Republic of The Union of Myanmar Preparatory Survey For Power Improvement Project in The Greater Yangon

Yangon City Electricity Supply Board
Ministry of Electric Power

Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Japan International Cooperation Agency
Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Preparatory Survey for

Power Improvement Project
in the Greater Yangon
Final Report
February 2014
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.

IL
JR
14-034
Table of contents
Chapter 1 Background ........................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Study schedule .............................................................................................................................. 1-2
1.3 JICA survey team and counterpart ................................................................................................ 1-4
Chapter 2 Present Status ........................................................................................................ 2-1

2.1 Present status of the power distribution sector .............................................................................. 2-1
2.2 Yangon City Power Demand and its Trend ................................................................................... 2-6
2.2.1 Trend of the Yangon City Demand...................................................................................... 2-6
2.2.2 Load Shedding/Power Cuts ................................................................................................. 2-7
2.2.3 Load Curve.......................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.3 Present status of electric power facilities in YESB ....................................................................... 2-8
2.3.1 Industrial Zones................................................................................................................... 2-8
2.3.2 Present status of power transmission and substation facilities .......................................... 2-10
2.3.3 Present status of power distribution facilities ................................................................... 2-19
2.4 Distribution loss .......................................................................................................................... 2-21
2.5 Electricity Tariffs......................................................................................................................... 2-22
2.5.1 Tariff Structure .................................................................................................................. 2-22
2.5.2 Tariff Collection ................................................................................................................ 2-23
2.6 YESB’s Financials ...................................................................................................................... 2-24
2.6.1 YESB’s Budget ................................................................................................................. 2-24
2.6.2 Potential Issues.................................................................................................................. 2-24
Chapter 3 Demand Forecast .................................................................................................. 3-1

3.1 Power Demand Forecast ............................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.1 Current demand growth Estimate of YESB ........................................................................ 3-1
3.1.2 Power Demand Forecast (GWh): Based on YESB assumptions......................................... 3-1
3.1.3 Alternative demand forecast (GWh) ................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.4 Peak Demand Forecast (MW): Load Curve ........................................................................ 3-4
3.2 Peak Demand for each Township .................................................................................................. 3-9
Chapter 4 Distribution Networks Development Plan .......................................................... 4-1

4.1 Existing distribution networks development plan ......................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Development plan for the YESB systems ........................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 5 year plan (2011-2015) and latest investment plan (2016-2020) ....................................... 4-2
4.2 Load status at substations and failure status of the YESB ............................................................ 4-4
4.2.1 Load status at substations .................................................................................................... 4-4
4.2.2 Failure status of YESB ........................................................................................................ 4-6
4.3 Policies for formulating the distribution networks development plan ........................................ 4-10
4.3.1 Planning methodology for grid/distribution substation and transmission line .................. 4-11
4.3.2 Medium- and low-voltage distribution lines development plan........................................ 4-14
4.4 Standardization of the specifications and configurations of electric power facilities ................. 4-15
4.4.1 Standardization of power distribution facilities ................................................................ 4-15
4.4.2 Standardization of substation facilities ............................................................................. 4-17
4.5 Review of the distribution network development plan ............................................................... 4-20
4.5.1 Substation expansion plan ................................................................................................. 4-20
4.5.2 System analysis ................................................................................................................. 4-26
Chapter 5 Candidate Project for Japanese ODA Loan ....................................................... 5-1

5.1 Selection candidate Japanese ODA loan projects based on priority investment plan ................... 5-1
5.1.1 Workflow of the priority investment plan formulation ....................................................... 5-1
5.1.2 Proposal for improving facilities suitable to the situation of Myanmar .............................. 5-1
5.1.3 Selection of the priority investment plan ............................................................................ 5-2
5.2 Outline of the candidate projects................................................................................................... 5-5
5.2.1 Installation of substations and related transmission lines (Component1) ........................... 5-5
5.2.2 Introduction of multi-transformer system (Component 2) .................................................. 5-8
5.2.3 Replacement of distribution line ....................................................................................... 5-12
5.2.4 Rehabilitation of training center and introduction of utility vehicles ............................... 5-12
5.3 Suggestions on organization for construction, operation and maintenance ................................ 5-14
5.3.1 Organization for construction ........................................................................................... 5-14
5.3.2 Suggestions on organization for operation and maintenance ............................................ 5-15
5.4 Training to engineers in YESB ................................................................................................... 5-15
5.4.1 Technological training provided by YESB ....................................................................... 5-15
5.4.2 Current facilities at Training Center.................................................................................. 5-17
5.4.3 The necessity of the reorganization of the training programs on engineers and workers . 5-18
5.4.4 The classification between engineers and workers ........................................................... 5-18
5.4.5 Proposal on the training for engineers in YESB ............................................................... 5-18
Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Considerations ......................................................... 6-1

6.1 Agencies concerned for environmental and social considerations (ESC) ..................................... 6-1
6.2 Legal scheme concerned with the project ..................................................................................... 6-1
6.2.1 Concerned legal scheme of Myanmar ................................................................................. 6-1
6.2.2 JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (April 2010) .................... 6-5
6.3 Project Description........................................................................................................................ 6-5
6.4 Site Description ............................................................................................................................. 6-6
6.4.1 Natural Environment ........................................................................................................... 6-6
6.4.2 Social Environment ............................................................................................................. 6-9
6.5 Alternatives ................................................................................................................................. 6-11
6.5.1 Alternative Plans ............................................................................................................... 6-11
6.5.2 Comparison of Alternatives............................................................................................... 6-11
6.6 Scoping for Environmental and Social Considerations Study .................................................... 6-12
6.6.1 Scoping.............................................................................................................................. 6-12
6.6.2 TOR for the Environmental and Social Considerations Study.......................................... 6-15
6.7 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) ................................................................................... 6-16
6.7.1 Examination of Potential Impacts ..................................................................................... 6-16
6.7.2 Impact Evaluation ............................................................................................................. 6-19
6.8 Environmental Mitigation Required ........................................................................................... 6-22
6.9 Environmental Monitoring Plan.................................................................................................. 6-24
6.10 Stakeholders Consultation........................................................................................................... 6-26
Chapter 7 Project Evaluation ................................................................................................ 7-1

7.1 Effects assumed as a result of the Japanese ODA loan project ..................................................... 7-1
7.2 Suggestion of operation indicator and effect indicator ................................................................. 7-2
7.2.1 Substation transformer installation capacity ....................................................................... 7-3
7.2.2 Transformer Availability Factor .......................................................................................... 7-3
7.2.3 Electricity Supply................................................................................................................ 7-3
7.2.4 System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) ..................................................... 7-4
7.2.5 System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) ....................................................... 7-4
7.2.6 Power transmission and distribution loss rate ..................................................................... 7-4
7.3 Monitoring indicator by the YESB ............................................................................................... 7-7
7.4 Estimate of the effects of reducing greenhouse gas emissions ..................................................... 7-8
Chapter 8 Current Issues and Suggestions for Distribution Sector in the Yangon Region8-1
8.1 Power system planning ................................................................................................................. 8-1
8.2 Power system operation ................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.3 Relay setting methodology............................................................................................................ 8-2
8.4 Substation design and construction, operation and maintenance .................................................. 8-2
8.4.1 Design and construction ...................................................................................................... 8-2
8.4.2 Facility management ........................................................................................................... 8-4
8.4.3 Maintenance improvement .................................................................................................. 8-5
8.4.4 SF6 gas control.................................................................................................................... 8-6
8.4.5 PCB control ......................................................................................................................... 8-7
8.5 Operation of distribution lines ...................................................................................................... 8-7
8.6 Training programs and training center, and introducing special purpose vehicles ....................... 8-9
8.7 Environmental Management ......................................................................................................... 8-9
Figures and Tables
Figure 1-1: Study schedule ........................................................................................................................ 1-2
Figure 1-2: Overall flow of the survey....................................................................................................... 1-3
Figure 2-1: Organization Chart of Yangon Electricity Supply Board ........................................................ 2-2
Figure 2-2: Organization Chart of Yangon Electricity Supply Board, Distribution division ..................... 2-3
Figure 2-3:Organaization Chart of Yangon Electricity Supply Board, Testing & General Services Division2-4
Figure 2-4:Organaization Chart of Yangon Electricity Supply Board, Testing & General Services Division2-5
Figure 2-5: Yangon Power Demand (Sales, GWh) ............................................................................ 2-6
Figure 2-6: Daily Load curve (22/4/2013, dry season, planned outage is implemented) .......................... 2-8
Figure 2-7: Present Status (17/6/2013, rainy season, planned outage is not implemented) ....................... 2-8
Figure 2-8: Power supply to the Industrial Zones from YESB .................................................................. 2-9
Figure 2-9: Cable head for 66kV transmission line service entrances at Mawtin substation .................. 2-11
Figure 2-10: Khayaebin substation and 33kV transmission lines ............................................................ 2-11
Figure 2-11: Proportions of reasons for power outage (no. of times) ...................................................... 2-12
Figure 2-12: Fault frequency at each voltage class .................................................................................. 2-12
Figure 2-13: Number of transformers ...................................................................................................... 2-14
Figure 2-14: Number of transformers in each township .......................................................................... 2-14
Figure 2-15: Number of transformers in each manufacturing year.......................................................... 2-15
Figure 2-16: Number of transformers by each transformer manufacturer ............................................... 2-15
Figure 2-17: 66kV DS (with ES) ............................................................................................................. 2-17
Figure 2-18: 66kV PT, GCB, CT, LA ...................................................................................................... 2-17
Figure 2-19: 33kV and 11kV Switchgear ................................................................................................ 2-17
Figure 2-20: Transformer with a set of drop out fuses, disconnection switches and arrestors mounted on
two poles ............................................................................................................................... 2-20
Figure 2-21: Service wire connection in a random manner ..................................................................... 2-20
Figure 2-22: Offsite meter reading system on a pole ............................................................................... 2-21
Figure 2-23: YESB’s Tariff Structure ...................................................................................................... 2-22
Figure 2-24: Typical Tariff Collection Scheme ........................................................................................ 2-23
Figure 2-25: Invoice Sent to Users .......................................................................................................... 2-23
Figure 2-26: Schedule for Payment and Fines ......................................................................................... 2-24
Figure 2-27: YESB’s tariffs (initial plan for 2014-15 fiscal year) ........................................................... 2-25
Figure 3-1:Demand forecast based on YESB assumption ......................................................................... 3-2
Figure 3-2: Yangon City Power Demand forecast (GWh), Alternative Scenario ...................................... 3-4
Figure 3-3:Daily Load Curve in Yangon on a Peak Day............................................................................ 3-5
Figure 3-4: Daily Load Curve in Vietnam, 2000 ....................................................................................... 3-5
Figure 3-5: Daily Load Curve in Vientiane, 2000...................................................................................... 3-6
Figure 3-6:Daily Load Curve in Thailand, 2000........................................................................................ 3-6
Figure 3-7:Yangon City Peak Demand Forecast under YESB assumption ............................................... 3-7
Figure 3-8: Yangon City Peak Demand, alternative scenario .................................................................... 3-8
Figure 4-1: YESB 66kV system diagram (as of April 2016) ..................................................................... 4-1
Figure 4-2: Fractions by power outage record type (number of times) ..................................................... 4-6
Figure 4-3: Fractions by power outage record type (duration) .................................................................. 4-6
Figure 4-4: Number of times of power outage by fault in each township ................................................. 4-7
Figure 4-5: Duration of power outage by fault in each township .............................................................. 4-7
Figure 4-6: Number of times of power outage by fault per unit capacity .................................................. 4-8
Figure 4-7: Duration of power outage by fault per unit capacity............................................................... 4-9
Figure 4-8: Number of times of power outage by fault per unit capacity .................................................. 4-9
Figure 4-9: Flow of reviewing the distribution networks development plan and priority investment plan4-11
Figure 4-10: Single line diagram of desirable 66/11-6.6kV standard substation ..................................... 4-18
Figure 4-11: Load flow diagram of Yangon distribution power system in 2020 ..................................... 4-28
Figure 4-14: Load flow diagram around Kyaikkasan substation in 2017 ................................................ 4-32
Figure 4-15: Location of Kyaikkasan S/S ................................................................................................ 4-33
Figure 4-16: Load flow diagram around Kyaikkasan substation in 2025 ................................................ 4-33
Figure 5-1: Workflow of the priority investment plan formulation and survey for potential sub-projects for
the Japanese ODA loan ........................................................................................................... 5-1
Figure 5-2: Layout of Seikenthar Street Substation ................................................................................... 5-7
Figure 5-3: Application model of the multi-transformer system and image of LV line losses .................. 5-8
Figure 5-4: Drawings before and after the design of multi-transformer system in an overcrowded
residential area. ....................................................................................................................... 5-9
Figure 5-5: Drawings before and after the design in an upper-class residential area. ............................. 5-10
Figure 5-6: Drawings before and after the design in an underground downtown area. ........................... 5-11
Figure 5-7: Outline of renovation plan of training center ........................................................................ 5-13
Figure 5-8: Example of utility vehicles.................................................................................................... 5-14
Figure 5-9: Project management unit ....................................................................................................... 5-15
Figure 5-10: Practical training facilities (Distribution overhead lines and poles) ................................... 5-17
Figure 5-11: Practical training facilities (Substation facilities) ............................................................... 5-17
Figure 6-1: Location of Project Site in Myanmar ...................................................................................... 6-6
Figure 6-2: River system around the Greater Yangon ................................................................................ 6-7
Figure 6-3: Township Group Categories of Yangon Region (Greater Yangon) ....................................... 6-10
Figure 8-1: Image of operation of facility data management ..................................................................... 8-5
Figure 8-2: Portable type DGA instrument ................................................................................................ 8-6
Table 1-1: Counterpart Team Members ..................................................................................................... 1-4

Table 2-1:Yangon City Power Demand (Sales, GWh) ...................................................................... 2-7
Table 2-2: Industrial Zones in Yangon ....................................................................................................... 2-9
Table 2-3: Number of Substations ........................................................................................................... 2-13
Table 2-4: Standard Specification of Power Transformer ........................................................................ 2-16
Table 2-5: Procedure of action for power transformer breakdown .......................................................... 2-16
Table 2-6: Switchgears in YESB.............................................................................................................. 2-17
Table 2-7: Distribution loss ...................................................................................................................... 2-22
Table 3-1: Peak Demand Forecast for each Township under YESB scenario.......................................... 3-10
Table 3-2: Township Peak Demand, non-industrial, under alternative scenario ...................................... 3-11
Table 3-3: Township Peak Demand, industrial, under alternative scenario ............................................. 3-12
Table 4-1: Overview of 5 year plan ........................................................................................................... 4-3
Table 4-2: Overview of latest substation investment plan (for from FY2016 to FY2020) ........................ 4-3
Table 4-3: Operating rate of substations for each township in 2012.......................................................... 4-5
Table 4-4: Definitions of power facilities that are the subjects of planning in this study ........................ 4-11
Table 4-5 :System planning standards in this survey ............................................................................... 4-12
Table 4-6: Procedure for project priority setting...................................................................................... 4-13
Table 4-7: Substations supplying to important facilities .......................................................................... 4-14
Table 4-8: The YESB's current 5-year plan, the latest substation investment plan (from FY2016 to
FY2020) and 2030 year plan ................................................................................................. 4-21
Table 4-9: Operation rates of transformers in each township in case of YESB development plan.......... 4-22
Table 4-10: Substation expansion plan in addition to YESB Plans from 2015 to 2019........................... 4-23
Table 4-11: Revised substation expansion plans by the survey team....................................................... 4-24
Table 4-12 : Operating rate of transformer for each township by proposed plans ................................... 4-25
Table 4-13 : Difference between YESB original substation expansion plans and proposed plans .......... 4-26
Table 4-14: Standardized conductors ....................................................................................................... 4-27
Table 4-15: Line constants in PSS/E ........................................................................................................ 4-27
Table 4-16: Standardized transformers .................................................................................................... 4-27
Table 4-17: Peak demand in Yangon region from 2012 to 2030 ............................................................. 4-27
Table 4-18 : Transmission line development plan studied by the survey team ........................................ 4-30
Table 4-19: Reliability improvement plans in the vicinity of Kyaikkasan substation ............................. 4-33
Table 4-20 : Peak load of 230kV/66kV and 230kV/33kV transformers .................................................. 4-34
Table 4-21 : List of transformers need to be newly installed ................................................................... 4-34
Table 5-1: Basic concept for selecting candidate projects for Japanese ODA loan ................................... 5-1
Table 5-2: Potential township in the Yangon City for Japanese ODA loan ............................................... 5-4
Table 5-3: The 66kV substation project (component1) .............................................................................. 5-5
Table 5-4: Outline of 66kV substation construction project ...................................................................... 5-6
Table 5-5: Outline of 33kV substation project ........................................................................................... 5-7
Table 5-6: Calculated voltage drop and loss in an overcrowded residential area .................................... 5-10
Table 5-7 :Calculated voltage drop and loss in an upper-class residential area ....................................... 5-10
Table 5-8: Calculated voltage drop and loss in an underground downtown area..................................... 5-11
Table 5-9: Training Courses opened by Engineering Department of YESB ............................................ 5-16
Table 5-10: Practical Training Course’s time table .................................................................................. 5-16
Table 6-1: Primary laws relevant to environmental conservation and management.................................. 6-3
Table 6-2: Role of Major Actors of Land Acquisition ............................................................................... 6-5
Table 6-3: Climate Statistics of Yangon Meteorological Station between 2000 through 2009.................. 6-8
Table 6-4: Cimated Data for Yangon (1961-1990) .................................................................................... 6-8
Table 6-5: Protected Area in Yangon Region ............................................................................................. 6-8
Table 6-6: Threatened Fauna and Flora Species recorded in Yangon as of November 2012 .................... 6-9
Table 6-7: Scoping Matrix ....................................................................................................................... 6-12
Table 6-8: TOR for Environmental and Social Considerations (ESC) Study .......................................... 6-15
Table 6-9: Initial Impact Examination（IEE） ....................................................................................... 6-16
Table 6-10: Impact Assessment at Scoping and after IEE ....................................................................... 6-19
Table 6-11: Mitigation Measures (in Design and Construction) .............................................................. 6-22
Table 6-12: Mitigation Measures (during Operation) .............................................................................. 6-23
Table 6-13: Environmental Monitoring Plan ........................................................................................... 6-24
Table 7-1: The results of the calculation of loss improvement rate (%) in the whole YESB areas ........... 7-6
Table 7-2: The results of the calculation of loss improvement rate in the whole YESB areas .................. 7-7
Table 7-3:Estimate of the effects of reducing greenhouse gas emissions .................................................. 7-8
Table 8-1: Comparison of 66kV switchgear .............................................................................................. 8-3
Table 8-2:Ranges of 90% typical gas configuration values observed in power transformers discribed in
IEC 60599 ............................................................................................................................... 8-6
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ACSR Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
ADB Asian Development Bank
AIMS the ASEAN Interconnection Master Plan Study
AIS Air Insulated Switchgear, Air Insulated Substation
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
CB Circuit Breaker
CDC City Development Committee
CH Cable Head
CPLAD City Planning and Land Administration Department
CT Current Transformer
DS Disconnecting Switch (Isolator)
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate
ECD Environmental Conservation Department (of MOECAF)
ECL Environmental Conservation Law
ECR Environmental Conservation Rules
EDL Electricite Du Laos
EGAT Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
ES Earthing Switch
ESC Environmental and Social Considerations
ESE Electric Supply Enterprise
EVN Electricity of Vietnam
FY Fiscal Year
GAD General Administration Department (under MOHA)
GCB Gas Circuit Breaker
GIS Gas Insulated Switchgear
GOC Ry Grounding Over Current Relay (Earthing Fault Relay)
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
LA Lightning Arrester
LDC Load Dispatching Center
LTC Load Tap Changer
MEPE Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise
METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (of Japan)
MOAI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
MOC Ministry of Culture
MOECAF Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry
MOEP Ministry of Electric Power
MOF Ministry of Forestry (predecessor of MOECAF)
MOHA Ministry of Home Affaires
MOPD Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development
NCEA National Commission for Environmental Affairs
NEDA The Neighboring Countries Economic Development Cooperation Agency
NEP National Environmental Policy
NPV Net Present Value
NSDS National Sustainable Development Strategy
NVTC No-Voltage Tap Changer
OC Ry Over Current Relay
OCB Oil Circuit Breaker (LOCB: Low level Oil Circuit Breaker)
ODA Official Development Assistance
OLTC On-Load Tap Charger
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PF Power Factor
P/S Power Station
PT Potential Transformer
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SIA Social Impact Assessment
SLORC State Law and Order Restoration Council
SLRD Settlement and Land Record Department
SPDC State Peace and Development Council
S/S Substation
VCB Vacuum Circuit Breaker
XLPE Cross-Linked Polyethylene
YCDC Yangon City Development Committee
YESB Yangon City Electricity Supply Board
Appendix
Appendix 2-1 : Duties and Responsibilities
Appendix 6-1 : Example of Monitoring Form for Construction Phase and Operation Phase
Chapter 1 Background
1.1 Background
The Yangon City is the economic center of Myanmar where 5.1 million people, or nearly 10% of the
country's total population, are concentrated. As the population grows, the Yangon metropolitan area has
been formed with the expansion of its surrounding areas. In 2012, the peak power supply in the whole
Myanmar totaled about 1,800MW, of which about 44% (about 790MW) was supplied to the Yangon City.
However, while the total generating capacity in Myanmar reached about 3,900MW as of Dec 2012, the
effective output remains its 33-47% due to aging existing power facilities, shortage of fuel for thermal
power generation, and output constraint of hydropower generation in dry seasons. Therefore, in the
Yangon City where the largest amount of power is demanded in Myanmar, electric power supply hardly
meets demand, and load shedding is necessary in dry seasons because potential power demand largely
exceeds supply. Moreover, the power transmission and distribution losses in the whole Myanmar reach
about 25%, with the transmission loss 7% and the power distribution loss 18% as of 2012. Under the tight
supply-demand conditions, there are high needs for improving the efficiency and enhancing electric
power supply reliability by reducing the loss rate. Furthermore, since aging facilities have been used
under overload conditions for a long time, there are high risks of trouble occurrence while there are
concerns over the occurrence of large-scale power outage.
In the Yangon City, the demand for electric power is expected to continue to increase due to economic
development, and, therefore, the securing of stable electric power supply and the enhancement of electric
supply reliability have become urgent tasks. In particular, there is high need for repairing and reinforcing
the existing distribution facilities in the Yangon City in order to reduce power distribution loss and also as
measures against aging facilities. Therefore, Yangon City Electricity Supply Board (hereinafter referred to
as "YESB"), which is in charge of power distribution in the Yangon City, formulated the medium- to
long-term investment plan as well as the 5-year distribution network development plan (FY2011 to
FY2015). And under the 5-year plan, YESB plans to upgrade the voltage of distribution networks in the
Yangon City to 66kV and repair existing 33kV substations.
Under such circumstances, based on the Minutes of Meeting (M/M) concluded on April 9, 2013, JICA
will review the distribution networks development plan in the Yangon City and conduct preparatory
surveys with the aim to formulate Japanese ODA loan projects as priority projects.
(1) Objectives of this survey
Objective 1: To review the distribution networks development plan in the Yangon City and
select priority projects
Objective 2: To select and evaluate the candidate projects for Japanese ODA loan
1-1
(1)Survey areas
33 townships in the Yangon City, Myanmar
(2) Counterpart
Yangon City Electricity Supply Board (YESB)
1.2 Study schedule
The survey conducted for 9 months from June 2013 to February 2014. This Survey has four stages. In the
first Stage, survey team collected basic information in YESB and, surveyed the priority investment plan
and selected candidate projects for Japanese ODA loan. In the second stage, survey team examined the
priority investment plan and survey candidate projects for Japanese ODA loan in detail. In the third stage,
survey team proposed the priority investment plan and candidate projects for Japanese ODA loan. The 4th
and 5th stage, survey team explained proposals related to the Yangon power distribution projects and
proposals on continuous technical cooperation.
Kick-off meeting was held for explanation and discussion of the survey policies and Inception Report on
July 5, 2013. During the survey period, technical transfer workshop held at YESB. The entire schedule for
the survey and the overall flow of the survey are as shown in Figure 1-1 and Figure 1-2.
2013 2014
Period
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
Formulation of The
Review of the distribution system
distribution improvement plan up to Authorization
Survey stage system FY2019 and
development Evaluation of the effects of proposal
plan in the the projects in the
Yangon Area distribution system
improvement plan
Activities in Myanmar
Seminar / Technology
transfer workshop Kickoff Briefing to vice minister
meeting
/Meeting Technology transfer workshop
Site survey at Training
Center
・Formulation of the Information Demand
Sharing the
priority investment plan collection /
Survey
forecast/Syste
m analysis
investment plan
Authorization and proposals
Selection of Basic design Sharing the

・Japanese ODA loan candidate /Construction contents of the Authorization and proposals
candidate projects projects plan projects
Reports
Inception Interim Draft final(1) Draft final(2) Final Report
Figure 1-1: Study schedule
1-2
Basic research / survey on the priority investment Preparatory activities in Japan：Information
plan / stage of selecting Japanese ODA loan collection and pre-analysis
projects(1st activities in Myanmar) Assessment of existing survey reports
Adjustment and agreement of the survey executing system with the Myanmar
government
Collection of basic information

Power Concerned laws Electric power Power distribution Distribution Electricity
distribution and regulations and supply-demand business facilities charge system
business system systems situation management conditions
Formulation of priority investment plan Detailedsurvey for candidate projects

Confirmation of the present distribution plan for Japanese ODA loan
1)Selection of candidate projects for
Japanese ODA loan
Power development plan Top priority 2)Checking acquisition and development
Integrity Upper level power system projects of construction sites
System analysis until recent
Demand forecast years
Detailed survey related to candidate

Stage of studying the priority investment projects for Japanese ODA loan
plans/detailed surveys on candidate projects for
Japanese ODA loan.(2nd activities in Myanmar)
1)Basic design
Current distribution networks 2)Formulation of the construction

development plan
plan
Proposal related to the project

Feedback implementation system and the
management and maintenance system
The prioritization of projects, formulation Environmental and socialconsideration
of the priority investment plan Studies related to project assessment
Stage of approving the priority investment

plan/Japanese ODA loan project Considering schedule adjustment and consensus
(3rd activities in Myanmar) building with the Myanmar government
Support to the Myanmar government regarding Support to the Myanmar government regarding approval
approval of the priority investment plan of the candidate projects for Japanese ODA loan
Stage of authorization and proposals

(4th and 5th activities in Myanmar)
Proposals related to the Yangon power distribution project/

proposals on continual technical cooperation
Source: JICA study team
Figure 1-2: Overall flow of the survey
1-3
1.3 JICA survey team and counterpart
For the smooth and efficient implementation of the survey, counterpart teams are formed by expert field,
and members of the teams, as shown below, are working on the survey.
Table 1-1: Counterpart Team Members
Member
Survey group
JICA survey team YESB counterpart [Division]
Mr.Yoshitaka SAITO
Mr.Hideki WADA
(Until July, 2013)
Project Coordination Ms.Mina KOBAYASHI Ms.Yee Mon Mon [Chairman Office]
(After August, 2013)
Ms.Yumiko MUTO
(After October, 2013)
Dr. Koji SHIKIMACHI
Mr. Osamu TANIHATA
Ms.KhinThapye Nu [Chairman Office]
Distribution System Mr. Tatsuya WATANABE
Planning Dr.AyeSandarMyo [Distribution Dept. ]
Mr. Masami OBA
Mr.MyoKyawSwe [Distribution Dept. ]
Mr. Megumi ICHIKAWA
(After August, 2013)
[Testing & General
Mr. Kazunori OHARA Mr.AungTun Lin
Power Supply Planning service Dept. ]
Mr. Masanori YANAGIDA Dr.ThweThweSoe
[Planning Dept.]
Dr.AyeSandarMyo [Distribution Dept. ]
Power demand forecast Mr.Hiroo YAMAGATA
Dr.ZarZarTun [Planning Dept.]
Economic and financial

analysis / Distribution Mr. Masafumi IINO Ms.SoeSoeNew [Financial Dept.]
business management
Environmental and social

Mr. Tsuyoshi SASAKA Mr.Yaw Mas [Administration Dept.]
considerations
1-4
Chapter 2 Present Status
2.1 Present status of the power distribution sector
The Electricity Law established in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar in 1984 is concerning with the
exploration, production, transmission, distribution and usage of electricity and involves inspection matter
for the safety use of electricity. The law is now updated with ADB assistance to reflect present
international standards and to create the right conditions for establishing an electricity regulator,
expanding rural electrification, and promoting off grid solutions.
In Myanmar, the upper systems of 66kV or higher are managed by the Myanma Electric Power Enterprise
(MEPE) while the electric power systems of 66kV or lower (including the primary 66kV substations) are
managed by YESB in the Yangon city or by the Electricity Supply Enterprise (ESE) in cities outside of
Yangon. Figure 2-1 shows the organization chart of the YESB, the counterpart managing the areas to be
surveyed of this project. The YESB consists of the headquarters (199 executive officers and 1,410
employees) and four district offices (175 executive officers and 3,055 employees; including the township
offices under jurisdiction). It is divided into the administration (subtotal of 466 members), finance
(subtotal of 1,466 members), material planning (subtotal of 57 members) and engineer (subtotal of 1,647
members) departments. The engineer department is further divided into the distribution (21 executive
officers and 376 employees), planning (22 executive officers and 311 employees) and testing & general
service (16 executive officers and 157 employees) divisions.
Figure 2-2, Figure 2-3 and Figure 2-4 show the lower organization charts and the fixed and current
appointed numbers of the members in each lower section of the engineer departments, distribution
division and testing & general service division in the headquarters. Approximately halves of the fixed
numbers are currently not occupied.
The distribution division consists of the system network & control, substation, mobile, and 24 hours
maintenance sections for system control, construction, maintenance or modification of substations,
24-hour operations and maintenance, and provision of emergency power supply systems. The planning
division consists of the underground, overhead, setting new substation, and training sections for
construction or maintenance of underground cables and overhead lines, the substation construction plan
and education. The testing & general service division consists of the testing, permitting meters, inspection
meters, and loss reduction sections for the investigations on the causes for cable fault, and acceptance and
approval of new consumers. The district offices with the township offices under jurisdiction are
responsible for the acceptance of the applications for electricity use, operation, maintenance and repair of
overhead power distribution lines of 11kV or less, and the initial response in case a fault occurs. The
duties of each lower section in these divisions are summarized in Appendix 2-1.
2-1
Yangon City Electricity Supply Board Organization Chart (as of Aug 2013)
Chairman AA BB AA:Number of officer, BB : Number of staff

378 4465
Department Vice Appoint

Constitution Appoint Vacancy Percentage Chairman
Name Subject Constitution Number Percentage Vacancy
Administration 877 466 411 53% Officer Daily Wages
Finance 1515 1466 49 97% Officer 378 308 81.48 70
Secretary Personnel 4465 3328 822 74.53 1137
Engineer 2346 1647 699 70%
Total 4843 3636 822 75.07 1207
Material Planning 105 57 48 54%
Total 4843 3636 1207 75%
Joint Secretary
Chief Engineer
2-2
Head Office (4) Districts

199 1410 175 3055
Deputy Chief Deputy Chief Deputy Chief

Director Director Director Director Director Director Director
Engineer Engineer Engineer
Superintending Superintending Superintending

Deputy Director Deputy Director Deputy Director Deputy Director Deputy Director Deputy Director Deputy Director
Engineer Engineer Engineer
Assistant Director Assistant Director Assistant Director Assistant Director Assistant Director Assistant Director
Executive Engineer Executive Engineer Executive Engineer (14) post (13) post (9) post (8) post
(1) post (1) post Assistant Director
Assistant Director (A) (A) (A) Executive Engineer Executive Engineer Executive Engineer Executive Engineer
Executive Engineer (A) Assistant Director(Law) (5) post
(7) post (9) post (5) post (A) (A) (A) (A)
(1) post (1) post
(1) t (1) t (1) t (1) t
Deputy Assistant Deputy Assistant Deputy Assistant Deputy Assistant Deputy Assistant
Executive Engineer (B) Director (5) post Deputy Assistant Deputy Assistant Executive Engineer (B) Executive Engineer (B) Executive Engineer (B) Director(F) (1) post Director(F) (1) post Director(F) (1) post Director(F) (1) post
(2) post Deputy Assistant Director(F) (1) Director Director (3) post (14) post (14) post (10) post Executive Engineer (B) Executive Engineer (B) Executive Engineer (B) Executive Engineer (B)
Executive Engineer (B) (5) (15)post (13)post (4)post (7)post
Material Testing &

Administration Finance Distribution Planning
Chairman Office Planning General East District West District South District North District
Department Department Division Division
Department Service Division
2 36 11 208 14 159 6 121 21 376 22 311 16 157 31 1216 28 885 3 312 18 684
Figure 2-1: Organization Chart of Yangon Electricity Supply Board

Source:YESB information
JUL/2013
Yangon Ci ty El ectr i city Suppl y Boar d

Distribution Division
A ppointed
Subject Constitution Vacancy
No %
Of f ical 45 38 82 7
Employee 376 215 58 161
Tot al 421 253 60 168
1 Deputy Chief Engineer 1
1 Superintendent Engineer 1 1 Superintendent Engineer 1
System Network & Control Sub-Division Distribution Sub-Division
System Network & Mobile (Emergency Construction Small Substation maintenance 24 H our Maintenance
Substation Section Street Light Section
Control Section Generator) Section Substation Section Section Section
2-3
Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1
Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A )

2 2 2 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 3
Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B)
A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant

3 3 6 6 1 - 1 - 3 1 3 2 4 4
Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer
Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant
8 5 16 15 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 8 8
24 Employee 10 128 Employee 82 54 Employee 24 48 Employee 20 54 Employee 20 48 Employee 20 62 Employee 39
Number in lef t: Fixed seat, Number in right: A ppointed seat

Figure 2-2: Organization Chart of Yangon Electricity Supply Board, Distribution division
Source:YESB information
OCT/2013

Pl anning Division
A ppointed
No %
Of f ical 48 34 71 14
Employee 311 160 51 151
Tot al 359 194 54 165
1 Superintendent Engineer 1 1 Superintendent Engineer 1
Network Planning and Networking A nalysis Sub-Division I mplementation Sub-Division
Statistic Planning Network A nalyzing Network Planning and Engineer Budget Major S/S Construction
Overhead Section Underground Section Computer section Training Section
Section Section Design Section Section Section
2-4
Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A )
Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 0 2 0 1 2 1 2
Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B)
A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant

2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 1
Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer
Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant
2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 7 4 7 4 8 4 2 1 2 2
Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer
8 Employee 1 8 Employee 5 8 Employee 3 3 Employee 1 65 Employee 24 107 Employee 63 49 Employee 11 21 Employee 7 10 Employee 5
Figure 2-3:Organaization Chart of Yangon Electricity Supply Board, Testing & General Services Division
Source: YESB information
A UG/2013

Testing & General Services Division
A ppointed
No %
Of f icer 35 22 63 13
Personnel 157 71 45 86
Tot al 192 93 48 99
1 Superintendent Engineer 0 1 Superintendent Engineer 1 1 Superintendent Engineer 1
Testing and Commissioning Sub-Division General Services Sub-Division Civil Sub-Division
Testing and Communication Unit Losses Production Main Repairing

2-5
Meter Section
Commissioning Section Section Control Section Workshop Section Workshop Section
Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A ) Engineer (A )

2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B) Engineer (B)
A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant

3 1 1 1 3 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 3 3
Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant Sub A ssistant
4 4 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4
43 Employee 11 6 Employee 2 6 Employee 2 22 Employee 10 15 Employee 4 11 Employee 4 34 Employee 18
Figure 2-4:Organaization Chart of Yangon Electricity Supply Board, Testing & General Services Division
2.2 Yangon City Power Demand and its Trend
2.2.1 Trend of the Yangon City Demand
The maximum demand of the Yangon distribution networks is around 900MW (about 60% of the national
demand) as of June 2013, and the power generation capacity nationwide is around 1,500MW. In the dry
season (between February and May) when power generated from hydroelectric power stations is low, load
shedding is implemented for large-scale industries. With the recent increase in power demands, the power
generation capacity in rainy seasons falls below the maximum demands in the nation, resulting in the
frequent load shedding in addition to the abovementioned planned outage.
During most of the 2000s, the Yangon City showed about 4% annual growth in power demand
(GWh). With the prospect of political reform since 2010-11, a huge wave of development and
investment began. Power demand also surged. From 2009 to 2010, the growth rate was 30％
strong, followed by 20% in 2011-12, and 6% in 2012−13.
Source: YESB
Figure 2-5: Yangon Power Demand (Sales, GWh)
2-6
Table 2-1:Yangon City Power Demand (Sales, GWh)
This trend becomes the basis for the demand forecast. However, it is not sufficient to simply extrapolate
the current figure. Due to several constraints, the figure is suppressed and represents a lower figure than
the actual demand;
 Power cuts due to facilities malfunction and insufficient demand

 Extreme load shedding towards the industrial areas (5 hours supply per day) and the resultant
widespread use of self-procured generation
On the other hand, a large part of the recent growth in demand represents a one-time response to the
pent-up demand, and not a long term trend. Therefore, how to extrapolate this becomes another issue.
2.2.2 Load Shedding/Power Cuts
With demand not being able to respond to the explosion in demand, Yangon has responded by a large
scale load shedding. With a large scale demonstration against the power cuts, YESB currently does not
shed load to domestic and commercial use. The load shedding is limited to industrial zones. The power
supply to the industrial zones are currently limited to 5 hours a day, and in some periods, zero (this point
will be touched upon in the next section).
Also, there are irregular power cuts due to machine failures and over loading. These occur intermittently,
but it seems that on average, about 2.5% of the total power supply seems to be affected.
2.2.3 Load Curve
Figure 2-6 shows the daily load curve when the maximum demand occurs in a dry season (April 22, 2013:
planned outage is implemented). Figure 2-7 shows the daily curve when the maximum demand occurs in
a rainy season (June 17, 2013: planned outage is not implemented).
2-7
1000
900
800
700
600
Demand [MW]
500
Actual demand
400 Large Industry
300 Street light

Load shedding
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time [Hour]
Source: JICA study team based on YESB information
Figure 2-6: Daily Load curve (22/4/2013, dry season, planned outage is implemented)
1000
900
800
700
600
Demand [MW]
500
Actual demand
400 Large Industry
300 Street light

Load shedding
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time [Hour]
Figure 2-7: Present Status (17/6/2013, rainy season, planned outage is not implemented)
2.3 Present status of electric power facilities in YESB
The electric power systems in YESB are roughly divided into two types: the power transmission systems
ranged between 66kV and 33kV and the power distribution systems of 11kV or less. Prior to this
investigation, the present status of the YESB facilities were surveyed. The report provided in this section
will be divided into the former power transmission and transformation facilities and the latter power
distribution facilities.
2.3.1 Industrial Zones
In the distribution area of YESB, there are 15 industrial zones. As mentioned, however, due to the power
shortage, these industrial zones receive very limited supply. Even in the rainy season, the industrial zones
2-8
receive power for only 5 hours each day. In May 2013, the industrial zones received zero power for a full
month.
Since it is impossible to conduct a stable operation under such condition, all factories own their own
generators to procure their own power. The level of these self-procured-demand has not been thoroughly
studied. The peak demand and installed capacity for each industrial zones are available, though. These
can be utilized to estimate demand.
Source: YESB
Figure 2-8: Power supply to the Industrial Zones from YESB
Table 2-2: Industrial Zones in Yangon
Name open No of
area(ha) factories Capacity Peak
Load
(MVA) (MW)
DagonSeikkan 1997 489.1 102 30 8.99

East Dagon 2000 317.3 45 25 7.08
North Okkalapa 1998 44.4 94 15 4.8
South Dagon 1992 300.8 2078 100 18.1
South Okkalapa 2000 14.2 95 10 2.3
Thaketa 1999 80.9 90 10 2.25
Shwepaukkan 1998 38.3 244 25 5.21
Shwelinpan 2002 445.2 203 35 12.9
HlaingTharYar 1995 567.1 519 75 42.1
(1,2,3,4,6,7)
MingaladonPyinmabin 1996 89.8 6 15 5.25
*1
Wartaya 2004 445 3 10 1.8
ShwePyiThar 1996 535.6 240 55 21.2
Yangon Industrial 2000 365.2 31 20 4.5
Zone
Myaungtaga 2006 411 22 100
(Hmawbi) 32.3
Source: YESB and JETRO *1: includes 2 industrial zones
2-9
YESB currently has a plan to turn all industrial zones into a semi-independent grid, each with their own
generation capacity and operated by a private commercial entity. In July 2013, the plan and bid
solicitation for this project has been announced. If this proceeds as planned, these mini-grids will become
almost separated from YESB. However, the domestic demand within these mini-grids needs to be
maintained at the current YESB tariff, which would require some supply or pass-through agreement with
YESB.
With this plan, the industrial demand will be met by these mini-grids themselves, without any burden to
YESB. While bids were solicited for all 15 industrial zones, the extent of the plan, and whether there will
be bids for all the industrial zones, still remains to be seen. For some zones, however, commercial firms
are already undertaking the distribution, and they were willing to bid for their zones.
2.3.2 Present status of power transmission and substation facilities
(1) Summary of electric power systems in Yangon
The electric power systems of 230kV and 132kV in Myanmar are operated and managed by MEPE. The
electric power facilities for the power distribution lines of 66kV and less are operated and managed by
MEPE or local public electric power supply corporations. The points to supply electric power to the
YESB include Hlawga, Thaketa, Hlaingtharyar, Bayintnaung, Myaungdagar, Thanlyin and Ahlone power
stations, which are the 230 kV power stations and substations under the jurisdiction of the MEPE.
The voltage classes the YESB employs include 66kV, 33kV, 11kV, 6.6kV, 400V and 220V. For the
purpose of this document, the classes of 11kV and less shall be called power distribution while the classes
66kV and 33kV shall be called power transmission.
(2) Transmission lines
1) Summary of transmission lines
Most 66kV transmission lines are overhead transmission lines and employs Aluminum Conductor Steel
Reinforced (ACSR) for conductors. The underground cables are introduced in some cases such as
crossing road, downtown area where overhead line cannot be installed. Cross-linked polyethylene
(XLPE) is applied as electric power cables.
As an example of the 66kV underground cables, Figure 2-9 shows the 66kV transmission lines for
Mawtin substation (transformers manufactured in 2011) visited for the first activity. The underground
cables are laid between Mawtin substation and Ahlone power station.
2-10
Figure 2-9: Cable head for 66kV transmission line service entrances at Mawtin substation
Overhead transmission lines or underground cables are also used for 33kV transmission lines. The ACSR
is employed for the overhead lines. The underground XLPE cables are laid mainly in the city. In the
downtown area in particular, the use of underground cables is intended for both 66kV and 33kV lines due
to the difficulty in securing the site for installing overhead lines and for the purpose of reducing line faults.
The underground cables are directly buried.
Overhead transmission lines are supported either by iron towers or concrete poles. Most 33kV
transmission lines are supported by concrete poles, and the sites requiring intensity are supported by
several concrete poles. Figure 2-10 shows an example of the 33kV transmission lines close to a
substation.
Figure 2-10: Khayaebin substation and 33kV transmission lines
2) Outage records
The interruption of the outage records kept by the YESB indicates that the fault of overhead transmission
lines is the most frequent cause of power outage and load shedding is also the major cause (see Figure
2-11). Figure 2-12 shows the frequency of power outage by fault at each voltage class. The Figure
indicates the frequent occurrence of the fault of 33kV transmission lines and 6.6kV distribution lines. This
2-11
is explained by the large number of facilities for 33kV transmission lines and 6.6kV distribution lines.
The frequent use of naked wires for overhead lines has led to a number of short-circuit and grounding
(earthing) faults due to a contact to trees or other wires.
1.1% 0.7% 0.4% 3.3%

Line fault
2.1% 2.0%
Load Shed
3.5%
Working
35.6% System Breakdown
16.4% Cable fault
TF fault
S/S fault
Other fault & accident
35.0% SD for preventing from

bad weather
Unknown
Source: JICA survey team based on YESB information (Report from June 1 to June 30, 2013)
Figure 2-11: Proportions of reasons for power outage (no. of times)
Number of fault
600
TF fault
500
System Breakdown
400
SD for preventing from
300 bad weather
S/S fault
200
Line fault
100
Cable fault
0
6.6 11 33 66 Unknown [kV]
Source: JICA survey team based on YESB information (Report from June 1 to June 30, 2013)
Figure 2-12: Fault frequency at each voltage class
(3) Substations
1) Substations
This section describes the substations for power distribution owning the power transformers with the
primary voltage of 66kV or 33kV.
The list of power transmission substations and transformers as of June 2013 was prepared by collecting
data from and interviews with the YESB for the specifications of the substations and transformers
controlled by the YESB.
2-12
The YESB is preparing the lists associated with transformers, including the list of substations (indicating
the substation names, voltage and capacity), the list of transformers (indicating the substation names,
voltages, capacities, manufacturers, part of the manufacturing years and the maximum load capacities)
and the list of facilities (voltage, manufacturers and quantity of transformers or switchgears, chargers and
batteries,). The disorganized information on facilities management possibly means latest information is
not managed in an accurate manner. In addition, there is limited availability of the data such as the
manufacturer and manufacturing year of transformers, and the information necessary for facility
replacement, inspection and maintenance is not sufficient. There is no data available on facilities like
switchgears or protection control panels.
The specifications of the power transformers should ideally be organized as the facilities management
record as such information as the manufacturing years, manufacturers and types of substations is
necessary for equipment replacement, inspection and maintenance, and activities on failure and fault.
Table 2-3 shows the number of substations. All the 66kV substations are manned. The manned 33kV
substations account for as high as 62% as they cannot be remotely controlled. Since the YESB substations
have yet to introduce Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and when to introduce is
unknown, all 66kV substations could remain constructed as manned substations in contrast to the 33kV
substations to be constructed as unmanned substations for a while.
Some of the 33kV substations have been constructed as indoor substations (with the transformers placed
indoor), accounting for about 15%.
Table 2-3: Number of Substations

P-Vol tage Manned Unmanned
66kV 19 0
33kV 65 42
Source: YESB information, as of 19/June/2013
The abnormality of substations is checked by round check, which is carried out by the headquarters at 3 to
4 sites a day and in 2 to 3 days a week. Consequently, a frequency of round check for each substation is
about every 3 months. During the round check, the conditions of the power transformers, buildings,
lightings and displayed objects (e.g. one-line diagrams) are checked, and reported to the distribution
department of the headquarters in the form of the Round Check Report.
No periodical inspection (routine maintenance) is basically carried out. The shutdown maintenance
previously done is not implemented at this stage as the majority of transmission lines and substations
have the one line service – one transformer configuration which needs to cut electricity for inspections
2) Transformer
Figure 2-13 shows the number of 33kV and 66kV transformers. The number of 66kV and 33kV
transformers YESB owns is 204 (66kV: 28, 33kV: 176, as of June/2013). The majority of the secondary
2-13
voltage of 66kV transformers is 33kV at present; however, YESB intends to increase the number of
66/11-6.6kV transformer in the future. 6.6kV and 11kV are used as the secondary voltage for 33kV
transformers. More than 70% of the 66kV transformers have the capacity of 30 MVA. 43% of the 33kV
transformers have the capacity of 10 MVA while 27% have 5 MVA. Figure 2-14 shows the number of
transformers in each township.
200
Secondary
Voltage [kV]
150
11-6.6
33
100
11
6.6
50 0.4
0 [kV]
33 66
Figure 2-13: Number of transformers
Number of Transformers
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2 66 kV
0 33 kV
Tikekyi
Ahlone
Dala
Hlegu
Seikkan
Thonekwa
Hlaing
Kyeemyindine
Pabaedan
Puzuntaung
Kyauktada
Yankin
Thanlyin
Bahan
Lanmadaw
Hlaingtharya
Insein
Sanchaung
Okkan
East Dagon
Shwepyithar
Htauntkyant
Mingalardone
Kyauttan
Botahtaung
South Okkalarpa
Kayan
North Okkalarpa
Twintay
Kamayut
Mayangone
Dagon
Dagon (Seikan)
Tharkayta
Thalyin
Dawbon
Hmawbe
Kwanchankone
South Dagon
Thingangyun
North Dagon
Mingalartaungnyunt
Kawt Hmu
Tamwe
Seikyi Kanaungto
East North South West
Figure 2-14: Number of transformers in each township
2-14
25
20
15
66 kV
10 33 kV
0
1936
1958
1961
1962
1967
1969
1978
1980
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Figure 2-15: Number of transformers in each manufacturing year
40
35
30
25
20
15
66 kV
10
33 kV
5
0
HackBridge England
Savigliano
Marelli
SEM(Repair)
TOSHIBA
BONARLONG
MEIDEN
CHARONCHAI
CromptonGreeaves
England
Belgium
TRAFO-UNION
IMP
Person
SCHORCH
AICHI
YTE
Kagawa
Kawasaki
YUGO(SEM Rep)
CP
Russia(SEM Rep)
DAIHEN
TIRA THAI
Capital Power
Japan
Tusco Trafo(Thai)
Yugo
TA TA
KP Electronic
MINEL
HYUNDAI
ABB
NEW KOREA
Shikoku
China
Meiden(SEM Rep)
AGE
Mendensaha
SEM
Russia
Delta India
(Unknown)
USSR Russia
Domestic

Figure 2-16: Number of transformers by each transformer manufacturer
Figure 2-15 shows the number of transformers in each manufacturing year. The number of transformers
manufactured and installed in the latter half of 1980s and the former half of 1990s is comparatively large.
In addition, the number of transformer installation has been increasing with the growth of demand in
recent years.
Figure 2-16 shows the number of transformers delivered by each transformer manufacturer. Some
transformers are managed with a country name. Under economic sanctions in recent years, they have been
purchased from Burmese manufacturers (about 33% of the transformers have been delivered from
domestic manufacturers).
Table 2-4 shows the major specifications of the transformers YESB owns. A few units of On-Load Tap
Charger (OLTC) are used currently. This is because the voltage fluctuation of YESB system is very large
2-15
and frequent, and frequent operation of OLTC is worried.
Table 2-4: Standard Specification of Power Transformer

Item Specification
Vol tage 66/33kV，66/11-6.6kV, 33/11kV, 33/6.6kV
Capacity 66/33kV: 30MVA,
66/11-6.6kV: 10, 20, 30MVA
33/11kV, 33/6.6kV: 10MVA, 5MVA
Insulation, Cooling ONAN
LTC No-voltage Tap Changer
Incoming / Outgoing Power cable, connection on bushing
Installation Indoor, Outdoor
Table 2-5: Procedure of action for power transformer breakdown

Step Procedure, Action
1 Break down of power transformer
2 YESB asks domestic manufacturers whether carry in alternative transformer
immediately or not.
3 Some manufacturer agrees.
4 (Manufacturer) Preparing alternative transformer
(YESB) Dismantlement of fault transformer
5 Carrying in transformer in substation
6 Installation, connection, testing
7 Operating
8 Tender of repair of fault transformer (domestic manufacturers)
9 Repair of fault transformer in factory
10 Installation of repair transformer to original substation.
Removal of alternative transformer.
11 Use removed alternative transformer for another substation project.
The transformers are not subject to inspection. Breakdown Maintenance (BM) is applied to the
transformers once any breakdown or defect is found. The shutdown maintenance previously done
involved the insulation resistance test and the withstand voltage measurement of insulating oil.
In case of transformer breakdown, the steps shown in Table 2-5 are taken.
3) Switchgear
Table 2-6 shows the major types of the switchgears. Figure 2-17 through Figure 2-19 present the photos of
the main switchgears. The YESB is calling air insulated switchgear in outdoor "Switch bay".
2-16
Table 2-6: Switchgears in YESB
Switchgear Equipment
66kV Switch bay CB (OCB, GCB), DS, ES, CT, PT, LA
33kV Switch bay CB (OCB, GCB), DS, ES, CT, PT, LA
33kV Switchgear Cubicle type with built-in protection relays,
11-6.6kV Switchgear Indoor installation, LOCB or GCB or VCB
DS PT
Figure 2-17: 66kV DS (with ES)
PT GCB CT LA
Figure 2-18: 66kV PT, GCB, CT, LA
11kV 33kV
Figure 2-19: 33kV and 11kV Switchgear

2-17
The switchgears for 11kV specifications are used for the 6.6kV switchgears as 6.6kV distribution lines are
planned to be sequentially uprated to 11kV distribution lines.
The YESB has yet to introduce any Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS). The first 66kV GIS is to be applied
to the Railway S/S currently under construction.
For the 33kV switchgear, there are two kinds of switchgears, air insulated type "switch bay" in outdoor
and cubicle type switchgear in indoor. For the 66kV switchgear, switch bay has been applied in outdoor.
However, either the GIS or switch bay is selected according to the site conditions of the substations at
present.
Most switches are manufactured by foreign manufacturers. There are some Burmese manufacturers of
11-6.6kV switchgears, but they are assembling companies which procure the main components from
overseas for assembly.
The switchgears are also not subject to inspection due to the constraints of power outage. The shutdown
maintenance previously done implemented an inspection on circuit breakers including greasing the
operating mechanism, measuring insulation resistance and checking contacts (check zero or open by
means of the contact resistance measurement of the main circuit). Disconnecting switches (DS) and
earthing switches (ES) are not inspected as they are manually operated and the lines are being charged
even during shut down.
The cases of defective switchgears include malfunctioning and insulation failure of the CB, damages to
surge arresters (LA) by lightning stroke and terminal connections overheating. Some aged OCBs are
incapable of closing or tripping. Such aged products cannot be repaired because some parts are
discontinued. The aged OCBs are being replaced sequentially, but being used as the simple manual
switches until they are replaced. In case of line fault, they are interrupted by the CB installed in opposite
side substation or the secondary CB of the transformers.
The most frequently seen defects at substations may be flash over resulting from insulation degradation of
the CB in the 33kV cubicles. Damp and dust that degrade insulation consequently causes flash over. This
type of defect tends to be found in humid, rainy seasons. Moisture or dust coming into ventilating
openings or cable ducts into substations seems to be absorbed by insulating materials to finally cause
dielectric breakdown. Leak sound was heard from the cubicle of the 33kV CB at Seinpanmying
substation visited during the first activity. These 33kV CBs have reportedly been left ON despite an
application for power outage for repairing due to a lack of a load destination.
4) Control panel and protection relay
Transformers are protected with the current differential relay and Over Current (OC) relay. For protecting
the secondary transformers and power distribution lines, the OC relay and Ground Over Current relay
(GOC Ry) are used. YESB applies direct grounding systems regardless of the voltage classes from 66 kV
to 6.6kV, in which the current as large as short-circuit current is carried in case of grounding faults.
2-18
Similar to others, protection relays are not inspected. Their relay performances are verified only in case of
their fault operation. The analog relay is visually inspected while the operation of the digital relay is
checked with performance verification switch found on the main relay unit. Any defective relays are
replaced with spare relays.
For overload protection, transformers are generally configured to be tripped by the OC relay once they
pass the load current of 80% of the rated current. Transformers are protected from overload operation in
this manner as their load current cannot be remotely monitored. When tripped at an overload (80% of the
rated current), the countermeasures are taken for changing the setting of the OC relay and raising the
setting value (closer to the rated current).
2.3.3 Present status of power distribution facilities
(1) Medium voltage power distribution lines
Medium-voltage power distribution lines have been maintained to supply electric power to
medium-voltage customers and to supply low-voltage electric power of 400(230)V through YESB
transformers. YESB employs the three-phase three-wire system by solid neutral grounding. The two types
of voltage, i.e. 11kV or 6.6kV, are available for the secondary medium voltage distribution lines of
distributing substations, distributing electric power with the either voltage feeder depending on areas.
Overhead lines and underground cables are mixed to almost the same extent in downtown areas. Voltage
drop by medium voltage lines has not been a serious problem due to high in load density and relatively
short in the length of medium voltage distribution lines although it is difficult to maintain the proper
voltage on a constant basis due to a significant influence of voltage fluctuation including the upper
systems. The ACSR bare wires of 150, 120, 95, 70, 50 or 35 mm2 are used for medium voltage overhead
distribution lines, which often come in contact with trees to cause fault on a frequent basis. The
cross-linked polyethylene-insulated cables of 300, 240, 185, 150, 120, 95, 70, 50 or 35mm2 etc. are used
for underground medium voltage cables, with a possible fault resulting from insulation failure as the lines
are deteriorated after several decades from installation and the fault sites are removed and reused by
connection in case a fault occurs.
(2) Transformers for low-voltage distribution
Figure 2-20 shows a pole-mounted transformer with three sets of drop out fuses, disconnection switches
and arrestors. The 11-6.6/0.4kV three-phase transformers of various capacities including 2,000, 1,250,
1,000, 750, 500, 400, 315, 300, 250, 200, 160, 150, 100 and 50kVA etc. are used for 400(230)V power
distribution. The transformers accepting both 11kV and 6.6kV primary taps are mostly used in installation
on the 6.6kV distribution lines considering future voltage rising to 11kV.
The 11-6.6/0.4kV transformer comes with the 5-step tap changer, but overvoltage by a fluctuation in the
voltage of upper systems must be noted in addition to voltage drop. Therefore, the transformer taps are
not systematically made use of from the upstream to downstream sides, and the taps of individual
transformers are changed in case the significant influence of voltage drop leads to a problem.
2-19
As for the transformers for power distribution lines, those of large capacity are installed in general, with
the low-voltage lines extending to the scattered loads for power distribution. This has resulted in
significant voltage drop in low-voltage lines and failure to ensure proper voltage (some consumers
receive electricity of 100V or less), causing frequent power loss in long low-voltage lines. In dealing with
these problems, the YESB is thinking about establishing the facilities that distribute the transformers of
relatively small capacity and shorten the length of low-voltage lines (called the multi-transformer system)
as is the case in Japan although the most appropriate method has yet to reach the stage of considerations
in detail.
Figure 2-20: Transformer with a set of drop out fuses, disconnection switches and arrestors mounted on
two poles
(3) Low-voltage power distribution lines
Hard drawn copper wires of 3/0, 2/0, 1/0, No1, 2, 4, 6, 8 of Imperial Standards Wire Gauge or hard drawn
copper stranded wires of 100, 60, 50, 35, 25 or 7/12 mm2 etc. are currently used for overhead low-voltage
lines, many of which are bare wires with some spots in contact with trees. The cross-linked
polyethylene-insulated cables of 240, 185, 150, 120, 95, 70 or 35 mm2 etc. are used for underground
low-voltage cables. The service wires from low-voltage line supports to consumers are the properties of
the consumers, and employ the covered stranded wires. Most service wires are connected to the structures
in a random manner (Figure 2-21). Contact with trees often seen should be a problem to be solved in
addition to the excessive voltage drop or power loss at the abovementioned long low-voltage lines.
Figure 2-21: Service wire connection in a random manner

2-20
(4) Measuring instruments
Power loss includes non-technical losses such as electricity theft, and the YESB considers this as an
important problem to be solved. With the possible cases of unauthorized connection to random bare wires
or branching at hidden sections of houses as abovementioned, various countermeasures are being
considered by sharing the cases of unauthorized power reception and performing visual inspections by the
meter reader or by developing the digital measuring instruments of the offset meter reading to be mounted
to the power poles at the structures. Figure 2-22 shows offset meter reading mounted on a pole. However,
there is no fundamental solution available yet as the countermeasures that may be effective for reducing
non-technical losses require additional costs, or even worse, the unauthorized modification of the internal
measuring instruments makes it more difficult to detect such theft.
Figure 2-22: Offsite meter reading system on a pole
2.4 Distribution loss
Table 2-7 shows the changes in distribution loss under the jurisdiction of YESB. The YESB has made the
following efforts for reducing loss since 2006, leading to the distribution loss reduced by about 5% from
24.07% in 2006 to 18.65% in FY2012.
・ Replace old electromagnetic energy meter with Digital Meter (Offsite meter reading system)
・ Replace 400V bare conductor overhead distribution line with insulated thicker conductor
・ Upgrade 6.6kV distribution system to 11kV voltage level
・ Upgrade 33kV distribution system to 66kV voltage level, etc.
2-21
Table 2-7: Distribution loss
Loss
Purchase from Unit Sold
Year (FY)
MEPE (Million kWh) Unit
%
(Million kWh)
2006 2,623.93 1,992.44 631.49 24.07
2007 2,737.98 2,087.62 650.36 23.75
2008 2,759.74 2,153.80 605.94 21.96
2009 2,843.47 2,213.94 629.53 22.13
2010 3,611.29 2,892.94 718.35 19.89
2011 4,365.15 3,524.78 840.37 19.25
2012 4,612.77 3,752.48 860.29 18.65
Source: YESB Statistics
2.5 Electricity Tariffs
2.5.1 Tariff Structure
YESB’s charges different tariffs depending on the type of user. Generally, industrial users are charged 75
Kyats / kWh, while most other users pay 35 Kyats / kWh. YESB’s tariff structure as of July 2013 is
summarized below1:
Paid in Gov’t
MYK depart- Selling Price:
ment
35 kyats / kWH
Gov't. Consumer General Domestic Small Industrial Bulk Street Temporary

Servants Category Purpose Power Power Lighting Lighting
Public
Selling Price
Religion (kyats / kWH) 35 35 75 75 35 35 75
Social
Group Domestic Industrial Power Bulk Others
Paid in USD Selling Price:

0.12 US dollars / kWH (~120 kyat)
Source: YESB Statistics
Figure 2-23: YESB’s Tariff Structure

Foreign users, who comprise a small minority of YESB’s users (around 1,600 users per year, or less than
0.2%), are required to make electricity payments in USD. YESB could not provide a breakdown between
USD-paying domestic and industrial users.
1
YESB has a new tariff structure scheduled to take effect in April 2014, which will be explained later in this chapter.
2-22
2.5.2 Tariff Collection
Payments to YESB are typically made at the township office where the user resides. Users deposit
payments at collection booths inside township offices that are staffed by township office employees. The
townships aggregate the payment report and send it to YESB once at the end of the month.
Users Users Users

Users pay fees to township of
residence
Township A Township B Township C
Payment Information
(Funds are transferred to
township 1 week after payment)
YESB YESB

Figure 2-24: Typical Tariff Collection Scheme
An alternative payment scheme was recently implemented, which lets users make payments at United
Amara Bank, a major commercial bank, by depositing funds in YESB’s bank account there. However, this
method is not very popular; most users continue to pay their electricity bills at their township offices.
Invoices are sent to users via paper slips. Industrial users and households located in the more densely
populated townships receive typewritten invoices. Residents of more sparsely populated areas receive
invoices where user-specific information is written by hand.
Last date to pay
Customer name
Customer name / address Ledger Number Ledger Number
Receipt # Meter Reading Electricity

Charge
Meter # Start End
Meter reading date Service Charge
Dif f erence Amount Due
Source: YESB
Figure 2-25: Invoice Sent to Users
YESB requires users to pay tariffs on a monthly basis. Users receive invoices around the 11th to 15th day
of each month, and pay it by 25th day of the month. If the payment is delinquent, then YESB has the
authority to stop sending electricity to the user. If, after 4 months, the user still has not made the required
payment, then YESB will physicaly remove the electricity meter from the said user's premises.
2-23
Invoice Date
1st Month 2nd Month 3rd Month 4th Month
11th – 15th 2nd month 3rd month 4th month

day of month
Fine: Original fee Fine: Original fee YESB take off
YESB mails + 3,000 Kyat + 4,000 Kyat electric power
invoice to meter
customer After payment deadline
Fine: Original fee

11th – 25th of
+ 2,000 Kyat
month
AND
Timeframe
to pay bill YESB can stop sending
Electricity to Customer
Figure 2-26: Schedule for Payment and Fines
2.6 YESB’s Financials
2.6.1 YESB’s Budget
Since the 2011 fiscal year, YESB is run on Myanmar's state budget. From YESB's perspective, this means
that a major portion of YESB's income is returned to Myanmar's government at the end of the fiscal year.
In return, the government allocates funds for YESB to make capital expenditures, which will be discussed
in this section.
In August 2012, the purchase price of electricity (electricity that YESB purchases from MEPE) doubled
from 20 Kyats/kWh to 40 Kyats/kWh. In other words, for non-industrial users, YESB would be selling
electricity at a loss (for each kWh sold to a residential customer, YESB loses at least 5 Kyats)2.
Subsequent changes to YESB’s revenue structure have resolved this issue, but such changes are often led
by the government, and involve little, if any, prior input from YESB.
2.6.2 Potential Issues
There are a few areas that should be looked at more closely.
(1) Tariff Schedule for FY 2014
In October 2013, MEOP announced further increases in YESB’s electricity tariffs. The increase was
announced by the Ministry of Electric Power. Unlike the previous tariff structure, the new tariff structure
levies a higher per unit charge for heavy users of electricity, but for household users using less than 100
units per month, there will be no change in electricity pricing.
2
This follows an electricity rate increase effective January 2012. The previous rate, 25 Kyats/kWh for non-industrial use and 50
Kyats/kWh for industrial use, were raised to 35 Kyats/kWh and 75 Kyats/kWh respectively.
2-24
1. In order to cover costs of producing and purchasing electricity to a certain
extent, Yangon City Electricity Supply Board has set the following unit
prices to be charged as of electricity consumption in November, 2013.
(a) Public (household use)

(1) From one unit to 100 units 35 Kyats
(2)101 units and above 50 Kyats 3
(b)Public (industry, enterprise, lump sum, temporary)
(1) From one unit to 5,000 units 100 Kyats
(2)5,001 units and above 150 Kyats 4
(c)Government Department
(1)Office use 50 Kyats
(2)Industrial use 100 Kyats
2. It is announced that the electricity bills charging the amount of electricity

consumption in November, 2013 in accord with the new unit prices shown in
the paragraph -1 will be sent to the public as of December, 2013.
Figure 2-27: YESB’s tariffs (initial plan for 2014-15 fiscal year)
(2) Decision-making Process for Electricity Tariff Changes
YESB’s electricity tariff increases are submitted by MOEP to the parliament of Myanmar for approval. A
key distinction in this decision-making process is that YESB is not involved in decision-making for its
own electricity rate changes.
The most recent tariff increase is a case in point; none of the survey team’s counterparts at YESB were
aware of the tariff structure change, and as a result of the announcement, expended considerable resources
to make sure YESB’s users were aware of the change.
Initially, the increases announced on October 28 were to take effect starting in November, but following
opposition from the government, YESB delayed the implementation of the new fee structure until FY
2014 5. MOEP will review the rate hike and report its findings to the parliament on the revised plan before
the April 2014, when the fiscal year for 2014 begins.
This example shows that future tariff increases for YESB will be done at the behest of the government of
Myanmar, rather than by YESB’s own accord. This presents a potential business risk for YESB; if
procurement costs from MEPE increase again, there may be a time delay in implementing necessary
changes to its tariff structure. That being said, seeing as the government reviews electricity pricing on a
yearly basis, YESB would not be forced to maintain a pricing structure where it would be distributing
electricity at a loss.6
3
50 Kyats per unit for each unit in excess of 100
4
150 Kyats per unit for each unit in excess of 5,000
5
The New Light of Myanmar, “Clarification on motion to review electricity rate rise recorded at Pyidaungsu Hluttaw session.”
15 November, 2013.
6
Eleven Myanmar, “Increase in electricity prices will not be reduced - Minister” URL:
2-25
(3) Outsourcing
Another power-related issue in Yangon is the lack of steady power available for industrial use. Due to
capacity issues, planned blackouts are implemented during Myanmar's dry season, leaving factories with
only 5 hours per day of electricity supplied by YESB. YESB prioritizes domestic users over industrial
users when it comes to supplying electricity, which means that the latter are subject to periodic blackouts.
In response, factories have ramped up in-house power generation, but at the same time have called on
YESB to take more steps to provide them with electricity. 7 In response, YESB announced that it will
outsource electricity distribution for certain townships to third-party providers, and has issued a call for
third parties to submit proposals to that effect. Seeing that YESB extended its original deadline of July 31
to August 15, one could reasonably assume that YESB is quite serious about pursuing this alternative
solution.
Some of this outsourcing is already taking place. For instance, in some Yangon townships, YESB
subcontracted power generation / distribution activities to third party power companies. While the details
of the agreements are still unclear, one possible arrangement is for the power company to purchase
electricity from YESB, and then distribute the purchased electricity to local customers (residential and
industrial). Since these subcontractors undertake operation and maintenance for the electricity
transmission facilities it manages, they could charge industrial customers a price higher than that of
YESB, but still lower than what industrial customers would incur should they generate their electricity
in-house. 8
The key issue for YESB is how its revenue stream will be affected by subcontracting electricity
generation to third parties. On account of these arrangements, YESB will lose revenue from industrial
users, which comprise 40% of YESB's revenues. In turn, it would gain revenues from outsourcing tariffs.
Of course, the amount in question will depend on contract terms between YESB and such third parties,
which have yet to be finalized.
http://elevenmyanmar.com/national/3917-increase-in-electricity-prices-will-not-be-reduced-minister (accessed on November 4,

2013)
7
Myanmar Times: “Factory owners consider private power production.” Aug. 4, 2013. URL:
http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/7667-factory-owners-consider-private-power-production.html
8
From onsite visit to the power company’s Yangon office in June 2013
2-26
Chapter 3 Demand Forecast
3.1 Power Demand Forecast
Based on the data, this chapter attempts the forecasting of the demand. It should be noted that all forecast
here only refers to the current distribution area of YESB. It does not include the demand for Thilawa SEZ.
3.1.1 Current demand growth Estimate of YESB
As seen in section 2.2, the demand in Yangon has seen a sudden explosive growth since 2010. Therefore,
setting the baseline for growth trend is a big issue. As with all forecasts, there are no absolutes, and the
best that can be hoped for is an informed guess. The trend in the past 3-4 years shows a highly fluctuating
growth of 30%, 11%, and 16%. Especially, how to think about the initial 30% growth is a big problem. If
this figure is included and considers the trend as beginning from 2009, the annual average growth in
power demand is 19.2%.On the other hand, it is also possible to consider the 30% growth in 2010 as a
one-time occurrence, and the more recent 11%/16% as the basis for the trend. With the limited number of
data points, it would be difficult to decide which is more appropriate.
YESB currently uses an annual growth of 19% till 2020. This is using the growth figure from 2009. The
assumption that this level of growth will continue for 10 years seems to be aggressive, but not
unthinkable.
YESB does not have estimates after 2020. Ministry of Electric Power, however, has an estimate till 2030.
In the estimate, the elasticity between GDP growth and power demand is estimated at 1.4. Based on this,
they estimate a 13% growth for peak demand. As a comparison, the elasticity figures for Vietnam around
2000, which is comparable to the current situation in Myanmar, are as follows;
1999-2000: 1.82
2001-2005: 1.62
2006-2010: 1.48
2011-2020: 1.39
An elasticity of 1.4 is roughly comparable to these figures. The official GDP growth prospect for
Myanmar is about 8.74%. Based on this figure, 13% demand growth seems plausible.
3.1.2 Power Demand Forecast (GWh): Based on YESB assumptions
Based on the YESB’s original assumption, for the industrial parks, the current peak demand for each
industrial park is assumed, and assumes a relatively flat demand to estimate the potential demand.
The result is as follows;
3-1
Figure 3-1:Demand forecast based on YESB assumption
The actual demand for 2012-13 was 3,753GWh, but adding in the suppressed potential demand, the real
demand is estimated at 4,496GWh. Extrapolating this figure based on the YESB assumption, the demand
at 2020 should become 10,801GWh, more than twice the current level, and in 2030, it would be
61,377GWh, about 14 times the current level.
However, the 19% growth till 2020 seems to be on VERY high side of the estimate. On the other hand,
after 2020, Yangon City area would have a higher economic growth than the national average,
corresponding to more growth in power demand. On the other hand, elasticity between GDP growth and
power demand tends to fall with economic growth. This may cause a lower growth in demand.
3.1.3 Alternative demand forecast (GWh)
As mentioned, the current YESB forecast seems to be on the higher side of the demand. Some of the
major points are:
 19% annual growth up to 2020-21 seems extremely high.

 13% annual growth in 2021-22 to 2030-31 is also on the high side.
 The situation with the industrial demand is unclear at the moment.
First, the GWh demand in for the past 3 years did show an annual growth of 19%. However, this reflects
3-2
the initial 30% and 20% jump in 2010 and 2011, which seems to be a one-time increase cased by the
sudden inflow of investment. Yangon has seen significant economic activity growth since then, however,
the power demand has dropped to 6%. Average grown for the past 2 years is 14%. It seems unlikely that
the growth rate would jump back to 19%, and it seems further unlikely that it will sustain that level for
nearly a decade up to 2020-21.
Second, while Myanmar and Yangon is expected to grow at a rapid pace, especially in the coming decade,
sustaining 8.75% growth into 2030 would be a struggle. Vietnam during its strong growth in early 2000s
amounted to 7.1% annual GDP growth. Even in recent years with its remarkable development,
Myanmar’s GDP growth is slightly below 7%, and it is likely that future growth would remain in that
region. IMF forecasts a growth of 6.7%. Even with higher expected growth as the capital city of
Myanmar, 7% growth after 2020 should be more realistic.
Third, the above two points about growth prospects become even more pronounced when one realized
that the current demand figure virtually excludes industrial demand. As mentioned in section 3.1.3, for the
past few years, extremely limited supply has been provided for industrial demand. Therefore, all the
changes in demand should be considered basically as changes in non-industrial use, namely residential,
commercial, bulk (schools and hospitals) and street lights.
Another point to consider is the current attempt to separate industrial zones (or rather, townships that
contain industrial zones) as self contained independent grids, each with their own generation and
distribution capacity. How this will pan out is not clear at the moment. However, if this plan is
implemented in the future, the implication for YESB would be different. It would need to be treated
separately from the YESB grid.
Therefore, as the alternative demand forecast, the following:
 Industrial demand will be treated separately.

Looking at the industrial demand, it has shown 20% increase over the years. It is assumed that this
will continue till 2020. After that, the industrial parks in Yangon will mostly fill up, and the industrial
demand growth will be limited to improvements within the existing facilities, with 3% growth
annually.
 Non-industrial demand growth is assumed at a lower level.

It is assumed to grow at 14% annually until 2020. After that, the growth will taper down to 9.8%
(based on 7% GDP growth and 1.4 demand elasticity).
The result is shown in the next
3-3
30,000
25,000
industrial
20,000
non-industrial
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
2021-22
2022-23
2023-24
2024-25
2025-26
2026-27
2027-28
2028-29
2029-30
2030-31
Figure 3-2: Yangon City Power Demand forecast (GWh), Alternative Scenario
In the alternative scenario, the non-industrial demand in 2020 will be 6,543 GWh, and industrial demand
will be 4,307 GWh. The total demand will be 10,850 GWh. This level is very similar to the one based on
the YESB assumption (10,801GWh). After that, with significant difference in the growth prospect for
both industrial and non-industrial use, the forecast diverges widely. For 2030, the non-industrial demand
will be 18,998 GWh, and industrial demand will be 6,946 GWh. The total demand will be 25,944 GWh.
This is less than half the one based on the YESB assumption (61,377GWh).
From these results, it seems that the demand for 2020 is probably near the mark. The long term forecast
after 2020, however, is highly uncertain. With the limitation on the available data, however, this should be
natural. The new phase for Myanmar/Yangon economy only started since 2010, and all growth figures are
based on a very few number of data points. Therefore, for the coming years, the demand forecast needs to
be constantly revised, since adding a single data should alter the basic assumption significantly.
3.1.4 Peak Demand Forecast (MW): Load Curve
Based on this GWh demand forecast, the peak demand is estimated. To do this, the estimate of the load
curve is required.
As shown in section 2.2, the current load curve in Yangon has 2 peaks, one in the morning and the other
in the evening. This patter is typical in the early stages of economic development.
3-4
Load Curve (2013/4/22)
900
800
700
600 Total
500 Industry
MW
400 Street
300 24Hr+Public
200
100
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Source: YESB
Figure 3-3:Daily Load Curve in Yangon on a Peak Day
With economic development, the pattern of the load curve changes. With increased use of power in households
and commercial facilities, especially with air conditioning, the daytime use increases, with the load curve
becoming a single peak. For example, the load curve in 2000 at Vietnam or Vientiane (Laos) shows such
pattern.
EVN (Electricity of Vietnam) data
Figure 3-4: Daily Load Curve in Vietnam, 2000
3-5
EDL (Electricte Du Laos) data
Figure 3-5: Daily Load Curve in Vientiane, 2000
With further economic development, the daytime air conditioning use rises higher, and this becomes the
new peak in the load curve. This is apparent in Thailand in 2000.
EGAT (Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand) data
Figure 3-6:Daily Load Curve in Thailand, 2000
3-6
Looking at the GDP per capita figure, Yangon today is at a similar level of economic development as
Vietnam 15 years ago. Therefore, the daily load curve looks similar to Vietnam in those days, or to
Vientiane in the same period. It is likely that by 2020, it will become similar to Thailand in 2000, and
remains at that level indefinitely (Thailand today has a load factor of 75%, which is the same as that of
2000).
Therefore, the load factor for Yangon will be assumed to start from 57% (comparable to those of
Vientiane in 2000), to rise from 75% in 2020 (similar to Thailand), and remain at that level afterwards.
Figure 3-7:Yangon City Peak Demand Forecast under YESB assumption
Under the current YESB assumption, the peak demand is estimated to grow at an annual rate of 15%. In
our estimate, the growth is slightly lower at 14.2%, but starts from a higher level due to the consideration
of the potential demand. The growth after 2020 is 13%, which is the same as the growth in power demand
(GWh) because the load factor remains constant.
For the alternative scenario, the industrial demand is calculated separately. Therefore, the load factor
without the industrial demand needs to be considered. Industrial demand is much more stable than the
residential and commercial/office demand. In Tokyo, currently, the load factor for the peak day for
residential and commercial/office use is about 53%. The current annual load factor in Yangon is
extremely low, about 38%. As mentioned, this consists mostly of residential and commercial/office use. It
can be expected that this figure will gradually rise to match those of Tokyo, to around 55%.
Industrial demand the case of industry, however, it can be assumed that the load factor will not change
significantly. Therefore, the peak demand can be assumed to move with the same rate as the total power
demand (GWh).
3-7
(MW)
6,000
5,000
Industrial
4,000
Non-Industrial
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
2021-22
2022-23
2023-24
2024-25
2025-26
2026-27
2027-28
2028-29
2029-30
2030-31
Figure 3-8: Yangon City Peak Demand, alternative scenario
The result for the alternative scenario is similar with the results for power demand (GWh). In 2020, the
peak industrial demand is 615MW, while peak non-industrial demand is 1,548MW, with a total of
2261MW. This is similar to the result based on YESB assumption, although slightly lower. After that, the
two diverges. For 2030, the non-industrial peak demand will be 3,943 MW, and industrial demand will be
826 MW. The total demand will be 4,769 MW. This is about half the one based on the YESB assumption.
Again, it should be stressed that both forecasts are based on extremely small amount of data. Figures up
to 2020 agree with each other, but the result in 2013-14 may change the situation significantly. Also, the
load factor is assumed to go up. Depending on the development pattern, this may not be the case.
Therefore, the forecast needs to be revised annually for the coming years.
There is also another demand forecast by JICA, as a part of their “The Project for the Strategic Urban
Development Plan of the Greater Yangon” (2013) This forecast expects a peak demand of 2,349 MW in
2020, and 6,617 MW in 2030 (excluding Thilawa SEZ). The forecast in our study mostly agrees with this
result for 2020. The difference is caused by the separate treatment of the industrial demand within the
current YESB area. In the former JICA study, all demand (including industry) is assumed to increase at
the same pace, but in this study, industrial growth is assumed to show a lower growth after 2020, due to
spatial constraint. Therefore, the result in 2030 is lower than the JICA Urban Development Plan forecast.
Since the situation for the industrial parks are in high flux at the moment, it is difficult to assess the
relative adequacy of either scenario. However, the similarity for the near term demand shows the
robustness for both scenario till 2020.
3-8
3.2 Peak Demand for each Township
In this section, the peak demand forecast shall be distributed to each township. Although there are
differences between each township, YESB’s current forecast uniformly extrapolates the current peak
demand at the same ratio as the total increase in peak demand. Apparently, as the differences manifest
themselves during the planning period, the figures need to be tweaked to reflect the actual situation.
This demand forecast includes the demand for industrial zones. Table 3-1 shows the results.
For the alternative scenario, the peak demand for non-industrial use, and the industrial use, will be shown
separately in Table 3-2 and Table 3-3 respectively. As mentioned, however, YESB is currently considering
a spin-off of the townships with industrial zones. In this case, it should be noted that the situation for
these townships may become significantly different.
3-9
Table 3-1: Peak Demand Forecast for each Township under YESB scenario
East District (MW)
No Name of Town 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
1 East Dagon 13.5 1.51% 16.57 18.91 21.66 24.90 28.73 33.25 39.18 51.45 69.26
2 North Dagon 20.3 2.28% 25.53 27.54 29.80 32.32 35.15 38.30 43.66 69.68 111.20
3 Sourth Dagon 19.5 2.19% 23.48 27.96 33.33 39.76 47.46 56.69 67.87 79.99 94.83
4 Dagon Seikkan 23.171 2.60% 28.62 32.18 36.35 41.22 46.92 53.60 62.71 86.02 120.97
5 North Okkalapa 12.49 1.40% 15.43 17.34 19.58 22.20 25.26 28.84 33.74 46.33 65.24
6 South Okkalapa 32 3.59% 39.20 44.92 51.68 59.67 69.11 80.27 94.75 122.90 163.30
7 Dawbon 15.7 1.76% 19.74 21.30 23.05 25.00 27.18 29.62 33.77 53.89 86.00
8 Pazundaung 8.44 0.95% 10.61 11.45 12.39 13.44 14.61 15.92 18.15 28.97 46.23
9 Shwe Pauk Kan 7.3 0.82% 8.88 10.34 12.07 14.13 16.58 19.50 23.16 28.82 36.54
10 Thingangkuun 13.5 1.51% 16.98 18.32 19.82 21.50 23.37 25.47 29.04 46.34 73.95
11 ThaKeta 13.5 1.51% 16.85 18.50 20.40 22.58 25.08 27.94 32.26 47.96 72.46
12 Mingalartaungnyunt 32.33 3.63% 40.40 44.24 48.63 53.65 59.38 65.94 75.98 114.22 174.12
13 Yankin 23 2.58% 28.92 31.20 33.76 36.62 39.82 43.39 49.47 78.95 125.99
14 Tamwe 17.1 1.92% 21.50 23.20 25.10 27.23 29.61 32.26 36.78 58.70 93.67
15 Botahtaung 15 1.68% 18.86 20.35 22.02 23.89 25.97 28.30 32.26 51.49 82.17
Total 266. 831 331. 57 367. 75 409. 63 458. 11 514. 24 579. 31 672. 78 965. 69 1, 415. 97
West District
No Name of Town 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
1 Bahan 16.25 1.82% 20.43 22.05 23.85 25.88 28.14 30.66 34.95 55.78 89.02
2 Dagon 15.21 1.71% 19.13 20.64 22.33 24.22 26.33 28.70 32.71 52.21 83.32
3 Hlaing 11.5 1.29% 14.46 15.60 16.88 18.31 19.91 21.70 24.73 39.47 63.00
4 Kyeemyindaing 18.4 2.06% 23.14 24.96 27.01 29.30 31.86 34.71 39.57 63.16 100.80
5 Kamaryut 18.4 2.06% 23.14 24.96 27.01 29.30 31.86 34.71 39.57 63.16 100.80
6 Kyauktada 15.76 1.77% 19.82 21.38 23.13 25.10 27.29 29.73 33.90 54.10 86.33
7 Latha 25.3 2.84% 31.81 34.32 37.14 40.29 43.80 47.73 54.42 86.84 138.59
8 Lanmadaw 20.72 2.32% 26.06 28.11 30.41 32.99 35.87 39.09 44.56 71.12 113.50
9 Mayangone 26.45 2.97% 33.26 35.88 38.83 42.12 45.80 49.90 56.89 90.79 144.89
10 Pabedan 20.72 2.32% 26.06 28.11 30.41 32.99 35.87 39.09 44.56 71.12 113.50
11 Ahlone 26.45 2.97% 33.26 35.88 38.83 42.12 45.80 49.90 56.89 90.79 144.89
12 Sanchaung 40.25 4.52% 50.61 54.61 59.08 64.09 69.69 75.94 86.57 138.16 220.49
13 Seikkan 3.22 0.36% 4.05 4.37 4.73 5.13 5.58 6.08 6.93 11.05 17.64
Total 258. 63 325. 23 350. 88 379. 64 411. 83 447. 80 487. 95 556. 26 887. 75 1, 416. 77
South District
No Name of Town 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
1 Kawhmu 15.54 1.74% 19.54 21.08 22.81 24.75 26.91 29.32 33.42 53.34 85.13
2 Tada 2.5 0.28% 3.14 3.39 3.67 3.98 4.33 4.72 5.38 8.58 13.69
3 Dala 1.8 0.20% 2.26 2.44 2.64 2.87 3.12 3.40 3.87 6.18 9.86
4 Kyaikhtaw 2 0.22% 2.52 2.71 2.94 3.18 3.46 3.77 4.30 6.86 10.96
5 Kayan 0.13 0.01% 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.45 0.71
6 Thongwa 4.5 0.50% 5.66 6.11 6.61 7.17 7.79 8.49 9.68 15.45 24.65
7 Kwinchankone 2.8 0.31% 3.52 3.80 4.11 4.46 4.85 5.28 6.02 9.61 15.34
8 Kyauktan 1.72 0.19% 2.16 2.33 2.52 2.74 2.98 3.25 3.70 5.90 9.42
9 Latkotkone 0.78 0.09% 0.98 1.06 1.14 1.24 1.35 1.47 1.68 2.68 4.27
10 Seikgyikanaungto 0.6 0.07% 0.75 0.81 0.88 0.96 1.04 1.13 1.29 2.06 3.29
11 Thanlyin 0.21 0.02% 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.40 0.45 0.72 1.15
12 Tontay 0.18 0.02% 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.34 0.39 0.62 0.99
Total 32. 76 41. 20 44. 44 48. 09 52. 17 56. 72 61. 81 70. 46 112. 45 179. 46
North District
No Name of Town 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
1 Insein 64.68 7.26% 81.34 87.75 94.94 102.99 111.99 122.03 139.11 222.01 354.32
2 Mingalardon 17.1825 1.93% 21.20 23.90 27.06 30.75 35.09 40.17 47.05 64.06 89.46
3 Hlaingtharya 67.0795 7.53% 84.35 91.01 98.47 106.81 116.14 126.56 144.27 230.25 367.46
4 Shwepyithar 49.253 5.53% 60.72 68.59 77.81 88.63 101.32 116.23 136.30 184.35 255.76
5 Hlegu 10.08 1.13% 12.68 13.68 14.80 16.05 17.45 19.02 21.68 34.60 55.22
6 Hmawbi 46.585 5.23% 56.72 65.89 76.78 89.72 105.11 123.40 146.46 183.20 233.79
7 Taikki 52.815 5.92% 64.00 75.15 88.45 104.31 123.23 145.82 173.75 211.59 261.50
8 Htantabin 0.9486 0.11% 1.19 1.29 1.39 1.51 1.64 1.79 2.04 3.26 5.20
9 Htauntkyant 15.75 1.77% 19.81 21.37 23.12 25.08 27.27 29.71 33.87 54.06 86.28
10 Phaungkyi 0.3232 0.04% 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.56 0.61 0.70 1.11 1.77
11 Okkan 1.919 0.22% 2.41 2.60 2.82 3.06 3.32 3.62 4.13 6.59 10.51
12 Indine 1.919 0.22% 2.41 2.60 2.82 3.06 3.32 3.62 4.13 6.59 10.51
13 Dar Bain 0.808 0.09% 1.02 1.10 1.19 1.29 1.40 1.52 1.74 2.77 4.43
14 Aphauk 3.838 0.43% 4.83 5.21 5.63 6.11 6.65 7.24 8.25 13.17 21.02
Total 333. 18 413. 08 460. 56 515. 75 579. 89 654. 50 741. 33 863. 49 1217. 62 1757. 22
Total 891. 40 1111 1224 1353 1502 1673 1870 2163 3184 4769
3-10
Table 3-2: Township Peak Demand, non-industrial, under alternative scenario
East District (MW)
No Name of Town 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
1 East Dagon 6.42 0.89% 8.07 8.71 9.42 10.22 11.12 12.11 13.81 22.04 35.17
2 North Dagon 20.3 2.82% 25.53 27.54 29.80 32.32 35.15 38.30 43.66 69.68 111.20
3 Sourth Dagon 1.4 0.19% 1.76 1.90 2.06 2.23 2.42 2.64 3.01 4.81 7.67
4 Dagon Seikkan 14.181 1.97% 17.83 19.24 20.82 22.58 24.55 26.75 30.50 48.68 77.68
5 North Okkalapa 7.69 1.07% 9.67 10.43 11.29 12.25 13.31 14.51 16.54 26.40 42.13
6 South Okkalapa 13.9 1.93% 17.48 18.86 20.40 22.13 24.07 26.22 29.90 47.71 76.14
7 Dawbon 15.7 2.18% 19.74 21.30 23.05 25.00 27.18 29.62 33.77 53.89 86.00
8 Pazundaung 8.44 1.17% 10.61 11.45 12.39 13.44 14.61 15.92 18.15 28.97 46.23
9 Shwe Pauk Kan 2.09 0.29% 2.63 2.84 3.07 3.33 3.62 3.94 4.50 7.17 11.45
10 Thingangkuun 13.5 1.88% 16.98 18.32 19.82 21.50 23.37 25.47 29.04 46.34 73.95
11 ThaKeta 11.25 1.56% 14.15 15.26 16.51 17.91 19.48 21.22 24.20 38.62 61.63
13 Yankin 23 3.20% 28.92 31.20 33.76 36.62 39.82 43.39 49.47 78.95 125.99
14 Tamwe 17.1 2.38% 21.50 23.20 25.10 27.23 29.61 32.26 36.78 58.70 93.67
15 Botahtaung 15 2.08% 18.86 20.35 22.02 23.89 25.97 28.30 32.26 51.49 82.17
Total 197. 80 248. 74 268. 35 290. 35 314. 97 342. 48 373. 18 425. 43 678. 95 1, 083. 55
West District
No Name of Town 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
1 Bahan 16.25 2.26% 20.43 22.05 23.85 25.88 28.14 30.66 34.95 55.78 89.02
2 Dagon 15.21 2.11% 19.13 20.64 22.33 24.22 26.33 28.70 32.71 52.21 83.32
3 Hlaing 11.5 1.60% 14.46 15.60 16.88 18.31 19.91 21.70 24.73 39.47 63.00
4 Kyeemyindaing 18.4 2.56% 23.14 24.96 27.01 29.30 31.86 34.71 39.57 63.16 100.80
5 Kamaryut 18.4 2.56% 23.14 24.96 27.01 29.30 31.86 34.71 39.57 63.16 100.80
6 Kyauktada 15.76 2.19% 19.82 21.38 23.13 25.10 27.29 29.73 33.90 54.10 86.33
7 Latha 25.3 3.51% 31.81 34.32 37.14 40.29 43.80 47.73 54.42 86.84 138.59
8 Lanmadaw 20.72 2.88% 26.06 28.11 30.41 32.99 35.87 39.09 44.56 71.12 113.50
9 Mayangone 26.45 3.67% 33.26 35.88 38.83 42.12 45.80 49.90 56.89 90.79 144.89
10 Pabedan 20.72 2.88% 26.06 28.11 30.41 32.99 35.87 39.09 44.56 71.12 113.50
11 Ahlone 26.45 3.67% 33.26 35.88 38.83 42.12 45.80 49.90 56.89 90.79 144.89
12 Sanchaung 40.25 5.59% 50.61 54.61 59.08 64.09 69.69 75.94 86.57 138.16 220.49
13 Seikkan 3.22 0.45% 4.05 4.37 4.73 5.13 5.58 6.08 6.93 11.05 17.64
Total 258. 63 325. 23 350. 88 403. 51 464. 03 533. 64 613. 69 705. 74 1419. 49 2855. 10
South District
No Name of Town 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
1 Kawhmu 15.54 2.16% 19.54 21.08 22.81 24.75 26.91 29.32 33.42 53.34 85.13
2 Tada 2.5 0.35% 3.14 3.39 3.67 3.98 4.33 4.72 5.38 8.58 13.69
3 Dala 1.8 0.25% 2.26 2.44 2.64 2.87 3.12 3.40 3.87 6.18 9.86
4 Kyaikhtaw 2 0.28% 2.52 2.71 2.94 3.18 3.46 3.77 4.30 6.86 10.96
5 Kayan 0.13 0.02% 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.45 0.71
6 Thongwa 4.5 0.63% 5.66 6.11 6.61 7.17 7.79 8.49 9.68 15.45 24.65
7 Kwinchankone 2.8 0.39% 3.52 3.80 4.11 4.46 4.85 5.28 6.02 9.61 15.34
8 Kyauktan 1.72 0.24% 2.16 2.33 2.52 2.74 2.98 3.25 3.70 5.90 9.42
9 Latkotkone 0.78 0.11% 0.98 1.06 1.14 1.24 1.35 1.47 1.68 2.68 4.27
10 Seikgyikanaungto 0.6 0.08% 0.75 0.81 0.88 0.96 1.04 1.13 1.29 2.06 3.29
11 Thanlyin 0.21 0.03% 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.40 0.45 0.72 1.15
12 Tontay 0.18 0.03% 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.34 0.39 0.62 0.99
Total 32. 76 37. 67 44. 44 48. 09 52. 17 56. 72 61. 81 70. 46 112. 45 179. 46
North District
No Name of Town 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
1 Insein 64.7 8.99% 81.34 87.75 94.94 102.99 111.99 122.03 139.11 222.01 354.32
2 Mingalardon 10.1 1.41% 12.74 13.75 14.87 16.13 17.54 19.12 21.79 34.78 55.51
3 Hlaingtharya 67.1 9.32% 84.35 91.01 98.47 106.81 116.14 126.56 144.27 230.25 367.46
4 Shwepyithar 28.1 3.90% 35.28 38.06 41.18 44.67 48.57 52.93 60.34 96.29 153.67
5 Hlegu 10.1 1.40% 12.68 13.68 14.80 16.05 17.45 19.02 21.68 34.60 55.22
6 Hmawbi 14.3 1.98% 17.96 19.38 20.97 22.75 24.73 26.95 30.72 49.03 78.25
7 Taikki 10.8 1.50% 13.60 14.67 15.88 17.22 18.73 20.40 23.26 37.12 59.24
8 Htantabin 0.9 0.13% 1.19 1.29 1.39 1.51 1.64 1.79 2.04 3.26 5.20
9 Htauntkyant 15.8 2.19% 19.81 21.37 23.12 25.08 27.27 29.71 33.87 54.06 86.28
10 Phaungkyi 0.3 0.04% 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.56 0.61 0.70 1.11 1.77
11 Okkan 1.9 0.27% 2.41 2.60 2.82 3.06 3.32 3.62 4.13 6.59 10.51
12 Indine 1.9 0.27% 2.41 2.60 2.82 3.06 3.32 3.62 4.13 6.59 10.51
13 Dar Bain 0.8 0.11% 1.02 1.10 1.19 1.29 1.40 1.52 1.74 2.77 4.43
14 Aphauk 3.8 0.53% 4.83 5.21 5.63 6.11 6.65 7.24 8.25 13.17 21.02
Total 230. 63 290. 02 312. 89 338. 54 367. 24 399. 32 435. 12 496. 04 791. 64 1263. 39
Total 719. 82 905 977 1,057 1,146 1,246 1,358 1,548 2,471 3,943
3-11
Table 3-3: Township Peak Demand, industrial, under alternative scenario
East District (MW)
No Name of Town 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
1 East Dagon 7.08 4.13% 8.50 10.20 12.23 14.68 17.62 21.14 25.37 29.41 34.09
2 North Dagon 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Sourth Dagon 18.1 10.55% 21.72 26.06 31.28 37.53 45.04 54.05 64.86 75.19 87.16
4 Dagon Seikkan 8.99 5.24% 10.79 12.95 15.53 18.64 22.37 26.84 32.21 37.34 43.29
5 North Okkalapa 4.8 2.80% 5.76 6.91 8.29 9.95 11.94 14.33 17.20 19.94 23.11
6 South Okkalapa 18.1 10.55% 21.72 26.06 31.28 37.53 45.04 54.05 64.86 75.19 87.16
7 Dawbon 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 Pazundaung 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 Shwe Pauk Kan 5.21 3.04% 6.25 7.50 9.00 10.80 12.96 15.56 18.67 21.64 25.09
10 Thingangkuun 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
11 ThaKeta 2.25 1.31% 2.70 3.24 3.89 4.67 5.60 6.72 8.06 9.35 10.83
13 Yankin 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
14 Tamwe 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
15 Botahtaung 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 69. 03 82. 84 99. 40 119. 28 143. 14 171. 77 206. 12 247. 35 286. 74 332. 41
West District
No Name of Town 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
1 Bahan 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 Dagon 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Hlaing 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 Kyeemyindaing 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 Kamaryut 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 Kyauktada 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 Latha 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 Lanmadaw 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 Mayangone 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 Pabedan 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
11 Ahlone 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
12 Sanchaung 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
13 Seikkan 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00
South District
No Name of Town 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
1 Kawhmu 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 Tada 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Dala 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 Kyaikhtaw 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 Kayan 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 Thongwa 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 Kwinchankone 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8 Kyauktan 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 Latkotkone 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 Seikgyikanaungto 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
11 Thanlyin 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
12 Tontay 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00
North District
No Name of Town 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
1 Insein 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 Mingalardon 7.05 4.11% 8.46 10.15 12.18 14.62 17.54 21.05 25.26 29.28 33.95
3 Hlaingtharya 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 Shwepyithar 21.2 12.36% 25.44 30.53 36.63 43.96 52.75 63.30 75.96 88.06 102.09
5 Hlegu 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 Hmawbi 32.3 18.83% 38.76 46.51 55.81 66.98 80.37 96.45 115.74 134.17 155.54
7 Taikki 42 24.48% 50.40 60.48 72.58 87.09 104.51 125.41 150.49 174.46 202.25
8 Htantabin 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 Htauntkyant 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 Phaungkyi 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
11 Okkan 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
12 Indine 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
13 Dar Bain 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
14 Aphauk 0 0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 102. 55 123. 06 147. 67 177. 21 212. 65 255. 18 306. 21 367. 46 425. 98 493. 83
Total 171. 58 206 247 296 356 427 512 615 713 826
3-12
Chapter 4 Distribution Networks Development Plan
4.1 Existing distribution networks development plan
YESB has addressed to raise the voltage of the city distribution network to 66kV, newly build or renovate
33kV substations and install underground cables and overhead transmission lines, according to the 5-year
distribution network development plan (FY2011 to FY2015) they developed. As for the longer 30 year
plan, there is no particular plan at this stage. The segments FY2014 and FY2015 of this 5 year plan were
checked and the future policy for the YESB distribution network development was investigated.
4.1.1 Development plan for the YESB systems
(1) 66kV systems
Table 4-1 shows the 66kV system diagram when the FY2015 segment of the YESB 5 year plan is
completed. The plan intends to upgrade the main power transmission systems to 66kV systems for the
YESB distribution network. The 33/6.6kV substations most frequently seen in Yangon will be upgraded
to 66/11kV substations in the future. For transmission lines, underground cables will be laid in cities
while overhead transmission lines will be installed in suburbs.
230kV
Yangon 66kV system 66kV
Kyephyukan Hlegu 33kV
Dagon
Univ. East Dagon
Hlawga
Ymawa N Okkalapa Waibaragi Shewepaukan

G
Shwepyithar Seinpan North Dagon Ywathargyi
Bayintnaung South Dagon
mying
Dayingone
Forest 10mile Bally
Computer RIR
N. Kabaaye
Tarwin Thaketa
Thuwunna N. Thiungangyun
Hluttaw S. Kabaaye
Guittalite
University Yarma Kwin
Sinmalike MRTV3 Kyaikkasan
Railway Dagon
Seikkan
Ahlone Kennedy Pathein Nyunt G
Mortin Yuzana Phayagone
G
Thanlyin
Thida
Shukhinthar
Figure 4-1: YESB 66kV system diagram (as of April 2016)
4-1
(2) 33kV systems
33kV systems must remain available due to a number of customers charging at 33kV in Yangon. The 5
year plan also intends to build new 33kV substations (including upgraded substations from 6.6/0.4kV
power distribution). For transmission lines, underground cables will be laid in cities while overhead
transmission lines will be installed in suburbs. (3) 11 kV -6.6kV power distribution systems
33kV systems must remain available due to a number of customers charging at 33kV in Yangon. The 5
year plan also intends to build new 33kV substations (including upgraded from 6.6/0.4kV substations).
For transmission lines, underground cables will be laid in cities while overhead transmission lines will be
installed in suburbs.
(3) 11 kV -6.6kV systems
It is intended to sequentially raise the voltage of 6.6kV distribution lines and unify the voltage to 11kV as
the standard medium voltage in the future. Therefore, the transformers accepting both 11kV and 6.6kV
taps are used in installation on the 6.6kV distribution lines, although the existing 6.6kV transformers
owned by customers and the government departments have to be replaced to 11kV or 11-6.6kV
transformers in the future.
Low-voltage power distribution systems are intended to be upgraded to the multi-transformer system, the
system to distribute a lot of small capacity transformers as is employed in Japan. This aims to reduce
power loss by setting the capacity of a transformer for power distribution to 200-300kVA class to shorten
the length of low-voltage distribution lines.
Only some of age-old underground distribution lines are intended to be upgraded to underground cables.
4.1.2 5 year plan (2011-2015) and latest investment plan (2016-2020)
(1) Overview of 5 year plan and latest investment plan (2016-2020)
The information on the YESB 5 year plan (from FY2011 to FY2015) and latest investment plan (from
FY2016 to FY2020) was obtained and the summary, necessity and other factors of individual projects
were verified. Table 4-1 and Table 4-2 show the overall overview of the plan.
4-2
Table 4-1: Overview of 5 year plan
Quantity (No. of sites/projects)

Item
2013 2014 2015 Subtotal
66kV Substations and related subjects 10 7 8 25
33kV Substations and related subjects 10 11 7 28
66kV UG cable and OH line subjects 4 4 3 11
33kV UG cable and OH line subjects 5 4 1 10
6.6kV and 0.4kVUG cable and OH line subjects 13 8 9 30
Maintaining jobs for emergency cases, Replacing jobs
for broken poles with concrete poles, Changing with
Insulated Wire projects, Transformer Maintaining - - - -
projects, Maintenance projects for S/S and System
Improvement projects in Districts
Total 42 34 28 104
Table 4-2: Overview of latest substation investment plan (for from FY2016 to FY2020)
Quantity (No. of sites)

Item
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Subtotal
Construction of 66kV Substations and

9 7 7 7 7 37
related projects
Replacing aged poles with concrete poles,

Installing Insulated Wire, Transformer
Maintaining, Maintenance for Substation - - - - - -
and Distribution System Improvement
Total 9 7 7 7 7 37
(2) Land acquisition
The majority of sites for the projects of new construction have yet to be acquired. Some projects for
raising voltage might require land acquisition at site.
In case the site is owned by the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC), an application is made to
transfer such site to the mayor. If it does not go well to acquire the land which essentially needs for YESB
to expand power system, a minister of Yangon Regions is asked to transfer the site. The acquisition of
private site requires negotiations with the owners for purchasing. The duration necessary for the site
acquisition varies depending on the situations. It takes two (2) or three (3) months or sometimes more to
acquire the site owned by YCDC due to the coordination with relevant organizations and three (3) months
to acquire private sites though it requires acquisition cost which is calculated in accordance with value
price of the land.
4-3
4.2 Load status at substations and failure status of the YESB
4.2.1 Load status at substations
The mean operation rate of each township to be surveyed was calculated based on the maximum demand
data for each distributing substation (66/11-6.6kV and 33/11-6.6kV) of the YESB. Table 4-3 shows the
calculation results.
The mean operation rate of the entire township is about 50%. The areas with the current operation rate
may include Pabetan (70%) located in the downtown area, and Thigangyun (68%) and Yankin (66%)
located to in the north thereof.
4-4
Table 4-3: Operating rate of substations for each township in 2012
Substation
Peak demand
capacity Operation rate
District Office No. Township（TS) (MW)
(MVA) (a)/(b)/PF(=0.90)
(a)
(b)
1 North Okkalarpa 10.4 25 46%
2 North Dagon 19.8 55 40%
3 Shwe Pauk Kan 9.9 25 44%
4 South Dagon 36.8 107 38%
5 East Dagon 18.8 41 51%
6 Dagon Seikkan 14.4 30 53%
7 Thaketa 14.3 30 53%
Eastern district 8 Thingangyun 26.6 45 66% 47%
9 Yankin 23.0 40 64%
10 Mingalar Taungnyunt 23.5 50 52%
11 Tamwe 21.9 54 45%
12 Dawbon 4.0 15 30%
13 Botahtaung 4.4 10 49%
14 Pazungtaung 16.1 50 36%
15 South Okkalarpa 10.0 30 37%
1 Mayangone 26.8 70 42%
2 Kamaryut 34.0 76 50%
3 Bahan 3.5 10 39%
4 Latha 1.6 5 36%
5 Lanmadaw 0.6 10 7%
6 Pabetan 21.3 35 68%
Western district 7 Dagon 21.0 47 50% 46%
8 Ahlone 23.9 50 53%
9 Kyimyindaing 2.5 5 56%
10 Seikkan 25.3 55 51%
11 Kyauktadar 8.8 20 49%
12 Sanchaung 6.6 15 49%
13 Hlaing 25.9 55 52%
1 Thanlyin 12.4 27 51%
2 Kyauk Tan 9.0 28 36%
3 Seikkyi Kanaungto 0.6 2 33%
4 Dala 4.6 9 57%
Southern district 5 Tontay 3.4 8 47% 45%
6 Kwinchankone 1.4 3 62%
7 Kawat Hmu 1.3 5 29%
8 Thone Gwa 2.6 7 44%
9 Khayan 2.2 5 49%
1 Mingalardone 18.4 39 52%
2 Innsein 37.3 76 55%
3 Hlaingtharya 44.5 100 49%
4 Shwepyithar 26.7 55 54%
5 Htauntkyant 3.7 10 41%
Northern district 46%
6 Hlegu 7.4 15 55%
7 Phaungkyi 2.0 5 44%
8 Okkan 0.5 3 20%
9 Tikekyi 4.8 10 53%
10 Hmawbe 6.9 21 37%
Total 645.4 1,486 46%
4-5
4.2.2 Failure status of YESB
(1) Power outage record management at YESB
YESB keeps the paper-based record of daily power outage that occurs within the jurisdiction. The power
outage status is reported from each township office to the district office and headquarters at 06:00 and
18:00 every day. The report is hand-written. The power outage recorded includes power outage by fault,
planned outage and shut down work.
(2) How to organize and analyze power outage records
For the purpose investigations on power outage status including fault, the latest monthly power outage
records of June 2013 were collected and translated into English, and then the causes of power outage
were classified into different items. The power outage status of each township (the number of times,
duration and causes) was analyzes from the organized data.
The power outage records are kept for each township. This means a single power outage that affects
multiple townships is recorded for each township. This analysis for the evaluation by township evaluates
the number of times and durations with the cumulative total values. No analysis by substation will be
performed as the power outage record contains the feeder names but no substation names.
(3) Analysis on power outage records and fault record data
The collected data on the power outage record reported between June 1st and June 30th was analyzed.
To begin with, the fractions of the causes for power outage were calculated. Figure 4-2 and Figure
4-3show the fractions of the number of times and the fractions of the duration, respectively.
1.1% 0.7% 0.4% 3.3%

Line fault
0.7% 0.2% Line fault
2.5%
2.1% 2.0%
Load Shed 2.6% 5.2% Load Shed
3.5%
3.8%
Working Working
System Breakdown 32.3% Cable fault

35.6% 5.4%
16.4% Cable fault System Breakdown
TF fault Other fault & accident
S/S fault 23.5% TF fault
Other fault & accident S/S fault
35.0% SD for preventing from 23.9% SD for preventing from

bad weather bad weather
Unknown Unknown
(Reports between June 1st and June 30th, 2013) (Reports between June 1st and June 30th, 2013)
Source: JICA survey team based on YESB information Source: JICA survey team based on YESB information
Figure 4-2: Fractions by power Figure 4-3: Fractions by power
outage record type (number of times) outage record type (duration)
The figure shows the extremely large fraction of the number of times of planned load shedding equal to
35%. This could have probably resulted from failure to generate full power due to the smaller
precipitation in June than other years leading to the insufficient amount of water reserved in the dams of
hydropower stations (interviews with the YESB members). The sites subject to load shedding are
4-6
determined by rotation by the operators of Mayangone substation (playing a role as the core dispatch
control station).
The sites with the frequent fault records are picked up in the current distribution networks in order to
develop the priority investment plan. The power outage records include load shedding and shut down
work. In addition to shut down work, the sites subject to load shedding determined by rotation seem not
to affect priority setting. Thus, the number of times and duration of power outage by fault among other
power outage records were analyzed. Figure 4-4 and Figure 4-5 show the analysis results.
[Number of times]
120
100
80
60
TF fault
40 System Breakdown
20 SD for preventing from bad weather

S/S fault
0
Kyeemindaing Line fault
Insein
Sanchaung
Taungnyut
Thaketa
Dagon
Latha
Dawbon
Ahlone
Dala
Dagon Seikkan
Hlegu
Mingalardon
Pabedan
Seikkan
Hlaing
Kamaryut
South Dagon
Thingangyun
North Dagon
Pazundaung
Kyauktada
Shwe Pau Kan
Yankin
South Okkalapa
Thanlyin
Bahan
Lanmadaw
North Okkalapa
Tamwe
East Dagon
Shwe Pyi Thar

Hmawbi
Botahtaung
Mingalar Taungnyunt
Mayangone
Hlaing Tharyar
Cable fault
Source: JICA survey team based on YESB information (Reports between June 1st and June 30th, 2013)
Figure 4-4: Number of times of power outage by fault in each township

[Duration]
120:00
108:00
96:00
84:00
72:00
60:00
TF fault
48:00
36:00 System Breakdown
24:00 SD for preventing from bad weather
12:00
S/S fault
0:00
Line fault
Latha
Ahlone
Dala
Hlegu
Pabedan
Seikkan
Hlaing
Kamaryut
Pazundaung
Kyauktada
Shwe Pau Kan
Yankin
South Okkalapa
Thanlyin
Bahan
Lanmadaw
Kyeemindaing
North Okkalapa
Insein
Sanchaung
East Dagon
Taungnyut
Thaketa
Hmawbi
Botahtaung
Mingalar Taungnyunt
Mayangone
Dagon
Dawbon
Dagon Seikkan
Hlaing Tharyar
Mingalardon
South Dagon
Thingangyun
North Dagon
Tamwe
Shwe Pyi Thar
Cable fault
Figure 4-5: Duration of power outage by fault in each township
The fault of overhead lines accounts for the substantial proportion of the causes for fault. The frequent
use of bare wires has led to a number of short-circuit or grounding faults where the wires come in contact
with trees or other wires.
4-7
Each township has the significantly different number of times and duration of power outage by fault. This
is largely dependent on the capacity of power distribution facilities each township retains. The status of
power outage by fault per unit facility was calculated by dividing the status by the total capacity of the
transformers in a township. The capacity of the transformer with the secondary voltage of 0.4kV (primary
voltage of 11kV or 6.6kV) was used from the list of facility capacities obtained from the YESB. Figure
4-6 shows the number of times of power outage by fault per capacity while Figure 4-7 shows the duration
of power outage by fault per capacity.
A large difference is seen by township. The Seikan Township or Dagon Seikan Township shows the large
number of times and longer duration of power outage by fault with respect to the smaller facility capacity.
Due to the smaller facility capacity, i.e. the smaller number of feeders, the fault that occurs in a feeder
results in a broader range subject to power outage in a township. The fault will be limited and the range of
power outage may be made smaller by increasing the number of facilities (the number of feeders and
transformers).
[Number of times /MVA]

(25.0)
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
No. of times of
2.00 故障停電回数/MVA
power outage by
fault / MVA
0.00
Latha
Ahlone
Dala
Hlegu
Pabedan
Seikkan
Hlaing
Kamaryut
Pazundaung
Kyauktada
Shwe Pau Kan
Yankin
South Okkalapa
Thanlyin
Bahan
Lanmadaw
Kyeemindaing
North Okkalapa
Insein
Sanchaung
East Dagon
Taungnyut
Thaketa
Hmawbi
Botahtaung
Mingalar Taungnyunt
Mayangone
Dagon
Dawbon
Dagon Seikkan
Hlaing Tharyar
Mingalardon
South Dagon
Thingangyun
North Dagon
Tamwe
Shwe Pyi Thar
Figure 4-6: Number of times of power outage by fault per unit capacity
(Based on secondary voltage 0.4kV of transformers)
4-8
[Duration / MVA]
(31:30)
12:00
9:00
6:00
3:00
Duration of
故障停電時間/MVA
power outage
0:00 by fault / kVA
Latha
Ahlone
Dala
Hlegu
Pabedan
Seikkan
Kamaryut
Hlaing
Pazundaung
Kyauktada
Shwe Pau Kan
Yankin
South Okkalapa
Thanlyin
Bahan
Lanmadaw
Kyeemindaing
North Okkalapa
Insein
Sanchaung
East Dagon
Taungnyut
Thaketa
Hmawbi
Botahtaung
Mingalar Taungnyunt
Mayangone
Dagon
Dawbon
Dagon Seikkan
Mingalardon
Hlaing Tharyar
South Dagon
Thingangyun
North Dagon
Tamwe
Shwe Pyi Thar
Figure 4-7: Duration of power outage by fault per unit capacity

(Based on secondary voltage of 0.4kV of transformers)
[Number of times /MVA]
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
故障停電回数/MVA
No. of times of
power outage
0.00
by fault / MVA
Kyeemindaing
Insein
Sanchaung
Taungnyut
Thaketa
Dagon
Latha
Dawbon
Ahlone
Dagon Seikkan
Hlegu
Mingalardon
Dala
Pabedan
Seikkan
Hlaing
Kamaryut
South Dagon
Thingangyun
North Dagon
Pazundaung
Kyauktada
Shwe Pau Kan
Yankin
South Okkalapa
Thanlyin
Bahan
Lanmadaw
North Okkalapa
Tamwe
East Dagon
Shwe Pyi Thar

Hmawbi
Botahtaung
Mingalar Taungnyunt
Mayangone
Hlaing Tharyar
(Shwe Pau Kan and Latha have no transformer of the secondary voltage of 11-6.6kV among the transformers retained by the YESB)
Figure 4-8: Number of times of power outage by fault per unit capacity
(Based on secondary voltage of 11-6.6kV of power transformers)
4-9
Then, the number of times of power outage by fault was calculated using the capacity of the transformer
with the secondary voltage of 11kV or 6.6kV (primary voltage of 66kV or 33kV) (Figure 4-8). In this
case, the Kyeemindaing Township showed the larger number of times of power outage by fault with
respect to the number of facilities because the township has the smaller number of the main transformers
than other townships. Considering the fact that a fault in the transformation unit leads to power outage in
wide areas, it is expected to increase the transformer capacity and the number of feeders.
(4) Summary of analysis on the data on power outage records and fault records
The data on power outage records were analyzed to consider what township needs the measures for
facilities from the perspective of fault.
The factor analysis on power outage revealed that load shedding accounted for less than half the number
of times of power outage. As this is dependent on the voltage source capacity, it is expected to improve
the power generation facilities that can cover demands in Yangon. The second most significant factor
following load shedding was the fault of lines. The fault of overhead lines accounts for the substantial
proportion of the causes for fault. The frequent use of bare wires has led to a number of short-circuit or
grounding faults where the wires come in contact with trees or other wires. The number of times of power
outage by fault can be reduced by covering lines.
The analysis by township analyzed the number of times and duration of power outage by fault per facility
capacity to eliminate the influence of the size of the facility capacity. This extracted the townships
(Seikan Township, Dagon Seikan Township and Kyeemindaing Township) with the frequent power
outage by fault with respect to the facility capacity they retain. The fault will be limited and the range of
power outage may be made smaller by increasing the number of facilities (the number of feeders and
transformers).
4.3 Policies for formulating the distribution networks development plan
In this survey, the 5-year plan concerning the development of YESB's distribution networks and the
long-term plan up to 2030 will be reviewed. In the review, as shown in Figure 4-9, the projects that have
been already completed and that are still going on are excluded from the existing 5-year plan (2011 to
2015), and the plan from 2015 to 2030 will be formulated. Also, the short-term plan for 5 years from
2015 to 2019 will be formulated, and the particularly high-priority projects will be sorted out and
formulated as the priority investment plan.
4-10
Distribution System Development Plan in YESB (Current)
Long term Plan up to 2030

5 Year Plan
FY2011 FY2015 Review FY2030
Distribution System Development Plan (Reviewed)

Completed/ Long term Plan
On-going Short-term
Projects plan up to 2030
FY2015 FY2019 FY2030
Priority investment plan
Figure 4-9: Flow of reviewing the distribution networks development plan and priority investment plan
The distribution networks development plan in this survey targets the YESB's power facilities and
consists of the following two plans.
- 66/33kV substations, 66/11 or 66/6.6kV substations and transmission lines development plan
- 11kV or 6.6kV, 400(230)V distribution networks development plan
Under the 66/33kV substations, 66/11kV or 66/6.6kV substations and transmission lines development
plan, the plan is formulated for newly constructing and reinforcing facilities to maintain the appropriate
operation rates based on demand for each township estimated in Chapter 3. Under the 11kV or 6.6kV,
400(230)V distribution networks development plan, the plan is formulated for newly constructing,
updating the aging facilities and reinforcing targeting 11kV or 6.6kV, 400(230)V distribution lines.
Table 4-4: Definitions of power facilities that are the subjects of planning in this study
Power facilities Definitions
33kV or 66kV power transmission lines between another 66kV or 33kV
Transmission line
substations
Grid substation 66kV/33kV substation
Distribution substation 66kV/11kVsubstation, 33kV/6.6kV substation
Medium-voltage (MV)
11kV or 6.6kV distribution line
distribution line
Low-voltage (LV)
400(230)V distribution line
distribution line
4.3.1 Planning methodology for grid/distribution substation and transmission line
(1) System planning standards of YESB
YESB’s power system is to be planned so as to maintain the limitation of the power facilities and normal
4-11
voltage without causing power outages. In the current situation, YESB does not have the specified
guideline for power system planning. YESB’s power system is planned in accordance with the
consideration that corresponds to technical criteria shown as below.
1) Load flow
Operating rate should be less than 80% of capacity of the facilities
2) Voltage
The bus voltage at any connection points shall be between 90% and 110% of the Nominal Voltage.
The YESB currently has no system planning standards as to electric supply reliability. As a result of
consultation with the YESB, however, the plans aiming that the future system consists of the facilities that
meet the "N-1 standards 9" are formulated.
(2) System planning standards in this survey
Following the consultation with the YESB as to the system planning standards in this survey, the system
planning standards are shown in Table 4-5.
Table 4-5 :System planning standards in this survey

Contents
Normal No more than 80% of the normal power flow
Capacity At times of
single failure No more than 100% of the power flow at times of single failure
（N-1）
Review period From 2013 to 2030
Reviewed the demand forecast data with latest information
Demand forecast
(chapter 3, alternative demand forecast)
System planning Reviewed based on the YESB's existing mid-term plan
(3) Procedure for formulating projects
The individual projects in the 5-year distribution network development plan (FY2011 to FY2015) and
latest investment plan (FY2016-2020) have been developed to deal with overload, demand increase,
voltage drop, and supply to important facilities. To help review the YESB development plan, the items to
9
The standard that no hindrance of supply occurs when one facility unit has troubles (when one transmission line or
one transformer has troubles)
4-12
be implemented in 2016 and later were studied according to the following procedure, based on the
demand record in 2012 and the alternative demand forecast by the survey team.
The procedure for formulating projects is as follows.
1) The survey team calculates the growth rate for each district from the alternative peak demand forecast
from 2013 to 2020 by YESB.
2) Based on the track record of peak demand of each transformer in 2012 and the growth rate as
mentioned above, the future operating rate of transformers for each township is calculated. (The
operation rate for formulating the individual projects is shown in Table 4-12.
3) From the viewpoints of operating rate, the best countermeasure for each individual projects is studied
including the consideration of the presence of important facilities and the possibility to strengthen the
interconnection with neighboring substations.
- Capacity and the number of transformers

- Assessment of new installation of the substation and reinforcement of the transformer.
- Necessity of the power transmission lines
The project priorities are set according to the procedure in Table 4-6. In priority setting, voltage rising to
66kV or supply to important facilities shall take precedence which could lead to reduced transmission
loss.
Table 4-6: Procedure for project priority setting
Step Contents
(i) Calculate the transformer capacity that needs to be added to the areas with the overall
operation rate exceeding 80% based on the overall substation operation rate for each
township
(ii) Give priority to the townships with the higher operation rate
(iii) Set priority for areas with the equivalent operation rates considering the following points:
- Substations supplying to important facilities (consider providing two lines or two
power supplies)
- Areas in which voltage may be raised to 66kV (close to the existing 66kV systems)
- Areas where power facilities have been deteriorated (aged or frequent fault
occurrence)
See below for the number of substations and feeders that supply important facilities (hospital, parliament,
military office, international airport and railway station):
4-13
Table 4-7: Substations supplying to important facilities
Important facilities Township Number of substations Number of feeders
Hospital Dagon, Lanmadaw, etc 17 21
Parliament Dagon 1 2
Military office Dagon 1 3
International airport Mingalardone 1 2
Railway station Mingalartaungnyunt 1 1
Regarding the transmission system plan, the voltage is raised from the 33kV system to the 66kV system
as the measures against transmission line overload and for improving voltage drop and reducing
transmission loss. Since there are many customers who currently receive power at 33kV, it is necessary to
maintain the 33kV system for the time being. However, to unify the whole systems to the 66kV system
configuration is aimed. Moreover, from the viewpoint of enhancing electric supply reliability, the 66kV
transmission system is considered to be developed in loop configuration.
4.3.2 Medium- and low-voltage distribution lines development plan
Regarding the distribution system plan, the raise of the system voltage from 6.6kV to 11kV continues to
be conducted in the medium-voltage (MV) distribution lines as the measures for reducing the loss. The
6.6kV and 11kV dual taps on the primary side to most of the YESB distribution transformers have been
installed already. Since there are many customers who currently receive power using 6.6 kV-dedicated
transformers, it is necessary to maintain the 6.6kV system for the time being. However, unifying the
whole systems to the 11kV system is aimed.
Moreover, from the viewpoint of enhancing electric supply reliability, the MV distribution system will be
developed considering future loop configuration and the facilities will be formed so that they can be used
when distribution lines are automated in the future.
Most of the MV and the low-voltage (LV) distribution lines are bare wires and their aged deterioration
has advanced under current conditions. Therefore, in order to secure public safety and restrain failure due
to contacting trees, cable deterioration, etc., it is planned to apply insulated conductors to all the MV and
LV distribution lines.
In consideration of urgency in insufficient power sources, in order to reduce the loss resulting from the
long-range LV lines from the current high-capacity transformer, it is planned to introduce the
multi-transformer system where low-capacity transformers are installed dispersedly and the LV line
length is shorten. Since the demand for electric power is expected to largely increase in the future, the
facilities to be introduced in facility renewal will be basically strengthen in consideration of the increase
of demand in each township estimated in Chapter 3 and the increase of demand based on individual
on-site conditions.
4-14
4.4 Standardization of the specifications and configurations of electric power facilities
The primary voltage of distributing substations currently is 66kV or 33kV, and the secondary voltage is
11kV or 6.6kV. In the future, the primary and secondary voltages are intended to be sequentially raised to
66kV and 11kV as the standard voltages respectively, and the power distribution facilities must be
standardized accordingly.
Because distribution facilities and transformation facilities consist of an enormous amount of facilities, it
is inefficient to individually study the specifications and organization of each facility, and the
inconsistency of specifications makes maintenance and operations more complicated. For the purpose of
efficient improvement of facility construction, maintenance and operation, the standardization of the
specifications of facilities and system under the control of YESB (transformers, conductors, poles, etc.),
was studied and the results of study into the formulation of the priority investment plan was incorporated
upon consultations with the YESB counterpart.
4.4.1 Standardization of power distribution facilities
(1)Medium-voltage distribution lines
It seems beneficial to configure the MV distribution lines considering the improved supply reliability by
introduction of the N-1 concept at the upper systems and interconnection among distribution line feeders
in the future. To this end, the standardization of wire and cable specifications can be of advantage.
It is recommended that the number of standard line sizes for use be limited so that plan, design,
procurement, maintenance, management and stock of distribution facilities be ensured in an efficient and
easy manner as the future increase in demands is expected, though the overhead lines or underground
cables of various sizes are used currently. In planning and designing especially, it is recommended that a
standard size of distribution facilities be selected considering not only estimated final demand in future
but also demand allowance for backward power supply to a standardized section of surrounding MV
feeders in future.
While the ratio of existing underground cables is not very low, it is recommended that new installation of
underground cable be limited to special occasions such as the case when landscape conservation is
necessary. And the rule for its application should be established considering the current situations of
construction budget and fault frequency, because it costs higher and takes more time to repair it in case of
failure compared with overhead line.
(2) Transformers for low-voltage distribution
In consideration of urgency in insufficient power sources, it is recommended that a low-loss type

transformer such as amorphous core type be actively adopted as standard to reduce loss caused in a
transformer. Especially in case of an amorphous transformer, its total cost can be lower than that of
conventional silicon type transformer in lifecycle comparison. It is agreed that similar to the cases in
Japan, the transformers of small capacity and shortened low-voltage lines are standardized to seek to
4-15
restrict voltage drop and reduce power loss, as is called the multiple transformer system by YESB to
indicate a direction in the situations where the transformers of relatively large capacity are located with
the low-voltage lines extending in broad areas for distribution.
For how to design the optimal multi-transformer system, it seems necessary to train or support the YESB
designers by for instance taking into account the future demand assumption in the divided supply areas,
etc.
The standard specifications such as the size, number and maximum length of the secondary cables of a
transformer, fuse capacity, and the allowable current and number of cables are established for each
transformer capacity. However, considering the situations where these are not well recognized by the
YESB, thorough announcement or education might be required so the YESB will comply with the
standard design specifications.
(3) Low-voltage distribution lines
The measures for voltage control in LV lines are necessary, because voltage drops between transformers
and ends of LV lines are currently much higher in some areas and there are no rules or guidelines which
would define the allowable range of service voltage. A voltage management system in LV lines would
help not only to improve voltage drop but also to reduce power loss in LV lines. Acquiring and managing
the information both distribution facility and the load are required to establish the LV management
system and control voltage in LV lines.
With a view to establish proper voltage management system, information about which load is connected
to which specific pole is necessary as well as the information about the length of LV line, and the
information must be properly managed.
It is recommended as in the cases of the MV lines previously mentioned, that the number of standard line
sizes for use be limited so that plan, design, procurement, maintenance, management and stock of
distribution facilities are ensured in an efficient and easy manner, though the overhead lines or
underground cables of various sizes are used. Using the values of resistance obtained through
standardized specifications data of overhead wire or underground cable and considering the formations of
reactance, voltage drop and power loss can be estimated. The public security also has to be ensured by
employing covered wires for overhead lines, the majority of which are bare wires currently.
For the load management, it is recommended that the factor of demand set be introduced based on the
results of relation between maximum demand and consumed electric energy or contracted electric power
capacity, etc., since the total loads can be estimated less than the sum of each load and it helps distribution
facilities be operated efficiently. Furthermore, the service wire connection phase management is useful, as
load balancing in three phases improves voltage drop and reduce power loss.
(4) Switches, etc.
Since few on-load switch is installed in the distribution line, power outage in the entire area covered by
4-16
the distribution line lasts for a long period of time or it takes much time to disconnect the fault sections
from the connection in case a fault occurs. In contrast, the middle-voltage lines directly grounded carries
large current even when a ground fault occurs. Therefore, it is recommended that the standard facilities be
configured by combining the switch useful for the disconnection of the fault section or early transmission
in the sound section, and the over-current detector effective for the detection of fault sections. These
configurations still require thorough technical considerations as they should take into account economic
performances or the future establishment of power distribution systems.
For those feeders supplying electricity to important facilities in particular, it is recommended that the
section switch with the time-dependent sequential transmission functions be installed as the standard
equipment that enables the automatic detection of fault sections and the early automatic transmission in
sound sections. However, when to introduce the switch requires mutual coordination as it is closely
related to the protection coordination and reclosing of the substation circuit breakers. The introduction to
the facilities should seek to configure effective facilities considering the future automation of distribution
lines, which might need to train or support the YESB.
4.4.2 Standardization of substation facilities
(1) Configuration of substation
The configuration of many substations in YESB is one transmission line and one power transformer
because YESB does not introduce N-1 policy. The reliability of the configuration of substation is low. If
one of transformer lines faulted, there would be outage in the whole area to which the substation supplies.
In addition, it is impossible to carry out shut down maintenance or repair work due to interruption
limitation. YESB is going to forward new installation and reinforcement projects of substations based on
5 year project plan as the countermeasure against overload and load increase. It is recommended that the
configuration of two transmission lines and two units of transformer in a substation is adopted in the
future. Therefore, survey team study the layout of substation which makes it possible to have two
transmission lines and two transformers when newly installing or reinforcing substation or replacing
equipment. Desirable substation configuration (single line diagram) is shown in Figure 4-10.
4-17
66kV Outgoing 66kV Incoming
66kV LA 66kV LA
66kV EDS 10kA 10kA
1250A, 31.5 kA
66kV PT 66kV PT
Ratio, 66/√3 , Ratio, 66/√3 ,
66kV CT 0.11/ √3 kV , 0.11/ 3 kV 0.11/ √3 kV , 0.11/ 3 kV
Ratio 300-600/5/5/5A
30VA,CL 1.0
66kV SF6 Gas CB

1250 A, 25kA/3 Sec
66kV DS 66kV DS
1250A, 31.5 kA 1250A, 31.5 kA
66kV DS
66kV DS
1250A, 31.5 kA
1250A, 31.5 kA
66kV SF6 Gas CB 66kV SF6 Gas CB

1250 A, 25kA/3 Sec 66kV CT 1250 A, 25kA/3 Sec 66kV CT
Ratio 200-400/5/5/5A Ratio 200-400/5/5/5A
30VA,CL 1.0 30VA,CL 1.0
66kV LA 66kV LA
10kA 10kA
Power Transformer Power Transformer
66/11-6.6 kV , 20MVA 66/11-6.6 kV , 20MVA
YNyn0 d11, ONAN , YNyn0 d11, ONAN ,
Tapping range 7 step Tapping range 7 step
( ± 3x2.5%) ( ± 3x2.5%)
12kV CT Ratio
600-1200 /5/5/5A
30VA,CL 1.0 12kV CT Ratio
600-1200 /5/5/5A
12kV VCB 30VA,CL 1.0
3600 A, 31.5kA/3 Sec
12kV VCB
630 A, 25kA/3 Sec
12kV CT Ratio
150-300/5/5A
30VA,CL 1.0
Figure 4-10: Single line diagram of desirable 66/11-6.6kV standard substation
(2) Power transformer
YESB has standard specifications of transformers such as voltage and capacity. The standard voltages are
66/33kV, 66/11kV, and 33/11kV. The standard capacities are 30MVA for 66kV transformer and 10MVA
for 11kV, however, there are other capacities for planed transformers in 5 year projects. The capacity of
installing transformers in a substation is influenced in demand increase at the supply area and the land
size of the substation. However, the large capacity of transformers is necessary in the future according to
present demand increase. Therefore, it is recommend to plan the installation of 30MVA transformer for
66kV and 10MVA transformer for 33kV as a standard and to prepare the space to install these
transformers at least.
Cooling method of transformer is ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural Type). YESB has some examples to
add cooling fans on radiators of transformer by itself. It is possible that some of existing substations are
lacking spaces fit for uprating capacity of transformers. In such cases, the application of ODAN (Oil
4-18
Directed Air Natural Type) transformer using oil pump and OFAN (Oil Forced Air Natural Type)
transformer using cooling fan will be studied.
Tap changer of transformer in YESB is No-voltage Tap Changer (NVTC). On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC)
is recommended to be adopted to deal with the voltage fluctuation, however, is not adopted in YESB
because the voltage fluctuation of YESB system is very large and frequent operation of OLTC is worried.
It is necessary to introduce SCADA and to control and monitor the voltage of Myanmar power system at
first.
There is no mention about sound specification in transformer standard specification because there is no
noise regulation in Myanmar. It is necessary to pay attention to transformer sound because transformers
are installed near boundary line in many substations. Low noise transformer is better to be installed for
aiming future noise regulation.
(3) Switchgear
This is the first time to install 66kV GIS in the railway substation under construction. It is estimated that
the number of GIS substation is increasing in the future because it is difficult to acquire the land of
substation in downtown area in Yangon. There are mainly three types of GIS, double bus tank type GIS,
single bus tank type GIS, and cubicle type GIS. Double bus type GIS is applied for important
transmission substations in general. It is installed in 66kV Railway substation in YESB. Single bus GIS
including cubicle type is applied for distribution substations.
For the 33kV switchgear, there are two kinds of switchgears, air insulated type "switch bay" in outdoor
and cubicle type switchgear in indoor, mentioned in Chapter 2. Cubicle type 33kV switchgear is air
insulated bus switchgear (AIS). 11kV switchgears are also indoor cubicle type switchgear. In present,
11kV switchgear is manufactured in domestic manufacturing company. (Main parts and components are
made by foreign manufacturers.) It is expected that 33kV switchgear is also manufactured in domestic
manufacturers in the future. For the small land space of substation, the application of compact switchgear
makes possible to reduce installation space.
Regarding circuit breakers, Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) is applied for 33kV and less voltage, and Gas
Circuit Breaker (GCB) or Oil Circuit Breaker (OCB) is applied for 33kV and above. For 66kV and 33kV
switch bay in outdoor, GCB or OCB is applied in YESB. For the replacement of 33kV OCB in outdoor,
33kV VCB can be applied. YESB has been replacing from 33kV OCB to 33kV VCB in outdoor. GCB or
OCB is used for 33kV switchgear.
(4) Checking points for procurement of equipment
It is necessary to check the possibility of long term continuous parts supply at the procurement of
substation equipment. In addition, quick parts arrangement and supervisor support of manufacturers at the
accident, failure and abnormality of equipment are necessary. Therefore, parts supply framework and
maintenance and repair support framework by supervisor are to be checked at the first procurement of
equipment.
4-19
4.5 Review of the distribution network development plan
4.5.1 Substation expansion plan
Table 4-8 shows a list of the YESB's substation expansion plans as of July 2013. On the assumption that
the substations will be expanded according to the substation expansion plan in Table 4-8, Table 4-9 shows
the results of calculation of the operation rates against the capacity of transformers in substations by
township, which reflects the demand by township based on the alternative demand forecast made in
Chapter 3. Among the results of calculation, the parts that show that the operation rate exceeds 80% are
shaded. The results of calculation show that, even if YESB's expansion plans shown in Table 4-8 are
implemented, the townships with the operation rates exceeding 80% will remain. Therefore, to maintain
appropriate substation operation rates, it is recommended to further expand substations.
4-20
Table 4-8: The YESB's current 5-year plan, the latest substation investment plan (from FY2016 to FY2020) and 2030 year plan
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021-25 2026-30
District Office No. Township
Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA
North Okkalarpa 30 Thudama road(33kV) 10 Khamarthi St/Mandine St 30
Waibargi 20 Tudamar St/Kantharyar St 30
1 North Okkalarpa
Khaymarthi road(33kV) 10
Bobahtoo road(33kV) 10 Bobahtoo st(33kV) 10 Bobahtoo st 20 Shwe Pin Lone 30 Bobahtoo St/Yadana St 30
2 North Dagon
Kungpadatha 30
3 Shwe Pauk Kan Shwepaukkan 20
Ywathargyi 20 Manisithu St(33kV) 10 Industry zone(2) 30 Innwa Villa 30
4 South Dagon
No7 road/Yaynantthar(33kV) 10 Hlawga road(33kV) 10 Dagon south office 30
5 East Dagon Dagon University 30 Dagon University 30 Dagon East 30
6 Dagon Seikkan Dagon Seikkan(2) 20 Innwa Villa 30 Dagon seikkan(1) 30
Eastern district
Ayyawun/Minnada(33kV) 10 Shukhinthar 20 Natwarat 30
7 Thaketa
Myintawthar 30
8 Thingangyun Thuwunna 30 Kamarky i Ward (completed)(33kV) 5 North Thingangyun 20 Township office 30 Kaesitan 30
9 Yankin Guittitlit 20 Kokkai 30 Shweownepin 30
10 Mingalar Taungnyunt Patheinnyunt 30 Kanayde 30 Theinpyu 30 Patheinnyunt 30
Yarma 20 Mayepadathar 30 Nutchaung 30
11 Tamwe
Kyaikkasan 30
12 Dawbon Dawbon 30
13 Botahtaung 41th street 30
14 Pazungtaung Laekan 30
15 South Okkalarpa Waizayantar 30 Thanthumar 30 Thitsar street 30
Tawwin 30 South Kabaaye 30 North Kabaraye 20 Mayangone 30 Seinpanmyain 30 Hlaing Univ./Pyay road 30
1 Mayangone
Bayintnaung 30 Goneshaw 30
2 Kamaryut University 30 Sinmalike 30 Tikegerahle 30 MRTV 30
ITS(33kV) 10 Old university road(33kV) 10 Shwegondine 30 Thu Ye Kaung Sithat 30
3 Bahan
Myanpadatha(33kV) 10 U htunt Bo 30
4 Latha
5 Lanmadaw 220 Bed hospital 30
6 Pabetan Kannaar Road and 10 35th street 30
Hluttaw 30 Warmuseum 30 Medical research 30
7 Dagon
Western district Pyay road 30
YESB head office(33kV) 10 FID 30 Honhai 30
8 Ahlone
Forest 30 Lower kyi myint daing 30
9 Kyimyindaing Lower ky imy intdaing road(33kV) 10 No1 Thitset 30
10 Seikkan Container(2) 30
25street 30
11 Kyauktadar
Seikkanthar street 30
12 Sanchaung Shinsawpu 30 Hanthawadi 30
Hlaing university(33kV) 10 Yangon-Insein Road (RIR) 30 Aung Myay Tha Se 30
13 Hlaing
Middle Parrami 30
1 Thanlyin Township office 5 Bayargone 30 Thanlyin township 30
2 Kyauk Tan Kyauttan 30
Jaungwinelay 30
3 Seikkyi Kanaungto Khanaungto 30
Jaungwinelay 30
Southern district 4 Dala Dala 30
5 Tontay Tontay 30
6 Kwinchankone Konchankone 30
7 Kawat Hmu Kawmu 30
8 Thone Gwa Thonegwa 30
9 Khayan Khayan 30
12 mile(33kV) 10 13 mile 10 Khayaepin 30 14 mile 30 Palare 30 Htauntkyant 30
1 Mingalardone 12 mile 30
Khayaepin 30
Thitaw computer 30 Dayingone 20 Khattayar 30 Inn sein township 30
10 mile 30
2 Innsein YCDC 30
Aungzaya housing 30
Technical Univ. 30
Meekhwat Market(33kV) 10 Ky ansitthar/ Mahabandoola(33kV) 10 Zone No(1) 30 Shwelinpan 30 Zone(5) 30 Zone(5) 30
3 Hlaingtharya Zone No(2) 30 Office house 30
Zone No(7) 30
Northern district Hlawga road(33kV) 10 Shwepyithar Zone (1) 30 Township office 30 Shwepryithar 30 Indutrial zone(4) 30
4 Shwepyithar Thar Du Kan 30 Hlawga St/No4 St 30
Wartayar Ind. Zone(33kV) 10 Kuu Chaung 30
5 Htaunkkyant Py i road & corner pearl road(33kV) 10 Parel street corner 30
Hlegu township office 30 Inn Tin 30 Phaung gyi 30
6 Hlegu
Phaunggyi road(33kV) 10 Phaung gyi St/Highway road 30
7 Phaungkyi
8 Okkan Okkan 30
9 Tikegyi Tikegyi 30
Pyi road & No4 road(33kV) 10 Kyetphyukan 20 Oaksat 30 Phoogyi communication 30
10 Hmawbe
Kyatphyukan 30 Pyay road/No4 St 30
11 Htantapin Htantapin(33kV) 10 Htantapin 30
*xxAx : 66kV project planned by YESB, xxBx : 33kV project planned by YESB
4-21
Table 4-9: Operation rates of transformers in each township in case of YESB development plan
Capacity operating rate
2012
((a)+demand increase)/((b)+(c))/(pf=0.90)
District Office No. Township（TS) Substation

Peak demand
capacity
(MW) 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
(MVA)
(a)
(b)
1 North Okkalarpa 10.4 25 53% 57% 62% 67% 73% 84% 131% 78%
2 North Dagon 19.8 55 47% 51% 55% 47% 51% 59% 71% 77%
3 Shwe Pauk Kan 9.9 25 70% 76% 82% 90% 98% 111% 173% 284%
4 South Dagon 36.8 107 44% 47% 43% 46% 38% 43% 69% 125%
5 East Dagon 18.8 41 54% 59% 64% 69% 51% 58% 92% 111%
6 Dagon Seikkan 14.4 30 64% 69% 75% 81% 89% 101% 159% 147%
7 Thaketa 14.3 30 42% 46% 25% 27% 29% 34% 53% 171%
Eastern district 8 Thingangyun 26.6 45 67% 51% 55% 60% 66% 75% 118% 146%
9 Yankin 23.0 40 102% 110% 68% 74% 52% 59% 73% 150%
10 Mingalar Taungnyunt 23.5 50 52% 56% 61% 66% 53% 60% 95% 120%
11 Tamwe 21.9 54 52% 57% 62% 67% 73% 59% 73% 117%
12 Dawbon 4.0 15 47% 51% 56% 20% 22% 25% 39% 64%
13 Botahtaung 4.4 10 78% 84% 92% 100% 109% 124% 183% 79%
14 Pazungtaung 16.1 50 57% 62% 67% 73% 79% 91% 90% 144%
15 South Okkalarpa 10.0 30 59% 64% 69% 38% 41% 31% 50% 60%
1 Mayangone 26.8 70 30% 23% 25% 28% 30% 30% 63% 69%
2 Kamaryut 34.0 76 57% 62% 52% 57% 51% 58% 78% 147%
3 Bahan 3.5 10 16% 17% 18% 11% 12% 14% 12% 19%
4 Latha 1.6 5 57% 61% 67% 72% 79% 90% 129% 229%
5 Lanmadaw 0.6 10 11% 12% 12% 14% 15% 17% 7% 11%
6 Pabetan 21.3 35 69% 74% 81% 88% 96% 70% 83% 133%
Western district 7 Dagon 21.0 47 65% 71% 77% 83% 60% 68% 64% 102%
8 Ahlone 23.9 50 71% 40% 43% 47% 51% 58% 89% 98%
9 Kyimyindaing 2.5 5 30% 32% 35% 38% 41% 47% 25% 40%
10 Seikkan 25.3 55 82% 88% 96% 104% 113% 129% 132% 213%
11 Kyauktadar 8.8 20 78% 84% 92% 100% 109% 124% 49% 79%
12 Sanchaung 6.6 15 78% 84% 92% 100% 109% 124% 65% 63%
13 Hlaing 25.9 55 84% 90% 98% 69% 75% 86% 80% 128%
1 Thanlyin 12.4 27 69% 74% 81% 88% 96% 56% 89% 97%
2 Kyauk Tan 9.0 28 57% 62% 67% 73% 79% 90% 141% 111%
3 Seikkyi Kanaungto 0.6 2 53% 58% 62% 68% 74% 84% 106% 5%
4 Dala 4.6 9 91% 98% 106% 116% 126% 144% 208% 84%
Southern district 5 Tontay 3.4 8 75% 82% 88% 96% 105% 119% 174% 64%
6 Kwinchankone 1.4 3 99% 107% 117% 127% 138% 157% 180% 31%
7 Kawat Hmu 1.3 5 46% 50% 54% 59% 64% 73% 107% 27%
8 Thone Gwa 2.6 7 71% 77% 83% 91% 99% 112% 162% 51%
9 Khayan 2.2 5 78% 84% 92% 100% 109% 124% 171% 45%
1 Mingalardone 18.4 39 67% 72% 48% 53% 57% 47% 59% 66%
2 Innsein 37.3 76 65% 70% 76% 64% 70% 79% 75% 86%
3 Hlaingtharya 44.5 100 61% 39% 42% 40% 44% 50% 91% 86%
4 Shwepyithar 26.7 55 59% 47% 51% 55% 60% 68% 70% 74%
5 Htauntkyant 3.7 10 33% 35% 39% 42% 46% 52% 82% 53%
Northern district
6 Hlegu 7.4 15 29% 32% 34% 37% 41% 46% 44% 39%
7 Phaungkyi 2.0 5 71% 77% 28% 30% 33% 37% 57% 41%
8 Okkan 0.5 3 32% 35% 38% 41% 45% 51% 7% 11%
9 Tikekyi 4.8 10 85% 92% 25% 27% 30% 34% 53% 344%
10 Hmawbe 6.9 21 30% 32% 35% 38% 42% 19% 31% 31%
Total 645.4 1,486
(Source) JICA Survey team based on YESB information.
4-22
Regarding the review of substation expansion plans by the survey team, the reinforcement of substations
in townships where the operation rates are high and the overload of transformer is expected, should be
given the highest priority.
As a result of the review by the survey team, in the short-term plan from FY2015 to FY2019, the names
of substations, which were added on top of the YESB's plan in order to eliminate the overload of
substations in the townships, are shown in Table 4-10. In addition, in order to select the locations suitable
for the substation expansion, frequency of power outage as shown in Figure 4-8 is also considered as well
as the operation rate of substations which are overly high.
Table 4-10: Substation expansion plan in addition to YESB Plans from 2015 to 2019
Item Substation expansion plan

Elimination of overloading of (Upgrading from 33kV to 66kV)
substations Railway*1, Container(1), 35th Street, Hanthawady*2, Aungmyaytharsi,
41th Street*3
(Reinforcement of transformers)
Mawtin, RIR, Seikkan(2), Thida, Hluttaw*4, Dagon university*5
*1,*4,*5: Substations supplying to important facilities

*2,*3: Substations belonging to the township of the higher number of times of power outage
Table 4-11 shows the reviewed plan for the substation expansion plan. The shaded parts in Table 4-11
show changes from the YESB plan. Moreover, Table 4-12 shows the operation rates of transformers in
substations in each township when the review plan is implemented. Some of the townships are still left
untouched in this plan despite of the high operation rates of 80% or more due to the limitation of the
number of projects capable to be implemented within a year.
Table 4-13 shows the difference of the capacity of transformers between the YESB's substation expansion
plans and the review plan drawn up this time. As a result of the review by the survey team, the addition of
the capacity of transformers (+130MVA) in the short-term plan (FY2015 to FY2019) and the addition of
the capacity of transformers (+1,640MVA) in the long-term plan (FY2020 to FY2030) are proposed
against the YESB's original plan.
4-23
Table 4-11: Revised substation expansion plans by the survey team
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021-25 2026-30
District Office No. Township
Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA Substation MVA
North Okkalarpa 30 Thudama road (33kV) 10 Township Office 30 Khamarthi St/Mandine St 30
Waibargi 20
1 North Okkalarpa
Khaymarthi road (33kV) 10
Bobahtoo road (33kV) 10 Bobahtoo st(33kV) 10 Shwe Pin Lone 60 Bobahtoo St/Yadana St 60
2 North Dagon
3 Shwe Pauk Kan Shwepaukkan 20 Shwe Pauk Kan 30 Shwe Pauk Kan 60
Ywathargyi 20 Manisithu St(33kV) 10 Innwa Villa 30 South Dagon(3) 60
4 South Dagon
No7 road/Yaynantthar (33kV) 10 Hlawga road(33kV) 10 Dagon south office 60 South Dagon(4) 60
5 East Dagon Dagon University 30 Dagon University 30 Dagon East(2) 60 Dagon East(3) 30
6 Dagon Seikkan Dagon Seikkan(2) 20 Dagon Seikkan(2) 30 Dagon seikkan(1) 30 Dagon seikkan(1) 60
Eastern district
Ayyawun/Minnada (33kV) 10 Natwarat 30 Shukhinyhar 30 Shukhinyhar 30
7 Thaketa
Myintawthar 30
8 Thingangyun Thuwunna 30 Kamarky i Ward (completed)(33kV) 5 North Thingangyun 30 Township office 60 Kaesitan 60 Township office(2) 90
9 Yankin Guittitlit 60 Kokkaine 30 Shweownepin 30 Guittitlit 90
10 Mingalar Taungnyunt Patheinnyunt 30 Kanayde 30 Theinpyu 30 Kanayde 60 Shwe Myayar 60
Yarma 20 Mayepadathar 30 Nutchaung 30 PatheinNyunt(2) 90
11 Tamwe
Kyaikkasan 30
12 Dawbon Dawpon 30
13 Botahtaung 41th street 30 41th street(2) 30
14 Pazungtaung Thida 30 Laekan 30 Thida 90
15 South Okkalarpa Waizayantar 30 Thanthumar 30 Thitsar street 60
Tawwin 30 South Kabaaye 30 North Kabaraye 20 Seinpanmyain 60
1 Mayangone
Bayintnaung 30 Hlaing Univ./Pyay road 30
2 Kamaryut University 30 Aung Myay Tharsi 30 Tikegerahle 30 MRTV 60 University(2) 120
ITS(33kV) 10 Old university road(33kV) 10
3 Bahan
Myanpadatha(33kV) 10
4 Latha
5 Lanmadaw 220 Bed hospital 30
6 Pabetan Railway 30 Kannaar road 30 Kannaar road(2) 30 Railway(2) 90
Hluttaw 30 Warmuseum 30 Hluttaw 30 Warmuseum 30 Medical research 30
Western district 7 Dagon
Pyay road 60
YESB head office (33kV) 10 FID 30 Honhai 60 Lower kyi myint daing 90
8 Ahlone
9 Kyimyindaing Lower ky imy intdaing road (33kV) 10 No1 Thitset 30
10 Seikkan Container (1) 30 Mawtin 30 Container(2) 60 Mortin(2) 60
11 Kyauktadar 35th street 30 Seikkanthar street 30 Kyauktadar(New) 30
12 Sanchaung Hanthawady 30 Shinsawpu 30
Hlaing university(33kV) 10 Yangon-Insein Road (RIR) 30 Middle Parrami 30 Yangon-Insein Road (RIR) 90
13 Hlaing
Yangon-Insein Road (RIR) 30
1 Thanlyin Township office (33kV) 5 Township office 10 Bayargone 30 Thanlyin township 60
2 Kyauk Tan Township office 10 Kyauttan 30 Kyauttan(2) 30
Township office 10 Jaungwinelay 30
3 Seikkyi Kanaungto
Southern district 4 Dala Dala 10 Dala 30

5 Tontay Tontay 20 Tontay 30
6 Kwinchankone Kwinchankone 10
7 Kawat Hmu Kawmu 30
8 Thone Gwa Thone Gwa 10 Thonegwa 30
9 Khayan Khayan 10 Khayan 30
12 mile(33kV) 10 13 mile(33kV) 10 Khayaepin 30 14mile 30 Palare 30 Htauntkyant 60
1 Mingalardone
Thitaw computer 30 Dayingone 20 Khattayar 30 Inn sein township 60 10 mile 60
YCDC 60
2 Innsein Aungzaya housing 30
Technical Univ. 30
Meekhwat Market(33kV) 10 Ky ansitthar/ Mahabandoola(33kV) 10 Zone No(1) 30 Shwelinpan 30 Zone(5) 120
3 Hlaingtharya Zone No(2) 30 Office house 60
Zone No(7) 30
Hlawga road(33kV) 10 Shwepyithar Zone (1) 30 Township office 30 Thar Du Kan 30 Indutrial zone(4) 60
Northern district
4 Shwepyithar Thar Du Kan 30 Hlawga St/No4 St 30
Wartayar Ind. Zone(33kV) 10 Kuu Chaung 30
5 Htaunkkyant Py i road & corner pearl road(33kV) 10 Parel street corner 30
Hlegu township office 30 Inn Tin 30
6 Hlegu
Phaunggyi road(33kV) 10
7 Phaungkyi Phaungkyi 10 Phaungkyi 30
8 Okkan Okkan 30
9 Tikegyi Tikegyi 20 Tikegyi 30
Pyi road & No4 road(33kV) 10 Kyetphyukan 20 Phoogyi communication 30
10 Hmawbe
11 Htantapin Htantapin (33kV) 10 Htantapin 30
*xxAx : 66kV project planned by YESB, xxBx : 33kV project planned by YESB, xxJx : 66kV or 33kV project proposed by the survey team
(Source) JICA Survey team
4-24
Table 4-12 : Operating rate of transformer for each township by proposed plans
Capacity operating rate

2012
((a)+demand increase)/((b)+(c))/(pf=0.90)
District Office No. Township（TS)

Substation
Peak demand
capacity
(MW) 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2025-26 2030-31
(MVA)
(a)
(b)
1 North Okkalarpa 10.4 25 41% 44% 48% 52% 57% 65% 62% 71%
2 North Dagon 19.8 55 47% 51% 55% 60% 65% 74% 66% 73%
3 Shwe Pauk Kan 9.9 25 70% 76% 37% 41% 44% 51% 39% 62%
4 South Dagon 36.8 107 44% 47% 51% 56% 61% 69% 69% 73%
5 East Dagon 18.8 41 54% 59% 64% 69% 51% 58% 56% 74%
6 Dagon Seikkan 14.4 30 64% 69% 75% 47% 51% 58% 65% 64%
7 Thaketa 14.3 30 63% 69% 43% 46% 50% 57% 64% 79%
Eastern district 8 Thingangyun 26.6 45 67% 42% 46% 50% 55% 62% 66% 70%
9 Yankin 23.0 40 51% 55% 60% 65% 67% 76% 90% 80%
10 Mingalar Taungnyunt 23.5 50 52% 56% 61% 66% 58% 66% 66% 76%
11 Tamwe 21.9 54 52% 57% 62% 67% 73% 59% 73% 70%
12 Dawbon 4.0 15 47% 51% 56% 60% 66% 75% 40% 64%
13 Botahtaung 4.4 10 78% 84% 31% 33% 36% 41% 33% 53%
14 Pazungtaung 16.1 50 57% 62% 67% 46% 50% 57% 66% 58%
15 South Okkalarpa 10.0 30 59% 64% 69% 75% 82% 47% 75% 60%
1 Mayangone 26.8 70 30% 32% 35% 38% 41% 47% 75% 77%
2 Kamaryut 34.0 76 57% 62% 67% 73% 79% 70% 78% 77%
3 Bahan 3.5 10 16% 17% 18% 20% 22% 25% 39% 63%
4 Latha 1.6 5 57% 61% 67% 72% 79% 13% 21% 33%
5 Lanmadaw 0.6 10 11% 12% 12% 14% 15% 17% 27% 43%
6 Pabetan 21.3 35 69% 48% 52% 57% 62% 52% 66% 65%
Western district 7 Dagon 21.0 47 65% 52% 57% 62% 48% 55% 69% 66%
8 Ahlone 23.9 50 71% 54% 59% 64% 69% 79% 74% 65%
9 Kyimyindaing 2.5 5 30% 32% 35% 38% 41% 47% 75% 40%
10 Seikkan 25.3 55 82% 65% 50% 55% 59% 68% 69% 81%
11 Kyauktadar 8.8 20 78% 84% 92% 50% 54% 62% 56% 63%
12 Sanchaung 6.6 15 78% 84% 39% 43% 47% 53% 46% 73%
13 Hlaing 25.9 55 84% 90% 54% 59% 65% 74% 73% 74%
1 Thanlyin 12.4 27 69% 74% 61% 67% 73% 48% 77% 67%
2 Kyauk Tan 9.0 28 57% 62% 67% 73% 79% 67% 59% 66%
3 Seikkyi Kanaungto 0.6 2 53% 58% 62% 68% 74% 14% 6% 10%
4 Dala 4.6 9 43% 46% 50% 55% 60% 68% 42% 67%
Southern district 5 Tontay 3.4 8 75% 23% 25% 27% 30% 34% 54% 42%
6 Kwinchankone 1.4 3 20% 21% 23% 25% 28% 31% 50% 80%
7 Kawat Hmu 1.3 5 46% 50% 54% 59% 64% 73% 17% 27%
8 Thone Gwa 2.6 7 71% 77% 33% 36% 39% 44% 71% 40%
9 Khayan 2.2 5 78% 28% 31% 33% 36% 41% 66% 35%
1 Mingalardone 18.4 39 67% 72% 78% 53% 57% 65% 76% 78%
2 Innsein 37.3 76 65% 70% 76% 64% 70% 79% 75% 72%
3 Hlaingtharya 44.5 100 61% 39% 42% 46% 50% 57% 71% 80%
4 Shwepyithar 26.7 55 59% 57% 62% 67% 73% 63% 67% 71%
5 Htauntkyant 3.7 10 33% 35% 39% 42% 46% 52% 33% 53%
Northern district
6 Hlegu 7.4 15 29% 32% 34% 37% 41% 46% 74% 71%
7 Phaungkyi 2.0 5 71% 77% 28% 30% 33% 37% 60% 32%
8 Okkan 0.5 3 32% 35% 38% 41% 45% 51% 7% 11%
9 Tikekyi 4.8 10 28% 31% 33% 36% 39% 45% 72% 57%
10 Hmawbe 6.9 21 30% 32% 35% 38% 42% 48% 76% 70%
Total 645.4 1,486
4-25
Table 4-13 : Difference between YESB original substation expansion plans and proposed plans
Additional substation capacity

Item
Short-term (2015-2019) Long-term (2020- 2030)
YESB original substation expansion
1,140MVA 2,250MVA
plan
Proposed substation expansion plan 1,270MVA 3,890MVA
Difference +130MVA +1,640MVA
4.5.2 System analysis
Based on the long term power demand forecast formulated in the survey, the analysis of power flow
conditions of transmission and distribution systems from 2012 to 2030 was performed to check if they
meet the N-1 standards 10. If problems were found as a result of analysis, the countermeasure was studied
in the revision of development plan. When incorporating such countermeasures into the plan, the survey
team shared the information and adjustment with the MEPE that controls the 230kV substations and the
survey team regarding "The Project for Formulation of the National Electricity Plan". In this survey, the
analysis software ‘PSS/E’, which is an extensively and internationally used for system planning are used.
(1) General condition
Based on the alternative demand forecast in Chapter 3, the survey team analyzed the power flow and
voltage of future power system. The conditions of analysis are as follows:
1) Demand forecast: alternative demand forecast in this survey

2) Generation : existing 33kV and 66kV power generation in Yangon region
3) Power system development: revised substation development plan
4) Period of analysis: from 2013 to 2020, 2025, 2030
(2) Consideration of transmission line
Conductors of transmission lines and line constants, which are input as the PSS/E data, are chosen from
the list of the standardized conductors provided by YESB as shown in Table 4-14 and Table 4-15,
respectively.
10
The standard that no hindrance of supply occurs when one facility unit has troubles (when one transmission line
or one transformer has troubles)
4-26
Table 4-14: Standardized conductors
Voltage Conductor Capacity

Type
(kV) size (MW,PF=0.95)
66kV ACSR 400 mm2 89
66kV XLPE 1C 500 mm2 83
66kV XLPE 1C 400 mm2 74
33kV XLPE 1C 400 mm2 37
Source: JICA Survey team based on YESB information
Table 4-15: Line constants in PSS/E

Positive-phase-sequence Impedance
Type Size
Line R(Ω/km) Line X(Ω/km) Charging(uF/km)
66kV Overhead line 400 mm2 0.0894 0.3951 0.0092
66kV Underground cable 500 mm2 0.0502 0.1758 0.27
(3) Consideration of Transformer
Specified impedance of transformer provided by YESB are as shown in Table 4-16.
Table 4-16: Standardized transformers

Capacity Impedance
Voltage (kV)
(MW) (Capacity base)
66kV/33kV 30MVA 10.31%
66kV/11kV 30MVA 10.31%
33kV/11kV 10MVA 8%
33kV/6.6kV 10MVA 8%
33kV/6.6kV 5MVA 8%
33kV/0.4kV 3MVA 7%
11kV/6.6kV(0.4kV) 100kVA 4.5%
Source:JICA Survey team based on YESB information.
(4) Peak load forecast
Peak load forecast was examined as mentioned in Chapter 3. The peak load from 2012 to 2030is indicated
in Table 4-17.
Table 4-17: Peak demand in Yangon region from 2012 to 2030

(Unit: MW)
Year 2012 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030
Peak demand 758 1,224 1,353 1,502 1,673 1,870 2,163 3,186 4,769
4-27
(5) Result of system analysis
1) Transmission development plan

Figure 4-11, Figure 4-12 and Figure 4-13 illustrate the results of power flow and bus voltage analysis
under normal operating conditions in 2020, 2025 and 2030.
As a result of the system analysis, transmission line overload is likely to happen in whole system and a lot
of 66kV transmission lines are required in accordance with the substation development. The list of
transmission line development plan which studied by survey team is indicated in Table 4-18. Moreover, a
lot of changes are necessary in the transmission plan mainly due to the changes of installation timings of
substation and routes of transmission line. 230kV/33kV and 230kV/66kV substations which need the
additional transformers are described in section 4.5.
Myaungdagar Waibaragi Shewepaukan East Dagon

Hlawga・Wartayar N Okkalapa
Shwepyitar
116MW Office 144MW
Hlaingtharyar Shwepyitar
Zone(1)
132MW
SHWELINPAN
78MW G North Dagon
Ymawa G
Bayintnaung
Seinpanmying South Dagon Dagon Univ.
Bally
217MW
Forest 10mile
Computer
RIR
Tarwin Waizayantar
S/Kabaaye
TGN (N)TGN
office
Kokkine Goodlife Thuwunna
Mindin
Aungmyaytharsi Thaketa
(Thaketa – Kyaikkasan : 4 cct )
(66kV Single line ) 509MW

(Double bus) Yarma Kwin
Sinmalike MRTV3 Kyaikkasan (Double bus)
Hluttaw Hanthawady
Natwarat G Seikkan(2)
(New)Railway Kanaydy
War Pathein Nyunt
Museum Yuzana
Ahlone
Railway Theinpyu 230kV Thida
268MW Mawtin 35st Myintawthar 230kV
111MW 66kV
41st Container(1) Thida
（25st）
FID G
Figure 4-11: Load flow diagram of Yangon distribution power system in 2020
4-28
Hlegu 230kV (N)Okkalapa
Myaungdagar East Dagon

Hlawga・Wartayar 99MW
Waibaragi
Shwepyitar
196MW Office 287MW
Hlaingtharyar Shwepyitar 606MW
Zone(1)
SHWELINPAN
214MW G North Dagon
Ymawa G
Bayintnaung
Bally
281MW
Forest 10mile
Computer
RIR
Tarwin Waizayantar
S/Kabaaye
TGN (N)TGN
office
Mindin
230kV Kyaikkasan (Thaketa – Kyaikkasan : 4 cct )
295MW 426MW
(Double bus) Yarma Kwin
Sinmalike (Double bus)
Hanthawady MRTV3
Hluttaw
Natwarat G Seikkan(1)(2)
War
Museum Yuzana, Yarma Pathein Nyunt
Ahlone 220Bed
184MW 66kV
（25st）
FID G
Hlegu 230kV (N)Okkalapa
Myaungdagar East Dagon

Hlawga・Wartayar 158MW
Waibaragi
Shwepyitar
435MW Office 430MW
Hlaingtharyar Shwepyitar 877MW
Zone(1)
SHWELINPAN
268MW G North Dagon
Ymawa G
Bayintnaung 230kV 307MW
Bally
368MW
Forest 10mile
Computer
RIR
Tarwin Waizayantar
S/Kabaaye
TGN (N)TGN
office
Mindin
230kV Kyaikkasan (Thaketa – Kyaikkasan : 4 cct )
328MW 459MW
Yarma Kwin
Sinmalike (Double bus)
Hanthawady MRTV3
Hluttaw
Natwarat G Seikkan(1)(2)
War
Museum Yuzana, Yarma Pathein Nyunt
Ahlone 220Bed
380MW 66kV
（25st）
FID G
4-29
Table 4-18 : Transmission line development plan studied by the survey team
Transmission line Number Conductor

FY ID Voltage TL Type of circuit Size
Township S/S
From To
2013 Shwepaukkan North Okkalarpa 13A6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 North Okkalarpa North Okkalapa
2013 East Dagon Waibaige 13A7 66kV OH 1 400mm2 North Okkalarpa Waibargi
2013 (T-off) Bobahtoo 13B6 33kV UG 1 185mm2 North Dagon Bobahtoo
2013 East Dagon Shwe Pauk Kan 13A5 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Shwe Pauk Kan Shwe Pauk Kan
2013 (T-off) Thuwunna 13A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Thingangyun Thuwunna
2013 Thaketa PatheinNyunt 13A3 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Mingalar Taungnyunt PatheinNyunt
2013 PatheinNyunt Yarma 13A1 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Tamwe Yarma
2013 (T-off) Bayintnaung 13A9 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Mayangone Bayintnaung
2013 (T-off) Tawwin 13A4 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Mayangone Tawwin
2013 Honhine YESB Office 13B1 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Ahlone YESB Office
2013 Hantharwaddy Kunywaltan Road 13B8 33kV UG 1 185mm2 Kyimyindaing New
2013 Bayintnaung Forest Computer 13A8 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Innsein Thitaw Computer
2013 Hlawga Htauntkyant 13B3 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Htauntkyant Htauntkyant
2014 North Okkalarpa Thudama road 14B3 66kV OH 1 400mm2 North Okkalarpa Thudama road
2014 East Dagon Ywathargy 14A6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 South Dagon Ywathargy
2014 South Dagon No7 r oad/Yaynantthar 14B9 33kV OH 1 185mm2 South Dagon No7 r oad/Yaynantthar
2014 East Dagon Dagon Univ 14A5 66kV OH 1 400mm2 East Dagon Dagon Univ
2014 Thaketa Dagon Sekkan (2) 14A7 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Dagon Seikkan Dagon Sekkan (2)
2014 Thaketa Ayyawun/Minnada 14B10 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Thaketa Ayyawun/Minnada
2014 Thingangyun Kamarkyi Ward 14B1 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Thingangyun Kamarkyi Ward
2014 Seinpanmying South Kabaraye 14A1 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Mayangone South Kabaraye
2014 Bayintnaung Kamaryut University 14A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Kamaryut Kamaryut University
2014 Tiger Ally ITS 14B5 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Bahan ITS
2014 U HtaungBo Myanpadatha 14B6 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Bahan Myanpadatha
2014 (T-off) Hluttaw 14A3 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Dagon Hluttaw
2014 Sepin 12mile 14B4 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Mingalardone 12mile
2014 Hlaingtharya Kyansitthar/ Mahabandoola 14B11 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Hlaingtharya Kyansitthar/ Mahabandoola
2014 Hlawga Hlegu 14A4 66kV OH 1 185mm2 Hlegu Hlegu
2014 Hlaingtharyar Pyi Road 14B2 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Hmawbe Pyi Road
2015 (T-off) Bobahtoo 15B2 33kV OH 1 185mm2 North Dagon Bobahtoo
2015 South Dagon cornerof Manisithu 15B3 33kV OH 1 185mm2 South Dagon cornerof Manisithu
2015 South Dagon Corner of Hlawga road 15B4 33kV OH 1 185mm2 South Dagon Corner of Hlawga road
2015 Thaketa North Thingangyun 15A2 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Thingangyun North Thingangyun
2015 Yuzana Kannedy 15A1 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Mingalar Taungnyunt Kannedy
2015 Seinpanmying Nouth Kabaraye 15A7 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Mayangone Nouth Kabaraye
2015 Kyaikkasan Old university 15B7 33kV UG 1 185mm2 Bahan Old university
2015 Dala Dala 15J1 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Dala Township office
2015 Hlaingtharyar Kwinchankone 15J2 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Kwinchankone Kwinchankone
2015 Ywama Danyinggone 15A4 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Innsein Danyinggone
2015 Hlawga Shwepyithar Industrial Zone(1) 15A5 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Shwepyithar Industrial Zone
2015 Wartayar Wartayar Ind. Zone 15B5 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Shwepyithar Wartayar Ind. Zone
2015 Myaungdagar Tikekyi 17A1 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Tikekyi Tikekyi
2015 Myaungdagar Kyetphyukan 15A3 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Hmawbe Kyetphyukan
2016 Thaketa Thingangyun Township office 16A6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Thingangyun Thingangyun Township office
2016 Kyaikkasan Goodlife 15A8 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Yankin Guittitlit(Goodl ife)
2016 Ahlone War museum 19A3 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Dagon War museum
2016 Ahlone FID 16A3 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Ahlone FID
2016 Thida Container(1) 16J2 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Seikkan Container(1)
2016 Hlaingtharyar Tontay 16J3 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Tontay Tontay
2016 Hlaingtharyar Khayan 16J4 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Khayan Khayan
2016 Hlaingtharyar Industrial Zone1 16A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Hlaingtharya Industrial Zone1
2016 Hlawga Township office 16A9 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Shwepyithar Township office
2017 East Dagon Shwe Pauk Kan 17J1 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Shwe Pauk Kan Shwe Pauk Kan
2017 Thaketa Myindawthar 17A6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Thaketa Myindawthar
2017 Thaketa Natwarat 17A5 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Thaketa Natwarat
2017 Thida Container(1) 26A6 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Botahtaung 41st
2017 Sinmalike(A) Aung Myay Tharsi 17J2 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Kamaryut Aung Myay Tharsi
2017 Ahlone Mawtin 17J3 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Seikkan Mawtin
2017 Sinmalike(B) Hantharwaddy 26A1 66kV UG 4 500mm2 Sanchaung Hantharwaddy
2017 Bayintnaung RIR 18A6 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Hlaing RIR
2017 Thanlyin Thanlyin Township Office 17J4 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Thanlyin Thanlyin Township Office
2017 Thanlyin Thone Gwa 17J5 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Thone Gwa Thone Gwa
2017 Hlawga Khayaypin 17A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Mingalardone Khayaypin
2017 Hlawga Phaungkyi 17J6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Phaungkyi Phaungkyi
OH/UG 1 400/500mm2
2017 Thaketa Kyaikkasan 17JST 66kV Kyaikkasan Kyaikkasan
UG 1 500mm2
2018 Seinpanmying Waizayantar 18A7 66kV OH 1 400mm2 South Okkalarpa Waizayantar
2018 41st 35st 23A4 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Kyauktadar 35st
2018 Hlawga 14mile 20A4 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Mingalardone 14mile
2018 Ywama P/S Khattayar 18A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Innsein Khattayar
2018 Hlaingtharyar Shwelinpan 18A4 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Hlaingtharya Shwelinpan
4-30
Transmission line Number Conductor
FY ID Voltage TL Type of circuit Size
Township S/S
From To
2019 Kyaikkasan Kokkaine 17A7 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Yankin Kokkaine
2019 Railway Theinpyu 19A5 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Mingalar Taungnyunt Theinpyu
2020 Thida Myaeoadather 20A6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Tamwe Myaeoadather
2020 Thaketa Dawbon 18A5 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Dawbon Dawbon
2020 South Okkalarpa Thanthumar 20A3 66kV OH 1 400mm2 South Okkalarpa Thanthumar
2020 Hluttaw Thkegerahle 19A1 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Kamaryut Thkegerahle
2020 Ahlone 220 Bed hospital 21A6 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Latha 220 Bed hospital
2020 220 Bed hospital Kannaar road 20J1 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Pabetan Kannaar road
2020 Thanlyin Phayagone 20A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Thanlyin Phayagone
2020 Thanlyin Kyauk Tan 20J2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Kyauk Tan Township office
2020 Thanlyin Seikkyi Kanaungto 20J3 33kV OH 1 185mm2 Seikkyi Kanaungto Seikkyi Kanaungto
2020 Hlawga Thar Du Kan 20J4 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Shwepyithar Thar Du Kan
2021-2025 North Okkalarpa (N) Okkalapa Township 21J1 66kV OH 1 400mm2 North Okkalarpa (N) Okkalapa Township
2021-2025 North Okkalapa Shwepinlone 21A1 66kV OH 1 400mm2 North Dagon Shwepinlone
2021-2025 East Dagon Shwe Pauk Kan 21J2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Shwe Pauk Kan Shwe Pauk Kan
2021-2025 South Dagon Innwa Villa 19A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 South Dagon Innwa Villa
2021-2025 South Dagon Dagon south office 19A7 66kV OH 1 400mm2 South Dagon Dagon south office
2021-2025 Thaketa Dagon Sekkan (1) 21J4 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Dagon Seikkan Dagon Sekkan (1)
2021-2025 Thaketa Shukhinthar 21J5 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Thaketa Shukhinthar
2021-2025 North Thingangyun Kaesitan 25A6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Thingangyun Kaesitan
2021-2025 Kyaikkasan Shwcownepin 24A5 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Yankin Shweownepin
2021-2025 Kyaikkasan Kannedy 21J6 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Mingalar Taungnyunt Kannedy
2021-2025 Thaketa Natchaung 25A1 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Tamwe Natchaung
2021-2025 Thida 41st(2) 26A6 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Botahtaung 41st(2)
2021-2025 Thida Lackan 25A1 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Pazungtaung Lackan
2021-2025 Kyaikkasan MRTV(2) 22A1 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Kamaryut MRTV(2)
2021-2025 Ahlone HoneHui 22A7 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Ahlone HoneHui
2021-2025 Thida Container(2) 21A2 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Seikkan Container(2)
2021-2025 Container(2) Seikkantha street 21A5 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Kyauktadar Seikkantha street
2021-2025 Bayintnaung Middle parami 24A4 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Hlaing Middle parami
2021-2025 Thanlyin Kyauk Tan 21J10 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Kyauk Tan Kyauk Tan
2021-2025 Hlaingtharyar Jaungwinelay 26A3 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Seikkyi Kanaungto Jaungwinelay
2021-2025 Hlaingtharyar Kawmu 29A3 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Kawat Hmu Kawmu
2021-2025 Hlawga Parlac 25A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Mingalardone Parlac
2021-2025 Hlawga Insein Township 23A7 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Innsein Insein Township
2021-2025 Hlaingtharya Technical Univ. 25A7 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Hlaingtharya Technical Univ.
2021-2025 Shwelinpan Hlaingtharya Town 24A6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Hlaingtharya Office House
2021-2025 Hlawga Kuu chaung 23A6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Shwepyithar Thar Du Kan
2021-2025 Hlawga Kuu chaung 23A5 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Shwepyithar Kuu chaung
2021-2025 Myaungdagar Parel Street 27A3 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Htauntkyant Parel Street
2021-2025 Hlawga Okkan 25A3 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Okkan Okkan
2026-2030 North Okkalapa Mandine 27A5 66kV OH 1 400mm2 North Okkalarpa Mandine
2026-2030 North Okkalapa Bobahtoo 27A6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 North Dagon Bobahtoo
2026-2030 East Dagon South Dagon 26J1,J2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 South Dagon South Dagon
2026-2030 East Dagon East Dagon2 28A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 East Dagon East Dagon2
2026-2030 Thaketa Dagon Sekkan (1) 28A7 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Dagon Seikkan Dagon Sekkan (1)
2026-2030 Thaketa Shukhinthar 26J3 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Thaketa Shukhinthar
2026-2030 Thaketa Township office 26J4 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Thingangyun Township office
2026-2030 Kyaikkasan Goodlife 26J5 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Yankin Guittitlit(Goodl ife)
2026-2030 Thida Shwe Myayar 26J6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Mingalar Taungnyunt Shwe Myayar
2026-2030 Seinpanmying Thitsar street 27A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 South Okkalarpa Thitsar street
2026-2030 Seinpanmyain Hlaing Univ./Pyay road 30A6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Mayangone Hlaing Univ./Pyay road
2026-2030 Ahlone Railway(2030) 26J10 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Pabetan Railway(2030)
2026-2030 Ahlone Medical reserch, Pyay street 22A5 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Dagon Medical reserch
2026-2030 Ahlone Medical reserch, Pyay street 22A6 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Dagon Pyay road
2026-2030 Ahlone Lower Kyi Myint daing street 23A3 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Ahlone Lower Kyi Myint daing street
2026-2030 Ahlone No1. Thitset 22A4 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Kyimyindaing No1. Thitset
2026-2030 Ahlone Mortin(2) 26J11 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Seikkan Mortin(2)
2026-2030 Seikkantha street Kyaktadar New 26J12 66kV UG 1 500mm2 Kyauktadar Kyaktadar New
2026-2030 Bayintnaung RIR New 26J13 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Hlaing RIR New
2026-2030 Thanlyin 230kV Thanlyin 28A3 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Thanlyin 230kV Thanlyin
2026-2030 Hlaingtharyar Tontay 29A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Tontay Tontay
2026-2030 Hlaingtharyar Thone Gwa 29A6 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Thone Gwa Thone Gwa
2026-2030 Hlaingtharyar Khayan 29A7 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Khayan Khayan
2026-2030 Seinpanmying Htantkyunt 26A4 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Mingalardone Htantkyunt
2026-2030 Ywama P/S 10mile 24A1 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Innsein 10mile
2026-2030 Hlawga YCDC 24A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Innsein YCDC
2026-2030 Hlawga Aungzaya housing 25A4 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Innsein Aungzaya housing
2026-2030 Hlaingtharyar Hlaingtharya Zone5 23A1 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Hlaingtharya Hlaingtharya Zone5
2026-2030 Hlawga Shwepyi Zone4 26A7 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Shwepyithar Shwepyi Zone4
2026-2030 Hlawga Hlawga St/No4 St 27A7 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Shwepyithar Hlawga St/No4 St
2026-2030 Hlawga Inn Tin 22A3 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Hlegu Inn Tin
2026-2030 Hlawga Phaungkyi 26A2 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Phaungkyi Phaungkyi
2026-2030 Myaungdagar Tikekyi 26J16 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Tikekyi Tikekyi
2026-2030 Hlawga Phoog yi communication 30A1 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Hmawbe Phoog yi communication
2026-2030 Hlawga Htantapin 27A4 66kV OH 1 400mm2 Htantapin Htantapin
(Source) JICA Survey team.
4-31
2) 66 kV system reliability enhancement measures
Based on the expansion plan following the review by the survey team, an analysis on flow load was
performed. Figure 4-14shows the load flow diagram of the 66kV system in the Kyaikkasan substation.
Due to the voltage boosted to 66kV in the existing 33kV distributing substations, the load flow in 66kV
transmission lines will increase. As a result, the 66kV transmission line between Kyaikkasan and Thaketa
will be overloaded in FY2017 and the measures for reinforcing transmission line facilities will become
necessary.
(N)TGN
To TGN office
To Bayintnaung
Goodlife Thuwunna
Mindin
90MW Thaketa
Aungmyaytharsi
Yarma Kwin
Hluttaw Hanthawady
Natwarat
(New)Railway Kanaydy Pathein Nyunt

Ahlone War Yuzana
Museum 230kV Thida
Railway Myintawthar
90MW
Thida
Figure 4-14: Load flow diagram around Kyaikkasan substation in 2017
Since the Kyaikkasan substation is located in the center of the existing 66kV ring transmission system as
shown in Figure 4-15, it should be used as the base substation of the 66kV transmission system. Also, to
secure the capability for handling an increase of electric power demand in the future, it is necessary to
strengthen transmission lines interconnected with existing 230kV substations. When strengthening such
interconnection, the relevant 66kV transmission line will becomes important 66kV systems. Therefore, it
is necessary to secure the form and capacity of facilities that meet the N-1 standards to improve the
reliability of the systems. The projects as measures for improving reliability are shown in Table 4-19,
while the load flow diagram of the 66kV system in the Kyaikkasan substation in 2025 is shown in Figure
4-16.
Since the 66kV Thaketa-Kyaikkasan line will have heavy load flow and needs to meet the N-1 standards, three
circuits should be newly constructed in 2017 and one more circuit should be added in 2025 to bring the total to
four circuits.
Although the construction of four circuits in the Thaketa-Kyaikkasan line until 2025 is one option, it is
desirable to boost the voltage of the Kyaikkasan substation to 230kV by 2025 from the perspective of
enhancing the reliability of the system and the measures against voltage drop. If the voltage of the
Kyaikkasan substation is boosted to 230kV by 2025, the Thaketa-Kyaikkasan line will have no problems
with three circuits in the future.
4-32
Cold Store YT
U Kyu F. Mill MIP
anyinGone 4 Mile agon University
Army Medical Unv. YGN Industrial one
Ind. one (4)
( ) agon
agone ast
Rice Mill KYP Housing Shwe paukkan
Ind
Shwe Myin Waybargi
Kinsana Steel Mill YC C golf
aw Tun Win ast Pyi Thar
Kyuntha
BAF N.Okkalapa
Zone (7) Khittayar 10 Mile 66kV transmission
Ywama line
Insein
To Bayint Naung YeThu Ag
Phanchek
ShweThanLwin U Anawar Forest Computer 66kV ring circuit
N.Dagon
Olympic YTU
Industrial zone Hein Engg Fishery Taw win
SeinPanMyaing Billy
(2) Mindama
Ag Gabar Golden Fish

Industrial Bayint Naung Yegu Shwe Pinlone
Great Zone(1) Mayangon Housing
Leather Parimi Middle N. Kabaaye S.
Hole Sale Centre U Soe Moe
PyanHluwar RIR
Panhlaing 33kV
Gamone Pwint S.Dagon
ShweMi Jute Mill SOkkalapa U Kyi Soe
Diamond Dragon CottonMillMICT
Anawar Hlyun S.Kabaaye TGN North
AungMaytharse Kyaikkasan
ShweOhnPin S/S Asia World
U W Htal Oo S.
Thingyungyun
Kyoukkine
KYAIKKASA
Sinmalaik
Aidsitan N
MRTV 3 Mindin
Wayonesade
Godliffe
Ayeywa Tiger Alley THAKETA
No11
No Thuwana
Shwegondin
Balodenyunt Saw mill
Setsan Hanthawaddy e MTThar

Alart chaung RicRicee mill Natchaung
MEC YKK Patheinnyu
Dockyard Hluttaw War Office Yarma Kwin
U Mya nt
Hotel Kanedy
Forest DPt.
DMR Bycycle Fty CNG Nawarat
National
N atioonaal Museum Army Shangriler
FID Museum Yuzana
Wot ye
TheinPhyu Dawbone
Hospital MR TT
AHLONE
AHLONE Shukhintha
MTWR
M TWR 5St 41
335St 41St
Joungwaila tvHk Morton
225St
5 St
y armfwif THIDA
Container ThanLyin
Khaunaungto
Figure 4-15: Location of Kyaikkasan S/S
Dala PhayarGon
YCDC Ag Chang Thar

Table 4-19: Reliability improvement plans in the vicinity of Kyaikkasan substation
Tuntae Thilawar Port
Countermeasures Year
Kauk Hmyue
2
66kV Thaketa-Kyaikkasan transmission line 66kV ACSR410mm ×3 circuits
Industrial
66kV Ahlone-Kyaikkasan transmission line 66kV CV500×1 circuit 2017
Kyaikkasan substation Installing double 66kV bus
66kV Thaketa-Kyaikkasan transmission line 66kV ACSR410mm2×1 circuit 2025
S/Kabaaye (N)TGN
To TGN office
To Bayintnaung
215MW
Mindin Thaketa
Aungmyaytharsi
(Thaketa – Kyaikkasan : 4 cct )
(66kV Single line )

Yarma Kwin
Hluttaw Hanthawady
Natwarat
(New)Railway Kanaydy Pathein Nyunt

Ahlone War Yuzana
Museum 230kV Thida
Railway Theinpyu Myintawthar
126MW
Thida
Figure 4-16: Load flow diagram around Kyaikkasan substation in 2025
4-33
3) Recommendation for the MEPE power system
As a result of the system analysis by the survey team, 230kV/33kV and 230kV/66kV transformer
overload for the whole system is likely to happen. The peak load of the transformers is shown in Table
4-20 and the substations which need the additional transformers are shown in Table 4-21. It will be
required to reinforce more than 1300MVA transformers up to 2020.
Table 4-20 : Peak load of 230kV/66kV and 230kV/33kV transformers

Peak load (MW)
Com.
Township Name of Substations Voltage 2021- 2026-
years 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2025 2030
1 Ahlone Ahlone 230kV/66kV 70.6 102.8 138.8 110.1 175.2 267.9 258.9 361.9
2 Mayangone Bayintnaung 230kV/66kV 115.9 156.0 168.6 204.3 225.7 217.0 280.7 367.8
3 East Dagon East Dagon 230kV/66kV 28.2 44.5 69.2 77.1 86.2 144.4 286.3 429.7
4 Hlaingtharyar Hlaingtharyar 230kV/66kV 82.7 48.8 54.1 60.3 67.4 77.9 213.3 267.7
Shwelinpan 230kV/66kV 2015 15.1 19.9 22.1 36.9 41.2 47.7 99.2 121.2
5 Mingalardone Hlawga(33kV) 230kV/33kV 111.4 110.5 111.9 133.8 145.1 117.9 144.1 23.6
Hlawga(66kV) 230kV/66kV 2020 - - - - - 14.0 271.8 473.3
6 Shwepyithar Wartayar 230kV/33kV 2013 - - - - - - 190.0 380.0
7 Thaketa Thaketa(66kV) 230kV/66kV 70.7 131.0 181.7 269.3 343.2 425.4 402.8 436.3
Thaketa(33kV) 230kV/33kV 98.8 93.5 80.4 84.0 72.2 83.5 22.8 22.8
8 Myaungdagar Myaungdagar 230kV/33kV 57.7 63.8 80.3 78.8 100.0 115.7 196.4 435.0
9 Thanlyin Thanlyin 230kV/33kV 34.6 38.2 42.2 47.3 52.8 68.8 89.9 102.7
10 Thida Thida 230kV/66kV 2015 68.0 75.2 83.5 93.1 95.5 110.5 184.4 365.6
11 North Okkalapa North Okkalapa 230kV/66kV 2021 - - - - - - 99.1 157.8
12 Yankin Kyaikkasan 230kV/66kV 2021 - - - - - - 295.1 333.5
13 Mayangone Seinpanmying 230kV/66kV 2026 - - - - - - - 306.5
Table 4-21 : List of transformers need to be newly installed

(MVA)
Com. 2021- 2026-
Township Name of Substations Voltage inst. Cap 2012 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
years 2025 2030
1 Ahlone Ahlone 230kV/66kV 200 200.0
2 Mayangone Bayintnaung 230kV/66kV 200 200.0
3 East Dagon East Dagon 230kV/66kV 100 200.0 200.0
4 Hlaingtharyar Hlaingtharyar 230kV/66kV 100 200.0
Shwelinpan 230kV/66kV 2015 - 100.0 100.0
5 Mingalardone Hlawga(33kV) 230kV/33kV 220
Hlawga(66kV) 230kV/66kV 2020 - 200.0 300.0
6 Shwepyithar Wartayar 230kV/33kV 2013 100 100.0 200.0
7 Thaketa Thaketa(66kV) 230kV/66kV 200 200.0 100.0
Thaketa(33kV) 230kV/33kV 100
8 Myaungdagar Myaungdagar 230kV/33kV 160 100.0 300.0
9 Thanlyin Thanlyin 230kV/33kV 100 100.0
10 Thida Thida 230kV/66kV 2015 - 200.0 200.0
11 North Okkalapa North Okkalapa 230kV/66kV 2020 - 100.0 100.0
12 Yankin Kyaikkasan 230kV/66kV 2021 - 400.0
13 Mayangone Seinpanmying 230kV/66kV 2026 - 400.0
(Source) JICA Survey team : Additionally required
4-34
Chapter 5 Candidate Project for Japanese ODA Loan
5.1 Selection candidate Japanese ODA loan projects based on priority investment plan
5.1.1 Workflow of the priority investment plan formulation
Candidate projects for Japanese ODA loan should be essentially selected following the prioritization
process after all conditions of facilities (facility operation rates, fault records, etc.) are surveyed. In this
survey, the formulation of the priority investment plan and a survey required for Japanese ODA loan
projects are simultaneously move forward as shown below.
Formulation of the Survey on facilities conditions priority investment plan

priority investment plan
Checking the plans Selection of Assessment Outline design Detailed survey of
Detailed survey of until recent years candidate Selection of potential projects
projects candidate
potential projects for projects for
・Benefit effects
Japanese ODA loan Checking the Japanese
intention of YESB ・Emergency ODA loan
・Feasibility, etc
Figure 5-1: Workflow of the priority investment plan formulation and survey for potential sub-projects for
the Japanese ODA loan
5.1.2 Proposal for improving facilities suitable to the situation of Myanmar
To effectively improve distribution facilities in the Yangon City, it is necessary to make the facilities
improvement policies clear and allocate appropriate budgets based on the policies. The candidate projects
is selected based on the following basic concept as mentioned before for improving the distribution
networks facilities.
Table 5-1: Basic concept for selecting candidate projects for Japanese ODA loan
Task Details
(i)Measures against Strengthen transmission and substation system so that the supply load does not
overload of facilities exceed installed capacity
(ii)Reduction of power Improve distribution facilities so that the supply load does not exceed installed
losses capacity
(iii)Measures against
Improve facilities so that they do not cause troubles
troubles
(iv)Capacity building Capacity building for YESB engineer by executing the Project
The 30-year distribution networks development plan formulated by YESB includes the plans concerning
the work for replacing electricity meters with ones that allow remote inspection and the smart-grid-related
work. The former is effective for reducing non-technical losses, while the latter is effective as measures
for early elimination of a hindrance of supply. However, if such measures are taken while the measures of
(i) and (ii) are still insufficient, sufficient effects may not be produced. Meanwhile, the execution of (i)
5-1
and (ii) is effective for reducing technical losses. Therefore, the survey team makes it a basic rule to
execute (i) and (ii) on a priority basis. Moreover, high-tech equipment is incorporated into the candidate
project based on its cost-effectiveness after studying optimal introduction periods and steps.
5.1.3 Selection of the priority investment plan
Considering the abovementioned policy, the candidate projects for Japanese ODA loan were selected. See
below for the steps for selecting procedure:
[Step1] Consider the investment plan of the Yangon City Electricity Supply Board (YESB) (FY 2011 to
FY 2019) and narrow the target projects:
 Those projects already commenced or to be commenced in FY 2013 are excluded

 Those townships for which other donors such as ADB, NEDA or private companies are
thinking about providing support are excluded
 Those townships located in the suburbs of Yangon are excluded
[Step2] Validate the selected plan candidates from the perspectives of:
 Importance (The countermeasures to be taken by townships against frequent overload and

faults shall take precedence.)
 Implementation schedule: When to commence and complete
 Land acquisition status
The candidate townships subject to Japanese ODA loan assistance were selected by Step1 from 47
townships in Yangon area. Since YESB places an office for each township and controls these offices, the
study team has chosen candidate project areas by unit of township. Because some transmission and
distribution lines are stretched across multiple townships, the specific areas for facility improvement
should be determined flexibly from the designing stage of Japanese ODA loan assistance.
In the selection of candidate townships, townships that will receive support from other donors such as
ADB were taken into consideration. In the South Dagon Township, a local company has decided to
operate the power transmission and distribution facilities, supply electricity and collect tariffs in the entire
area of the said township, currently improving the implementation schemes and systems.
YESB has been seeking private sectors’ participation in electric power supply to several industrial
complexes in Yangon area. YESB will close this public offering in August 2013 and review the submitted
proposals for electric power supply plans to industrial complexes.
The information about the contents of bits by these private companies and the assessment procedure by
YESB cannot be obtained due to confidentiality.
Following the consultation with YESB to narrow down the scope of Japanese ODA loan support to
higher-priority townships, the candidate townships were selected in the following processes
5-2
(1) 15 townships in the suburbs of Yangon City were excluded as the priority for capital
investment is low compared with those in central city due to low demand for electricity.
(2) 5 townships supported by ADB were excluded.

(Mayangone, Kamaryut, Mingalardone, Insein, Hlaingtharya)
(3) 3 townships supported by NEDA were excluded.

(North Okkalarpa, North Dagon, Shwe Pauk Kan)
(4) The South Dagon township, which is scheduled to be managed by a private company, was
excluded.
As a result, 23 townships were selected as the candidate townships subject to Japanese ODA loan
projects.
Table 5-2 shows the selection result of the candidate townships subject to Japanese ODA loan assistance.
The candidate townships subject to Japanese ODA loan assistance are shown with "y" and hatched while
those townships not subject to Japanese ODA loan assistance, such as the townships in the suburbs of
Yangon, are represented with “n”. After the selection, 23 townships in total are considered as the target
for the yen-loan candidate project.
In selecting candidate project for Japanese ODA loan, the projects for FY 2016 and later were selected as
the priority projects if the projects require consultants to be employed and require detailed design,
considering the duration required for the procurement procedure for the Japanese ODA loan.
As for the construction or replacement of the power distribution lines of 6.6kV and 11kV or less or the
replacement or installation of transformers, neither of which requires detailed design, material
procurement by the end of FY 2014 was selected as the candidate projects for Japanese ODA loan as it
was expected to achieve the support plan for Myanmar as early as possible.
The followings show the components of candidate project for Japanese ODA loan.
component1: Installation of 66kV substations and related transmission lines (FY 2016-2019)
component2: Introduction of multi-transformer system (FY 2016-2019)
component3: Replacement of distribution line (FY 2014-2019)
component4: Renovation of training center and introduction of Utility Vehicles (FY 2016-2017)
In Component 1, among the target 23 townships, a higher-priority substation installation project was
extracted in consideration of elimination of overload, supply to important facilities, creation of 66kV
transmission system, etc. In Component 2, the townships for which YESB is considering intensive
development of distribution lines were selected on a priority basis.
In selecting candidate projects for Japanese ODA loan, it is considered insulating the switches of the
11kV power distribution line section switch, amorphous transformers and power distribution lines, from
the perspective of improving the power distribution sector of Myanmar.
5-3
Table 5-2: Potential township in the Yangon City for Japanese ODA loan
Includes
Potential TS investment
for Concerning plan
No. Township Condition
Japanese Agency projects
ODA loan after
FY2016
Eastern District of Yangon
1 North Okkalapa n NEDA
2 North Dagon n NEDA yes
3 ShwePaukKan n NEDA
4 South Dagon n Private yes
5 East Dagon y yes Industrial zone, Hospital
6 Dagon Seikkan y yes Industrial zone, Low price housing
project
7 Thaketa y yes Industrial zone
8 Thingangyun y yes Hospital
9 Yankin y yes
10 MingalarTaungnyunt y yes Yangon station
11 Tamwe y
12 Dawbon y yes
13 Botahtaung y
14 Pazungtaung y
15 South Okkalapa y yes Industrial zone
Western District of Yangon
1 Mayangone n ADB yes
2 Kamaryut n ADB yes
3 Bahan y yes Hospital, high society housing area
4 Latha y Hospital
5 Lanmadaw y Hospital
6 Pabetan y
7 Dagon y yes Hluttaw,Millitary office, Hospital
8 Ahlone y yes YESB head office
9 Kyimyindaing y Hospital
10 Seikkan y
11 Kyauktadar y
12 Sanchaung y
13 Hlaing y yes
Southern District of Yangon
1 Thanlyin n out of scope
2 Kyauk Tan n out of scope
3 SeikkyiKhanaungto n out of scope
4 Dala n out of scope
5 Tontay n out of scope
6 Kwinchankone n out of scope
7 KawtHmu n out of scope
8 ThoneGwa n out of scope
9 Khayan n out of scope
Northern District of Yangon
1 Mingalardone n ADB yes Industrial zone, Air port, Hospital
2 Innsein n ADB,PLN yes Hospital
3 Hlaingtharyar n ADB yes Industrial zone
4 Shwepyithar y PLN yes Industrial zone
5 Htauntkyant n out of scope
6 Hlegu n out of scope
7 Phaungkyi n out of scope
8 Okkan n out of scope
9 Tikekyi n yes out of scope
10 Hmawbe n out of scope
5-4
5.2 Outline of the candidate projects
Outline of the candidate projects based on 5 year plan is studied. Candidate projects are new installation,
reinforcement, and uprating of substations, and the new construction of transmission lines and distribution
lines are accompanied.
5.2.1 Installation of substations and related transmission lines (Component1)
The substation and related transmission lines project selected by survey team are shown in Table 5-3. All
projects are 66kV substation construction. The outline of some of them, which is the standard one, is
shown in Table 5-4.
Table 5-3: The 66kV substation project (component1)
Fiscal Proposed Plan

Year Township Substation Type Installing Capacity (Increased Capacity)
Yankin Guittilit (Goodlife) Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 2x30MVA 40MVA

Thingangyun Township office Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 2x30MVA 50MVA
Shwepyithar Township office Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA 10MVA
2016
Dagon Warmuseum Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA 20MVA
Pabedan Railway (Existing) Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA 30MVA
Seikkan Container(1) Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA 20MVA
Thaketa Natwarat Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA 20MVA
Thaketa Myintawthar Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA 10MVA
Tamwe Kyaikkasan Double bus & TL - -
Seikkan Mawtin Reinforcement 30MVA 30MVA
2017
Botahtaung 41th street Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA 20MVA
Sanchaung Hanthawady Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA 20MVA
Hlaing RIR Reinforcement 30MVA 30MVA
Hlaing Aungmyaytharsi Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA 14MVA
South Okkalarpa Waizayantar Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA -
Kyakutadar 35th street Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA 20MVA
2018 Reinforcement
Dagon seikkan Seikkan(2) (Upgrading 33kV to 66kV will be 30MVA 30MVA
conducted by YESB)
Pazungtaung Thida Reinforcement 30MVA 30MVA

Mingalartaungnyunt Theinpyu Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA 20MVA
Yankin Kokkaine Upgrading 33kV to 66kV 30MVA 5MVA
Reinforcement
2019 Dagon East Dagon University (Upgrading 33kV to 66kV will be 30MVA 30MVA
conducted by YESB)
Reinforcement
Dagon Hluttaw (Upgrading 33kV to 66kV will be 30MVA 30MVA
conducted by YESB)
Total 690MVA 479MVA
5-5
Table 5-4: Outline of 66kV substation construction project
Work Items Specification Number
1 unit
Main transformer 66/11-6.6kV, 30MVA
(Finally 2 unit)
Switch bay 66kV, outdoor Incoming (1)

66kV Outgoing (1)
Main equipment 66kV, outdoor or indoor,
Switchgear GIS Transformer (1)
single bus or double bus
Future TR (1)
Switchgear (AIS) 12kV, indoor 8 bays
Other related equipment 1 set
Transmission line 66kV Transmission line 66kV UG cable or OH line 1 set
Transformer Plinth 1 set
66kV Switch bay foundation 2 set

Switchgear
GIS foundation 1 set
Civil and building
66kV switch yard 1 set
Main road and fencing 14’ x 12’, 60’ x 80’ 1 set
Extension S/S control room If necessary 1 set

For the purpose of YESB system improvement, it is necessary to reinforce 66kV system. As a result of the
survey and the discussion with YESB, reinforcement projects of existing 66kV substation and uprating
projects of existing substation from 33kV to 66kV are proposed. For these construction projects,
following points are to be considered.
/ Two transmission lines, two units of transformers including for future ones. (ref. Figure 4-10)
/ Outage period reduction in construction work by using available space.
/ Minimum land acquisition and preparation by utilizing existing substations.
Regarding to control and monitoring system of substation, 66kV control panels are to be installed in the
substations. There is no control center in YESB. All substations are operated by manual on site, and they
are not able to be monitored from remote offices. There is also no plan to install control center. In this
project, control panels which can operate and monitor substation equipment, such as CB and DS, are to be
installed in the building of substations. For introducing control center in future, tele-control system is
considered in these substations.
5-6
There are many projects of new installation of 33kV substation in YESB's investment plan (FY2014 -
FY2015). However, the 33kV substations are removed from the list of candidate projects because the
Japanese ODA loan candidate projects this time are limited to those for 66kV substations and related
transmission lines. For the reference, the layout of 33/11-6.6kV Seikenthar Street Substation, which is the
same scale of the substation in Table 5-5, is shown in Figure 5-2.
Table 5-5: Outline of 33kV substation project
Work Items Specification Number

Main transformer 33/11-6.6kV, 10MVA 1 unit
1) Switch bay 1) 33kV, outdoor
1 bay
Main equipment 2) Switchgear (*1) 2) 33kV, indoor
Switchgear 12kV, indoor 6 bays
Other related equipment 1 set
Transmission line 33kV Transmission line 33kV UG cable or OH line 1 set
Transformer Plinth 1 set
1) 33kV switch bay foundation
1 set
2) 33kV switchgear foundation
Civil and building
33kV switch yard 1 set
Main road and fencing 14’ x 12’, 60’ x 80’ 1 set
New control room 40’ x 30’ 1 set
(*1) 33kV switchgears are applied by “switch bay” type or “switchgear” type.
Figure 5-2: Layout of Seikenthar Street Substation
5-7
5.2.2 Introduction of multi-transformer system (Component 2)
Whereas the electricity is currently supplied by extending LV (low-voltage of 230/400V) distribution

lines from the large-capacity distribution transformers of average 500kVA class for a long distance, the
multi-transformer system dispersedly arranges several low-capacity distribution transformers to reduce
the LV distribution distance from the transformers. An application image of multi-transformer system is
shown in Figure 5-3. This system can reduce not only loss but also voltage drop in LV lines.
Figure 5-3: Application model of the multi-transformer system and image of LV line losses
Under the multi-transformer system, amorphous transformers that use amorphous alloy for the core parts
will be used as distribution transformers. Since amorphous transformers have small iron loss, they can
largely reduce the loss compared with normal (silicon type) transformers.
In this component, the multi-transformer system is introduced to distribution transformers in YESB area
accordingly with the priority order. Although YESB has known what the multi-transformer system is, the
projects for its introduction were not listed in the existing distribution development plan. Therefore, after
consulting with YESB as to the area where the multi-transformer system should be introduced in a
priority basis considering the priority investment plan it was agreed that transformers and LV lines in the
downtown area needs to be improved.
To assess the effects when multi-transformer system is applied, the survey team conducted the on-site
survey on the conditions of distribution facilities in three areas - overcrowded residential area, upper-class
residential area, and underground downtown area in the Yangon city, and performed the approximate
basic design of the system. The examples of the design are shown in Figure 5-4 to Figure 5-6 and Table
5-6 to Table 5-8.
5-8
Present
Designed
Figure 5-4: Drawings before and after the design of multi-transformer system in an overcrowded
residential area.
Flagstaffs with 3 digit numbers, pins and colored lines represent electric poles, transformers and
distribution lines respectively. Yellow and green for existing and desigined facilities, and red lines for
extended MV (medium voltage of 11 or 6.6 kV) lines for multi-transformer system.
5-9
Table 5-6: Calculated voltage drop and loss in an overcrowded residential area
Present Designed (3 times demand)
10 units of 200 kVA
Number and capacity of
1 unit of 1000 kVA 2 units of 315 kVA
transformer
1 unit of 500 kVA
Voltage at LV line ends Minimum 126 V (48% drop) Minimum 230 V (4% drop)
Loss ratio in LV lines Total 277 kW (25% loss) Total 26 kW (1.0% loss)
Designed
Present
Figure 5-5: Drawings before and after the design in an upper-class residential area.
Circles with 3 digit numbers, pins and colored lines represent electric poles, transformers and distribution
lines respectively. Yellow and green for existing and desigined facilities, and red lines for extended MV
lines for multi-transformer system.
Table 5-7 :Calculated voltage drop and loss in an upper-class residential area
1 unit of 200 kVA
1 unit of 1000 kVA 2 units of 300 kVA
transformer
1 unit of 500 kVA
Voltage at LV line ends Minimum 198 V (18% drop) Minimum 226 V (6% drop)
Loss ratio in LV lines Total 60 kW (12% loss) Total 34 kW (2.2% loss)
5-10
Customer
pole
Customer
pole
Present 8
Customer
pole
Customer
pole
Designed
9
Figure 5-6: Drawings before and after the design in an underground downtown area.
Flagstaffs and circles with 3 digit numbers, pins and colored lines represent electric poles, service wire
joint points, transformers and distribution lines respectively. Yellow and purple for existing facilities, and
green for designed facilities, and red lines for extended MV lines for multi-transformer system.
Table 5-8: Calculated voltage drop and loss in an underground downtown area
4 units of 200 kVA
1 unit of 1000 kVA 1 unit of 300 kVA
transformer
1 unit of 500 kVA
Voltage at LV line ends Minimum 217 V (9.6% drop) Minimum 232 V (3.3% drop)
Loss ratio in LV lines Total 33 kW (5.3% loss) Total 22 kW (1.5% loss)
In the basic design, on the assumption that the electricity demand will increase three times in 10 years in a
single uniform way compared with the current level, it is estimated that the effects of the reduction of LV
distribution line loss and improvement of voltage drop. The results of the estimate show that large
improvement effects are confirmed and the investment costs of the multi-transformers can be recovered in
several years due to the effects of electric power purchase reduction resulting from the reduction of LV
line loss.
5-11
According to the estimation results of the effects in the whole townships where the multi-transformer
system will be introduced, it is expected that the distribution line loss will be reduced by 364GWh/year as
a whole. The reduced loss of 364 GWh/year is worth the power of a plant of 46 MW.
The effects that are expected from the introduction of the multi-transformer system and the distribution
line rehabilitation that is planned for simultaneous implementation are as follows.
 Reduction of distribution line loss

 Improvement of the low-voltage distribution line end voltage drop
 Reduction of power failure areas by the installation of distribution line section switches
 Early detection and early restoration of faulty parts by the introduction of the time sequence system
to the distribution lines
 Reduction of distribution line failure by the introduction of not only insulated wires but also
insulated primary cut out fuses
When the multi-transformer system project is implemented, the materials and equipment will be
internationally procured, and the construction will be executed by YESB itself under the consultant
guidance that is designed to foster YESB's execution engineers and improve its distribution line quality
control capability.
5.2.3 Replacement of distribution line
This component is about the replacement of YESB's existing distribution lines. Namely, in this
component, the costs for YESB to purchase equipments such as conductor wires and cables of 11kV and
0.4kV to replace the existing distribution lines will be subsidized. The projects in which YESB will
purchase equipments and install them are selected accordingly with the priority investment plan. In order
to reduce faulty trips due to contacting trees, insulation-coating wires will be introduced as the conducting
wires to be purchased for distribution lines in this project. However, individual projects should be put into
shape, be carefully selected taking substation projects into consideration and must be implemented each
year.
5.2.4 Rehabilitation of training center and introduction of utility vehicles
Although YESB considers holding training on both engineers and workers as necessary, YESB’s training
program is not yet sufficient in the volume, quality or the budget, and it has to be reconsidered. Therefore,
renovation of the circumstances surrounding training system is truly needed; for example, improvement
in training materials, equipments and practical facilities. For this reason, it is desired to be achieved as the
candidate for Japanese ODA loan project. Meanwhile YESB already possesses training facilities adjacent
to the 230kV Hlaing Tharyar substation, those training facilities are insufficient to provide practical
trainings.
5-12
Thus, as a part of ODA loan project, it is desired to renovate current facilities and to equip various study
materials so that trainees could have practical experience and learn effectively. In particular, 66kV
substation devices and 11kV distribution facilities would have to be installed. Additionally, with a view to
make the training program more effective and efficient, reforming training program by Japanese
consulting service is also considered. Moreover, the study team would like to propose that YESB would
apply pole construction trucks for installation of power distribution poles, small excavators, transport
truck for small excavators and mobile substation which is equipped with 33/11-6.6kV 10MVA power
transformers, 11kV switchgear cubicles and XLPE power cables. The training about how to handle these
special-purpose vehicles to be introduced will be supported by the consultants to be employed at the
project implementation.
The image of the layout of the training institute is shown in
Figure 5-7. Moreover, the examples of special-purpose vehicles are shown in Figure 5-8.
230kV Hlaing Taryar substation
New training house

Substation area
Overhead line and underground Overhead and

cable transmission line area underground
distribution line area
Figure 5-7: Outline of renovation plan of training center
5-13
1．Pole erection machine 2．Compact Hydraulic Excavator
Effective work (saving Operator is able to
working time) ex) about 5 focus on the work in
poles erection in a day by front of them and
4-5 persons worry less about a
rear swing impact,
even in confined
areas with only an
80cm
3. Mobile Substation
For early recovery at interruption accident. Low loss and compact.
Figure 5-8: Example of utility vehicles
5.3 Suggestions on organization for construction, operation and maintenance
5.3.1 Organization for construction
Since the work volume of YESB is expected to increase with the implementation of this project, in order
to execute the project smoothly, it is necessary to enhance engineers' execution technologies and secure
workers under direct management and contractors. As described in the organizational structure of YESB
in "2.3 Current State of Power Distribution Sectors", YESB engineers have many opportunities for
dealing with facility renewal and restoration of failure, but little experience in new construction work.
Therefore, for the engineers, it is necessary to support the enhancement of their technological capabilities
such as those for construction plan, design, execution control, and inspection concerning the projects
subject to Japanese ODA loan. The technicians are currently in charge of initial response when failure
occurs, patrol, temporary restoration of distribution facilities, and so forth, but, since they have little
experience in new construction work, it is necessary to strengthen their technologies through the
participation in new construction work.
It is effective to strengthen technological capabilities of engineers and technicians through on-job-training

(OJT) while being engaged in actual operation. In this project, it is planned to formulate the training
program of engineers and support the provision of training through consulting service of the project.
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5.3.2 Suggestions on organization for operation and maintenance
The operation and management unit should be performed as the followings.
Project Director
Chairman of YESB
(1-person-part time)
Dy. Project Director

Chief Engineer
Component 4
(1-person-part time)
(Training Centre) (Procurement
Executive Eng. Director

Project Manager Project Manager Chairman office Finance Dept.
Dy Chief Engineer Dy Chief Engineer
(1-person-full time)
Planning Div. Distribution Div.
(1-person-part time) (1-person-part time)
Asst Executive Eng. Dy Director
Chairman office Finance Dept.

Component 2(Multi-transformer System) &
Component 1(66kV Substations)
Component 3(Distribution material)
Executive Eng. Executive Eng. Executive Eng. Executive Eng.
Planning Div. Planning Div. Planning Div. Distribution Div.

(electrical/ (electrical/ (electrical) (electrical)
transmission) distribution) (1-person-full time) (1-person-full time)
(1-person-full time) (1-person-full time)
Executive Eng.
Executive Eng. Executive Eng. Executive Eng.
NAME
Distribution Div.
East District West District North District
(electrical)
(electrical) (electrical) (electrical)
(1-person-full time) (1-person-full time) (1-person-full time)
Asst Executive Eng. Asst Executive Eng.
East District West District

(electrical) (electrical)
(1-person-full time) (1-person-full time)
Figure 5-9: Project management unit
5.4 Training to engineers in YESB
5.4.1 Technological training provided by YESB
JICA Survey team conducted hearing investigations about technical trainings on engineers and workers
which are organized by YESB.
As a result, survey team have learned that YESB holds group trainings on engineers and workers, but they
learn a lot more through On-the-Job Training at site. Group trainings on engineers and workers in some
particular level shown below are held two to three times a year, and the durations are about two weeks
each time. Examples of the training programs are shown in Table 5-9. In addition, an example of the time
table of a training program “Post-Electrical Proficiency Course for General Learner” for engineer is shown in
Table 5-10.
Other than the trainings mentioned above, YESB nowadays has some opportunities to learn from foreign
agencies such as JICA through seminars such as 'Technical Transfer Workshop".
5-15
Table 5-9: Training Courses opened by Engineering Department of YESB
Sr Number of
Course Title Term Place
No Trainee
FY2008
Hlaing Thayar Training
1 On-the-Job Proficiency Training Course for Engineers 1 month 50
Center (Head)
FY2010
Proficiency Foundation Course for Sub-Assistant Hlaing Thayar Training
1 4 weeks 182
Engineer(2) Center (Head)
Conference Room
Pre-Job Training Foundation Course for Electrical Reserve
2 2 weeks Ground Floor 56
Learner Grade (3/4)
YESB Office
3 Proficiency Course for General Worker 2 weeks 114
Center (Head)
FY2011
Conference Room
Pre-Job Training Foundation Course for Electrical Reserve
Learner Grade (3/4)
YESB Office
Proficiency Foundation Course for Sub-Assistant Hlaing Thayar Training
2 2 weeks 215
Engineer(2) Center (Head)
Conference Room
Proficiency Foundation Course for Electrical Reserve
Learner Grade (3)
YESB Office
Conference Room
Pre-Job Training Course for Electrical Reserve Learner
Grade (3)
YESB Office
Conference Room
5 Pre-Job Foundation Course for General Learner 2 weeks Ground Floor 63
YESB Office
FY2012
Conference Room
1 Pre-Job Foundation Course for General Learner 2 weeks Ground Floor 126
YESB Office
FY2013(plan)
1 Post-Electrical Proficiency Course for General Learner 2 weeks 162
Center
Table 5-10: Practical Training Course’s time table

Chief Engineer's Distribution system Constructing of the
M on. Opening Ceremony
speech of Yangon lines
Precautionary Transformers and Erecting the poles
Tue. Overhead lines
measures accessories and energizing
1st week
Equipment of Substation 400V electric line 24 hours repair and
Wed.
substation construction construction maintenance
LECTURE
Installation of 400 VCT, 3 phase
Thu. Safety measures
4 wire wattmeter
Streetlights construction, voltage losses and
Fri. line faults distribution system
maintenance and repair voltage drops
M on. Practical demonstration of overhead line construction
Tue. Practical demonstration of overhead line demonstration
2nd week Demonstration of steps of constructing and maintaining the substation Substation
Wed.
construction department
PRACTICE Practical demonstration of underground termination and jointing Underground line
Thu.
department
Fri. Refresher course's closing ceremony
5-16
5.4.2 Current facilities at Training Center
There are training facilities adjacent to the 230 kV Hlaing Thayar substation in the Yangon City. And the
area is nearly the size of 140m x 150m.The facilities have one-storied training center built several years
ago, which has lecture rooms and exhibition rooms for some electric gears. In addition, they have some
practical training facilities such as distribution overhead lines, poles and substation facilities. Moreover,
there are accommodation facilities for trainees, which can accommodate 80 trainees in total. However,
these facilities are not frequency used nor effectively. In addition, current training facilities there such as
substation equipments are of no use because some of these have already been broken-down. In order for
the trainees to have real experience, YESB needs practical training facilities which are identical to real
ones in addition to enhance and make effective use of them.
Figure 5-10 and Figure 5-11 show field training facilities such as distribution line and 33kV switch gears
which are set up in FY2013. At this moment of December 2013, there are no 66kV facilities for training
at the Training Center.
Medium-voltage
wires
Low voltage
wires
Figure 5-10: Practical training facilities (Distribution overhead lines and poles)
Vacuum circuit Line switch

breaker
Figure 5-11: Practical training facilities (Substation facilities)
5-17
5.4.3 The necessity of the reorganization of the training programs on engineers and workers
In moving forward with the projects, YESB would have to enhance employees’ performance capability
and to increase the number of engineers and workers. In doing so, younger workers would have to have
training programs intensely in addition to work with skilled workers to tackle the project, learning skills
through on-the-job training.
With regard to the reinforcement of substations and transmission lines, the engineers need to have the
know-how to formulate power transmission and substation reinforcement plans in consideration of the
efficient operations of substations and transmission lines and to minimize the effects of faults and power
transmission loss. Meanwhile, since distribution line construction works will be simultaneously executed
in various areas, service interruption of electricity for such construction work will be required. Therefore,
distribution engineers are required to create systematic construction plans which would minimize the
frequency and duration of service interruptions due to construction works. Moreover, after the completion
of construction works, engineers have to properly store the data and make the best of use for the better
facility operation and maintenance. Thus, engineers and workers would have to learn various stuff and
training programs which would provide these kinds of know-how would be desired.
5.4.4 The classification between engineers and workers
In arguing the training program to be reconsidered, the classification between Engineers and Workers
must be noted. They are clearly separated from the beginning of their career at YESB. One must possess a
collage degree of electrical engineering to be an engineer. Most of Engineers would work mainly at the
head office and some of them work at township offices as administrators. Meanwhile, Workers would
work mostly at township offices. Worker would be the one who has a degree of middle school or high
school but has not learned basic electrical engineering at all. YESB recognizes that different topics,
practical trainings on Engineers and basic lectures such as safety issues on Workers, would have to be
prepared for them due to the different job roles for Engineers and Workers.
5.4.5 Proposal on the training for engineers in YESB
In accordance with the classification and the materials necessary for each class’s training, the survey team
would like to propose that YESB provide the education and training on engineers as follows. These
education and training will be supported through consulting service of the project.
 Store and enhance the know-how of administration work necessary as an administrator of

substation maintenance works or construction works, learning those through practical trainings.
 Enhance the engineer's skills, such as planning, designing, administrating construction works,
and inspections, necessary when implementing distribution related projects.
 Strengthen the engineer's capability of planning works so that one can cope with the large
amount of distribution line works.
 Strengthen the engineer's ability to educate Workers through on-the-job training taking
advantage of construction works.
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 Acquire abilities to grasp the entire description of work of the projects and create systematic
construction plans to reduce the frequency and areas of service interruption resulting from
substation and distribution line work
 Acquire in-machine control and learn how to use and store the data of equipments (transformers,
low-voltage lines, meters, customers, etc.) of substations, transmission lines, and distribution
facilities when the construction is completed, following the renewal of facilities
5-19
Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Considerations
6.1 Agencies concerned for environmental and social considerations (ESC)
(1) Project proponent: YESB
(2) Regulatory agency of ESC (EIA Process):
Environmental Conservation Department (ECD), Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry

(MOECAF)
Note: Currently the EIA scheme is neither legally defined nor mandatory in Myanmar, yet. However, the
Bylaw on EIA Procedure is being drafted under this administration, based on the Environmental
Conservation Law 2012. Therefore, it is supposed that this agency should be in charge of the task in not
distant future.
(3) Project Appraisal (from the aspect of ESC): JICA
Note: JICA shall review the ESC of the project whether it is in accordance with JICA Guidelines for
Environmental and Social Considerations (April 2010).
6.2 Legal scheme concerned with the project
6.2.1 Concerned legal scheme of Myanmar
6.2.1.1 History
In 1994, the National Environmental Policy (NEP) was adopted by the Government, where it stated a
policy that the preservation of natural resources was the responsibility of the nation and environmental
protection should be put first in development activities for the sake of protecting the benefits of current
and future generations.
In 1997, the National Commission for Environmental Affairs (NCEA) drew up Myanmar Agenda 21 to
provide the framework programs and action plans for the above Policy. The Agenda 21 put stress on
sustainable development in four (4) primary sections that were 1) utilization of natural resources, 2) social
development, 3) economic growth and 4) institutional development, where the concept of ‘Environmental
Impact Assessment’ was prescribed to fulfill environmental considerations and an effective environmental
management scheme in future national development plan.
In 2009, the National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS) was issued to set three (3) objectives for
sustainability of 1) natural resources management, 2) integrated economic development and 3) social
development. Each objective has respectively contained strategic areas (natural resources management 11,
economic development 9 and social development 6) to tackle with. Here, the preparation and enforcement
of Environmental Conservation Law was necessitated in the strategic areas of natural resources
management. NSDS was officially approved by Ministry of National Planning and Economic
Development (MOPD).
6-1
On the efforts above, in 30 March 2012 the Environmental Conservation Law was enacted and enforced
from April, for which English version was publicized in July 2012. It comprehensively prescribes
environmental administration in Myanmar and set framework on environmental conservation.
6.2.1.2 Environmental Conservation Law
The Environmental Conservation Law (Law No.9/2012, 30 March 2012) discusses about physical and
biological environment; environmental quality for the benefit of sustainability of nature and human
beings; environmental quality standard; environmental audit; pollution of land, water, and atmosphere;
beneficial use of environment for public health, safety and welfare; and so forth.
It consists of 14 chapters, respectively ChapI_Definition/ ChapII_Objectives/ ChapIII_Formation of

Environmental Conservation Committee/ ChapIV_Duties and Powers of the Union Ministry charged with
environmental conservation/ ChapV_Environmental Emergency/ ChapVI_Environmental Quality
Standards/ ChapVII_Environmental Conservation/ ChapVIII_Management of Urban Environment/
ChapIX_Conservation of Natural Resources and Cultural Heritages/ ChapX_Prior Permission/
ChapXI_Insurance/ ChapXII_Prohibitions/ ChapXIII_Offences and Penalties/ ChapXIV_Miscellaneous.
In respect of environmental impact assessment (EIA), Chapter IV, VI to X and XIV should be noted
though detailed regulations and requirements to correspond to the Law are not formulated so far.
Section 7 (m) of the Law in Chapter IV gives duties and powers to the Ministry 11, where in the Law it is
defined as the Union Ministry assigned by the Union Government to perform the matters of environment,
‘causing to lay down and carry out a system of environmental impact assessment and social impact
assessment as to whether or not a project or activity to be undertaken by any Government department,
organization or person may cause a significant impact on the environment’.
In addition, there is neither a comprehensive law on pollution control nor rules of regulation on
resettlement action plan (RAP) and compensation standard in Myanmar. However, Section 10 of the Law
give the MOECAF the authority 12 to prescribe on environmental quality standards of water (surface,
coastal sea and underground), atmosphere, noise and vibration, emission and effluent, solid waste and
others stipulated by the Union Government, and Section 21 the authority to stipulates the categories of
business, work-site or factory, work-shop which may cause impact on the environmental quality that
requires to obtain the prior permission. In such regard, it is expected that more concrete bylaws and
regulations on EIA, environmental standards and environmental permission will be formulated in not
distant future.
11
The Ministry is interpreted as the Ministry of Environment Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF) in the context.
12
Which with the approval of the Union Government
6-2
6.2.1.3 Draft of bylaws
(1) Environmental Conservation Rules
Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR) are under preparation, based on the Environmental
Conservation Law (ECL). The Rules are being prepared and will be enforced under the management of
the Environmental Conservation Department (ECD), which is a newly created organization of MOECAF
in October 2012. However, the Rules are still on the draft and their enactment is not completed yet.
(2) Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure (Draft as of 13 May 2013)
The Draft EIA Procedure is being prepared by MOECAF to exercise the power conferred by sub-section
(b) of Section 42 of the ECL, which consists of the following chapters, annexes and appendix.
ChapI_Definitions/ ChapII_Establishment of EIA Process/ ChapIII_Screening/ ChapIV_IEE/

ChapV_EIA/ ChapVI_Environmental Consideration in Project Approval/ ChapVII_Monioring/
ChapVIII_Penalties/ Annex I_Project Categorization for Assessment Purposes (- currently empty -) /
Annex II_Environmental Assessment Procedure Flowchart (Screening, IEE Preparation and Review, IEE
Approval, Scoping, EIA Preparation and Review, EIA Approval, Appeal)/ Appendix I_Prescribed
Penalties under EIA Procedure (- currently empty -).
Though it is yet finalized, the following draft sections should be noted. Section 3 states that all projects
undertaken in Myanmar having the potential to cause significant Adverse Impacts are required to
undertake EIA and to obtain an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) in accordance with this
Procedure. Then, Section 5 says that MOECAF shall, under the guidance of the Environmental
Conservation Committee, form the EIA Report Review Body as a standing body to review the EIA of any
project in request of MOECAF. Section 7 states ‘This Procedure does not address specific matters in
relation to resettlement and in relation to Projects that may have an Adverse Impact on Indigenous People.
Projects involving resettlement or potentially affecting Indigenous People shall additionally comply with
separate procedures issued by responsible ministries, and in absence of such procedures all such projects
shall adhere to international best practice on Involuntary Resettlement and Indigenous People.’
6.2.1.4 Other laws and regulations relevant to environmental and social considerations
Other key laws and regulations relevant to environmental and social considerations are summarized in as
Table 6-1 below.
Table 6-1: Primary laws relevant to environmental conservation and management

Title of the law Law ID / Enacted Year Key objectives of the law
Forest Law Law No. 8/1992 Aims at proper management of forests as national resources, balancing
(SLORC Law) development and conservation, sustainable utilization of forests and forest
products. Protected forests and protected public forests designated and
regulated by the former MOF (predecessor of MOECAF) are prescribed.
Protection of Wildlife Law No. 6/1994 Aims at determination of natural areas and establishment of zoological
and Conservation of (SLORC Law) garden, botanical gardens and the protected wildlife. Also provisions on
Natural Areas Law such as hunting, registration and penalties are prescribed.
6-3
Protection and Law No. 9/1998 Aims at protection and preservation of cultural heritages. Ministry of
Preservation of Cultural (SPDC Law) Culture (MOC) may set ancient monumental zone, ancient site zone and
Heritage Regions Law protected and preserved zone as cultural heritage regions. Prohibited
activities in cultural heritage regions and heritages are prescribed.
Conservation of Water Law No. 8/2006 Aims at the conservation and management of water resources and rivers
Resources and Rivers (SPDC Law) (including waterways). Prohibited activities regarding water resources;
Law the disposal of oil, chemical, poisonous material and other materials; and
the mining activities in the specific places of sea or its surrounding areas
are regulated. Penalties are also prescribed.
YCDC Order No.10/99 1999 It regulates the pollution control measures of a factory operating in
industrial parks/estates; requires any business proponent the submission of
pollution control and management plan to YCDC prior to the
commencement of business; and prohibits discharging of wastewater into
common properties of drainage, creeks and rivers without necessary
treatment.
Land Acquisition Act 1894 Promulgated in the British colonial era and redone by the Burma Gov.
(Burma Land (1947) after World War II, still being the core principle for land acquisition in
Acquisition Manual) Myanmar. Many laws adopted complicated land classifications. Eleven
(11) types of lands can be identified such as Freehold Land, Grant Land,
Agricultural land, Grazing land, Forest Land, Town or Village Land,
Cantonments and Monastery, though the types of lands were poorly
defined in the legal framework.
Source: Prepared by JICA Study Team, based on the information from copies of original laws, JICA (Feb.2013a) 13 and METI
(Nov.2012) 14, et.al.
6.2.1.5 Legal system on land acquisition and involuntary resettlement
The information in this section are generally based on ‘JICA, Profile on Environmental and Social
Considerations in Myanmar, Chapter 7, February 2013’.
(1) Procedure for Land Acquisition
The procedure for land acquisition should follow the five steps stated in the Land Acquisition Act in
principle; namely 1) Preliminary investigation, 2) Hearing of Objections, 3) Declaration of intended
acquisition, 4) Enquiry into measurements, value and claims, and award by the collector, 5) Taking
Possession. Before starting that procedure, however, permission from the administrative agency with
jurisdiction over the concerned land should be obtained.
(2) Responsible Agencies
Agencies responsible for management of land acquisition differ by the type of land as listed below. The
General Administration Department (GAD) is also involved in items (a) and (b).
(a) In Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw and Mandalay cities, the City Development Committee (CDC) manages
land acquisition activities.
(b) For any farmland, vacant, fallow and virgin lands, the MOAI manages land acquisition activities.
(c) For forest lands, the Forestry Department under the MOECAF manages land acquisition activities.
(d) For other town and village lands, the General Administration Department (GAD) under the MOHA
13
JICA (Feb.2013a), Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations Myanmar,
14
METI, JAPAN (Nov.2012), Feasibility Study for Promotion of International Infrastructure Projects in FY2011, Study on the
Substation Rehabilitation Project in Yangon, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
6-4
manages land acquisition activities.
(3) Roles of Major Actors of Land Acquisition
The roles of actors are summarized below, particularly for land acquisition of non-agricultural and
agricultural lands.
Table 6-2: Role of Major Actors of Land Acquisition
Major Actor Role
City Planning and For non-agricultural lands, the City Planning and Land Administration Department
Land Administration (CPLAD) at township level investigates land use, area size, land ownership and tenant, and
Department prepare necessary documents and maps for land acquisition. The CPLAD routinely handles
(CPLAD) transfer of land titles or subdivisions of plots, etc., and prepares land lease certificates.
Settlement and Land For agricultural lands, the Settlement and Land Record Department (SLRD) under the
Record Department MOAI at township level investigates area size and land ownership, and prepares necessary
(SLRD) documents and maps for land acquisition. The SLRD surveys market prices of lands,
buildings, crops and trees for compensation.
Award Committee The Award Committee chaired by the respective Township Administrators is established to
examine the award (entitlement, amount of compensation).
District The District Administrator issues land lease grant for land not exceeding one acre. (The
Administrator Lower Burma Town And Village Lands Manual, 1899)
Region/State The Region or State Administrator issues land lease grant for land not exceeding five acres.
Administrator (The Lower Burma Town And Village Lands Manual 1899)
GAD The GAD issues land lease grant for land exceeding five acres.
(The Lower Burma Town And Village Lands Manual 1899)
Source: JICA (Feb.2013), Chapter 7
6.2.2 JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (April 2010)
The Guidelines 15 requires project proponents (YESB in here) ESC for the concerned project as follows.
1. Project proponents etc. are required to incorporate the output of environmental and social
considerations studies into project planning and decision-making processes.
2. When JICA provides support for and examinations of environmental and social considerations, JICA
examines the requirements that must be met, as mentioned in Appendix 1. …
(1) Category: The project is being assumed as Category B, according to JICA ESC Guidelines.
(2) ESC Procedures of JICA:
It follows 3.1.2 Project Formation, 3.1 Preparatory Survey, 3 Procedures of Environmental and Social
Considerations in JICA ESC Guidelines.
6.3 Project Description
Refer to the Chapter 5 for Project Description of this project
15
For the Guidelines, see URL: http://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/social_environmental/guideline/index.html
6-5
6.4 Site Description
6.4.1 Natural Environment
6.4.1.1 Location and topographic conditions
Yangon is located in Lower Burma (Myanmar) at the convergence of the Yangon and Bago Rivers about
34 km upstream from the Gulf of Martaban at 16°48'N latitude, 96°09' E longitude. The Greater Yangon
Area is between 16°35'N and 17°06' N latitude and between 95°58'E and 96°24'E longitude, east of the
lower Ayeyarwaddy delta. A small hilly terrain runs through the center of Yangon from north to south,
which from highest elevation point of about 30m gently slopes down to both eastern and western
low-lying lands.
Source: Map Action (2008), MA008_MMR_YANGON_V1, YESB
Figure 6-1: Location of Project Site in Myanmar
6-6
6.4.1.2 Hydrological conditions
The central Yangon is surrounded in the south by Yangon River and Bago River. Flowing between
Yangon River from northwest and Bago River from northeast, Nga Moeyeik Creek runs into the city
center from north, where it changes its name to Pazyundaung Creek and has a confluence with Bago. In
the west, Hlaing River, coming from north, changes its name to Yangon River at a confluence with Pan
Hlaing River from the west and later with Twantay Canal.
Source: JICA (Feb. 2013b) 16, p2-2

Figure 6-2: River system around the Greater Yangon
The largest water body in the Greater Yangon Area is Yangon River under the jurisdiction of Myanmar
Port Authority, with a share of 27.8 % of total water body. The second largest is Bago River, occupying
13.8 % of the body. The Rivers of Yangon and Bago are both brackish waters. Mingalardon Township
contain 8.2 % of inland water body, with Hlawga Lake and other small water bodies, while only 1.2 ha of
water bodies exist in Botahtaung, Dagon and Pazundaung Townships respectively. Supposedly partly due
to this small water bodies, Botahtaung and Pazundaung Townships face the problem of poor drainage.
6.4.1.3 Climate
Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification system. The city features
a long rainy season from May through October where a substantial amount of rainfall is received; and a
dry season from November through April, where little rainfall is seen. During the course of the year,
average temperatures show little variance, with average highs ranging from 29 to 37 °C and average lows
ranging from 18 to 25 °C.
16
JICA (Feb. 2013b), The Project for the Strategic Urban Development Plan of the Greater Yangon, Final Report
6-7
Table 6-3: Climate Statistics of Yangon Meteorological Station between 2000 through 2009
Annual Rainfall Temperature (°C) Mean Relative Humidity
Station
(mm) Mean Max. Mean Min. (%)
Yangon 2,876 33.3 20.5 79.0
Source : Tabulated by the Study Team based on the data from Department of Meteorology and Hydrology
Table 6-4: Cimated Data for Yangon (1961-1990)

Month
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
Unit
Highest
°C 37.8 38.3 39.4 41.1 40.6 36.7 33.9 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.0 35.6 41.1
recorded
Average high °C 32.2 34.5 36.0 37.0 33.4 30.2 29.7 29.6 30.4 31.5 32.0 31.5 32.3
Daily mean °C 25.1 26.9 28.8 30.7 29.2 27.4 26.9 26.9 27.3 27.9 27.2 25.3 27.5
Average low °C 17.9 19.3 21.6 24.3 25.0 24.5 24.1 24.1 24.2 24.2 22.4 19.0 22.6
Lowest
°C 12.8 13.3 16.1 20.0 20.6 21.7 21.1 20.0 22.2 21.7 16.1 12.8 12.8
recorded
Rainfall mm 5 2 7 15 303 547 559 602 368 206 60 7 2,681
Average rainy
days 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.6 12.6 25.3 26.2 26.1 19.5 12.2 4.8 0.2 129.3
days
Relative
% 62 66 69 66 73 85 86 87 85 78 71 65 74
Humidity
Mean monthly
hrs 300 272 290 292 181 80 77 92 97 203 280 288 2,452
sunshine hours
Source: Tabulated by the Study Team with Data of World Meteorological Organization and Danish Meteorological Institute
6.4.1.4 Ecological conditions
(1) Protected Area
There are 40 protected areas in Myanmar currently, including wildlife and bird sanctuaries, national parks
and nature reserves, based on the Protection of Wildlife and Conservation of Natural Areas Law (Law No.
6/1994) of Myanmar. In Yangon Region, Hlawga Park is designated as a wildlife park under management
of the Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division, MOECAF, with the status of strict watershed
protection forest (see the profile of the Park at Table 6-5). No one is allowed to enter the Park without
permission. Teaks and other trees are planted in the Park area every year. The Park’ objectives are to
protect the vegetation cover of the catchment area for Hlawga Lake, and to provide educational facilities
of the nature. It locates in Mingalardon Township of Yangon. Hlawga Forest Reserve on the southern part
of the Park preserves three types of tree habitat; evergreen forest, mixed deciduous forest and swamp
forest, with the total of 108 tree species identified. Barking deers, hog deers and wild boars are the most
common among total 12 mammal species.
Table 6-5: Protected Area in Yangon Region

Name Established Area Location Key Species Protected Management Status Note
Year km2 mile2
Hlawga Yangon Sambar, Barking deer, Hog Managed under Enclosed
1989 6.24 2.41 deer, Eld’s deer, Macaque Nature and Wildlife wildlife park
Park Region
(Mythun), Migratory birds Conservation Division (1-6-1989)
Source: FD of MOECAF (2011) 17 and Instituto Oikos and BANKA (2011) 18 and ADB, et.al. (2008, 2012Rev) 19
17
FD of MOECAF (2011), General Information of established and proposed protected areas in Myanmar up to 2011
6-8
(2) Ecosystem
Myanmar has a diverse flora and fauna. Among them, 153 species are threatened as of IUCN Red List
2011. In the Greater Yangon, three (3) fauna species and two (2) flora species are recorded as threatened
(See Table 6-6). All these threatened species are also protected by the Forest Law (Law No.8/1992) of
Myanmar.
Table 6-6: Threatened Fauna and Flora Species recorded in Yangon as of November 2012
Source: JICA (Feb. 2013b), p2-14
6.4.2 Social Environment
The Greater Yangon, with the population of around 7 million at the end of 2010-2011 20, occupies 12 % of
national population and 22 % of GDP of Myanmar.
6.4.2.1 Demographic Conditions
The average growth rate of population in Yangon City between 1998 and 2011 is 2.58% annually.
Referring to JICA (Feb. 2013b), p2-20, there are 33 townships in Yangon City, which can be categorized
into seven (7) township groups, e.g., Central Business District (CBD), Inner Urban Ring, South of CBD,
Older Suburbs Zone, Outer Ring Zone, Northern Suburbs and New Suburbs Zone (See Figure 6-3).
Looking by township group, the population of CBD and Outer Ring as city center decreased slightly
between 1998 and 2011 while that of New Suburbs (to the north from city center) and South of CBD (to
the south from city center) increased by 6 to 7 % during the same period.
18
Instituto Oikos and BANKA (2011), Myanmar Protected Areas- Context, Current Status and Challenges, pp30-31
19
ADB, et al. (2008, 2012Rev), NCEA, MOF, Myanmar, and UNEP Regional Resources Center for Asia and the Pacific
Myanmar National Environmental Performance Assessment (EPA) Report, pp145 and 147.
20
On statistics (2010-2011) of the Planning Department, Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development (MOPD)
6-9
6.4.2.2 Industrial Composition
As to the industrial composition in Myanmar on Net-Production-Value (NPV), the agriculture, livestock,

fishery and forestry sector has a share by 36%; the trade sector by 20%; the processing and manufacturing
sector by 20%; and the services sector by 18%, according to 2010-11 statistics of MOPD. (JICA (Feb.
2013b), p2-22) In Yangon Region, the process and manufacturing sector by 37%, the trade sector by 25%
and the services sector by 24% while the agriculture, livestock, fishery and forestry sector accounts for
only 8% of the total NPV. The processing and manufacturing industry as the leading industry, the
economic structure of Yangon Region largely lean toward commercial and industrial sectors.
Source: JICA (Feb. 2013b), pXXiX
Figure 6-3: Township Group Categories of Yangon Region (Greater Yangon)
6-10
6.4.2.3 Social Services
(1) Education
In Yangon Region, the number of enrollment students in primary school is 463,664 while that of middle
(junior-high) school is 292158, on 2012-13 statistics of Department of Basic Education. (JICA (Feb.
2013b), p2-51) Only 63% of students proceeded to the middle school. Monastic schools, registered at
Ministry of Religious Affairs, give education services to the poorest of the poor, who have no opportunity
from government services, filling out the gap of the social services. The number of monastic school has
grown since 2000.
(2) Health Service
Private hospitals have been permitted of operation by Law of Private Health Care Service (2007) since
2010. (JICA (Feb. 2013b), p2-56 - 71) However, only 5 health facilities were founded during 2005 to
2010 in Yangon Region. There are no hospitals with more than 25 beds in 11 townships. In 8 among 12
specialist hospitals, the occupancy rate of beds reached below 50%. No private clinic saw the occupancy
rate more than 50%.
6.4.2.4 Distribution of Poor Communities
The households below poverty line tend to aggregate in the periphery or south of CBD of Yangon, where
the access to public service of the City is very limited. Most of the poor migrants end up with temporary
houses in those quarters of the City, sometimes at places along railway and river bank. UN-Habitat has
identified at least 65 poor urban areas in Yangon Region. The level of livelihood quality is low, with a
typical house having the area of 200ft2 (4-5 m2) and made of wood, bamboo or galvanized iron roof.
Especially, large poor populations live in Hlegu (northeast periphery) and Twantay (southwest periphery)
and the largest community of the poor is in Hlaing Tharyar Township (west of the City).
6.5 Alternatives
6.5.1 Alternative Plans
Alternatives are YESB Original Plan and JICA Proposed Plan from 2016 to 2019 FY. All substations'
subprojects for both plans are reinforcement or upgrading work of existing ones for the period concerned.
However, JICA proposed plan enables those related subprojects without any site extension while YESB
original plan has required site extension and land acquisition for some subprojects located in crowded
area.
6.5.2 Comparison of Alternatives
Related substations subprojects: JICA plan have advantages both technically and environmentally.
Technically it enables more power supply stability, compactness and efficiency. Environmentally and
6-11
socially, in most aspects both plans are not significantly different, but JICA plans enable all subprojects
without any site extension, not to cause additional social impacts.
Related T/L and D/L subprojects: Generally, both plans are similar from environmental and social aspects
since in crowded area, underground cables option, with less social impacts, are planned to install. JICA
plan proposes T/L from Thaketa Power Plant to Kyaikkasan SS, with the distance of around 4 miles, as
key trunk line, which requires additional social considerations. However considering all T/L and D/L
network concerned with the project, this proposed plan enables more efficiency and simple network,
which will result in less total length of lines though it is difficult to present a clear numerical advantage in
the current design stage.
6.6 Scoping for Environmental and Social Considerations Study
The scoping is based on Proposed Plan of this study from 2016 to 2019.
6.6.1 Scoping
Scoping item is referred to ‘JICA Environmental Checklist 6 on Power Transmission & Distribution Lines’
and JICA internal manual for ESC report writing. The evaluation for environmental scoping is based on
‘JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations, April 2010’, and conducted for the
category of pollution control, natural environment, social environment, global issues and others, with A to
D grading system. Scoping result is as below.
Table 6-7: Scoping Matrix

Degree of
Category of Impacts
possible
adverse impacts
Check for
before/during
Items of Impacts Reason of the assessment

Construction
Operation
during
During Construction (DC): - There will be some but very limited impacts of work
SS
on dust and exhaust gases due to small scale of heavy machine and vehicles
1 Air Quality B-/ D D TL
operation for construction works concerned.
DL
DC: - For most subproject, significant earthmoving activities are not expected.
Whether any significant earthmoving activities are included in the project need to
be confirmed.
2 Water Quality C B- SS
During Operation (DO): - With aging degradation of Electric Transformer and
Pollution Control
Oil-Circuit Breaker, contained insulation oil could leak out.
DC: - Equipment such as power transformers, distribution transformers, oil

circuit breaker and capacitor will be replaced with upgrade of substations and
reformation of D/L concrete pole. Very old ones among them might contain PCB in
insulation oil. Those should be strictly managed under the clear rule how to cope
SS
with them.
3 Wastes B- B- TL
- Limited but some construction wastes are expected. Those should be properly
DL
treated.
DO: - The replaced equipment that might possibly contain PCBs need continuous
strict management (safe storage) to avoid escape or leak into ambient
environment.
6-12
Degree of
Category of Impacts
possible
adverse impacts
Check for
before/during
Construction
Operation
during
DO: - Due to the same cause as in '2 Water Quality' above, with aging degradation
4 Soil Contamination D B- of Electric Transformer and Oil-Circuit Breaker, contained insulation oil could leak
out.
SS DC: - There will be some but very limited impacts of work on noise and vibration
TL due to small scale of heavy machine and vehicles operation.
DL DO: - Due to the same cause as in '14 Living and Livelihood' below, Electric
Pollution Control
5 Noise and Vibration B-/D C Transformer installed inside but aside the border of a substaion in a condensed
residential area (like downtown) might cause a noize problem to neighbors.
Careful check of layout and noise reduction measures will be required in such
case.
- Subsidence is not expected since there will be no activities concerned with the
6 Subsidence D D SS project that may induce subsidence, such as a large scale of cut and fill works or
groundwater use.
7 Odor D D SS - No source of malodor or offensive odor will be existent in the project.

TL
- No activities are expected to result in sediment degradation or pollution.
8 Sediment D D DL
- Two largest and scenic lakes in Yangon are Hlawga Lake and Inya Lake. Those are
either in Mingalardon Township or in Mayangone Township. Only naturally
protected area in Yangon is Hlawga Wildlife Park, adjacent north of Hlawga lake,
9 Protected Areas D D in Mingalardon Township. Both townships are out of scope of this project since
those ones are covered with the YESB projects assisted by ADB. So, this project
SS
Natural Environment
scope does not include any protected area.

TL
- The project is located in urbanized or suburban areas of Yangon, where
naturally and ecologically important habitats and systems are not identified in
10 Ecosystem C D general. However, any possibility for clearance or fragmentation of a ecosystem
community in suburban grass land or around surface water need to be checked.
- No impacts are expected on hydrology since no construction works inside surface
11 Hydrology D D
SS waters and significant cut and fill works will be conducted.
TL - Project scope is under examination.
Topography and DL - Possibility of significant cutting and filling, work on soft ground or slope need to
12
Geology C C
be checked.
- SS/ If the project includes new substations, the necessity of resettlement for site
preparation will be checked. However, even in such a case, new substation sites
Resettlement and will be chosen from the locations that do not require resettlement.
13
Land Acquisition C C
- TL/ The nessessity of land acquisition will be checked. The resettlement can be
avoided with regrad to T/L.
DC: - Utility poles and aerial power transmission lines on and over the land of
residents may require public consultation and mitigation measures for land use,
SS safety, and blocking of pedetrian traffic. However, in urban area T/L and D/L are
TL installed underground or along road side under YCDC public space in principle.
Social Environment
DL So, impacts will be minor.

Living and - It may be necessary during T/L and D/L installment work to have ‘temporary
14
Livelihood
C C roadside vendor and shop’ set back or set aside temporarily during work. The
proper procedure for it needs to be clarified.
DO: - Electric Transformer installed inside but aside the border of a substaion in a
condensed residential area (like downtown) might cause a noize problem to
neighbors. Careful check of layout and noise reduction measures will be required
in such case.
- No significant and specific effects on people in poor are expected while the
15 People in poverty D D project is generally expected to stabilize power supply in low-income quarters of
SS Yangon.
TL - Candidate sites are not living quarters of ethnic minorities and indigenous
Ethnic Minorities and peoples.
16
Indigenous Peoples C C
- The project impacts on low income population need to be considered.
6-13
Degree of
Category of Impacts
possible
adverse impacts
Check for
before/during
Construction
Operation
during
DC: - Local economy will be stimulated to some extent due to temporary
Local economies, such as employment of workers and purchase of goods during construction works.
17
employment and livelihood B+/D A+ DO: - Local economy will be enhanced with more stable and efficient supply of
electricity.
Land use and utilization of - As in '13 Resettlement and Land Acquisition' above, necessity of land use and its
18
local resources
C C SS impacts for T/L and D/L needs to be studied.
TL
DL - No water usage is expected in the project. No activities that might affect water
19 Water usage D D use of fisheries and agriculture are not existent in the project, too.
Existing social - No adverse impacts are expected on this aspect.
20
infrastructure and services D D
Social structure and local - No adverse impacts are expected on this aspect.
21
decision-making institutions D D
- It is planned that target townships will include evenly both wealthier and low-
income areas and also both downtown and suburban areas of Yangon, acoording
Uneven distribution of
22
benefits and damages D D to the needs and analysis of systematic development of power supply. Therefore,
no negative impact is assumed on this aspect.
SS - With the same reason as '22 Uneven distribution of benefits and damages'
Social Environment
23 Local conflicts of interest D D TL above, no negative impact is assumed on this aspect.
-Basically, the project facilities of substations, T/L and D/L can be planned to avoid
any heritage sites. As the project scope become more clarified, avoidance of
24 Heritage C D
heritage sites will be confirmed.
-In case new substations and aerial power transmission lines (T/L and D/L) are
constructed or pass along the landscape of local scenic value, the landscape might
25 Landscape C C
be affected. In such case, mitigation measures need to be taken.
- No negative impacts are expected on gender aspect with the project.

26 Gender D D
- No negative impacts are expected on children's rights with the project.
27 Children’s rights D D
SS - No large influx of construction workers from other regions and countries are
Infectious diseases
28 D D TL expected for the project, considering the scale of construction works. Therefore, no
such as HIV/AIDS
DL significant impact is assumed on this aspect.
- Safety caution of heavy machine and vehicle movement and equipment
29 Working environment B- D installation work for construction workers will be required during construction
-Safety caution of heavy machine and vehicle movement for the communities at
project sites will be required during construction
30 Accident B- D -Works of underground incoming and outgoing power transmission lines and
distribution lines have a risk to damage underground utility cables and pipes.
DO:
Global
Issues
Climate Change/
31 D B- SS -With aging degradation of Gas Circuit Breaker, contained gas could leak out,
Global Warming emitting SF6 gas which is a strong greenhouse gas (GHG).
A+/-: Significant positive/negative impact is expected.　B+/-: Positive/negative impact is expected to some extent.
C+/-: Extent of positive/negative impact is unknown.
(A further examination is needed, and the impact could be clarified as the study progresses)
D: No impact is expected.
6-14
6.6.2 TOR for the Environmental and Social Considerations Study
Regarding the items having been evaluated as A, B or C in the scoping, Terms of Reference (TOR) for the
pertinent environmental and social considerations study are prepared as follows.
Table 6-8: TOR for Environmental and Social Considerations (ESC) Study
Environmental
Study Item Method of the Study
Category
Air Quality (1) Type and size of construction works required (1) Subproject profiling (location and type of construction work) of
(2) Study of possible impacts of those works on dust and exhaust gases of substations, T/Ls and D/Ls
construction work (2) Site survey of candidate sites
Water Quality (1) Confirmation that no significant earthmoving activities are conducted in (1) Site survey of candidate sites
subprojects and soil erosion risk will not be raised. (2) Site survey and interview survey with substations staff at
(2) Current maintenance and monitoring conditions on Electric Transformer and existing substations
Oil-Circuit Breaker in existing substations (3) Ditto
(3) Oil outflow prevention equipment (1. around Electric Transformer and Oil-
Circuit Breaker, 2. along site border of substations)
Wastes (1) Type and size of construction works required (1) Subproject profiling (location and type of construction work) of
(2) Study of possible impacts of those works on wastes of construction work substations, T/Ls and D/Ls
(3) Current situation and past records in YESB on storage, reuse or disposal of (2) Site survey of candidate sites
old replaced equipment such as power transformers, distribution transformers, (3) Interview with YESB staff and inspection survey of the storage
oil circuit breaker and capacitor place
Soil Contamination Same as (2) and (3) of Study for 'Water Quality', Same as (2) and (3) of Mthod of the Study for 'Water Quality',
(1) Current maintenance and monitoring conditions on Electric Transformer and (1) Site survey and interview survey with substations staff at
Oil-Circuit Breaker in existing substations existing substations
(2) Oil outflow prevention equipment (1. around Electric Transformer and Oil- (2) Ditto
Circuit Breaker, 2. along site border of substations)
Noise and Vibration (1) Type and size of construction works required (1) Subproject profiling (location and type of construction work) of
(2) Study of possible impacts of those works on inhabitants safety, noise and substations, T/Ls and D/Ls
vibration, dust and exhaust gases, wastes of construction work (2) Site survey of candidate sites
(3) Same as 'Living and Livelihood (2)' below, current situation on noize issues (3) Site survey and interview survey with substations staff at
in existing substations, such as noize reduction measures and neighbors' existing substations
complaint on noize and current situation especially in downtown.
Ecosystem (1) Any possibility for clearance or fragmentation of a ecosystem community in (1) Subproject profiling (location and type of construction work) of
suburban grass land or around surface water will be checked. substations
(2) Map analysis of natural conditions along T/Ls
Topography and (1) Confirmation of project scope (1) Confirmation of project profile with project planning team
Geology (2) Possibility and scale, if any, of cut and fill works (2) Site survey of candidate sites
(3) Any soft ground or slope on site preparation area fo substations and along
the route of T/L and D/L
Resettlement and (1) SS/ The necessity of resettlement (1) Subproject profiling (location and type of construction work) of
Land Acquisition (2)TL/ The nessessity of land acquisition substations and T/Ls
(2) Site survey of candidate sites and map analysis along T/Ls
Living and (1) Land use and land status along assumed aerial power transmission lines with (1) Site survey of candidate sites
Livelihood steel towers and utility poles. (2) Questionnaire and interview survey with YESB management
(2) Standard procedure for temporary replacement of road side vendors and and staff at related division
street traders (3) Site survey and interview survey with substations staff at
(3) Current situation on noize issues in existing substations, such as noize existing substations
reduction measures and neighbors' complaint on noize and current situation
especially in downtown.
Ethnic Minorities (1) Surrounding environment of candidate site (1) Subproject profiling (location and type of construction work) of
and Indigenous (2) Existence of low income population around candidate sites substations
Peoples (2) Literature survey on demographic conditions, site survey and
interview survey with local staff at candidate sites
Land use and (1) Same as 'Resettlement and Land Acquisition (2)' above (1) Same as 'Resettlement and Land Acquisition (2)' above
utilization of local
resources
Heritage (1) Surrounding environment of candidate site (1) Subproject profiling (location and type of construction work) of
(2) Existence of any cultural and religeous heritage sites around candidate sites substations and T/Ls
(2) Site survey of candidate sites
Landscape (1) Surrounding environment of candidate site (1) Subproject profiling (location and type of construction work) of
(2) Existence of any landscape of local scenic value around candidate sites substations, T/Ls and D/Ls
Working (1) Type and size of construction works required (1) Subproject profiling (location and type of construction work) of
environment (2) Study of possible impacts of those works on safety of construction workers substations, T/Ls and D/Ls
6-15
Environmental
Study Item Method of the Study
Category
Accident (1) Type and size of construction works required (1) Subproject profiling (location and type of construction work) of
(2) Study of possible impacts of those works on inhabitants safety substations, T/Ls and D/Ls
(3) Type of existing utility cables and pipes (2) Site survey of candidate sites
(3) Interview survey with YESB staff at related division
Climate Change/ (1) Current maintenance conditions of gas circuit breaker in existing substations (1) Site survey of existing substations
Global Warming
6.7 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
Based on the TOR for the ESC study, an initial environmental examination (IEE) has been conducted on
A, B and C items identified in the scoping.
6.7.1 Examination of Potential Impacts
Potential impacts are examined as follows.

Table 6-9: Initial Impact Examination（IEE）
Category
Check
of Items of Impacts Reason of the assessment
for
Impacts
(1) Air Quality SS During Construction:
TL - There will be some but very limited impacts of work on dust and exhaust gases due to small scale of heavy
DL machine and vehicles operation for construction works concerned.
(2) Water Quality During Construction:
- Significant earthmoving activities are not expected. All subprojects for candidate substations are capacity
increase of existing substations, which do not require earthmoving activities, such as cutting and filling.
During Operation:
SS - In several existing substations, oil spill is traced and left untreated around the ground where Electric
Transformer and Oil-Circuit Breaker has been placed.
- Oil outflow prevention equipment has not been installed in existing substations. Especially, since a project
site at MyntawtharS/S tends to be inundated, oil outflow prevention equipment is highly needed there.
(3) Wastes DC: - Equipment such as power transformers, distribution transformers, oil circuit breaker and capacitor
will be replaced with upgrade of substations and reformation of D/L concrete pole. Very old ones among
them might contain PCBs in insulating oil. Those should be strictly managed under the clear rule how to
Pollution Control
cope with them.

- Limited but some construction wastes are expected. Those should be properly treated.
DO: - The replaced equipment that might possibly contain PCBs need continuous strict management (safe
storage) to avoid escape or leak into ambient environment.
On the management of PCB:
The detailed survey results on PCBs are summarized in the Appended Table-1 below.
(4) Soil SS Same as '(2) Water Quality' above.

Contamination TL DO:
DL - In several existing substations, oil spill is traced and left untreated around the ground where Electric
Transformer and Oil-Circuit Breaker has been placed.
- Oil outflow prevention equipment has not been installed in existing substations.
(5) Noise and DC:

Vibration - There will be some but very limited impacts of work on noise and vibrations due to small scale of heavy
machine and vehicles operation for construction works concerned.
DO:
- Appropriate noise reduction measures for Electric Transformer will not cause noise problems. Standard
distance to be taken to site border is indicated on the equipment concerned.
(1) Ecosystem DC:

- All substation subprojects are upgrade of existing SS inside the existing site space without extension of
SS
Natural Environment
land space.
TL - Along asumed T/Ls, there are no naturally important ecological systems and habitats. No fragmentation of
such systems are assumed in regard of T/L construction.
(2) Topography - All substations are reinforcement of existing stations without extension. Therefore, there will be no
and Geology SS significant cut and fill works in the project.
TL - Yangon area stands on a generally plain land. However, Yangon has sometimes heavy rains. So, slope
protection measures along T/L will need careful measures. Especially, along T/L to Kyaikkasan SS, steel
DL
towers at river crossing will need proper slope protection measure against soil run-off.
6-16
Category
Check
of Items of Impacts Reason of the assessment
for
Impacts
(1) Resettlement -Regarding resettlement, there will be no resettlement in this project.
and - As for land acquisition, two steel towers are planned on both sides of a river at one river crossing point
Land Acquisition near Thaketa power generation plant along the planned T/L from kyaikkasan SS. YESB made a decision to
construct the new towers on the land space where existing steel towers are currently standing, by replacing
them. Therefore, land acquisition is not necessary for the new towers.
- For all other land spaces for T/L and D/L in the project, the road sides will be used either for underground
or concrete poles. The ROW at road sides shall be applied to YCDC, which is the public organizations in
charge. Therefore, there is no need for land acquisition. The ROW application to YCDC usually requires 2 to
3 months.
SS
(2) Living and TL DC:
Livelihood -In urban area T/L and D/L are installed underground in principle.
DL
-Temporary replacement of road side vendors and street traders for construction works shall be requested
by YCDC, the administrating public authority of the ROW for road and roadside in Yangon, if necessary.
When YESB applies to YCDC for the work permit and schedule on the roads of Yangon area prior to the
work, such request of temporary replacement of road side vendors and street traders are also made to
YCDC. The duration of required replacement, if necessary, will be atmost a few days at each site concerned.
DO:
-Same as 'Pollution Control (5) Noise and Vibration' above, appropriate noise reduction measures for
Electric Transformer will not cause noise problems. Standard distance to be taken to site border is indicated
on the equipment concerned.
(3) Ethnic Minorities -The project sites are not living quarters of ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples.
Social Environment
and Indigenous SS - The project will not affect low income population badly, too.
Peoples TL
(4) Land use and DC:
utilization of local -For project sites at Waizayantar S/S and Kokkaine S/S, site spaces are very limited. Therefore, temporary
resources use of the backyard of SS (YCDC property) and the neighbor parking lot (the Housing Board, MOC,
SS property) will be necessary during construction.
TL DO:
DL Same as the third condition of '(1) Resettlement and Land Acquisition' above.
-For land spaces for T/L and D/L in the project, the road sides will be used either for underground or
concrete poles. The ROW at road sides shall be applied to YCDC, which is the public organizations in charge.
(5) Heritage SS -No cultural and religious heritage sites are located adjacent to the project sites.
TL
(6) Landscape -No important local landscape are identified around the project sites.
(7) Working DC:

environment -Safety caution of heavy machine and vehicle movement for construction workers will be required during
construction for construction workers. Especially, project sites at 35th Street S/S and 41st Street S/S are
located in narrow buildings of condenced downtown streets. Therefore, special cares on safety of workers
SS need to be taken in construction works.
TL
(8) Accident DL DC:
-Works of underground incoming and outgoing power transmission lines and distribution lines have a risk
to damage underground utility cables and pipes.
-Safety caution of heavy machine and vehicle movement for the community people along the streets facing
the project sites will be required during construction. The operation of heavy machine and vehicle at
Container (1)S/S requires special cares to other traffic in port area during construction.
(1) Climate Change/ DO:

Global
Issues
Global Warming - With aging degradation of Gas Circuit Breaker, contained gas could leak out, emitting SF6 gas which is a
SS
strong greenhouse gas (GHG).
C+/-: Extent of positive/negative impact is unknown. (A further examination is needed, and the impact could be clarified as the study progresses)
6-17
Appended Table-1: Management of PCB-used equipment and PCB-contained
(1) Current PCB management conditions in YESB
YESB demands no use of PCB in the specifications when it newly procures insulating oil-used equipment. Thus, YESB
recognizes harmful effects of PCB, however, it has neither managed equipment in which PCB may be used or contained
(hereinafter referred to as "PCB-contained equipment") in existing facilities, nor set the operation procedure on the
assumption that PCB is contained when the equipment is repaired or removed.
YESB repairs distribution transformers of not more than 500 kVA in capacity and stores removed such transformers at
the repair plant and storage warehouse (about 20 m x 60 m) owned by the 24-hour maintenance section of YESB
Distribution Department. Since the warehouse is covered with a roof and walls and has a concrete floor, there is little
possibility of insulating oil leaking to outside. The insulating oil used for repaired and removed equipment is all reused
after being passed through purification filters. Removed equipment is disassembled after insulating oil is extracted and
iron-processed products are sold to steel factories. When transformers of more than 500 kVA have broken down, YESB
outsources their repair to local transformer manufacturers and stores equipment that cannot be repaired in its substations.
The results of a hearing investigation into one of the main transformer manufacturers in Myanmar show that the
manufacture is fully aware of the need of PCB management and makes it a rule to receive a certificate that PCB is not
contained in insulating oil when it is purchased. Regarding transformers that have been outsourced to repair, however,
the manufacture has no method of checking if PCB is contained in their insulating oil, and exercises no specific PCB
management although it has taken scattering and leak preventive measures. Recovered insulating oil is reused after being
passed through purification filters. The oil that cannot be recycled due to deterioration of insulation property is sold to
transformer manufacturers, where it is reused for miniature transformers with low insulation level.
As mentioned above, YESB and transformer manufacturers are fully aware of the need of PCB management. Moreover,
since most insulating oil is reused, there is little possibility that PCB-contained insulating oil is scattered and leaked to
outside due to inadvertent treatment.
Meanwhile, the disassembly of removed equipment and the sale of iron-processed products should be avoided if the
relevant equipment is PCB-contained equipment.
(2) How to manage PCB-used equipment and PCB-contained insulating oil

Production of PCB-contained oil and PCB-used equipment was discontinued worldwide by 1980. Therefore, there is a
possibility that PCB is contained in equipment that was manufactured before 1980. Moreover, since YESB reuses the
insulating oil extracted from repaired and removed equipment after its purification using the sole purification system, it
cannot be denied that PCB-contained recycled insulating oil is also refilled to the equipment that was manufactured after
1980 if the internal parts were repaired in house. Namely, it can be judged that PCB is not contained in the equipment
only when it was manufactured after 1980 and has not been repaired.
To clearly determine if PCB is contained in insulating oil, an analysis on PCB containing can be performed. However,
since there are currently no devices to detect and analyze PCB in YESB, it is not realistic to perform analysis on all
equipment that will be removed in the future.
6-18
6.7.2 Impact Evaluation
Potential impacts are evaluated at IEE level and necessary mitigation measures are identified as follows.
Table 6-10: Impact Assessment at Scoping and after IEE

Category of Impacts
Impact Impact
Assesment Assessment
at Scoping based on IEE
Check for
Mitigation Measures
before/during

Construction
before/during
Construction
Operation
to be taken
Operation
during
during
During Construction (DC): During Construction (DC):

- There will be some but very limited impacts of work on dust and For dust, to use dust-block-screen
SS
B-/ B-/ exhaust gases due to small scale of heavy machine and vehicles around work area and to inform
1 Air Quality D N/A TL
operation for construction works concerned. adjacent building and houses on work
D D DL
schedule in advance.
DC: At Design:
- Significant earthmoving activities are not expected. All subprojects for Oil outflow prevention equipment
candidate substations are capacity increase of existing substations, along site border of substations are
which do not require earthmoving activities, such as cutting and filling. recommended to install.
During Operation (DO): During Operation (DO):
- In several existing substations, oil spill is traced and left untreated Regular and proper maintenance and
2 Water Quality C B- D B- SS around the ground where Electric Transformer and Oil-Circuit Breaker monitoring of Electric Transformer
has been placed. and Oil-Circuit Breaker is required at
- Oil outflow prevention equipment has not been installed in existing substations during operation.
substations. Especially, since a project site at MyntawtharS/S tends to
be inundated, oil outflow prevention equipment is highly needed there.
DC: DC:
- Equipment such as power transformers, distribution transformers, oil For construction wastes, contractor to
circuit breaker and capacitor will be replaced with upgrade of take proper procedure for disposal
substations and reformation of D/L concrete pole. Very old ones among
them might contain PCBs in insulating oil. Those should be strictly DC and DO:
managed under the clear rule how to cope with them. On the management of PCB:
- Limited but some construction wastes are expected. Those should be The recommended measures on PCB
3 Wastes B- B- B- B-
Pollution Control
properly treated. management are summarized in the

DO: Appended Table-2.
- The replaced equipment that might possibly contain PCBs need
continuous strict management (safe storage) to avoid escape or leak
into ambient environment.
SS Same as '(2) Water Quality' above. Same as '(2) Water Quality' above.
TL DO: DO:
DL - In several existing substations, oil spill is traced and left untreated Regular and proper maintenance and
around the ground where Electric Transformer and Oil-Circuit Breaker monitoring of Electric Transformer
4 Soil Contamination D B- D B- has been placed. and Oil-Circuit Breaker is required at
- Oil outflow prevention equipment has not been installed in existing substations during operation.
substations.
DC: DC:
- There will be some but very limited impacts of work on noise and For noise and vibration, work time
vibrations due to small scale of heavy machine and vehicles operation constraint is recommendable.
for construction works concerned.
B- B-
5 Noise and Vibration C D DO:
/D /D - Appropriate noise reduction measures for Electric Transformer will
not cause noise problems. Standard distance to be taken to site border
is indicated on the equipment concerned.
- Subsidence is not expected since there will be no activities concerned N/A

with the project that may induce subsidence, such as a large scale of cut
6 Subsidence D D N/A N/A SS
and fill works or groundwater use.
- No source of malodor or offensive odor will be existent in the project. N/A

7 Odor D D N/A N/A SS
TL - No activities are expected to result in sediment degradation or N/A
8 Sediment D D N/A N/A DL pollution.
6-19
Category of Impacts
Impact Impact
Check for
Mitigation Measures
before/during
Construction
before/during
Construction
Operation
to be taken
Operation
during
during
- Two largest and scenic lakes in Yangon are Hlawga Lake and Inya N/A
Lake. Those are either in Mingalardon Township or in Mayangone
Township. Only naturally protected area in Yangon is Hlawga Wildlife
Park, adjacent north of Hlawga lake, in Mingalardon Township. Both
9 Protected Areas D D N/A N/A townships are out of scope of this project since those ones are covered
with the YESB projects assisted by ADB. So, this project scope does not
SS include any protected area.
TL
DC: - All substation subprojects are upgrade of existing SS inside the N/A
existing site space without extension of land space.
Natural Environment
- Along asumed T/Ls, there are no naturally important ecological

10 Ecosystem C D D D systems and habitats. No fragmentation of such systems are assumed in
regard of T/L construction.
- No impacts are expected on hydrology since no construction works N/A

inside surface waters and significant cut and fill works will be
11 Hydrology D D N/A N/A
conducted.
- All substations are reinforcement of existing stations without At Design, DC and DO:
extension. Therefore, there will be no significant cut and fill works in Slope protection measures against soil
SS
the project. run-off along T/L, especially at river
TL
- Yangon area stands on a generally plain land. However, Yangon has crossing.
DL
Topography and sometimes heavy rains. So, slope protection measures along T/L will
12
Geology
C C B- B-
need careful measures. Especially, along T/L to Kyaikkasan SS, steel
towers at river crossing will need proper slope protection measure
against soil run-off.
Before Construction: N/A

-Regarding resettlement, there will be no resettlement in this project.
- As for land acquisition, two steel towers are planned on both sides of a
river at one river crossing point near Thaketa power generation plant
along the planned T/L from kyaikkasan SS. YESB made a decision to
construct the new towers on the land space where existing steel towers
are currently standing, by replacing them. Therefore, land acquisition is
Resettlement and not necessary for the new towers.
13
Land Acquisition
C C D D - For all other land spaces for T/L and D/L in the project, the road sides
will be used either for underground or concrete poles. The ROW at road
sides are applied to YCDC, which is the public organizations in charge.
Therefore, there is no need for land acquisition. The ROW application to
YCDC usually requires 2 to 3 months. This types of application has been
made appropriately as confirmed by YESB executives and engineers.
SS
TL DC: At Design:
DL -In urban area T/L and D/L are installed underground in principle. - In condenced residential areas like
-Same as 'Pollution Control (5) Noise and Vibration' above, appropriate downtown, underground cables are
noise reduction measures for Electric Transformer will not cause noise used for T/L and D/L in principle.
Social Environment
problems. Standard distance to be taken to site border is indicated on At Design and DC:
the equipment concerned. - For noise reduction of Electric
-Temporary replacement of road side vendors and street traders for Transformer, standard noise
construction works shall be requested by YCDC, the administrating attenuation distance indicated on
Living and public authority of the ROW for road and roadside in Yangon, if equipment to be kept from site border
14
Livelihood C C B- D
necessary. When YESB applies to YCDC for the work permit and at installation, or installed in the
schedule on the roads of Yangon area prior to the work, such request of building in case of llimited site space
temporary replacement of road side vendors and street traders are also of downtown substations.
made to YCDC. The duration of required replacement, if necessary, will Before Construction:
be atmost a few days at each site concerned. - Request of temporary replacement
of road side vendors and street
traders shall made properly through
YCDC.
- No significant and specific effects on people in poor are expected while N/A
the project is generally expected to stabilize power supply in low-
15 People in poverty D D N/A N/A income quarters of Yangon.
SS
TL -The project sites are not living quarters of ethnic minorities and N/A
Ethnic Minorities
indigenous peoples.
16 and Indigenous C C D D - The project will not affect low income population badly, too.
Peoples
DC: - Local economy will be stimulated to some extent due to N/A

Local economies, SS temporary employment of workers and purchase of goods during
B+/ B+/
17 such as employment A+ A+ TL construction works.
and livelihood D D DL DO: - Local economy will be enhanced with more stable and efficient
supply of electricity.
6-20
Category of Impacts
Impact Impact
Check for
Mitigation Measures
before/during
Construction
before/during
Construction
Operation
to be taken
Operation
during
during
DC: Before Construction:
- For project sites at Waizayantar S/S and Kokkaine S/S, site spaces are - Application of temoporary land use
very limited. Therefore, temporary use of the backyard of SS (YCDC to the pertinent organizations such as
property) and the neighbor parking lot (the Housing Board, MOC, YCDC or the Housing Board of MOC, to
property) will be necessary during construction. be made sufficiently (two or three
Land use and DO: months) prior to the construction
B- B-
18 utilization of local C C - Related to the third condtion of 'Resettlement and Land Acquisition', schedule date.
resources /D /D there will be cases where the new or reformed concrete poles of T/L DO:
and D/L will limit the road side space for pedestrian. Where the concrete poles become an
obstacle to the flow of pedestrian due
SS to a limited road side, the installment
TL of safety sign boards for traffic and
DL pedestrian will be recomendable.
- No water usage is expected in the project. No activities that might N/A
19 Water usage D D N/A N/A affect water use of fisheries and agriculture are not existent in the
project, too.
Existing social - No adverse impacts are expected on this aspect. N/A
20 infrastructure and D D N/A N/A
services
Social structure and - No adverse impacts are expected on this aspect. N/A
21 local decision- D D N/A N/A
making institutions
- It is planned that target townships will include evenly both wealthier N/A
Uneven distribution and low-income areas and also both downtown and suburban areas of
22 of benefits and D D N/A N/A Yangon, acoording to the needs and analysis of systematic development
damages of power supply. Therefore, no negative impact is assumed on this
SS aspect.
Social Environment
TL - With the same reason as '22 Uneven distribution of benefits and

Local conflicts of N/A
23
interest
D D N/A N/A damages' above, no negative impact is assumed on this aspect.
-No cultural and religious heritage sites are located adjacent to the N/A
24 Heritage C D D D project sites.
-No important local landscape are identified around the project sites. N/A
25 Landscape C C D D
- No negative impacts are expected on gender aspect with the project. N/A
26 Gender D D N/A N/A
SS - No negative impacts are expected on children's rights with the project.
27 Children’s rights D D N/A N/A N/A
TL
DL - No large influx of construction workers from other regions and N/A
Infectious diseases countries are expected for the project, considering the scale of
28
such as HIV/AIDS
D D N/A N/A construction works. Therefore, no significant impact is assumed on this
aspect.
DC: DC:
-Safety caution of heavy machine and vehicle movement for For safety measures for construction
construction workers will be required during construction for workers in regard of heavy machine
Working construction workers. Especially, project sites at 35th Street S/S and and vehicle movement, to employ
29
environment
B- D B- D
41st Street S/S are located in narrow buildings of condenced downtown advance safety management plan and
streets. Therefore, special cares on safety of workers need to be taken to use safety sign and measures
in construction works. during construction activities.
SS DC: DC:
TL -Works of underground incoming and outgoing power transmission - For installation of underground
DL lines and distribution lines have a risk to damage underground utility cables, to request utilities agencies to
cables and pipes. attend during work
-Safety caution of heavy machine and vehicle movement for the Before Construction and DC:
30 Accident B- D B- D community people along the streets facing the project sites will be - For safety measures for the
required during construction. The operation of heavy machine and community people in regard of heavy
vehicle at Container (1)S/S requires special cares to other traffic in port machine and vehicle movement, to
area during construction. inform adjacent community on work
schedule and safety caution in
advance.
DO: DO:
Issues
Global
Climate Change/ - With aging degradation of Gas Circuit Breaker, contained gas could Proper maintenance and monitoring
31
Global Warming
D B- D B- SS
leak out, emitting SF6 gas which is a strong greenhouse gas (GHG). of Gas Circuit Breaker is required.
C+/-: Extent of positive/negative impact is unknown.
(A further examination is needed, and the impact could be clarified as the study progresses)
6-21
6.8 Environmental Mitigation Required
Regarding potential impacts evaluated as A, B or C in IEE, necessary mitigation measures are identified
with respect to the project stages during design, construction and operation stages, respectively. Required
scheme and cost to implement the measures properly are also identified. Cost resources are indicated here
since actual costs will be estimated in Detailed Design Study.
Table 6-11: Mitigation Measures (in Design and Construction)

Category
Check Mitigation Measures Implementing Responsible Undertaking
of No. Items of Impacts Project Stage
for to be taken Agency Agency Cost
Impacts
1 Air Quality During Construction SS (1) For dust, to use dust-block-screen
TL around work area and to inform Construction Construction
YESB
DL adjacent building and houses on work Contractor Contractor
schedule in advance.
2 Water Quality At Design SS (1) To install oil outflow prevention YESB (Design)
During Construction equipment along site border of Construction YESB YESB
Pollution Control
substations Contractor (DC)

3 Wastes During Construction SS (1) For construction wastes, contractor to
TL take proper procedure for disposal (1) Construction (1) Construction
DL (2) On the management of PCB: Contractor Contractor
The recommended measures on PCB YESB
management are summarized in the (2) YESB (2) YESB
Appended Table-2 below.
4 Noise and During Construction SS (1) For noise and vibration, work time
Vibration TL constraint (tentatively) between 7:00 Construction Construction
YESB
DL and 19:00 Contractor Contractor
5 Topography At Design SS (1) To install slope protection measures

Environment
and Geology During Construction TL against soil run-off along T/L, especially YESB (Design)
Natural
DL at river crossing Construction YESB YESB (Design)

Contractor (DC)
6 Living and At Design SS (1) In condenced residential areas like

Livelihood Before Construction TL downtown, underground cables are used
DL for T/L and D/L in principle.
(2) For noise reduction of Electric
Transformer, standard noise attenuation (1) YESB (1) YESB
distance indicated on equipment to be
kept from site border at installation, or (2) YESB YESB (2) No cost
installed in the building in case of llimited
site space of downtown substations. (3) YCDC (3) YESB
(3) Request of temporary replacement of
road side vendors and street traders
shall be made properly through YCDC.
7 Land use and Before Construction SS (1) Application of temoporary land use to
Social Environment
utilization of local TL the pertinent organizations such as

resources DL YCDC or the Housing Board of MOC, to be YESB YESB No cost
made sufficiently (two or three months)
prior to the construction schedule date.
8 Working During Construction SS (1) For safety measures for construction

environment TL workers in regard of heavy machine and
DL vehicle movement, to employ advance Construction Construction
safety management plan and to use YESB
Contractor Contractor
safety sign and measures during
construction activities.
9 Accident Before Construction SS (1) For installation of underground
During Construction TL cables, to request utilities agencies to
attend during work (1) YESB
DL (1) YESB
(2) For safety measures for the
community people in regard of heavy (2) YESB/ YESB
(2) Construction
machine and vehicle movement, to Construction
Contractor
inform adjacent community on work Contractor
schedule and safety caution in advance.
6-22
Appended Table-2: Recommendable measures on the management of PCB-used equipment and
PCB-contained insulating oil
Based on the IEE study on 'Current PCB management conditions in YESB' and 'Management of PCB-used
equipment and PCB-contained insulating oil', the following measures can be proposed.
(i) The manufacturing year and repair history of insulating oil-used equipment should be managed
(ii) The equipment whose manufacturing year is 1979 or before and the equipment whose manufacturing year is
1980 or after of which internal repair is performed after installation, should be all subject to PCB management.
For the equipment subject to PCB management, it is necessary to establish PCB decomposition facilities in
Myanmar in the future. As the current measures, it is desired to secure a site of sufficient area and store equipment
that may contain PCB in the site by clearing distinguishing it from other materials after taking measures for
preventing the scattering and leak of insulating oil contained in the equipment. Moreover, in order not to
contaminate the equipment in which no PCB is contained, with PCB, new oil should be used as insulating oil that
will be refilled to repaired equipment. Also, it is desired that the insulating oil extracted from the equipment subject
to PCB management is not reused (the use of old oil for oil purification devices is also prohibited) and stored and
managed in the same way as the equipment subject to PCB management.
Moreover, when the repair of equipment is outsourced to transformer manufacturers, the equipment in which no
PCB is contained may be contaminated with PCB if the manufacture uses recycled insulating oil. Therefore, it is
desired that, in the ordering specifications that will be issued when the repair is outsourced to transformer
manufacturers, YESB demands the use of insulating oil once used for the relevant equipment or new oil as the
insulating oil that will be refilled after the repair.
In addition, since the repair plant and storage warehouse of YESB has little possibility of causing leak of insulating
oil, it is possible to use the plant/warehouse as a storage place for the equipment subject to PCB management among
all equipment that will be removed in this project. However, since the plant/warehouse has remarkably deteriorated
and does not have a sufficient storage space as to the amount of PCB-contained equipment that is expected to be
stored, it is necessary to separately secure a storage space. The necessity of securing a new storage space and to
establish a monitoring scheme as above has been consulted with YESB. YESB understood it and agreed to take
necessary steps.
Table 6-12: Mitigation Measures (during Operation)

Category
Impacts
Water Quality During Operation SS (1) Regular and proper maintenance and
Soil Contamination monitoring of Electric Transformer and
Pollution Control
1 Oil-Circuit Breaker is required at YESB YESB YESB

substations during operation.
Wastes During Operation SS (1) On the management of PCB:
TL The recommended measures on PCB
2 management are summarized in the YESB YESB YESB
DL
Appended Table-2.
6-23
Category
Impacts
Topography and During Operation SS (1) Slope protection measures against
Environment
Geology TL soil run-off along T/L, especially at river

Natural
3 DL crossing. YESB YESB YESB
Land use and During Operation SS (1) Where the concrete poles become an
utilization of local obstacle to the flow of pedestrian due to
Environment
TL
resources DL a limited road side, the installment of
Social
4 safety sign boards for traffic and YESB/ YCDC YCDC YESB
pedestrian will be recomendable.
Climate Change/ During Operation SS (1) Proper maintenance and monitoring

Global
Issues
5 Global Warming of Gas Circuit Breaker is required. YESB YESB YESB
6.9 Environmental Monitoring Plan
To assure that the sound environmental management system is working on the project, the environmental
monitoring plan for potential impacts and mitigation measures are recommended as below, including
monitoring item, indicator for monitoring, monitoring location, method and reporting scheme.
Table 6-13: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Monitoring Reporting
Method / Reference Responsible
Item Indicator Location Framework interval to
Frequency Standard Agency
required JICA office
Once in peak w ork period A team of

substations for each substation 3 Executive
use of dust-block in crow ded residential or / to monitor relevant N/A YESB Engineers for
commercial area mitigation plan SS and T/L
Air Quality is properly implemented and
(dust) a team of
advance notice Once per month 7 Executive
during construction
houses / shops
to adjacent building / to monitor relevant Engineers for
adjacent to substations N/A YESB
and houses mitigation plan D/L
in crow ded area
on w ork schedule is properly implemented that w ill be
once
formed in PMU
per 3 months
procedure of all construction sites of at end of construction for the Project
N/A YESB
disposal substations, T/L and D/L period for each site
Wastes After replacement at each No concrete

storage spaces (temporary site and once per month in standards/ Assignment of
(construction
and designated by YESB) Stockholm a chief
w aste/ PCBs) the storage place
PCB Management for concerned equipment / to keep traceability and monitor Convention on YESB administrator
(refer to the mitigation plan Persistent for PCB
safe storage conditions of the
on the Appended Table-2) Organic mangement
concerned equipment
Pollutants
6-24
Monitoring Reporting
Method / Reference Responsible
Item Indicator Location Framework interval to
Frequency Standard Agency
required JICA office
Once in peak w ork period

10 hours
substations for each substation
Noise and w ork time betw een 7:00
in crow ded residential or / to monitor relevant YESB
v ibration constraint and 19:00
commercial area mitigation plan
Japan/ IFC
is properly implemented
A team of
Accident 3 Executive
along incoming and outgoing Prior to excavation
(underground attendance of utility Engineers for
during construction
T/L of substations and D/L at underground cables to be N/A YESB

cable agent SS and T/L
in crow ded area installed and
installation)
a team of
once
advance safety all construction sites of 7 Executive
Prior to w ork at every site ILO Guidelines YESB per 3 months
management plan substations, T/L and D/L Engineers for
Safety and
Health in D/L
Working use of safety sign
around construction sites
Construction that w ill be
at substations in crow ded Prior to w ork at every site YESB
env ironment/ and measures formed in PMU
area and along T/L for the Project
Accident
(safety advance notice
measures) to adjacent community adjacent to
community substations Prior to w ork at every site N/A YESB
on w ork schedule in crow ded area
and safety caution
Water Quality / A team of

under/around
Soil leakage of 3 Executive
electric transformer once per month to be checked YESB
Contamination insulation oil Engineers for
and oil-circuit breaker
(insulating oil) SS and T/L
No concrete
the storage space once per month standards/ Assignment of
designated by YESB in the storage place Stockholm a chief
Wastes
PCB Management for concerned equipment / to keep traceability and Convention on YESB administrator
(PCBs)
(refer to the mitigation plan monitor safe storage conditions Persistent for PCB
on the Appended Table-2) of the concerned equipment Organic mangement
Pollutants
during operation
Topography once per month in rainy A team of

and season and once per 3 3 Executive
steel tow ers to be installed once
Slope protection months in dry season Engineers for
Geology at a river crossing along T/L N/A YESB per 6 months
measures / to monitor slope protection SS and T/L
(slope to Kyaikkasan SS
measures around and
protection) the steel tow er concerned a team of
7 Executive
Once at the end of Engineers for
Land use and w here the new or
construction period and D/L
Safety sign boards reformed concrete poles of
utilization of once per 6 months that w ill be
for traffic and T/L and D/L w ill limit the N/A YESB/ YCDC
local / to monitor the safety formed in PMU
pedestrian road side space for
resources pedestrian
conditions of pedestrian for the Project
and safety signboards
degradation of gas- A team of

GHG Kyoto Protocol
circuit breaker 3 Executive
(climate gas-circuit breaker once every month and IPCC YESB
(container of SF6 Engineers for
change) gas)
Guidelines
SS and T/L
Monitoring Format for the above monitoring plan is attached in Appendix 6-1.
6-25
6.10 Stakeholders Consultation
Regarding substations, all sub-projects are upgrade of existing SS inside the existing site space without
extension of land space. When power capacity is increased, incoming and outgoing T/L will become
underground or use existing overhead lines with little extension of those. Construction activities required
for the related work for each substation is comparable to build a 3 to 4 story house. So, significant
impacts will not happen. Therefore, local stakeholders’ consultation for substation projects is not
applicable in substation sub-projects.
Regarding transmission line, the road sides will be used either for underground cables or concrete poles in
almost all places for transmission line (T/L) and distribution line (D/L) in the project. The ROW at road
sides shall be applied to YCDC, which is the public organization in charge. Therefore, there is no need of
land acquisition for these cases. Only one exception is the case where two steel towers are planned on
both sides of a river at one river crossing point near Thaketa power generation plant along the planned
T/L from Kyaikkasan SS. However, YESB made a decision to construct the new towers on the land space
where existing steel towers are currently standing, by replacing them. Therefore, land acquisition is also
not necessary for the case.
Summarizing the above, all major works for the project will be conducted in the existing sites of
substations and two steel towers for a T/L, as replacement to existing facilities. Other works, such as
underground cables and concrete poles installation, will be conducted along road sides under the
authorization of YCDC, the public organization in charge, without any land acquisition.
Therefore, it is recommended for the project that YESB will ensure a steady implementation of advance
notice and consultation to/with respective adjacent communities on construction work schedule and safety
caution, prior to related construction works, which is planned in the mitigation measures and
environmental monitoring plan. That is considered to be proper stakeholders’ consultation for the project.
6-26
Chapter 7 Project Evaluation
7.1 Effects assumed as a result of the Japanese ODA loan project
The implementation of the Japanese ODA loan project expects the following effects:
1) Reducing transmission or distribution loss

Power loss may be reduced by removing overload of the power transmission and distribution
facilities and distributing load. Transmission loss may be reduced by selecting the appropriate
electric line size depending on the tolerance of the transmission capacity.
Power loss of the power distribution facilities may be reduced with the shortened low-voltage lines
by installing low loss transformers or installing transformers of smaller capacity in different
locations.
Under the environment insufficient in power sources, the reduced power loss could improve the
availability of power supply or save power generating fuel. This consequently contributes to the
improved profitability of the YESB.
2) Reducing the duration and number of times of power outage

The new construction and rehabilitation of transmission and distribution lines could reduce the
number of the faults of power transmission and distribution lines.
Taking into account the fact that the downtown area and its suburban areas are the possible
candidates for this Japanese ODA loan, it is expected to improve power supply to the major
facilities or office buildings of both national and international companies.
3) Improving voltage drop or fluctuations

In the power transmission systems, fluctuations in the system voltage could be reduced by
decreasing load shedding associated with transmission faults after the extended 66kV power
transmission lines and by installing power capacitors.
The power distribution lines extended by the low-voltage power distribution lines lead to greater
voltage drop at the line end and disable the use of electrical appliances. Fluctuations in voltage may
be reduced by installing smaller transformers for power distribution lines in different locations.
4) Improving fluctuations in frequency

Similarly, it is expected to reduce fluctuations in frequency of the electric power systems.
5) Reducing CO2 emissions

The reduced power loss could save fuel used in thermal power plants. Also, the improved electric
power supply can shorten the operating time of emergency generators, which expects to reduce the
amount of fuel used for emergency generators. CO2 emissions could consequently be reduced.
6) Enhancement of work safety and efficiency

Since the project is implemented with the support of consultants, the engineers can raise their
7-1
awareness of safety and enhance their technology and can develop the efficient work executing
method.
In addition, the introduction of construction machinery or vehicles for work at height can improve
work safety and enable quick and efficient works so that the township engineers who are busy
dealing with faults can enhance the tolerance of works.
7) Capacity building of engineers and basic workers

With the implementation of Japanese ODA loan projects, the YESB's engineers and workers can
participate in the execution of projects to enhance their execution techniques.
8) Strengthening of the capacity building for planning, operation and maintenance and project
management
With the implementation of Japanese ODA loan projects, YESB engineers can learn the system
planning method, know-how of the operation maintenance, and execution control from the
consultants. Thus, YESB engineers can enhance their capacity.
As abovementioned, the construction, addition and rehabilitation of power transmission and distribution
lines in the Yangon City has improved the reliability of the electric power systems, which can expect to
reduce the number of faults of power transmission and distribution lines. It is further expected that the
advanced electric power development in Myanmar in addition to the improved reliability of power
transmission and distribution systems improves electric power supply throughout the year and increases
the attraction of the city for both the citizens of the Yangon City and national and international
participating companies. Finally, it would be more effective to clarify the implementation policies and
employ consultants for systematic promotion in relation to the system plans and the construction,
addition and rehabilitation of power transmission and distribution facilities.
7.2 Suggestion of operation indicator and effect indicator
The base year of the operation and effect indicators should be April 2023 two years after the completion
of the projects.
As the operation and effect indicators for the candidate projects under Japanese ODA loan, it is
recommended to set the following six items
[Operation indicator]
(i) Substation transformer installation capacity
(ii)Transformer Availability Factor
(iii)Electricity Supply
(iv)System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI: Annual average number of power outage per customer)
(v)System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI: Annual average outage time per customer)
7-2
[Effect indicator]
(vi) Power transmission and distribution loss rate
7.2.1 Substation transformer installation capacity
The indicator value for determining if the transformers of substations are installed as scheduled.
The following numeric values are set.
Supply capacity at substations: 690MVA
Regarding the total installation capacity of transformers in the substation reinforcement work subject to
the project in Component 1.
The indicators, namely the installation capacity values, do not include the capacity of transformers that
will be installed in the substations that are not included in Component 1.
7.2.2 Transformer Availability Factor
The capacity operation rates of the transformers of substations to be built under the projects are set as the
indicator.
Transformer Availability Factor: 76%
The operating rates of the transformers as of April FY2023
＝Peak demand (MW) of the whole 23 candidate townships for the yen loan project Total
capacity of transformers (MVA) for the whole 23 candidate townships for the yen loan project
＝ 1,154MW / （1,681MVA×0.9(Power factor)）
＝ 76%
Additionally, the survey team also assumes that YESB continues reinforcing substations even after the
completion of the yen loan project during the period of FY2020 to 2023 in order to meet the demand
increase.
7.2.3 Electricity Supply
The amount of power (GWh) transmitted from the transformers of substations to be built under the
projects is set as the indicator.
Electricity Supply: 1,641GWh
The amount of power transmitted for one year in FY2022 is set as the indicator. The indicator above can
be estimated based on the estimated peak demand value (MW) and the estimated load factor value (%) in
FY2022 as follows.
7-3
Electricity Supply = peak demand(at FY2022) × load factor(at FY2022)
Electricity Supply = 543.1MW

(Total sum of max demands of 21 targeted substations as of 2022)
× ( 690/1,100)
(Capacity of targeted transformer / Total transformer capacity of 21
targeted substations as of 2022)
× 0.55(Annual load factor)× 8,760 (hour)
＝ 340.7 MW (Max power corresponds to the load of targeted transformers)
× 0.55× 8760
＝ 1,641 (GWh)
Additionally, the survey team also assumes that YESB continues reinforcing substations even after the
completion of the yen loan project during the period of FY2020 to 2023 in order to meet the demand
increase.
7.2.4 System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)
The indicator for checking if the transmission-transformation facilities that are installed in the projects are
appropriately operated and maintained.
Annual average number of power outage per customer: 0 (zero) / year-customer
Only the number of power outages resulting from accidents that occurred to the transmission lines and
substation facilities that are installed in the Component 1 is counted for the indicator, and the 0 (zero)
case is set as the target value.
7.2.5 System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
The indicator is used for checking the transmission-transformation facilities in the projects are
appropriately operated and maintained.
Annual average outage time per customer: 0 (zero) minutes / year-customer
Only the outage time resulting from accidents that occurred to the transmission lines and substation
facilities that are installed in Component 1 is counted for the indicator, and the 0 (zero) minute is set as
the target value.
7.2.6 Power transmission and distribution loss rate
Power transmission and distribution loss rate
As the indicator for power transmission and distribution loss rate, the following numeric value is set.
Power transmission and distribution loss rate: 15.2%
7-4
(1)Set basis
18.7% (the results of power transmission and distribution loss rates in 2012)
-1.5% (Effects by the execution of transmission-transformation project)
-2.0% (Effects by the execution of power distribution project)
(2)Calculation method
The method of calculating the reductions in power transmission loss and distribution loss in the projects
and their results are shown below.
(3)Transmission-transformation loss rate
The transmission loss reduction effects as of 2023 when the substation reinforcement plan in Component
1 are calculated. (The effects are calculated from the amount of annual transmission loss in FY2022) The
procedures are as follows.
1) Calculate the "transmission loss when the project is not executed" and the "transmission loss after
the execution of project" in FY2022.
The "transmission loss when the project is not executed" should be calculated on the assumption
that the future demand of power is transmitted via the existing 33 kV system, while the
"transmission loss after the execution of project" should be calculated on the assumption that the
power from the transformers with the voltage raised to 66 kV is transmitted via the 66 kV system.
Based on the power flow value mentioned above and the following equation, the annual power loss
is calculated.
Power loss [MW]＝Σ (3×I[kA]2×R[Ω/km]×L[km])
Here,
I: Current [kA], R: Resistance of transmission line per unit length [Ω/km],
L: Transmission line length [km]
Annual power loss [MWh] = Power loss in the maximum load [MW]
x Loss coefficient (p) x 8760[h]
2) Based on the difference of transmission losses mentioned above and annual power amount in the
whole YESB areas, the "loss improvement rate by the execution of project" is calculated. On the
assumption that the losses in the transmission-transformation projects will be improved at the same
rate in the whole YESB areas, the "loss improvement rate in the whole YESB" is calculated based
on the ratio between the demands in the townships subject to the projects this time and the total
demand in the whole YESB areas.
7-5
The results of the calculation of loss improvement rate (%) in the whole YESB areas are as shown in
Table 7-1. From the results above, the loss improvement rate (indicator) in the transmission
-transformation project as of April 2023 becomes 1.5%.
Table 7-1: The results of the calculation of loss improvement rate (%) in the whole YESB areas
Item Assumed value in FY2022
Power loss when the project is not executed 106,040 MWh
Power loss after the project is executed 49,668 MWh
Reduction by the execution of project 56,372 MWh
Annual purchase 17,792 GWh
Loss improvement rate by the execution of project 0.3%
Demand in townships subject to project 543 MW
YESB's total demand 2,519 MW
Loss improvement rate (indicator) in the whole YESB areas 1.5%
(4) Power distribution loss rate
The power loss reduction effects when the multi-transformer system (regarding the transformers for
low-voltage power distribution and low-voltage lines) in Component 2 is executed, is calculated. In the
execution of the project, low-loss type transformers are used. Regarding the medium-voltage distribution
lines, since the operation rates resulting from increase of demand will be appropriately maintained at the
current level, the loss rate of the medium-voltage distribution lines should be considered at the current
level and the loss reduction value should not be taken into consideration.
The comparative evaluation between the case where the multi-transformer system is used in April 2022
and the case where the current low-voltage distribution system is maintained is performed. The power
loss is calculated by the following approximation.
Annual power loss [MWh] =Σ (3×I[kA]2×R[Ω/km]×L[km]) x Loss coefficient (p) x 8760[h]
Here,
I: Low-voltage line current [kA],
R: Resistance of low-voltage 1 thread per unit length [Ω/km],
L: Low-voltage line length [km]
The results are shown in Table 7-2. The loss of transformers themselves normally increases due to the
division to low-capacity transformers. With the introduction of amorphous transformers, however, the
7-6
loss of transformers themselves is restrained to the normal level by offsetting the increase resulting from
the division. The loss improvement rate (indicator) resulting from the introduction of the
multi-transformer system is 2.0% as of 2022. In this component, the townships where the
multi-transformer system is introduced on a priority basis are selected in consideration of the constraints
such as work-related personnel and material input. Therefore, the calculation of the effects of loss rate
reduction is limited to the transformers subject to the selection this time and is not applied to the whole
YESB areas.
Table 7-2: The results of the calculation of loss improvement rate in the whole YESB areas
Item Assumed value in FY2022
Power loss when the project is not executed 405,242 MWh
Power loss after the execution of project 41,366 MWh
Reduction by the execution of project 363,876 MWh
Annual purchase 17,792 GWh
Loss improvement rate by the execution of project 2.0 %
7.3 Monitoring indicator by the YESB
The items of the operation and effect indicator are monitored by the YESB as follows. The monitored
values for each indicator are reported to the JICA every time the following measurement is performed.
(1) Substation transformer installation capacity
The transformer installation capacity (MVA) at the end of every fiscal year and the scheduled transformer
installation capacity (MVA) at the end of the next fiscal year are measured from FY 2016 until the
completion of the project.
(2)Transformer operating rate
At the substations subject to Japanese ODA loan, find the transformer operating rate when the maximum load,
up until April FY2023, is seen.
(3)Electricity Supply
Find the annual sum of the power transmitted (MWh) in FY2022 in the substations subject to the projects
under Japanese ODA loan. For the measurement in FY2022, the monthly electricity supply value (MWh)
is measured.
(4) System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)
The number of power outages caused by accidents in the substations subject to the projects under
Japanese ODA loan and to their related transmission lines is measured every month after the operation of
such substations starts.
7-7
(5) System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI:Annual average outage time per customer)
The duration of power outages caused by accidents in the substations subject to the projects under
Japanese ODA loan and to their related transmission lines is measured every month after the operation of
such substations starts.
(6) Power transmission and distribution loss rate
As the monitoring method, the YESB calculates the power transmission and distribution loss rate based
on the amount of annual power purchased from the MEPE and the amount of power sales by the YESB in
FY2022.
Power transmission and distribution loss rate (%)
＝ (The annual power purchased from the MEPE (MWh) - the amount of power sales by the
YESB(MWh)) / ( The amount of annual power purchased from the MEPE (MWh))
7.4 Estimate of the effects of reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Based on the power transmission and distribution loss reduction under the project for Japanese ODA loan
project calculated in the preceding section, the amount of CO2 emission limitation is calculated. As shown
in the table below, against the amount of power transmission and distribution loss reduction under the
projects for Japanese ODA loan, the amount of CO2 emission limitation becomes 119,798 (tCO2/year).
Table 7-3:Estimate of the effects of reducing greenhouse gas emissions

CO2 emission unit of purchased power* (i) 0.262 (t CO2/MWh)
Power transmission and distribution loss reduction under Japanese
457,243MWh)
ODA loan project (GWh/ year) (ii)
CO2 emission limitation (i)×(ii) 119,798(tCO2/year)
* Source: IEA statistics 2012, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion
7-8
Chapter 8 Current Issues and Suggestions for Distribution Sector in the
Yangon Region
8.1 Power system planning
(1)Current situation
YESB has not definitely determined the system plan policy. Under the current facilities renewal policy,
YESB plans to reinforce facilities when the operation rates of facilities such as transformers exceed
80%.YESB has not yet used the N-1 reference as reliability reference at present.
Meanwhile, to control the demand results of substations, YESB records the current and voltage values
every hour on papers at each substation. However, those data are not effectively used as the data for
substation plans. As the efforts for loss reduction, YESB plans to increase the primary side voltage of
substations from 33kV to 66kV and the distribution voltage from 6.6kV to 11kV and has already been
implementing the plan.
(2)Suggestions
(a) Substation planning based on the latest demand results and the regular review of 5-year plans
The local demand trends are always changing according to economic conditions and development plans
in the surrounding areas. It is desirable that YESB creates the system that the head office's planning
department grasps the demand results (maximum value) and regularly reviews the contents of 5-year
plans based on such data.
(b) Introduction of the system analysis program

To study voltage and power flow in the transmission system and establish the facilities in consideration of
the N-1 reference, the software such as the system analysis program PSS/E used in this survey should be
introduced. It is desirable for YESB head office's planning department to unify the control of system data.
8.2 Power system operation
The power system operations in YESB-controlled areas are conducted at the Mayangon substation located
in the Mayangon township 24 hours a day. The Mayangon substation collects the power flow and voltage
data of 66kV and 33kV substations and transmission lines hourly by telephone. Since the system
conditions are grasped over the telephone, it takes some time to grasp the system conditions and get
failures restored when system failures have occurred.
(2)Suggestions
(a) Introduction of the SCADA system
It is desirable to introduce the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCDA) system for the purposes
of remote monitoring, remote collection of various data, and remote control operation of equipment. With
the introduction of the SCADA system, YESB can automatically collect and utilize on-site substation data
8-1
and get failures restored early when failures have occurred and enhance the reliability of the electric
power system.
8.3 Relay setting methodology
Transformers are protected by the current differential relay and Over Current (OC) relay. In order to
protect the power distribution lines, the OC relay and Ground Over Current relay (GOC Ry) are used. The
YESB currently performs relay setting so that the relays will be activated when the values such as current
exceeds values, which are 80% of the rated current of transformers or distribution lines. And YESB does
not perform relay setting based on the calculation of current when failures have occurred. Therefore, such
relay setting may have led to the occurrence of unnecessary power outages. Moreover, since no
calculations are performed based on fault current, it is possible that relay actions are not made against the
minimum fault current caused by failures at the ends of distribution lines.
(2)Suggestions
(a) Proposal on protective relay setting method in consideration of fault current
It is desirable to perform the protective relay setting against fault current in consideration of system
impedance instead of the setting of overload relays designed for overload protection of facilities. If the
relay setting is performed based on fault current, appropriate relay actions can be made against the
failures of facilities and the occurrence of unnecessary power outages can be reduced.
(b)Proposal on the concept of protection coordination

The concept of protection coordination of relays which localizes failure sections should be introduced.
With the selection of optimal protective relays and the setting of time limit, the range of failure removal
can be minimized and the range of power outages when the relays have tripped can be minimized.
It is expected that the technology proposed in (a) and (b) above will be transferred through capacity
building to be achieved by consultants who will be employed in the projects.
8.4 Substation design and construction, operation and maintenance
8.4.1 Design and construction
(1) Current situation

The many substations at YESB have such a simple configuration of one transmission line and one power
transformer because YESB does not possess N-1 policy. Therefore, the reliability of the substations is
low.
YESB is moving forward with new installation and reinforcement projects of substations as the
countermeasure against stagnating overload and increasing load accordingly with 5 year project plan. For
the YESB system improvement, the capacity of transmission line and substation needs to be increased as
8-2
well as expanding 66kV system. Therefore, uprating existing 33kV substation to 66kV and constructing
additional two (2) transmission lines (incoming and outgoing) for one substation are studied.
Air insulated outdoor substation is the standard type of YESB 66kV and 33kV substation. The land space
of existing 33kV substation is not enough for uprating to 66kV, and it is difficult to acquire the additional
land space for a new substation installation because Yangon area is already urbanized. Therefore, all
equipment to be installed must be efficiently packed in a limited land space of the substations.
(2) Suggestions
As described in 4.4.2, the configuration of two transmission lines and two transformers in a substation
would be recommended to be adopted in the future. Desirable substation configuration (single line
diagram) is shown in Figure 4-10.
However, the area of the existing substation is limited and it is difficult to acquire enough land space for
newly installation and expansion of substations, especially in downtown area. Therefore, substation
layout reformation to reduce occupied space is desirable. (AIS can be installed in case of enough land
space.)
In order to reduce the occupied area of substation, the application of GIS for 66kV switchgears is
recommended. The land space necessary for a GIS is smaller than that for AIS (Air insulated switchgears),
and GIS substation is safer and has more harmonic appearance than AIS because there is no bare live part.
(Though GIS is more costly than AIS.)
There are several types of GIS as described in 4.4.2 (3), and the type of GIS is determined by substation
basic design considering the importance, incoming bays, land space, layout, maintainability, frequency of
replacement, and so on. For 66kV switchgears, new compact type GIS and cubicle type GIS (C-GIS) are
half size compared to the conventional type of GIS. Table 8-1 shows the comparison of the types of
66kVswitchgear.
Table 8-1: Comparison of 66kV switchgear
Switch gear GIS
Picture
New compact
type
Conventional type Cubicle type

Space Wide Small Very small
Cost Low High
Easy to carry each Installing bays orderly
Construction
equipment Bus connection work necessary
Routine maintenance Periodical maintenance free for main contacts
Maintenance
Easy to check (driving gear maintenance needed)
Easy to check fault point Need to gas check for finding fault compartment
At accident
Easy to carry in / out Much time for carrying
Enough land space Limited land space
Use
Suburb area City area
Source: JICA survey team
8-3
8.4.2 Facility management

For the maintenance management of power facilities, it is very important to manage the facility data,
drawings, and documents.
As basic drawings, YESB creates and stores the single line diagrams and layout drawings of each
substation. However, the layout drawings include those that have not been updated to the latest state and
have incorrect positional dimensions. Moreover, YESB has not sufficiently controlled documents
including construction work design drawings, operation manuals, and commissioning test reports and has
no records of construction work and repairs.
Regarding the facility data, YESB has created the lists of main equipment such as transformers and circuit
breakers but they lack the records of manufacturers and manufacturing years.
Regarding the failure and fault data, YESB records the occurrences of daily power outages, but the causes
of outages and the fault location and point are not specified for many power outages.
(2) Suggestions
(a) Drawings and documents management
It is recommended to constantly store the single line diagrams and layout drawings in the latest state as
the master drawings at the maintenance offices. The drawings and documents including single line
diagrams, layout diagrams, history records, construction work design drawings, equipment operation
manuals, and commissioning test reports can be used for the operations, maintenance, and construction
work of substations. In addition, the detailed drawings and documents such as work design drawings,
manuals, etc. would have to be stored in substations and/or maintenance offices.
(b) Facility data management

It is required to create the lists of equipment specifications as the facility data. In this survey, the list of
transformer specifications data (including manufacturers and manufacturing years) was created through
the cooperation with YESB. These specifications data can be used for coping with equipment failures and
judging the timing of replacing the equipment. In addition to the list of transformer specifications, it is
recommended to create the lists of substation major equipments (CB, DS, PT, etc.) specifications and
control them as the latest information. Figure 8-1 shows the image of operation of facility data
management. The facility ledger is a master data server, and the facility data can be shared with YESB
employees through the Intranet.
Regarding the failure and fault data, it is desirable to arrange the power outage records and classify the
power outage events. The power outage events classified as failure or fault can be used for estimating the
locations and causes of the failure / fault and as the measures to prevent the recurrence of the failure /
fault and the facility measures (replacement, repairs, etc.).Statistical analysis can be performed by data
management, and the failure and fault data analysis results can be utilized for measures of reliability
improvement.
8-4
Example of transformer data analysis
Spec. data (Same as description in 2.3.1)
Site survey
25
Output 20
15
Dwg data 10
66
Facility
33
ledger 5
Equipment
1936
1958
1961
1962
1967
1969
1978
1980
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
specification 40
Spec. data Basic Data

35
30
Construction drawings analysis

25
20
15
66
10
33
5
Dwg data Input 0
Confirmation
HackBridge England
Savigliano
Marelli
SEM(Repair)
TOSHIBA
BONARLONG
MEIDEN
CHARONCHAI
Belgium
CromptonGreeaves
England
IMP
TRAFO-UNION
Person
SCHORCH
AICHI
YTE
Kagawa
Kawasaki
YUGO(SEM Rep)
CP
Russia(SEM Rep)
Capital Power
DAIHEN
Japan
TIRA THAI
Tusco Trafo(Thai)
Yugo
TA TA
KP Electronic
ABB
HYUNDAI
MINEL
AGE
China
NEW KOREA
Meiden(SEM Rep)
Shikoku
Mendensaha
SEM
Russia
Delta India
(Unknown)
USSR Russia
Source: JICA survey team
Figure 8-1: Image of operation of facility data management
8.4.3 Maintenance improvement

Substation round check (visual inspection) is performed in YESB, however, shutdown maintenance is not
implemented because of system outage (YESB system is not “N-1” system). YESB basically applies CM
(Corrective Maintenance) and BM (Breakdown Maintenance) for substation equipment. Shutdown
maintenance and abnormality check for TBM (Time Based Maintenance) and CBM (Condition Based
Maintenance) are impossible for YESB present network. Considering YESB situation, following
maintenance methods are suggested.
(2) Suggestions
(a) Continuous monitoring for abnormality
When abnormalities, defects, and suspicious things are found at round check of substation, their aspects
should be recorded in detail in continuous monitoring sheet, and continuous monitoring should be
implemented at the future round check.
(b) Open / close operational test at load shedding operation

Open / close operational test for each non-operated circuit breaker for one year is conducted every year
for preventing their operation failures.
In YESB, load shedding is often carried out. YESB staff can check circuit breaker’s open / close operation
at the system operation of load shedding.
(c) Dissolved gas analysis for power transformer

DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) is useful and common external diagnosis for checking transformer
condition. There are two types of DGA methods: high precision type (fixed type in laboratory) and simple
portable type. For YESB, it is easier to introduce portable type DGA instrument and check aged
transformer condition by combustible dissolved gasses generation in insulating oil. Power transformer
8-5
condition can be monitored by applying DGA in YESB transformer maintenance. It would enable YESB
to grasp the internal condition of transformers such as overheating and discharging and to foresee
transformer internal fault by analyzing generated dissolved gasses trend.
Source: www.gedigitalenergy.com/MD.htm
Figure 8-2: Portable type DGA instrument
Table 8-2:Ranges of 90% typical gas configuration values observed in power transformers discribed in
IEC 60599
H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H2 C2H4 CO CO2
50 – 150 30 - 130 20 - 90 2 - 20 60 - 280 400 - 600 3800 -
(No OLTC) 14000
Source: IEC 60599 :1999+A1:2007
(d) Prevention of dust and moisture

There are openings on the substation building wall. Therefore, dust and moisture come into the building.
The condition for equipment and relays is not good. Rust generation, insulation resistance increase,
contact resistance increase might occur, and then, equipment and facilities might deteriorate, and fault and
failure might occur. Countermeasures, such as air conditioner, electric fans with shutter and thermostat,
are desired for preventing from dust and moisture coming.
8.4.4 SF6 gas control

YESB does not have SF6 gas recovery equipment. For internal fault of SF6 gas insulated equipment with
small quantity of SF6 gas such as 33kV GIS, SF6 gas is recovered by using vacuum pump. The number
of 66kV GIS and GCB will increase with 66kV system expansion in the near future.
(2) Suggestions
SF6 gas control is very important and severe because SF6 gas is the most potent greenhouse gas with a
global warming potential of 23 900 times that of CO2. In IEC standard, SF6 gas handling is
standardized in 2013, and the final SF6 gas pressure of recovery (residual pressure) is ruled to be less than
2kPa. (IEC 62271-4 Ed.1.0 (2013) High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 4: Handling procedures
for sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and its mixtures)
In general, utilities purchase SF6 gas recovery equipment with GIS from manufacturer in the world.
8-6
In the proposed substation project, some 66kV GISs will be installed in several substations. One unit of
SF6 gas recovery equipment is to be purchased from each GIS manufacturer and stored in one substation
building or YESB warehouse.
Supervisors of GIS manufacturer come to site at open maintenance of GIS/GCB. SF6 gas handling work
can be also controlled by supervisors. (It needs to be included in the maintenance contract.)
8.4.5 PCB control
PCB control is described in Appended Table-1 in 6.7.1 and Appended Table-2 in 6.8.

Production of PCB-contained oil and PCB-used equipment was discontinued worldwide by 1980.
Therefore, there is a possibility that PCB is contained in equipment that was manufactured before 1980.
Moreover, since YESB reuses the insulating oil extracted from repaired and removed equipment after its
purification using the sole purification system, it cannot be denied that PCB-contained recycled insulating
oil is also refilled to the equipment that was manufactured after 1980 if the internal parts were repaired in
house. Namely, it can be judged that PCB is not contained in the equipment only when it was
manufactured after 1980 and has not been repaired.
(2) Suggestions
The following measures can be proposed.
(i) The manufacturing year and repair history of insulating oil-used equipment should be managed
(ii) The equipment whose manufacturing year is 1979 or before and the equipment whose manufacturing
year is 1980 or after of which internal repair is performed after installation, should be all subject to PCB
management.
As the current measures until PCB contamination analysis is commonly performed in Myanmar and PCB
detoxification treatment facilities is established in the future, it is desired to secure a site of sufficient area
and store equipment that may contain PCB in the site by clearing distinguishing it from other materials
after taking measures for preventing the scattering and leak of insulating oil contained in the equipment.
Moreover, in order not to contaminate the equipment in which no PCB is contained, with PCB, new oil
should be used as insulating oil that will be refilled to repaired equipment. Also, it is desired that the
insulating oil extracted from the equipment subject to PCB management is not reused (the use of old oil
for oil purification devices is also prohibited) and stored and managed in the same way as the equipment
subject to PCB management.
8.5 Operation of distribution lines
YESB has been studying the measures to reduce power loss and trying some of them but not yet
determined specific implementing methods as its standards. Meanwhile, supply voltage is not controlled
8-7
in a proper range, since even the law doesn’t define it.
Moreover, when failures occur in the middle of voltage distribution lines, a lack of switches could cause
larger scale power outages for longer hours which would otherwise have been prevented.
(2)Suggestions and effects

(a)Loss reduction, voltage drop improvement and public safety enhancement
The study team would like to propose the following measures simultaneously with installing the
multi-transformer system in which amorphous transformers are applied aiming for a lower distribution
loss. (For its detail, see 5.2.2 Introduction of multi-transformer system)
 Apply insulation coated wires to low-voltage lines when replacing existing bare wires in
concurrence with the installation of the multi-transformer system in order to avoid grounding
fault due to touching trees or the lines and to avoid electricity theft.
 Limit the number of models of LV lines and apply them as their standard models. Keep all the
data, such as the model, size and length, together with the contract information of the customer
when replacing LV lines in order to control voltage drops.
 Consider the connections of three-phase service wires when replacing LV lines and swap the
connection of each phase if necessary in order to reduce unbalance currents in three phases.
 Check the existing service wires on site one by one in order to reduce electricity theft and see if
they match to the information of customer contracts when reconnecting service lines from old
wires to new one.
 Apply parallel joint connectors, which don't require any special technique, when reconnecting
service wires to LV lines in order to improve the connection quality and to reduce contact
resistance and errors caused by inadequate connections and to find electricity thefts easily. (If
the parallel joint connectors with torque control are introduced, the connecting can be performed
easily and the contact resistance can be improved uniformly.)
The measures mentioned above would reduce both technical and non-technical loss, securing public
safety, reducing fault outage, and improving voltage drop. Furthermore, it is desirable to develop
multi-transformer system and amorphous transformers together with performing these measures to all
townships under the control of YESB. In addition, with the technology transfer from the consultants when
the projects are implemented, YESB engineers can enhance their skills and the facilities can be efficiently
developed.
(b)Outage time shortening

According to the importance and the failure frequency of middle voltage lines, YESB is recommended to
introduce section switches such as time sequential re-closers and over-current indicators as fault detectors
into the middle voltage lines. (See 4.4.1 Standardization of power distribution facilities (4)). With the
introduction, it is expected that YESB can quickly identify the sections of failures, shorten the power
outage time, and limit the power outage range.
8-8
8.6 Training programs and training center, and introducing special purpose vehicles
YESB holds group trainings on engineers and workers, but they learn a lot more through On-the-Job
Training at site. Group trainings on engineers and workers in some particular level are held two to three
times a year, and the durations are about two weeks each time as described in 5.6 of this report.
There are training facilities adjacent to the 230 kV Hlaing Thayar substation in the Yangon City. There are
one-storied training center, with lecture rooms and exhibition rooms for some electric gears. In addition,
there are some practical training facilities such as distribution overhead lines / poles and substation
facilities. However, these facilities are used only with low frequency. YESB needs practical training
facilities which are identical to real ones. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance and make effective use of
the practical training facilities.
(2)Suggestions
In accordance with the classification and the necessary material for each class’s training, it is proposed
that YESB provide the education and training to engineers and workers as follows.
 Enhancing the know-how through practices of administration of substation construction work

and operation maintenance after the start of operation
 Enhancing the technique for executing the plan, design, construction management, inspection,
etc.
 Acquiring the know-how for formulating the order planning to cope with the increase of
substation and distribution line work volume
 Executing the construction work through the on-the-job training of workers to strengthen the
technical capabilities
 Acquiring the know-how for grasping the entire description of work in the projects and creating
systematic construction plans
Moreover, as special-purpose vehicles, it is proposed that YESB introduce pole construction trucks for
power distribution poles, small excavators, transport truck for small excavators and mobile substation
which consist of vehicle equipped with 33/11-6.6kV 10MVA power transformers, truck mounted 11kV
switchgear cubicles and XLPE power cables, in order to enhance the ability of construction.
The training for handling special-purpose vehicles to be introduced will be supported by the consultants
to be employed at the project implementation.
8.7 Environmental Management
In Myanmar, as described in Section 6.2.1.2, a bylaw on Environmental Impact Assessment, the EIA
Procedure, is being prepared in accordance with the Environmental Conservation Law by the
Environmental Conservation Department of MOECAF. The ECD aims to finalize the draft EIA procedure
by the end of 2014 and enact it as bylaw in 2015. After its enactment, an EIA will be required before
8-9
YESB implements any new projects and business operation, including large-scale refurbishment and
upgrading projects for existing facilities. In addition to the national legislation, anytime YESB apply for
assistance of international banks or assisting agencies to YESB’s projects and business activities, it will
also be one of preconditions for their assistance that YESB should implement an EIA, according to the
environmental guidelines of concerned assisting agency.
Further, YESB’s environmental management activities, such as disposal of insulating oil and waste
materials and PCB management, also need to be strengthened in consideration of the formulation of
national environmental conservation rules (ECR) or the assistance of international organizations. Such
environmental management relates to YESB’s overall business operation, as well as to environmental and
social considerations for a new project; namely EIA and Environmental Management Plan in project
planning, or environmental monitoring during and after project implementation.
In accord with the above situation, YESB will need to develop the organizational scheme and human
resources that can correspond to such tasks in a few years to come. Since the EIA system has not existed
in Myanmar Legislation up to now, YESB is not currently equipped with the specialized unit and
manpower to implement environmental and social considerations, environmental management and EIA.
Therefore, the Study recommends that YESB will take the necessary measures to build up organization
and human resources as follows.
(1) Specialized fields to be built up

The capacity improvements are advisable in the fields listed in the below table, as to the specialized fields
expected to be built up by a human resources development plan.
Related fields Examples of concerned items

Environmental Considerations on natural water environment, ecological environment,
and social environment
considerations natural protected area
(ESC) Pollution control insulating oil (water pollution, soil contamination, and
solid waste), noise control
Considerations on social public consultation, safety management, considerations
environment on local communities and the socially vulnerable
Environmental monitoring environmental standards
EIA system legislative scheme (domestic laws and regulations, and
international standards and guidelines)
Environmental management PCB management and measures for controlling
greenhouse gases (SF6/ sulfur hexafluoride)
(2) Necessary human resources and organizational unit

There are two large fields in EIA; namely environmental considerations and social ones. Since the former
field relates to natural environmental impacts and pollution control measures, it requires the capacity
improvement of human resources who have broad knowledge and skills in ecological and chemical
8-10
matters. On the other hand, since the latter does to the comprehension of social impacts and consensus
building in stakeholders, it requires the personnel who have had special training in social science, social
survey and expertise in public consultation. Those who have specialized knowledge in either
environmental or social considerations can also contribute to the environmental management activities in
respective fields. In addition to such personnel as above, it is also recommendable to develop the
personnel who are trained specifically for the EIA system because what is required in implementation of
an EIA process contains the complex process management consisting of relevant laws and regulations,
comprehension of national and international standards, assessment of impacts and related permits and
procedures.
With respect to environmental management, the appointment of personnel in charge for PCB management
is strongly advised. In case of Japan, the related law stipulates that any business entity who generates
wastes suspected to contain PCB shall appoint a ‘chief administrator of industrial waste subject to special
control’. The responsibility of the chief administrator consists in 1) comprehension of industrial wastes
subject to special control; 2) planning the management plan of industrial wastes subject to special control;
and 3) ensuring of proper management, comprised of confirming storage conditions and issuance of
manifesto and storage. Since the personnel in charge for PCB management is required of a grave
responsibility and authority for the sake of strict management of the material and suspected wastes, it is
advisable to appoint a high official to the position from one of deputy-chief-engineers or directors at
concerned departments in YESB.
Considering all the above, the Study recommends that YESB will develop a unit with 3 to 5 staffs
specially trained for supervising EIA and environmental management activities concerning YESB
business operation. It may be suggested for the unit to set in as ‘environmental management unit’ under
the Administration Department, distinct from public relations duties, or under Planning and Engineering
Divisions.
8-11
Appendix
Duties and Responsibilities of Distribution Department
Deputy Chief Engineer
Superintendent Engineer
Deputy Chief Engineer 1 Superintendent Engineer
Network
Network
Control
Control
Section
Division Distribution Division
System Network and Substation Street Lighting Mobile (Emergency Construction Substation 24 hrs
Control Section Section Section Small Substation Maintenance Maintenance
Generator) Section Section
Section Section
1. Repairing and 1. Performing 1. Checking and 1. Providing spare 1. Maintenance 1. Standby 24

regular power repairing street 1. Building new hrs services for
maintaining the power diesel generators and repairing
distribution. lights of main minor sub-stations on power lines,
power lines.
lines. for special
2. Performing roads and substations to sub-stations of
2. Trying quickly to regain occasions not to daily, weekly,
1
maintenance streets. Also improve power Yangon city if

quicklyintocase of power
power happen power monthly basis to
works to perform system of Yangon enable to supply they break
regaindown.
break power in break down.
distribute extension of city. all of the down.
case
3. Checking
of power and giving
break down.for those who
permission power without street light in consumers
3. Checking
apply for newandtransformers. interruption. needed areas. continuously.
giving
3. Checking and giving
permission for Power
those who
System Improvement
apply
for newto improve power
works
transformers.
system.
3. Organizing
4. Checking and power break
giving list of state-owned
down
permission
factories, universities,
for
Power System
universities, colleagues,
Improvement
schools, embassies,
works to
government servants'
improve power
housings, CNG shops, river
system.
irrigation.
Appendix 2-1
4. Organizing reports of
5.
power break down for each
down list of
township.
state-owned
factories,
universities,
Duties and Responsibilities of Planning Department
Assistant
Deputy Chief Engineer 1
Superintendent Engineer Superintendent

Engineer
1
Network Planning and Networking Analysis Division Implementation

Implementation
Section
Division
(SE-1)
Statistic Planning Network Network Planning Engineer Over Head Underground Major S/S Computer Training Section
Section Analyzing & Design Section Budget Section Section Section Construction Section
Section Section
1. Organizing data 1. Record 1. Record and draw 1. Preparing 1. Building 1. Building new 1. Conducting 1. Organizing 1. Providing
and list of major sub- electric network of power budgets for new over underground surveys, data regarding training courses
stations and shock and supply for Yangon engineering head power lines. analyzing data major sub- of engineering
transformers. make Division. activities. lines 2. Maintenance and information stations and skills.
2
2. Record keeping of analysis so 2. Analyzing, 2. Allowance of 2. and repairing and submission transformers. 2. Providing
extended sub- that review and present expenditures Maintenance underground of project 2. Keeping training courses
stations, instructions about sub-stations according to and cable. proposal to records the for other staff's
transformers and come out. and power lines budget through repairing construct major extended sub- skills.
power lines. 2. Making which are request. over head sub-stations. stations, 3. Performing
3. Organizing and record and necessary to 3. Keeping lines. transformers the task of
presenting of reports analysis of extend account of and power lines. management.
every three and four daily power construction. financial facts 3. Keeping
months regarding production 3. Drawing layouts and figures. records the data
engineering aspects. and usage. of those extended 4. Checking the of daily power
4. Organizing and 3. Record constructions. skills of production and
presenting of list and analysis 4. Record keeping estimating consumption.
implementation on of voltage of main sub- budget 4. Keeping
economic projects. and load of stations and main 5. Organizing records and
5. Organize and sub-stations power lines. P.O of organizing data
present needed and 5. Submit report engineering. of receiving
equipments of sub- transformers about sub-stations units and selling
sections. Coordinated . and power lines units and
Appendix 2-1
and request for those equipments to calculate the
needs. Collect data Specification losses.
and list of them. Technical
Committee.
Duties and Responsibilities of Testing and General Services Department
Superintendent Engineer Superintendent Engineer Superintendent Engineer
Testing and Commissioning Sub-Division General Services Sub-Division Civil Sub-Division
Testing and Communication Unit Losses Control Meter Section Production

Production Main repairing
Commissioning Section Section Workshop
Workshop Section
Section Workshop Section
Section
1. Checking both 1. Performing 1. Checking

1. Checking
the powerthe 1. Checking and 1. Production of 1. Major repairing
losses controlling
power losses work in 1. Construction,
old and new the tasks of giving permission accessories for of out of order or
every township.
controlling work maintenance
meters. computerizing applications for sub-stations. damaged and repairing
2. Checking the 2. Carrying out 2. Sealing
in every single phase two 2. Production of equipments of
3
3. Changing
township.
the the new offices,
meters which communication wires lighting accessories for sub-stations,
stopped/broken
2. Sealingmeters. government
stopped or not works to be meter (1p2w), distribution lines. transformers. servants'
properly work. efficient. 4. Checking
3. Changing
and carrying
the three phases four 3. Production of
out installation
stopped/broken
of housing.
3. Field visiting wires commercial accessories for
requiredmeters.
meters to get 2. Building the
for checking meters and meter. foundation of
meters. receiving
4. Checking
units properly
and industrial use.
sub-stations and
4. Providing in sub-stations.
carrying out 2. Checking and
5. Checking
installation
illegal use
of of also doing
testing and giving permission
repairing and
supporting power. required meters for installation of
maintenance
materials which 6. Calculation
to get receiving
and temporary meters.
Checkingunits
on power
properly
unit
in tasks.
are needed in 3. Checking and
differences
sub-stations.
between 3. Preparing the
each township giving permission
meeting room.
offices. check- meter
5. Checking
and each to change of
lightingillegal
meteruse of of 4. Arranging to
temporary meter to
condominium.
power. get water
permanent meter.
supply for
7. Checking
6. Calculation
the 4. Checking and
government
Government
and Checking
servants'on giving permission
meter. power unit servants'
for advertising
Appendix 2-1
housing.
8. Checkdifferences
on issues of no signboards lighting.
meter unit
between
even using
check-
high load.
meter and each
lighting meter of
condominium.
Example of Monitoring Form for Construction Phase and Operation Phase
The latest results of the below monitoring items shall be submitted to JICA as part of Quarterly Progress Report throughout the construction phase
1. Monitoring of Construction Activities
1.1 Overall Monitoring for Construction Activities

Monitoring Item Monitoring method Measures to be taken Frequency
General performance of Visiting project sites and monitoring Once before
mitigation plan and activities of implementation agencies construction
monitoring plan
Sample inquiries to the inhabitants Monthly during
living around the project sites construction
Listing unexpected issues to be taken and Once after

measures that are not identified in construction
the original mitigation and
monitoring plans
1
Appendix 6-1
1.2 Air Quality (dust)
Monitoring Plan
Method / Reference Responsible Reporting interval to
Indicator Location
Frequency Standard Agency JICA office
substations in crowded Once in peak work period

use of dust-block N/A YESB once every 3 months
residential or commercial area for each substation
Monitoring Form
Location Contents of work Proper implementation of
Date of work period Contractor name
(name of SS) in peak work day mitigation measures
From (201*/ **/**) Describe:  Describe what dust block was used
To (201*/**/**) ( )
Peak work date  Describe how dust block was used
201*/ **/** ( )
Note: Records of SS works in every 3 months should be summarized by YESB to report to JICA
Monitoring Plan
Indicator Location
2

advance notice to adjacent
houses / shops adjacent to
building and houses Once per month N/A YESB once every 3 months
substations in crowded area
on work schedule
Monitoring Form
Location Proper implementation of
(name of SS) mitigation measures
Date of advance notice to the surrounding communities: 201*/ **/**
How was advance notice made:
 Used media (visit/ telephone/ announcement paper/ or other )
 Area of notified ( )
From (201*/ **/**)
 What was informed (check item that applied√ ) Monitors
To (201*/**/**)
 Work schedule ( )
 Contents of work ( )
 Safety caution ( ) YESB
Appendix 6-1
 Other ( )
Note: Records of SS works in every 3 months should be summarized by YESB to report to JICA. Attach the information material used at work site to the
report.
1.3 Wastes
(1) construction waste
Monitoring Plan
Indicator Location
all construction sites of at end of construction period
procedure of disposal N/A YESB once every 3 months
substations, T/L and D/L for each site
Monitoring Form
List up wastes Describe the way
Location Take photos of wastes before and
Date of that were of disposal,
(name of after disposal Contractor name
work period generated for each type of waste
SS/TL/DL) And attach them here
in the work respectively
From (201*/ **/**)

Photo
To (201*/**/**)
Note: Records of works in every 3 months should be summarized by YESB to report to JICA.
(2) PCBs
3
Monitoring Plan
Method / Responsible Reporting interval
Indicator Location Reference Standard
Frequency Agency to JICA office
storage spaces (temporary and After replacement at each site and once per No concrete
designated by YESB) month in the storage place standards/ Stockholm
PCB once every 3
for concerned equipment / to keep traceability and monitor safe Convention on YESB
Management months
(refer to the mitigation plan on storage conditions of the concerned Persistent Organic
the Appended Table-2) equipment Pollutants
Monitoring Form
List of replaced equipment Location the equipment are Current conditions of
Storage place
concerned replaced (name/site of SS/ TL/DL) the concerned equipment
Is the list properly updated after Describe conditions of Conditions of stored equipment concerned at
replacement each site? storage place YESB storage
Note: List should include type of Record of outsourcing conditions to
Appendix 6-1
equipment, manufacturing year transformer manufacturers
and repair history of the equipment
concerned
Note: Records of works in every 3 months should be summarized by YESB to report to JICA. Attach the list of relevant equipment and inspection records.
1.4 Noise and Vibration
Monitoring Plan
Method / Country Responsible Reporting interval
Frequency standard Agency to JICA office
Once in peak work 10 hours
work time substations in crowded
period N/A between 7:00 and 19:00 YESB once every 3 months
constraint residential or commercial area
for each substation Japan/ IFC criteria referred
Monitoring Form
Location Contents of work Working hours
(name of SS) in peak work day on the peak day
From (201*/ **/**) Describe:
To (201*/**/**)
Between **:** and **:**
Peak work date
201*/ **/**
Note: Records of SS works in every 3 months should be summarized by YESB to report to JICA
1.5 Accident (underground cable installation)

Monitoring Plan
Method / Reference Responsible Reporting interval to JICA
4
Indicator Location
Frequency Standard Agency office
along incoming and outgoing
Prior to excavation
attendance of utility agent T/L of substations and D/L N/A YESB once every 3 months
at underground cables to be installed
in crowded area
Monitoring Form
Location
Contents of Work Utility agent who attended Describe trouble, if any YESB Division in charge
(cable installation)
Appendix 6-1
1.6 Working Environment / Accidents (Safety Measures)
Monitoring Plan
Method / Reference Reporting interval
Item Indicator Location Responsible Agency
Frequency Standard to JICA office
all construction sites
advance safety once every 3
of substations, T/L Prior to work at every site YESB
management plan months
and D/L ILO Guidelines
around construction Safety and
sites Health in
use of safety sign and once every 3
at substations in Prior to work at every site Construction YESB
measures months
safety measures crowded area and
along T/L
advance notice
to adjacent community adjacent
once every 3
community to substations in Prior to work at every site N/A YESB
months
on work schedule crowded area
and safety caution
Monitoring Form 1 for safety measures
Location and date of Improvement measures
Indicator Safety measures taken Accidents case Contractor name
5
construction work taken after accidents

 advance safety management Location:  No of incidents
plan  Type of incidents
 use of safety sign and From (201*/ **/**)
measures To (201*/**/**)
Monitoring Form 2 for safety measures
Location of Proper implementation of
work mitigation measures
From (201*/ **/**) Date of advance notice to the surrounding communities: 201*/ **/**
To (201*/**/**) How was advance notice made:
(3) Used media (visit/ telephone/ announcement paper/ or other )
Type of (4) Area of notified ( )
Monitors
construction work (5) What was informed (check item that applied√ )
 Work schedule ( )
 Contents of work ( )
YESB
Appendix 6-1
 Safety caution ( )
 Other ( )
Note: Records of works in every 3 months should be summarized by YESB to report to JICA. Attach the information material used at work site to the report.
2. Monitoring during Operation Activities
2.1 Water Quality / Soil Contamination (Management of Insulating Oil)

Monitoring Plan
Method / Reporting interval
Indicator Location Reference Standard Responsible Agency
Frequency to JICA office
under/around
once every 6
leakage of insulation oil electric transformer once every month to be checked YESB
months
and oil-circuit breaker
Monitoring Form
List of Electric Record of round inspection Remedial measures taken
Transformer and with the listed equipment Trouble case YESB Division in charge
for the trouble
Oil-Circuit Breakers
<Corresponding list <Corresponding inspection

should be attached> record should be attached>
2.2 Wastes (PCBs)

6
Monitoring Plan
Method / Responsible Reporting interval
Frequency Agency to JICA office
No concrete
the storage space designated by
once per month in the storage place standards/ Stockholm
PCB YESB for concerned equipment once every 6
/ to keep traceability and monitor safe storage Convention on YESB
Management (refer to the mitigation plan on months
conditions of the concerned equipment Persistent Organic
the Appended Table-2)
Pollutants
Monitoring Form
Current conditions of
List of replaced equipment concerned Storage place
the concerned equipment
Is the list properly updated monthly? Describe conditions of Conditions of stored equipment concerned at YESB
storage place storage
Note: List should include type of equipment,

manufacturing year and repair history of the Record of outsourcing conditions to transformer
manufacturers
Appendix 6-1
equipment concerned
2.3 Topography and Geology (Slope Protection)
Monitoring Plan
once per month in rainy
steel towers to be season and once per 3
Slope protection installed at a river months in dry season / to once every 6
N/A YESB
measures crossing along T/L to monitor slope protection months
Kyaikkasan SS measures around the steel
tower concerned
Monitoring Form
Location Description of slope condition at the location Measures to be taken
(if any problems identified)
Steel towers having installed Describe the slope conditions around the steel Describe measure to be taken:
at a river crossing towers concerned - When it should be taken?
along T/L to Kyaikkasan SS
- How it should be taken?
Describe the basement conditions of the steel
7
towers concerned
(Describe measures taken, if already done)
2.4 Land use and utilization of local resources (safety measures for traffic and pedestrian)
Monitoring Plan
Once at the end of
where the new or
construction period and
reformed concrete poles
Safety sign boards once per 6 months once every 6
of T/L and D/L will limit N/A YESB/ YCDC
for traffic and pedestrian / to monitor the safety months
the road side space for
conditions of pedestrian
pedestrian
and safety signboards
Appendix 6-1
Monitoring Form
Safety measures taken Current conditions of
Locations Photo at the sites
for pedestrian and traffic pedestrian and traffic safety
List Describe measures taken Describe current conditions of
identified locations of limited road side at each sites concerned traffic and pedestrian at the sites
space due to installed concrete poles of such as safety signboards
T/L and D/L
Note: Records of works in every 6 months should be summarized by YESB to report to JICA. Attach the list of relevant locations and inspection records.
2.5 Management of SF6 (GHG)

Monitoring Plan
Method / Reference Reporting interval
Indicator Location Responsible Agency
Frequency Standard to JICA office
degradation of gas-circuit breaker Kyoto Protocol and once every 6

gas-circuit breaker once every month YESB
(container of SF6 gas) IPCC Guidelines months
8
Monitoring Form
Record of round inspection Remedial measures taken
List of Gas-Circuit Trouble case YESB Division in charge
with the listed equipment for the trouble
Breakers
<Corresponding list
<Corresponding inspection
should be attached>
record should be attached>
Appendix 6-1

Republic of The Union of Myanmar Preparatory Survey For Power Improvement Project in The Greater Yangon

Uploaded by

Republic of The Union of Myanmar Preparatory Survey For Power Improvement Project in The Greater Yangon

Uploaded by

Yangon City Electricity Supply Board

Ministry of Electric Power

Republic of the Union of Myanmar

Preparatory Survey for

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.

Chapter 2 Present Status ........................................................................................................ 2-1

Chapter 3 Demand Forecast .................................................................................................. 3-1

Chapter 4 Distribution Networks Development Plan .......................................................... 4-1

Chapter 5 Candidate Project for Japanese ODA Loan ....................................................... 5-1

Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Considerations ......................................................... 6-1

Chapter 7 Project Evaluation ................................................................................................ 7-1

Table 1-1: Counterpart Team Members ..................................................................................................... 1-4

(1) Objectives of this survey

33 townships in the Yangon City, Myanmar

Yangon City Electricity Supply Board (YESB)

1.2 Study schedule

Selection of Basic design Sharing the

Figure 1-1: Study schedule

Collection of basic information

Formulation of priority investment plan Detailedsurvey for candidate projects

Detailed survey related to candidate

Current distribution networks 2)Formulation of the construction

Proposal related to the project

Stage of approving the priority investment

Stage of authorization and proposals

Proposals related to the Yangon power distribution project/

Source: JICA study team

Figure 1-2: Overall flow of the survey

Table 1-1: Counterpart Team Members

Economic and financial

Environmental and social

Chairman AA BB AA:Number of officer, BB : Number of staff

Department Vice Appoint

Head Office (4) Districts

Deputy Chief Deputy Chief Deputy Chief

Superintending Superintending Superintending

Material Testing &

Figure 2-1: Organization Chart of Yangon Electricity Supply Board

Yangon Ci ty El ectr i city Suppl y Boar d

1 Deputy Chief Engineer 1

1 Superintendent Engineer 1 1 Superintendent Engineer 1

System Network & Control Sub-Division Distribution Sub-Division

Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive

Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive

A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant

24 Employee 10 128 Employee 82 54 Employee 24 48 Employee 20 54 Employee 20 48 Employee 20 62 Employee 39

Number in lef t: Fixed seat, Number in right: A ppointed seat

Yangon Ci ty El ectr i city Suppl y Boar d

1 Deputy Chief Engineer 1

1 Superintendent Engineer 1 1 Superintendent Engineer 1

Network Planning and Networking A nalysis Sub-Division I mplementation Sub-Division

Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive

Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive

A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant

Number in lef t: Fixed seat, Number in right: A ppointed seat

Yangon Ci ty El ectr i city Suppl y Boar d

1 Deputy Chief Engineer 1

1 Superintendent Engineer 0 1 Superintendent Engineer 1 1 Superintendent Engineer 1

Testing and Commissioning Sub-Division General Services Sub-Division Civil Sub-Division

Testing and Communication Unit Losses Production Main Repairing

Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive

Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive

A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant A ssistant

43 Employee 11 6 Employee 2 6 Employee 2 22 Employee 10 15 Employee 4 11 Employee 4 34 Employee 18

Number in lef t: Fixed seat, Number in right: A ppointed seat

2.2.1 Trend of the Yangon City Demand

 Power cuts due to facilities malfunction and insufficient demand

2.2.2 Load Shedding/Power Cuts

2.2.3 Load Curve

300 Street light

300 Street light

2.3 Present status of electric power facilities in YESB

2.3.1 Industrial Zones

Figure 2-8: Power supply to the Industrial Zones from YESB

Table 2-2: Industrial Zones in Yangon