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Chapter Content

 Real Vector Spaces

 Subspaces
 Linear Independence
 Basis and Dimension
 Row Space, Column Space, and Nullspace
 Rank and Nullity

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 5-2 Subspaces
 A subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace of V if W is itself a
vector space under the addition and scalar multiplication defined on V.

 Theorem 5.2.1
 If W is a set of one or more vectors from a vector space V, then W is
a subspace of V if and only if the following conditions hold:
a) If u and v are vectors in W, then u + v is in W.
b) If k is any scalar and u is any vector in W , then ku is in W.

 Remark
 W is a subspace of V if and only if W is a closed under addition
(condition (a)) and closed under scalar multiplication (condition (b)).

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5-2 Example 1
 Let W be any plane through the
origin and let u and v be any
vectors in W.
 u + v must lie in W since it is the
diagonal of the parallelogram
determined by u and v, and k u
must line in W for any scalar k
since k u lies on a line through u.


 Thus, W is closed under addition

and scalar multiplication, so it is
a subspace of R3.
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5-2 Example 2

 A line through the origin of R3 is a subspace of R3.

 Let W be a line through the origin of R3.

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5-2 Example 3 (Not a Subspace)

 Let W be the set of all points

(x, y) in R2 such that x  0
and y  0. These are the
points in the first quadrant.
 The set W is not a subspace
of R2 since it is not closed
under scalar multiplication.
 For example, v = (1, 1) lines
in W, but its negative (-1)v =
-v = (-1, -1) does not.

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5-2 Subspace Remarks
Think about “set” and “empty set”!

 Every nonzero vector space V has at least two subspace: V itself is a

subspace, and the set {0} consisting of just the zero vector in V is a
subspace called the zero subspace.
 Examples of subspaces of R2 and R3:
 Subspaces of R2:
 {0}

 Lines through the origin

 R2

 Subspaces of R3:
 {0}

 Lines through the origin

 Planes through origin

 R3

 They are actually the only subspaces of R2 and R3

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5-2 Example 4 (Subspaces of Mnn)
 The sum of two symmetric matrices is symmetric, and a
scalar multiple of a symmetric matrix is symmetric.
 => the set of nn symmetric matrices is a subspace of the
vector space Mnn of nn matrices.

 Subspaces of Mnn
 the set of nn upper triangular matrices
 the set of nn lower triangular matrices
 the set of nn diagonal matrices

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5-2 Example 5
 A subspace of polynomials of degree  n
 Let n be a nonnegative integer
 Let W consist of all functions expression in the form
p(x) = a0+a1x+…+anxn
=> W is a subspace of the vector space of all real-valued
functions discussed in Example 4 of the preceding section.

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5-2 Example 5

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Exercise 5.2

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Solution

(c) Yes it is a subspace

(d) Not a subspace 12
Exercise 5.2

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Solution

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Solution

(e) Not a subspace

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Exercise 5.2

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Solution

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Solution

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Solution

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Solution

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Exercise 5.2

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Solution

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5-2 Solution Space
 Solution Space of Homogeneous Systems
 If Ax = b is a system of the linear equations, then each
vector x that satisfies this equation is called a solution
vector of the system.
 Theorem 5.2.2 shows that the solution vectors of a
homogeneous linear system form a vector space, which we
shall call the solution space of the system.

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Theorem 5.2.2
 If Ax = 0 is a homogeneous linear system of m
equations in n unknowns, then the set of solution
vectors is a subspace of Rn.

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5-2 Example 7
 Find the solution spaces of the linear systems.
1 - 2 3   x  0 1 - 2 3   x   0
(a) 
 2 - 4 6   y   0
     (b) 
 -3 7 8   y    0
    

3 - 6 9   
z  
0
 
-2 4 -6   
z  
 0

1 - 2 3   x  0 0 0 0   x  0
(c) 
 -3 7 -8   y   0
     (d) 
 0 0 0   y   0
    

4 1 2   
z  
0
 
0 0 0   
z  
0

 Each of these systems has three unknowns, so the solutions form

subspaces of R3.
 Geometrically, each solution space must be a line through the origin,
a plane through the origin, the origin only, or all of R3.

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Solution of 7(c)

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Solution of 7(a)

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Solution of 7(b)

x = -5t , y = -t, z =t
which are parametric equations for the line through the origin
parallel to the vector v = (-5, -1, 1).

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Solution of 7(d)

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5-2 Example 7
 Find the solution spaces of the linear systems.
1 - 2 3   x  0 1 - 2 3   x   0
(a) 
 2 - 4 6   y   0
     (b) 
 -3 7 8   y    0
    

3 - 6 9   
z  
0
 
-2 4 -6   
z  
 0

1 - 2 3   x  0 0 0 0   x  0
(c) 
 -3 7 -8   y   0
     (d) 
 0 0 0   y   0
    

4 1 2   
z  
0
 
0 0 0   
z  
0

 Each of these systems has three unknowns, so the solutions form

subspaces of R3.
 Geometrically, each solution space must be a line through the origin,
a plane through the origin, the origin only, or all of R3.

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5-2 Example 7 (continue)
Solution.
(a) x = 2s - 3t, y = s, z = t
x = 2y - 3z or x – 2y + 3z = 0
This is the equation of the plane through the origin with
n = (1, -2, 3) as a normal vector.
(b) x = -5t , y = -t, z =t
which are parametric equations for the line through the origin parallel
to the vector v = (-5, -1, 1).
(c) The solution is x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, so the solution space is the origin
only, that is {0}.
(d) The solution are x = r , y = s, z = t, where r, s, and t have arbitrary
values, so the solution space is all of R3.

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Exercise 5.2

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Exercise 5.2

Solution of 6 (c)

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Exercise 5.2

Solution of 6 (e)

Solution of Null space is a line through the origin

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5-2 Linear Combination

 A vector w is a linear combination of the vectors v1, v2,…, vr

if it can be expressed in the form w = k1v1 + k2v2 + · · · + kr vr
where k1, k2, …, kr are scalars.

 Example 8 (Vectors in R3 are linear combinations of i, j, and k)

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 Every vector v = (a, b, c) in R is expressible as a linear

combination of the standard basis vectors

i = (1, 0, 0), j = (0, 1, 0), k = (0, 0, 1)
since
v = a(1, 0, 0) + b(0, 1, 0) + c(0, 0, 1) = a i + b j + c k

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 A subspace of polynomials of degree  n
 Let n be a nonnegative integer
 Let W consist of all functions expression in the form
p(x) = a0+a1x+…+anxn
=> W is a subspace of the vector space of all real-valued
functions discussed in Example 4 of the preceding section.

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5-2 Example 9
 Consider the vectors u = (1, 2, -1) and v = (6, 4, 2) in R3.
Show that w = (9, 2, 7) is a linear combination of u and v and
that w = (4, -1, 8) is not a linear combination of u and v.

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5-2 Example 9
 Consider the vectors u = (1, 2, -1) and v = (6, 4, 2) in R3.
Show that w = (9, 2, 7) is a linear combination of u and v and
that w = (4, -1, 8) is not a linear combination of u and v.

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Exercise 5.2

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Solution

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Solution

7 b) Yes
7 d) Yes 47
Exercise 5.2

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Solution

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Solution

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Theorem 5.2.3
 If v1, v2, …, vr are vectors in a vector space V, then:
 The set W of all linear combinations of v1, v2, …, vr is a subspace
of V.
 W is the smallest subspace of V that contain v1, v2, …, vr in the
sense that every other subspace of V that contain v1, v2, …, vr
must contain W.

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5-2 Linear Combination and Spanning
 If S = {v1, v2, …, vr} is a set of vectors in a vector space V,
then the subspace W of V containing of all linear combination
of these vectors in S is called the space spanned by v1, v2, …,
vr, and we say that the vectors v1, v2, …, vr span W.

 To indicate that W is the space spanned by the vectors in the

set S = {v1, v2, …, vr}, we write W = span(S) or W = span{v1,
v2, …, vr}.

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5-2 Example 10
 If v1 and v2 are non-collinear vectors in R3 with their initial points at
the origin
 span{v1, v2}, which consists of all linear combinations k1v1 + k2v2
is the plane determined by v1 and v2.
 Similarly, if v is a nonzero vector in R2 and R3, then span{v}, which
is the set of all scalar multiples kv, is the linear determined by v.

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5-2 Example 11
 Spanning set for Pn
 The polynomials 1, x, x2, …, xn span the vector space Pn
defined in Example 5
Example 5 (below)

 A subspace of polynomials of degree  n

 Let n be a nonnegative integer
 Let W consist of all functions expression in the form
p(x) = a0+a1x+…+anxn
=> W is a subspace of the vector space of all real-valued
functions discussed in Example 4 of the preceding section.

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5-2 Example 12
 Determine whether v1 = (1, 1, 2), v2 = (1, 0, 1), and v3 = (2, 1, 3)
span the vector space R3.

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5-2 Example 12
 Determine whether v1 = (1, 1, 2), v2 = (1, 0, 1), and v3 = (2, 1, 3)
span the vector space R3.

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Theorem 5.2.4

 If S = {v1, v2, …, vr} and S = {w1, w2, …, wr} are two

sets of vector in a vector space V, then
span{v1, v2, …, vr} = span{w1, w2, …, wr}
if and only if each vector in S is a linear combination of
these in S and each vector in S is a linear combination of
these in S.

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Exercise 5.2

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Exercise 5.2

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Exercise 5.2

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Exercise 5.2

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Exercise 5.2

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Exercise 5.2

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Exercise 5.2

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Solution

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 Assignments

 Exercise-5.2: Examples 1 – 12 (Pages 351-361)

 Exercise-5.2: Problems 1– 24 (Pages 362-367)

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