU 5, the Cause of Transmission COT of this response will be either Reset CU or Reset
FCB depending on the nature of the reset command. The content of ASDU 5 is described in
the IEC60870-5-103 section of the menu database, P34x/EN GC.
In addition to the above identification message, if the relay has been powered up it will also
produce a power up event.
The relay time and date can be set using the time synchronization feature of the
IEC60870-5-103 protocol. The relay will correct for the transmission delay as specified in
IEC60870-5-103. If the time synchronization message is sent as a send/confirm message
then the relay will respond with a confirm. Whether the time-synchronization message is
sent as a send confirm or a broadcast (send/no reply) message, a time synchronization
Class 1 event will be generated/produced.
If the relay clock is being synchronised using the IRIG-B input then it will not be possible to
set the relay time using the IEC60870-5-103 interface. An attempt to set the time via the
interface will cause the relay to create an event with the current date and time taken from the
IRIG-B synchronised internal clock.
SCADA Communications P34x/EN CT/G44
Function Type
Information Number
The IEC60870-5-103 profile in the menu database, P34x/EN GC, contains a complete listing
of all events produced by the relay.
The GI request can be used to read the status of the relay, the function numbers, and
information numbers that will be returned during the GI cycle are indicated in the
IEC60870-5-103 profile in the menu database, P34x/EN GC.
The relay will produce measured values using ASDU 9 on a cyclical basis; this can be read
from the relay using a Class 2 poll (note ADSU 3 is not used). The rate at which the relay
produces new measured values can be controlled using the Measurement Period setting.
This setting can be edited from the front panel menu/front Courier port and is active
immediately following a change.
It should be noted that the measurands transmitted by the relay are sent as a proportion of
2.4 times the rated value of the analog value.
A list of the supported commands is contained in the menu database, P34x/EN GC. The
relay will respond to other commands with an ASDU 1, with a Cause of Transmission (COT)
indicating negative acknowledgement .
It is possible using either the front panel menu or the front Courier port to disable the relay
output contacts to allow secondary injection testing to be performed. This is interpreted as
test mode by the IEC60870-5-103 standard. An event will be produced to indicate both
entry to and exit from test mode. Spontaneous events and cyclic measured data transmitted
whilst the relay is in test mode will have a COT of test mode .
The disturbance records are stored in uncompressed format and can be extracted using the
standard mechanisms described in IEC60870-5-103. Note IEC60870-5-103 only supports
up to 8 records.
The relay supports a facility to block messages in the Monitor direction and also in the
Command direction. Messages can be blocked in the Monitor and Command directions
using the menu commands, Communications - CS103 Blocking - Disabled/Monitor
Blocking/Command Blocking or DDB signals Monitor Blocked and Command Blocked.
P34x/EN CT/G44 SCADA Communications
The DNP3.0 protocol is defined and administered by the DNP Users Group. Information
about the user group, DNP3.0 in general and the protocol specifications can be found on
their Internet site:
www.dnp.org
The descriptions given here are intended to accompany the device profile document that is
included in the menu database, P34x/EN GC. The DNP3.0 protocol is not described here,
please refer to the documentation available from the user group. The device profile
document specifies the full details of the DNP3.0 implementation for the relay. This is the
standard format DNP3.0 document that specifies which objects; variations and qualifiers are
supported. The device profile document also specifies what data is available from the relay
via DNP3.0. The relay operates as a DNP3.0 slave and supports subset level 2 of the
protocol, plus some of the features from level 3.
DNP3.0 communication uses the EIA(RS)485 communication port at the rear of the relay.
The data format is 1 start bit, 8 data bits, an optional parity bit and 1 stop bit. Parity is
configurable (see menu settings below).
The settings shown below are available in the menu for DNP3.0 in the Communications
column.
Object 1, binary inputs, contains information describing the state of signals within the relay,
which mostly form part of the digital data bus (DDB). In general these include the state of
the output contacts and input optos, alarm signals and protection start and trip signals. The
DDB number column in the device profile document provides the DDB numbers for the
DNP3.0 point data. These can be used to cross-reference to the DDB definition list that is
also found in the menu database, P34x/EN GC. The binary input points can also be read as
change events via object 2 and object 60 for class 1-3 event data.
Object 10, binary outputs, contains commands that can be operated via DNP3.0. As such
the points accept commands of type pulse on [null, trip, close] and latch on/off as detailed in
the device profile in the menu database, P34x/EN GC and execute the command once for
either command. The other fields are ignored (queue, clear, trip/close, in time and off time).
Due to that fact that many of the relay s functions are configurable, it may be the case that
some of the object 10 commands described below are not available for operation. In the
case of a read from object 10 this will result in the point being reported as off-line and an
operate command to object 12 will generate an error response.
SCADA Communications P34x/EN CT/G44
Object 20, binary counters, contains cumulative counters and measurements. The binary
counters can be read as their present running value from object 20, or as a frozen value
from object 21. The running counters of object 20 accept the read, freeze and clear
functions. The freeze function takes the current value of the object 20 running counter and
stores it in the corresponding object 21 frozen counter. The freeze and clear function resets
the object 20 running counter to zero after freezing its value.
Object 30, analog inputs, contains information from the relay s measurements columns in the
menu. All object 30 points are reported as fixed-point values although they are stored inside
the relay in a floating point format. The conversion to fixed point format requires the use of a
scaling factor, which differs for the various types of data within the relay e.g. current, voltage,
phase angle etc. The data types supported are listed at the end of the device profile
document with each type allocated a D number , i.e. D1, D2, etc. In the object 30 point list
each data point has a D number data type assigned to it which defines the scaling factor,
default deadband setting and the range and resolution of the deadband setting. The
deadband is the setting used to determine whether a change event should be generated for
each point. The change events can be read via object 32 or object 60 and will be generated
for any point whose value has changed by more than the deadband setting since the last
time the data value was reported.
Any analog measurement that is unavailable at the time it is read will be reported as offline,
e.g. the frequency when the current and voltage frequency is outside the tracking range of
the relay or the thermal state when the thermal protection is disabled in the configuration
column. Note that all object 30 points are reported as secondary values in DNP3.0 (with
respect to CT and VT ratios).
A PC support package for DNP3.0 is available as part of the Settings and Records module of
MiCOM S1. The S1 module allows configuration of the relay s DNP3.0 response. The PC is
connected to the relay via a serial cable to the 9-pin front part of the relay - see Introduction
(P34x/EN IT). The configuration data is uploaded from the relay to the PC in a block of
compressed format data and downloaded to the relay in a similar manner after modification.
The new DNP3.0 configuration takes effect in the relay after the download is complete. The
default configuration can be restored at any time by choosing All Settings from the Restore
Defaults cell in the menu Configuration column. In S1, the DNP3.0 data is displayed on a
three-tabbed screen, one screen each for object1, 20 and 30. Object 10 is not configurable.
6.7.1 Object 1
For every point included in the device profile document there is a check box for membership
of class 0 and radio buttons for class 1, 2 or 3 membership. Any point that is in class 0 must
be a member of one of the change event classes 1, 2 or 3.
Points that are configured out of class 0 are by default not capable of generating change
events. Furthermore, points that are not part of class 0 are effectively removed from the
DNP3.0 response by renumbering the points that are in class 0 into a contiguous list starting
at point number 0. The renumbered point numbers are shown at the left-hand side of the
screen in S1 and can be printed out to form a revised device profile for the relay. This
P34x/EN CT/G44 SCADA Communications
mechanism allows best use of available bandwidth by only reporting the data points required
by the user when a poll for all points is made.
6.7.2 Object 20
The running counter value of object 20 points can be configured to be in or out of class 0.
Any running counter that is in class 0 can have its frozen value selected to be in or out of the
DNP3.0 response, but a frozen counter cannot be included without the corresponding
running counter. As with object 1, the class 0 response will be renumbered into a contiguous
list of points based on the selection of running counters. The frozen counters will also be
renumbered based on the selection; note that if some of the counters that are selected as
running are not also selected as frozen then the renumbering will result in the frozen
counters having different point numbers to their running counterparts. For example, object
20 point 3 (running counter) might have its frozen value reported as object 21 point 1.
6.7.3 Object 30
For the analog inputs, object 30, the same selection options for classes 0, 1, 2 and 3 are
available as for object 1. In addition to these options, which behave in exactly the same way
as for object 1, it is possible to change the deadband setting for each point. The minimum
and maximum values and the resolution of the deadband settings are defined in the device
profile document; MiCOM S1 will allow the deadband to be set to any value within these
constraints.
SCADA Communications P34x/EN CT/G44
Relays with Courier, MODBUS, IEC60870-5-103 or DNP3.0 protocol on the first rear
communications port have the option of a second rear port, running the Courier language.
The second port is designed typically for dial-up modem access by protection
engineers/operators, when the main port is reserved for SCADA communication traffic.
Communication is via one of three physical links: K-Bus, EIA(RS)485 or EIA(RS)2321. The
port supports full local or remote protection and control access by MiCOM S1 software.
There is also provision for the EIA(RS)485 and EIA(RS)232 protocols to be configured to
operate with a modem, using an IEC60870 10 bit frame.
K-Bus K-Bus
IEC60870 FT1.2, 11-bit frame
EIA(RS)232
IEC60870, 10-bit frame
IEC60870 FT1.2, 11-bit frame
EIA(RS)485
IEC60870, 10-bit frame
If both rear communications ports are connected to the same bus, care should be taken to
ensure their address settings are not the same, to avoid message conflicts.
The following documentation should be referred to for a detailed description of the Courier
protocol, command set and link description.
Automatic event extraction is not supported when the first rear port protocol is Courier,
MODBUS or CS103. It is supported when the first rear port protocol is DNP3.0.
Automatic disturbance record extraction is not supported when the first rear port protocol is
Courier, MODBUS or CS103. It is supported when the first rear port protocol is DNP3.0.
P34x/EN CT/G44 SCADA Communications
The second rear Courier port connects via the 9-way female D-type connector (SK4) in the
middle of the card end plate (in between IRIG-B connector and lower D-type). The
connection is compliant to EIA(RS)574.
For IEC60870-5-2 over EIA(RS)232.
1 No Connection
2 RxD
3 TxD
4 DTR#
5 Ground
6 No Connection
7 RTS#
8 CTS#
9 No Connection
4 EIA(RS)485 - 1 (+ ve)
7 EIA(RS)485 - 2 (- ve)
The lower 9-way D-type connector (SK5) is currently unsupported. Do not connect to this
port.
P34x/EN CT/G44 SCADA Communications
EXTERNAL CONNECTION
DIAGRAMS
Figure 2: Generator Protection Relay (40TE) for Small Generator Using VEE Connected VT's
(8 I/P & 7 O/P)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 3: Generator Protection Relay (40TE) for Small Generator with Sensitive Power
(8 I/P & 7 O/P)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 4: Generator Protection Relay (40TE) for Small Generator (8 I/P & 7 O/P & RTD s)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 5: Generator Protection Relay (40TE) for Small Generator (8 I/P & 7 O/P & RTD s)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 6: Generator Protection Relay (40TE) for Small Generator (8 I/P & 7 O/P & CLIO)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 7: Generator Protection Relay (40TE) for Small Generator (8 I/P & 15 O/P)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 8: Generator Protection Relay (40TE) for Small Generator (16 I/P & 7 O/P)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 9: Generator Protection Relay (40TE) for Small Generator (12 I/P & 11 O/P)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 10: Generator Protection Relay (60TE) for Small Generator (16 I/P & 16 O/P & RTD s &
CLIO)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 11: Generator Protection Relay (60TE) for Small Generator (16 I/P & 16 O/P & RTD s &
CLIO)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 12: Generator Protection Relay (60TE) for Small Generator (24 I/P & 16 O/P & RTD s)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 13: Generator Protection Relay (60TE) for Small Generator (16 I/P & 24 O/P & RTD s)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 14: Generator Protection Relay (60TE) with Biased Differential (16 I/P & 14 O/P &
RTD s)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 15: Generator Protection Relay (60TE) (16 I/P & 14 O/P & RTD s)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 16: Generator Protection Relay (60TE) with High Impedance Differential (16 I/P &
14 O/P)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 17: Generator Protection Relay (60TE) with High Impedance Differential (16 I/P &
14 O/P)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 18: Generator Protection Relay with Biased Differential Using VEE Connected VT s
and Sensitive Power (16 I/P & 14 O/P)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 19: Generator Protection Relay (60TE) with Biased Differential (16 I/P & 14 O/P &
CLIO)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 20: Generator Protection Relay (60TE) with Biased Differential (24 I/P & 14 O/P)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 21: Generator Protection Relay (60TE) with Biased Differential (16 I/P & 22 O/P)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 22: Generator Protection Relay (80TE) with Biased Differential (24 I/P & 24 O/P &
RTD s & CLIO)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 23: Generator Protection Relay (80TE) with Biased Differential (24 I/P & 24 O/P &
RTD s & CLIO)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 24: Generator Protection Relay (80TE) with Biased Differential (32 I/P & 24 O/P &
RTD s)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 25: Generator Protection Relay (80TE) with Biased Differential (24 I/P & 32 O/P &
RTD s)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 26: Generator Protection Relay (80TE) with Biased Differential (32 I/P & 16 O/P & RTD
& CLIO)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 27: Generator Protection Relay (80TE) with Biased Differential (16 I/P & 32 O/P & RTD
& CLIO)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 28: Assembly P341/2 Generator Protection Relay (40TE) (8 I/P & 7 O/P with Optional
I/P & O/P)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 29: Assembly P342 Generator Protection Relay (40TE) (8 I/P & 7 O/P with Optional
RTD & CLIO)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 30: Assembly P342 Generator Protection Relay (60TE) (16 I/P & 16 O/P with Optional
I/P & O/P)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 31: Assembly P342 Generator Protection Relay (60TE) (16 I/P & 16 O/P with Optional
RTD & CLIO)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 32: Assembly P343 Generator Protection Relay (60TE) (16 I/P & 14 O/P with Optional
I/P & O/P)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 33: Assembly P343 Generator Protection Relay (60TE) (16 I/P & 14 O/P with Optional
RTD & CLIO)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 34: Assembly P343/P344 Generator Protection Relay (80TE) (24 I/P & 24 O/P with
Optional I/P & O/P)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 35: Assembly P343/P344 Generator Protection Relay (80TE) (24 I/P & 24 O/P with
Optional RTD & CLIO)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 36: Assembly P343/P344 Generator Protection Relay (80TE) (32 I/P & 16 O/P & RTD &
CLIO or 16 I/P & 32 O/P & RTD & CLIO)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 37: Generator Protection Relay (80TE) with Biased Differential and Zero Sequence
Voltage Interturn (24 I/P & 24 O/P & RTD s & CLIO)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 38: Generator Protection Relay (80TE) with Biased Differential and Zero Sequence
Voltage Interturn (24 I/P & 24 O/P & RTD s & CLIO)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 39: Generator Protection Relay (80TE) with Biased Differential and Zero Sequence
Voltage Interturn (32 I/P & 24 O/P & RTD s)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 40: Generator Protection Relay (80TE) with Biased Differential and Zero Sequence
Voltage Interturn (24 I/P & 32 O/P & RTD s)
External Connection Diagrams P34x/EN CO/G44
Figure 41: Generator Protection Relay (80TE) with Biased Differential and Zero Sequence
Voltage Interturn (32 I/P & 16 O/P & RTD s & CLIO)
P34x/EN CO/G44 External Connection Diagrams
Figure 42: Generator Protection Relay (80TE) with Biased Differential and Zero Sequence
Voltage Interturn (16 I/P & 32 O/P & RTD s & CLIO)
Installation P34x/EN IN/G44
INSTALLATION
P34x/EN IN/G44 Installation
Protective relays, although generally of robust construction, require careful treatment prior to
installation on site. Upon receipt, relays should be examined immediately to ensure no
external damage has been sustained in transit. If damage has been sustained, a claim
should be made to the transport contractor and AREVA T&D should be promptly notified.
Relays that are supplied unmounted and not intended for immediate installation should be
returned to their protective polythene bags and delivery carton. Section 3 gives more
information about the storage of relays.
P34x/EN IN/G44 Installation
If relays are not to be installed immediately upon receipt, they should be stored in a place
free from dust and moisture in their original cartons. Where de-humidifier bags have been
included in the packing they should be retained. The action of the de-humidifier crystals will
be impaired if the bag is exposed to ambient conditions and may be restored by gently
heating the bag for about an hour prior to replacing it in the carton.
To prevent battery drain during transportation and storage a battery isolation strip is fitted
during manufacture. With the lower access cover open, presence of the battery isolation
strip can be checked by a red tab protruding from the positive side.
Care should be taken on subsequent unpacking that any dust that has collected on the
carton does not fall inside. In locations of high humidity the carton and packing may become
impregnated with moisture and the de-humidifier crystals will lose their efficiency.
Prior to installation, relays should be stored at a temperature of between 25 to +70 C.
P34x/EN IN/G44 Installation
Care must be taken when unpacking and installing the relays so that none of the parts are
damaged and additional components are not accidentally left in the packing or lost.
Note: With the lower access cover open, the red tab of the battery isolation
strip will be seen protruding from the positive side of the battery
compartment. Do not remove this strip because it prevents battery
drain during transportation and storage and will be removed as part of
the commissioning tests.
Relays must only be handled by skilled persons.
The site should be well lit to facilitate inspection, clean, dry and reasonably free from dust
and excessive vibration. This particularly applies to installations that are being carried out at
the same time as construction work.
Installation P34x/EN IN/G44
If it is necessary to test correct relay operation during the installation, the battery isolation
strip can be removed but should be replaced if commissioning of the scheme is not
imminent. This will prevent unnecessary battery drain during transportation to site and
installation. The red tab of the isolation strip can be seen protruding from the positive side of
the battery compartment when the lower access cover is open. To remove the isolation
strip, pull the red tab whilst lightly pressing the battery to prevent it falling out of the
compartment. When replacing the battery isolation strip, ensure that the strip is refitted as
shown in Figure 1, i.e. with the strip behind the battery with the red tab protruding.
MiCOM relays may be rack mounted using single tier rack frames (our part number FX0021
101), as illustrated in Figure 2. These frames have been designed to have dimensions in
accordance with IEC60297 and are supplied pre-assembled ready to use. On a standard
483mm rack system this enables combinations of widths of case up to a total equivalent of
size 80TE to be mounted side by side.
P34x/EN IN/G44 Installation
The two horizontal rails of the rack frame have holes drilled at approximately 26mm intervals
and the relays are attached via their mounting flanges using M4 Taptite self-tapping screws
with captive 3mm thick washers (also known as a SEMS unit). These fastenings are
available in packs of 5 (our part number ZA0005 104).
Relays can be mechanically grouped into single tier (4U) or multi-tier arrangements by
means of the rack frame. This enables schemes using products from the MiCOM and
MiDOS product ranges to be pre-wired together prior to mounting.
Where the case size summation is less than 80TE on any tier, or space is to be left for
installation of future relays, blanking plates may be used. These plates can also be used to
mount ancillary components. Table 1 shows the sizes that can be ordered.
The relays can be flush mounted into panels using M4 SEMS Taptite self-tapping screws
with captive 3mm thick washers (also known as a SEMS unit). These fastenings are
available in packs of 5 (our part number ZA0005 104).
Note: It is not advised that MiCOM relays are fastened using pop rivets as
this will not allow the relay to be easily removed from the panel in the
future if repair is necessary.
If it is required to mount a relay assembly on a panel complying to BS EN60529 IP52, it will
be necessary to fit a metallic sealing strip between adjoining relays (Part no GN2044 001)
and a sealing ring selected from Table 3 around the complete assembly.
This section serves as a guide to selecting the appropriate cable and connector type for
each terminal on the MiCOM relay.
Loose relays are supplied with sufficient M4 screws for making connections to the rear
mounted terminal blocks using ring terminals, with a recommended maximum of two ring
terminals per relay terminal.
If required, AREVA T&D can supply M4 90° crimp ring terminals in three different sizes
depending on wire size (see Table 4). Each type is available in bags of 100.
Connections to the first rear EIA(RS)485 port are made using ring terminals. It is
recommended that a 2-core screened cable be used with a maximum total length of 1000m
or 200nF total cable capacitance.
Installation P34x/EN IN/G44
Where RTD inputs are available on a MiCOM relay, the connections are made using screw
clamp connectors on the rear of the relay that can accept wire sizes between 0.1mm2 and
1.5mm2. The connections between the relay and the RTD s must be made using a screened
3-core cable with a total resistance less than 10 . The cable should have a minimum
voltage rating of 300Vrms.
A 3-core cable should be used even for 2-wire RTD applications, as it allows for the cable s
resistance to be removed from the overall resistance measurement. In such cases the 3rd
wire is connected to the 2nd wire at the point the cable is joined to the RTD.
The screen of each cable must only be earthed at one end, preferably at the relay end and
must be continuous. Multiple earthing of the screen can cause circulating current to flow
along the screen, which induces noise and is unsafe. It is recommended to minimize noise
pick-up in the RTD cables by keeping them close to earthed metal casings and avoiding
areas of high electromagnetic and radio interference. The RTD cables should not be run
adjacent to or in the same conduit as other high voltage or current cables.
A typical cable specification would be:
Each core: 7/0.2mm copper conductors heat resistant PVC insulated
Nominal conductor area: 0.22mm2 per core
Screen: Nickel-plated copper wire braid heat resistant PVC sheathed
The extract below may be useful in defining cable recommendations for the RTDs:
Noise pick up by cables can be categorized in to three types:
Resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
Resistive coupling requires there to be an electrical connection to the noise source. So
assuming that the wire and cable insulation is sound and that the junctions are clean then
this can be dismissed.
Capacitive coupling requires there to be sufficient capacitance for the impedance path to the
noise source to be small enough to allow for significant coupling. This is a function of the
dielectric strength between the signal cable on the noise source and the potential (i.e. power)
of the noise source.
Inductive coupling occurs when the signal cable is adjacent to a cable/wire carrying the noise
or it is exposed to a radiated EMF.
Standard screened cable is normally used to protect against capacitively coupled noise, but
in order for it to be effective the screen must only be bonded to the system ground at one
point, otherwise a current could flow and the noise would be coupled in to the signal wires of
the cable. There are different types of screening available, but basically there are two types:
aluminium foil wrap and tin-copper braid. Foil screens are good for low to medium
frequencies and braid is good for high frequencies. High-fidelity screen cables provide both
types.
Protection against magnetic inductive coupling requires very careful cable routing and
magnetic shielding. The latter can be achieved with steel-armored cable and the use of steel
cable trays. It is important that the armor of the cable is grounded at both ends so that the
EMF of the induced current cancels the field of the noise source and hence shields the
P34x/EN IN/G44 Installation
cables conductors from it. (However, the design of the system ground must be considered
and care taken to not bridge two isolated ground systems since this could be hazardous and
defeat the objectives of the original ground design). The cable should be laid in the cable
trays as close as possible to the metal of the tray and under no circumstance should any
power cable be in or near to the tray. (Power cables should only cross the signal cables at
90 degrees and never be adjacent to them).
Clearly, both the capacitive and inductive screens must be contigous from the RTD probes to
the relay terminals.
The best types of cable are those provided by the RTD manufactures. These tend to be
three conductors (a so call "triad") which are screened with foil. Such triad cables are
available in armored forms as well as multi-triad armored forms.
Where current loop inputs and outputs are available on a MiCOM relay, the connections are
made using screw clamp connectors, as per the RTD inputs, on the rear of the relay which
can accept wire sizes between 0.1mm2 and 1.5mm2. It is recommended that connections
between the relay and the current loop inputs and outputs are made using a screened cable.
The wire should have a minimum voltage rating of 300Vrms.
Short term connections to the EIA(RS)232 port, located behind the bottom access cover, can
be made using a screened multi-core communication cable up to 15m long, or a total
capacitance of 2500pF. The cable should be terminated at the relay end with a 9-way, metal
shelled, D-type male plug. Section 3.7 of P34x/EN IT of this manual details the pin
allocations.
Short term connections to the download/monitor port, located behind the bottom access
cover, can be made using a screened 25-core communication cable up to 4m long. The
cable should be terminated at the relay end with a 25-way, metal shelled, D-type male plug.
Section 3.7 of P34x/EN IT and section 3.5 of P34x/EN CM of this manual details the pin
allocations.
Relays with Courier, MODBUS, IEC60870-5-103 or DNP3 protocol on the first rear
communications port have the option of a second rear port, running Courier language. The
second rear communications port can be used over one of three physical links: twisted pair
K-Bus (non-polarity sensitive), twisted pair EIA(RS)485 (connection polarity sensitive) or
EIA(RS)232 1 .
1 This port is actually compliant to EIA(RS)574; the 9-pin version of EIA(RS)232, see
www.tiaonline.org.
Installation P34x/EN IN/G44
1 No Connection
2 RxD
3 TxD
4 DTR#
5 Ground
6 No Connection
7 RTS#
8 CTS#
9 No Connection
Connections to the second rear port configured for EIA(RS)232 operation can be made using
a screened multi-core communication cable up to 15m long, or a total capacitance of
2500pF. The cable should be terminated at the relay end with a 9-way, metal shelled,
D-type male plug. The table above details the pin allocations.
For K-bus or IEC60870-5-2 over EIA(RS)485
4 EIA(RS)485 - 1 (+ ve)
7 EIA(RS)485 - 2 (- ve)
Every relay must be connected to the local earth bar using the M4 earth studs in the bottom
left hand corner of the relay case. The minimum recommended wire size is 2.5mm2 and
should have a ring terminal at the relay end. Due to the limitations of the ring terminal, the
maximum wire size that can be used for any of the medium or heavy duty terminals is
P34x/EN IN/G44 Installation
6.0mm2 per wire. If a greater cross-sectional area is required, two parallel connected wires,
each terminated in a separate ring terminal at the relay, or a metal earth bar could be used.
HARDWARE/SOFTWARE
VERSION HISTORY AND
COMPATIBILITY
Page 1 of 30
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Hardware Original S1 Technical
Page 2 of 30
Major Minor
Event filtering added
A A Jan 2001 Correction to energy measurement inaccuracy V2.00 or Later TG8614B
Minor bug fixes
Correction to NPS Alarm operation
B A May 2001 V2.00 or Later TG8614B
Minor bug fixes
Resolved possible reboot caused by Disturbance Recorder
C A Jan 2002 V2.00 or Later TG8614B
Minor bug fixes
Resolved possible reboot caused by invalid MODBUS
D A Feb 2002 requests V2.00 or Later TG8614B
Minor bug fixes
Page 3 of 30
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Hardware Original S1 Technical
Page 4 of 30
Major Minor
F A Mar 2004 Minor bug fixes V2.00 or Later TG8614B
For Courier/DNP 3.0/IEC60870-5-103 builds only
Correction to parity setting for MODBUS and DNP 3.0 when
the relay is powered up
G A Jun 2004 V2.00 or later TG8614B
Improvement to the self checking of the analog channels and
SRAM
Minor bug fixes
For MODBUS builds only
Changes as for G
H A Jul 2004 Improvement to the MODBUS driver to cope better with V2.00 or later TG8614B
spurious data transmissions and failures of the relay to
03 respond to commands where the server response time is fast
Cont.
Minor bug fixes
Correction to the alarm and trip indication of the faulted
phase(s) for the second stage of the undervoltage and
overvoltage protection in the fault record information on the
relay LCD
Correction to false frequency protection start at power-up
MODBUS driver modified to prevent relay reboot with error
J A Jun 2005 V2.00 or later TG8614B
code 0x8C810000 in hardware A/B/C relays for 60Hz
applications where fast polling and high baud rates are used
Modification to prevent reboot when large number of control
and settings are sent to relay in quick succession over DNP
3.0
Minor bug fixes
Compatibility
MiCOM P342, P343, P344
Hardware/Software Version History and
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Compatibility
Page 5 of 30
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Hardware Original S1 Technical
Page 6 of 30
Major Minor
DNP 3.0 Object 10 included in Class 0 poll
DNP 3.0 support for season in time information
Correction to MODBUS CB Trip and Close via "0" command
Change to neutral voltage displacement protection and
directional SEF protection so that they are not blocked by the
VT supervision logic when the VN Input and ISEF>VNPol are
selected as Measured
F A Dec 2002 V2.01 or later TG8614B
Correction to undervoltage stage 2 (V<2) setting range. The
setting range has been increased from 10-70V to 10-120V
(Vn=110/120V) so that it is the same as V<1
04 Correction to VT ratio scaling problem in the disturbance
Cont. recorder
Improvement to the RTD start-up calibration routine
Minor bug fixes
Improvement to the differential protection performance at low
frequencies
Correction to the fault recorder window for current based trips
so that it can terminate properly once the FAULT_REC_TRIG
G A Mar 2004 signal (DDB 288) is reset. Previously it needed to wait for V2.01 or later TG8614B
Relay 3 to reset also before termination
Power measurement limits added to prevent non zero values
with no current and voltage. Also power factor measurements
limited to +/-1
Compatibility
MiCOM P342, P343, P344
Hardware/Software Version History and
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Compatibility
sync. Now, any failure of the DNP 3.0 to time sync. will only
produce a maintenance record
Correction to French, German and Spanish language menu
text for generator differential IS2 setting [3004] which
incorrectly refers to the setting as IS1
Hardware/Software Version History and
Page 7 of 30
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Hardware Original S1 Technical
Page 8 of 30
Major Minor
G A Jun 2004 Minor bug fixes V2.01 or later TG8614B
For MODBUS builds only
Changes as for H
04
Cont. J A Jul 2004 Improvement to the MODBUS driver to cope better with V2.01 or later TG8614B
spurious data transmissions and failures of the relay to
respond to commands where the server response time is fast
Minor bug fixes
K A Jun 2005 Changes are the same as 03J V2.01 or later TG8614B
Not released to production
Thermal overload protection added
Additional stage of under-impedance protection
Control inputs added
PSL DDB list of signals increased from 512 to 1023 signals
PSL Data menu added with PSL Reference information for
version history
05 A A/B Sep 2001 V2.05 or Later P34x/EN T/C11
Optional additional opto inputs and output contacts with a
larger case size option available
New Universal wide ranging opto inputs (Model number
hardware suffix changed to B)
New output contacts with better break and continuous carry
ratings (Model number hardware suffix changed to B)
Minor bug fixes
Courier and MODBUS builds only
Compatibility
MiCOM P342, P343, P344
Hardware/Software Version History and
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Compatibility
Page 9 of 30
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Page 10 of 30
Major Minor
Correction to foreign language text for System Backup
E A/B Mar 2002 protection not included in previous 05 software builds V2.05 or Later P34x/EN T/C11
Minor bug fixes
DNP 3.0 Object 12 CROB implementation is now compliant
for simple function points
Correction to MODBUS CB Trip and Close via "0" command
Change to neutral voltage displacement protection and
directional SEF protection so that they are not blocked by the
VT supervision logic when the VN Input and ISEF>VNPol are
F A/B Oct 2002 selected as Measured V2.05 or later P34x/EN T/C11
Page 11 of 30
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Page 12 of 30
Major Minor
Correction to the manual reset user alarms so that the event
record shows the alarm turning off only when a reset
command has been issued. Previously the "alarm off" event is
produced once the initiating signal is removed
Correction to the fault recorder window for current based trips
so that it can terminate properly once the FAULT_REC_TRIG
signal (DDB 288) is reset. Previously it needed to wait for
Relay 3 to reset also before termination
DDB 649 for pole slip reactance line start removed from the
event list
Resolved possible reboot caused by failure to time sync. from
DNP 3.0 when IRIG-B is active which is also providing the
time sync. Now, any failure of the DNP 3.0 to time sync. will
05 only produce a maintenance record
Cont. G A/B Mar 2004 Correction to French, German and Spanish language menu V2.05 or Later P34x/EN T/C11
text for generator differential IS2 setting [3004] which
incorrectly refers to the setting as IS1
Correction to the alarm and trip indication of the faulted
phase(s) for the second stage of the undervoltage and
overvoltage protection in the fault record information on the
relay LCD
Correction to the C32CS error when extracting and saving an
uncompressed disturbance record from the P34x through the
front port using MiCOM S1. This only applies to P34x
IEC60870-5-103 protocol builds since this is the only
communication option that supports uncompressed
disturbance records. The error is caused by unavailable opto
inputs or relay contacts being assigned to digital inputs in the
Disturbance Recorder menu
Compatibility
MiCOM P342, P343, P344
Hardware/Software Version History and
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Compatibility
Page 13 of 30
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Page 14 of 30
Major Minor
V/Hz Protection drop-off/pick-up (DO/PU) ratio changed from
95% to 98%
DO/PU ratio changed from 95% to 98% for Over/Under
Voltage protection. Trip threshold changed from 1.05, 0.95 Vs
to 1 Vs for Over and Under Voltage and NVD protection. TMS
setting of Under/Over Voltage protection reduced from 0.5 to
0.05.
Correction to false frequency protection start at power-up
MODBUS driver modified to prevent relay reboot with error
05 code 0x8C810000 in hardware A/B/C relays for 60Hz
Cont. K A/B Jun 2005 applications where fast polling and high baud rates are used V2.05 or later P34x/EN T/C11
Page 15 of 30
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Page 16 of 30
Major Minor
Change to undervoltage stage 2 (V<2) setting range to correct
an error. The setting range has been increased from 10-70 V
to 10-120V (Vn=100/120V) so that it is the same as V<1
Change to neutral voltage displacement protection and
directional SEF protection so that they are now not blocked by
A A/C Aug 2000 the voltage transformer supervision logic when the VN Input V2.06 or Later P34x/EN T/D22
and ISEF> VN Pol are selected as Measured
Includes all the improvements and corrections in 05F software
except for 2 enhancements shown for 06B
Minor bug fixes
Correction to undervoltage stage 2 (V<2) setting range. The
setting range has been increased from 10-70V to 10-120V
06 (Vn=110/120V) so that it is the same as V<1
Cont.
Enhancements to IEC60870-5-103 build to include private
B A/C Oct 2002 codes, monitor blocking and disturbance record extraction. V2.06 or Later P34x/EN T/D22
New uncompressed disturbance recorder for IEC60870-5-103
build only
Improvement to the RTD start-up calibration routine
Minor bug fixes
C A/C Mar 2004 Changes are the same as 05G V2.06 or Later P34x/EN T/D22
For Courier/DNP 3.0/IEC60870-5-103 builds only
Correction to parity setting for MODBUS and DNP 3.0 when
D A/C Jun 2004 the relay is powered up V2.06 or later P34x/EN T/D22
Improvement to the self checking of the analogue channels
and SRAM
Compatibility
MiCOM P342, P343, P344
Hardware/Software Version History and
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Compatibility
Changes as for D
06
Cont. E A/C Jul 2004 Improvement to the MODBUS driver to cope better with V2.06 or later P34x/EN T/D22
spurious data transmissions and failures of the relay to
Hardware/Software Version History and
Page 17 of 30
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Page 18 of 30
Major Minor
P34x/EN T/E33
(ALSTOM)
A A/C Apr 2003 Minor bug fixes V2.09 or Later or
P34x/EN T/F33
(AREVA)
Power measurement limits added to prevent non zero values
with no current and voltage. Also power factor measurements
limited to +/-1
In the Commissioning Test menu the DDB status has been
made visible on the front panel display
Support for Trip LED Status and Alarm Status added to G26
07 data type for MODBUS register 30001
Cont. P34x/EN T/E33
Correction to the CB trip/Close functionality via MODBUS so
(ALSTOM)
that local/remote setting in the CB Control menu is not ignored
B A/C Oct 2003 V2.09 or Later or
Correction to MODBUS auto event extraction which does not
work correctly in versions 05 and 06 software P34x/EN T/F33
(AREVA)
Extension of the control input functionality to support pulse and
latch operations in DNP3.0
DNP 3.0 object 10 added to class 0 poll
Correction to DNP 3.0 time sync. operation so that it does not
modify the season bit in the time stamp
Improvement to the differential protection performance at low
frequencies
Compatibility
MiCOM P342, P343, P344
Hardware/Software Version History and
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Compatibility
Page 19 of 30
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Page 20 of 30
Major Minor
Correction to the C32CS error when extracting and saving an
uncompressed disturbance record from the P34x through the
front port using MiCOM S1. This only applies to P34x
IEC60870-5-103 protocol builds since this is the only
communication option that supports uncompressed
disturbance records. The error is caused by unavailable opto
P34x/EN T/E33
inputs or relay contacts being assigned to digital inputs in the
(ALSTOM)
Disturbance Recorder menu
C A/C Mar 2004 V2.09 or Later or
Resolved possible problem with disturbance recorder
triggering which could cause loss of disturbance record data, P34x/EN T/F33
temporary freezing of the user interface or loss of rear port (AREVA)
communications
Resolved unreliable MODBUS framing
P34x/EN T/E33
(ALSTOM)
F A/C Jun 2005 Changes are the same as 05K V2.09 or later or
P34x/EN T/F33
(AREVA)
Not released to production
Enhanced main processor board
Company name change. 'ALSTOM' changed to 'MiCOM' in
default Plant Reference cell and 'ALSTOM P' changed to
'MiCOM P' for ASDU5 message type, IEC protocol
User interface enhancements - larger 100x33 pixel graphical
display of 3 lines x 16 characters + 2 new buttons, direct
access keys
30 A J Nov 2004 V2.11 or later P34x/EN T/G44
Control input enhancements. Selection of latched or pulsed
mode, control input labels added, disturbance recorder trigger
from control inputs
16 PSL Timers (previously 8)
Platform alarms mapped to the DDB (Alarm Status 3)
Time synchronization using an opto input
Opto input power frequency filter control, enabled/disabled
P34x/EN VC/F44
Page 21 of 30
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Page 22 of 30
Major Minor
Courier over EIA(RS)485 can be selected for the 1st rear port
in addition to existing K-Bus configuration
Transmission of the first rear port protocols
(MODBUS/Courier/DNP3.0) using the fiber-optic port
(IEC60870-5-103 previously available)
Uncompressed disturbance recording added for
Courier/MODBUS/DNP 3.0 (added to IEC60870-5-103
protocol in 05D, 06B software)
Dual Characteristic DO/PU ratio Opto Inputs (DO/PU =
60/80% or 50/70%)
512 Event records (previously 250)
DNP3 evolution. Scan interval for binary inputs (object 01)
30 A J Nov 2004 reduced from 5s to 0.5s. Scan interval for analog inputs V2.11 or later P34x/EN T/G44
Cont. (object 30) reduced from 2s to 1s. Improved minimum step
size of analog input dead bands
MODBUS Time Transmission Format selectable as Standard
or Reverse for transmission of byte order
V/Hz Protection drop-off/pick-up (DO/PU) ratio changed from
95% to 98%
DO/PU ratio changed from 95% to 98% for Over/Under
Voltage protection. Trip threshold changed from 1.05, 0.95 Vs
to 1 Vs for Over and Under Voltage and NVD protection. TMS
setting of Under/Over Voltage protection reduced from 0.5 to
0.05
CT Supervision for 2nd set of 3 phase CTs. Previously only
IA/IB/IC inputs supervised
Compatibility
MiCOM P342, P343, P344
Hardware/Software Version History and
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Compatibility
Page 23 of 30
Relay type: P342/3/4
Software
Version Hardware Original S1 Technical
Description of Changes
Page 24 of 30
Major Minor
P344 has 2 measured neutral voltage inputs and so has 2x2
stages of measured and 2 stages of derived neutral voltage
protection. Previous software versions included 2 stages of
measured or derived neutral voltage protection
6 bands of generator abnormal frequency protection (81AB).
Similar to P94x 81AB function
1 definite time stage of negative phase sequence overvoltage
protection (47). Same as P14x (47) function
4 definite time stages of negative phase sequence overcurrent
protection (46OC). Same as P14x (46OC) function
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
30
31
01
Page 26 of 30
P34x/EN VC/F44
02
03
04
05
06
07
30
31
01
02
03
MiCOM P342, P343, P344
04
05A-E
05F-K
06
Hardware/Software Version History and
07
30
31
Page 27 of 30
P34x/EN VC/F44 Hardware/Software Version History and
Compatibility
Page 28 of 30 MiCOM P342, P343, P344
Vx Aux Rating
24-48 Vdc 1
48-110 Vdc, 30-100 Vac 2
110-250 Vdc, 100-240 Vac 3
In/Vn Rating
In=1A/5A, Vn=100/120V 1
In=1A/5A, Vn=380/480V 2
Hardware Options
Nothing 1
IRIG-B only 2
Fibre Optic Converter Only 3
IRIG-B & Fibre Optic Converter 4
nd
2 rear Comms. Board* 7
nd
2 rear Comms. + IRIG-B* 8
Product Specific
Size 40TE Case, No Option (8 Optos + 7 Relays) A
Size 40TE Case, 8 Optos + 7 Relays + RTD B
Size 40TE Case, 8 Optos + 7 Relays + CLIO* C
Size 40TE Case, 16 Optos + 7 Relays* D
Size 40TE Case, 8 Optos + 15 Relays* E
Size 40TE Case, 12 Optos + 11 Relays* F
Size 60TE Case, 16 Optos + 16 Relays* G
Size 60TE Case, 16 Optos + 16 Relays + RTD* H
Size 60TE Case, 16 Optos + 16 Relays + CLIO* J
Size 60TE Case, 24 Optos + 16 Relays* K
Size 60TE Case, 16 Optos + 24 Relays* L
Size 60TE Case, 16 Optos + 16 Relays + RTD + CLIO* M
Size 60TE Case, 24 Optos + 16 Relays + RTD* N
Size 60TE Case, 16 Optos + 24 Relays + RTD* P
Protocol Options
K-Bus 1
MODBUS 2
IEC870 3
DNP3.0 4
Mounting
Panel Mounting M
Software XX
Setting Files
Default 0
Customer 1
Design Suffix
Original A
Phase 2 Hardware C
Original Hardware J
Note Mounting
For rack mounting assembled single rack frames and blanking plates are available
Hardware/Software Version History and P34x/EN VC/F44
Compatibility
MiCOM P342, P343, P344 Page 29 of 30
Vx Aux Rating
24-48 Vdc 1
48-110 Vdc, 30-100 Vac 2
110-250 Vdc, 100-240 Vac 3
In/Vn Rating
In=1A/5A, Vn=100/120V 1
In=1A/5A, Vn=380/480V 2
Hardware Options
Nothing 1
IRIG-B only 2
Fibre Optic Converter Only 3
IRIG-B & Fibre Optic Converter 4
2nd rear Comms. Board* 7
2nd rear Comms. + IRIG-B* 8
Product Specific
Size 60TE Case, No Option (16 Optos + 14 Relays) A
Size 60TE Case, 16 Optos + 14 Relays + RTD B
Size 60TE Case, 16 Optos + 14 Relays + CLIO* C
Size 60TE Case, 24 Optos + 14 Relays* D
Size 60TE Case, 16 Optos + 22 Relays* E
Size 80TE Case, 24 Optos + 24 Relays* F
Size 80TE Case, 24 Optos + 24 Relays + RTD* G
Size 80TE Case, 24 Optos + 24 Relays + CLIO* H
Size 80TE Case, 32 Optos + 24 Relays* J
Size 80TE Case, 24 Optos + 32 Relays* K
Size 80TE Case, 24 Optos + 24 Relays + RTD + CLIO* L
Size 80TE Case, 32 Optos + 24 Relays + RTD* M
Size 80TE Case, 24 Optos + 32 Relays + RTD* N
Size 80TE Case, 32 Optos + 16 Relays + RTD + CLIO* P
Size 80TE Case, 16 Optos + 32 Relays + RTD + CLIO* Q
Protocol Options
K-Bus 1
MODBUS 2
IEC870 3
DNP3.0 4
Mounting
Panel Mounting M
Rack Mounting (Size 80TE case only)* N
Software XX
Setting Files
Default 0
Customer 1
Design Suffix
Original A
Phase 2 Hardware C
Original Hardware J
Note Mounting
For rack mounting in the 60TE case size assembled single rack frames and blanking plates are available
P34x/EN VC/F44 Hardware/Software Version History and
Compatibility
Page 30 of 30 MiCOM P342, P343, P344
Vx Aux Rating
24-48 Vdc 1
48-110 Vdc, 30-100 Vac 2
110-250 Vdc, 100-240 Vac 3
In/Vn Rating
In=1A/5A, Vn=100/120V 1
In=1A/5A, Vn=380/480V 2
Hardware Options
Nothing 1
IRIG-B only 2
Fibre Optic Converter Only 3
IRIG-B & Fibre Optic Converter 4
nd
2 rear Comms. Board* 7
nd
2 rear Comms. + IRIG-B* 8
Product Specific
Size 80TE Case, No Option (24 Optos + 24 Relays)* A
Size 80TE Case, 24 Optos + 24 Relays + RTD* B
Size 80TE Case, 24 Optos + 24 Relays + CLIO* C
Size 80TE Case, 32 Optos + 24 Relays* D
Size 80TE Case, 24 Optos + 32 Relays* E
Size 80TE Case, 24 Optos + 24 Relays + RTD + CLIO* F
Size 80TE Case, 32 Optos + 24 Relays + RTD* G
Size 80TE Case, 24 Optos + 32 Relays + RTD* H
Size 80TE Case, 32 Optos + 16 Relays + RTD + CLIO* J
Size 80TE Case, 16 Optos + 32 Relays + RTD + CLIO* K
Protocol Options
K-Bus 1
MODBUS 2
IEC870 3
DNP3.0 4
Mounting
Panel Mounting M
Rack Mounting (Size 80TE case only)* N
Software XX
Setting Files
Default 0
Customer 1
Design Suffix
Original J