RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(RDBMS)

1. What is Database?
 The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert and
delete the data efficiently.
 It is also used to organize the data in the form of a table, schema, views, and reports,
etc.
2. Database Management System?
 Database management system is a software which is used to manage the database.
For example: MySQL, Oracle

 DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation,

storing data in it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.

3. DBMS allows users the following tasks:

 Data Definition: It is used for creation, modification, and removal of definition that
defines the organization of data in the database.
 Data Updation: It is used for the insertion, modification, and deletion of the actual
data in the database.
 Data Retrieval: It is used to retrieve the data from the database which can be used by
applications for various purposes.
 User Administration: It is used for registering and monitoring users, maintain data
integrity, enforcing data security, dealing with concurrency control, monitoring
performance and recovering information corrupted by unexpected failure.

4. Characteristics of DBMS?

 It uses a digital repository established on a server to store and manage the

information.
 It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that manipulates data.

 DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.

 It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a healthy state in case of failure.

 It can reduce the complex relationship between data.

 It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.

 It is used to provide security of data.

 It can view the database from different viewpoints according to the requirements of
the user.

5. Advantages of DBMS ?

 Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it stores all
the data in one single database file and that recorded data is placed in the database.
 Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data
among multiple users.
 Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of the
database system.
 Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.

 Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic backup
of data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.
 multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical
user interfaces, application program interfaces

6. Disadvantages of DBMS ?

 Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of data processor and large
memory size to run DBMS software.
 Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them efficiently.

 Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and requirements.

 Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the database because in most of
the organization, all the data stored in a single database and if the database is
damaged due to electric failure or database corruption then the data may be lost
forever.

7. What is RDBMS?

 RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management Systems..

 All modern database management systems like SQL, MS SQL Server, IBM DB2,
ORACLE, My-SQL and Microsoft Access are based on RDBMS.
 It is called Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS) because it is based on
relational model introduced by E.F. Codd.

8. What is Purpose Database System?

 Banking − We are doing a lot of transactions daily without directly going to the banks.
The only reason is the usage of databases and it manages all the data of the
customers over the database.
 Online Shopping − Now-a-days we all do Online shopping without wasting the time
by going shopping with the help of DBMS. The products are added and sold only with
the help of DBMS like Purchase information, invoice bills and payment.
 Human Resource Management − The management keeps records of each
employee’s salary, tax and work through DBMS.
 Manufacturing − Manufacturing companies make products and sell them on a daily
basis. To keep records of all those details DBMS is used.
 Airline Reservation system − Just like the railway reservation system, airlines also
need DBMS to keep records of flights arrival, departure and delay status.


9. Uses Of DBMS?

 Data independence and efficient access of data.

 Application Development time reduces.

 Security and data integrity.

 Uniform data administration.

 Concurrent access and recovery from crashes.

10. Drawbacks in File System?

 Data redundancy and inconsistency: Different file formats, duplication of information in
different files.
 Difficulty in accessing data: To carry out new task we need to write a new program.

 Data Isolation − Different files and formats.

 Integrity problems.

 Concurrent access by multiple users.

 Security problems.

11. Purpose of Database System?

 Data into information.

 Information into knowledge.

 Knowledge to the action.

 The diagram given below explains the process as to how the transformation of data to
information to knowledge to action happens respectively in the DBMS

12. DBMS Architecture?

 The DBMS design depends upon its architecture. The basic client/server architecture is
used to deal with a large number of PCs, web servers, database servers and other
components that are connected with networks.
 The client/server architecture consists of many PCs and a workstation which are
connected via the network.
 DBMS architecture depends upon how users are connected to the database to get
their request done.
13. Types of DBMS Architecture?
 1-tier architecture
 2-tier architecture
 3-tier architecture
14. Tier Architecture?

 In this architecture, the database is directly available to the user. It means the user can
directly sit on the DBMS and uses it.
 Any changes done here will directly be done on the database itself. It doesn't provide
a handy tool for end users.

15. 2-Tier Architecture?

 The 2-Tier architecture is same as basic client-server. In the two-tier architecture,

applications on the client end can directly communicate with the database at the
server side. For this interaction, API's like: ODBC, JDBC are used.
 The user interfaces and application programs are run on the client-side.

16. 3-Tier Architecture?

 The 3-Tier architecture contains another layer between the client and server. In this
architecture, client can't directly communicate with the server.
 The application on the client-end interacts with an application server which further
communicates with the database system.
17. Database Language?

 A DBMS has appropriate languages and interfaces to express database queries and
updates.
 Database languages can be used to read, store and update the data in the database.

18. Types of Database Language?

 DDL –Data Definition Language
 DML-Data Manipulation Language
 DCL-Data Control Language
 TCL-Transaction Control Language

19. DDL?
 DDL stands for Data Definition Language. It is used to define database structure or
pattern.
 It is used to create schema, tables, indexes, constraints, etc. in the database.
 Using the DDL statements, you can create the skeleton of the database.
 Data definition language is used to store the information of metadata like the number
of tables and schemas, their names, indexes, columns in each table, constraints, etc.

COMMANDS:

 Create: It is used to create objects in the database.

 Alter: It is used to alter the structure of the database.

 Drop: It is used to delete objects from the database.

 Truncate: It is used to remove all records from a table.

 Rename: It is used to rename an object.

 Comment: It is used to comment on the data dictionary.

 These commands are used to update the database schema that's why they come
under Data definition language.

20. DML?
 DML stands for Data Manipulation Language.
 It is used for accessing and manipulating data in a database. It handles user requests.

COMMANDS:

 Select: It is used to retrieve data from a database.

 Insert: It is used to insert data into a table.

 Update: It is used to update existing data within a table.

 Delete: It is used to delete all records from a table.

 Merge: It performs UPSERT operation, i.e., insert or update operations.

 Call: It is used to call a structured query language or a Java subprogram.

 Explain Plan: It has the parameter of explaining data.

 Lock Table: It controls concurrency.

21. DCL?

 DCL stands for Data Control Language.

 It is used to retrieve the stored or saved data.

 The DCL execution is transactional. It also has rollback parameters.

COMMANDS:

 Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.

 Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user

o The Authorization Of Revoke

o CONNECT, INSERT, USAGE, EXECUTE, DELETE, UPDATE and SELECT.
22. TCL?
 TCL is used to run the changes made by the DML statement. TCL can be grouped into a logical
transaction.

COMMANDS:

 Commit: It is used to save the transaction on the database.

 Rollback: It is used to restore the database to original since the last Commit.

23. Database User?

 A Database User are the one who really use and take the benefits of the database.
 Categories of Database User
o Native User
o Application Programmer
o Sophisticated User
o Specialized Users
24. DBA?
 DBA stands for Database Administrator.
 The person who has the central control over a database system is
called Database Administrator (DBA).

 Functions of DBA:
o Schema Definition.
o Storage Structure and access Method Definition
o Scheme and physical organisation Modification
 o Granting of Authorization for data access
o High impact of failure
25. ER MODEL?

 ER model stands for an Entity-Relationship model.

 It is a high-level data model.

 This model is used to define the data elements and relationship for a specified system.

 It develops a conceptual design for the database. It also develops a very simple and
easy to design view of data.
 In ER modeling, the database structure is portrayed as a diagram called an entity-
relationship diagram.

26. Component of ER Diagram?


27. History of Database System?
 The database has completed more than 50 years of journey of its evolution from flat-file
system to relational and objects relational systems. It has gone through several generations.
 Charles Bachman developed the first DBMS at Honeywell called Integrated Data Store (IDS). It
was developed in the early 1960s, but it was standardized in 1971 by the CODASYL group
(Conference on Data Systems Languages).
 1968-1980 was the era of the Hierarchical Database. Prominent hierarchical database model
was IBM's first DBMS. It was called IMS (Information Management System).
 1968 was the year when File-Based database were introduced. In file-based databases, data
was maintained in a flat file. Though files have many advantages, there are several limitations
 One of the major advantages is that the file system has various access methods, e.g.,
sequential, indexed, and random.
 It requires extensive programming in a third-generation language such as COBOL, BASIC.
28. Entity?
 An entity may be any object, class, person or place. In the ER diagram, an entity can be
represented as rectangles.

29. Weak Entity?

 An entity that depends on another entity called a weak entity. The weak entity doesn't
contain any key attribute of its own. The weak entity is represented by a double
rectangle.

30. Attribute?

 The attribute is used to describe the property of an entity. Eclipse is used to represent
an attribute.