GLOBALIZATION

DR. NELIA M. PELIPADA

 Globalization
Globalization is defined as a set of economic and political structures and processes deriving
from the changing character of the goods and assets that comprise the base of the
international political economy—in particular, the increasing structural differentiation of
those goods and assets.

People Governments
Goods or Products

Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and
governments worldwide.
Reasons of Globalization

Technology Transportation Banks Cooperation

Types of Globalization

• Financial Globalization • Cultural Globalization

• Economic Globalization • Sociological Globalization
• Technological • Ecological Globalization
Globalization • Geographic Globalization
• Political Globalization
Financial Globalization
• Financial globalization,
defined as global linkages
through cross-border
financial flows, has become
increasingly relevant for
emerging markets as they
integrate financially with
the rest of the world.
Economic Globalization
• Economic globalization refers to the increasing
interdependence of world economies.
• Economic globalization involves a wide variety of
processes, opportunities, and problems related to the
spread of economic activities among countries around
the world.
• Economic globalization has involved an increase in the
international movements of labor as people migrate for
employment.
Technological Globalization
• Technological globalization is speeded in large part by
technological diffusion, the spread of technology
across borders. According to World Bank
technological progress and economic growth rates
were linked, and that the rise in technological
progress has helped improve the situations of many
living in absolute poverty.
Political Globalization
• Political globalization refers to the growth of the
worldwide political system, both in size and
complexity.
• Political globalization is one of the three main
dimensions of globalization with the two other being
economic globalization and cultural globalization.
• Political globalization refers to the organization of
different countries into trade blocs.
Examples of trade blocs are the European Union, the WTO and G8.
Cultural Globalization
• Cultural globalization refers to the rapid movement of
ideas, attitudes, meanings, values and cultural products
across national borders. It refers specifically to idea that
there is now a global and common mono-culture –
transmitted and reinforced by the internet, popular
entertainment transnational marketing of particular
brands and international tourism – that transcends local
cultural traditions and lifestyles, and that shapes the
perceptions, aspirations, tastes and everyday activities of
people wherever they may live in the world.
Sociological Globalization
• Globalization, is an ongoing process that involves
interconnected changes in the economic, cultural,
social, and political spheres of society. As a process, it
involves the ever-increasing integration of these
aspects between nations, regions, communities, and
even seemingly isolated places.
Ecological Globalization
• Ecological globalization refers to global environmental
issues including:
– Population growth.
– Access to food.
– Worldwide reduction in biodiversity.
– Gap between rich and poor.
– Human induced climate change.
– Global environment degradation.
Geographic Globalization
• It refers to intensified geographical movements
across national borders of commodities, people
seeking employment, money and capital investment,
knowledge, cultural values, and environmental
pollutants.
Benefits of Globalization
• Globalization has benefits that cover many different
areas. It reciprocally developed economies all over
the world and increased cultural exchanges. It also
allowed financial exchanges between companies,
changing the paradigm of work. Many people are
nowadays citizens of the world. The origin of goods
became secondary and geographic distance is no
longer a barrier for many services to happen.
Globalization Benefits

Financial Benefits
• simplify finance regulations
• eliminate mediators
• break down the barriers
between the world’s financial
centers
• exchange capital between
the world’s financial players
Globalization Benefits

Cultural Benefits
• Commodities
• Migration, expatriation
or traveling
• Local traditions and
lifestyles
Environmental Effects

• Deforestation
• Destruction of ecosystems
• Loss of biodiversity
• Pollution
• Climate Change
Sustainable Development
• Meets the needs of the present
• Efforts towards building an inclusive, sustainable and
resilient future for people and planet.
• Harmonizing three core elements: economic growth,
social inclusion and environmental protection.
• Eradicating poverty and
• Promotes integrated and sustainable management of
natural resources and ecosystems
Imagine there’s no countries. It isn’t hard to do.
Nothing to kill or die for. And no religion, too. Imagine
all the people. Living life in peace. You, you may say I’m
a dreamer. But I’m not the only one. I hope someday
you will join us. And the world will be as one…
MARKET
GLOBALISM
DR. NELIA M. PELIPADA
Learning Outcomes
 Describe the changes in the world economy
 Identify and distinguish the three forms of economic
system
 Explain the characteristics of World Bank
 Explain the principles, idea and arguments postulated on
the six core claims of market globalism
Overview of the World Economy
╺ The term world economy refers to all of the
economic activity within each country and
between countries around the world.
╺ The most fundamental change happened
after the second World War wherein there
is an emergence of global markets.
(Drucker 1986)
╺ Integration of two regions specifically the
European Union and the North American
Free Trade Area. (Krugman, 1992)
3
Changes in the World Economy
╺ Capital Movement rather than trade have become the
driving force of the world economy
╺ Production has become a source of generating
employment
╺ The World economy dominates the scene. Individual
economies play a subordinating role.
╺ The 75-year struggle between capitalism and socialism
is largely over. (Simon & Schuster, 1997)
4
Economic System
╺ Market Allocation System. It is an economic democracy
where people have the option to buy according to their
choice and budget.
╺ Command Allocation System. The country or nation has
broad powers to serve the public interest on what is
appropriate based on their judgment.
╺ Mixed Allocation System. All market systems have a
command sector and all command systems have a market
sector.
 World Bank Four Category System
Low-Income Low-Middle- Upper-Middle- High-Income
Countries Income Countries Income Countries Countries
• Less than $766 • $766 - $3,035 GNP • $3,036- $9,385 • Above $9,385 GNP
GNP • Early Stage of GNP • Advanced,
• Limited Industrialization- • Newly developed,
Industrialization countries with Industrializing industrialized or
• High Percentage of major competitive Economies (NEIs) post-industrialized
Population advantage in • Percentage of countries
• Agricultural and mature, Agriculture sectors • Heavily dependent
subsistence farming standardized, labor- moves to industrial on new products
• High Birth rates intensive industries sectors. and innovations.
• Low Literacy Rates such as toy-making • High Literacy Rates • Ownership levels
• Heavy Reliance on and textiles and advance for basic products
Foreign Aid education are extremely high
• Political Instability • Export-driven
and Unrest economic Growth
Six Core Claims of Market Globalism
LIBERALIZATION and GLOBAL
INTEGRATION OF MARKETS

INEVITABLE and IRREVERSIBLE

NOBODY IS IN CHARGE OF
GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION BENEFITS
EVERYONE

GLOBALIZATION FURTHERS THE SPREAD OF

DEMOCRACY IN THE WORLD

GLOBALIZATION REQUIRES WAR ON

TERROR
Liberalization and Global Integration of Markets
╺ Ability to bring Social integration and Material progress.
╺ Free Trade or Free Markets. The idea and importance of
open competition or referred as the ideology of Neo-
Liberalism
╺ Free-Market Capitalism is the key to a more efficient
economy.
╺ Privatization is the natural way for realizing individual
liberty and material progress.
Inevitable and Irreversible
╺ Irreversible market forces are driven by
technological innovations.
╺ Ability of markets to use new technologies to solve
problems far from than any alternative course
╺ Governments had no choice but to “ADJUST” to
the inevitability of globalization.
Nobody is in Charge of Globalization

╺ Self-Regulating
Market Concept
╺ No one in control
Globalization Benefits Everyone
╺ Economic Growth and Prosperity
╺ Great Opportunities for the future
╺ Expansion of investment and trade
╺ Improve the standard of living
╺ Technological innovation; and
╺ Proliferation of skilled jobs
Globalization Furthers the Spread of
Democracy in the World

╺ The most obvious strategy by which neo-liberals

generate popular support for the relationship of
democracy and the market is by discrediting
traditionalism and socialism. Globalist tends to
treat freedom, free markets, free trades and
democracy as synonym terms.
Globalization Requires War on Terror
╺ It is the neo-conservative commitment to
“American Values” of freedom, security
and free markets.
╺ Military and economic Power which is
an American led global war on terror. It
is an idea of economic globalization
with openly militaristic and nationalistic
ideas.
 The International Economic Environment
╺ The international economic
environment can be described as the
global factors that affects the way that
businesses operate. The assessment of
a foreign based market environment
should start with the evaluation of
economic variables relating to the size
of the global market.
z
Governments
and Citizens
DR. NELIA M. PELIPADA
z
Introduction

 The dynamics of governance do

not play out solely within the
boundaries of nation-states.

 Max Weber' definition of

the state as a human community
that successfully claims the
monopoly of the legitimate use of
physical force within a given
Max Weber
territory (Weber, 1946).
 z
Definition of State

 A State is an independent, sovereign government exercising control

over a certain spatially defined and bounded area, whose borders
are usually clearly defined and internationally recognized by other
states.
 States are tied to territory

 States have bureaucracies staffed by state’s own personnel

 States monopolize certain functions within its territory

(sovereign)
z
Definition of Nation

 A nation is a stable community of people formed on

the basis of a common language, territory,
history, ethnicity, or psychological make-up
manifested in a common culture. A nation is more
overtly political than an ethnic group;
z
Difference between Nation and State

 A state is specifically a political and geopolitical entity, while a

nation is a cultural and ethnic one.

STATE NATION
• Elements
• Territory is not essential
• Fixed Territory • Common political aspirations,
social cultural and emotional unity
• Sovereignty • Moral, emotional and spiritual
power
• Political organization
• Police power
z
Nation-States and Sovereignty

 A nation-state is a type of state that conjoins the political entity of

a state to the cultural entity of a nation, from which it aims to
derive its political legitimacy to rule and potentially its status as a
sovereign state

 The term “nation-state” implies that the two coincide, in that a

state has chosen to adopt and endorse a specific cultural group
as associated with it. The nation-state concept can be compared
and contrasted with that of the multinational state, city-state,
empire, confederation, and other state formations with which it
may overlap. The key distinction is the identification of a people
with a polity in the nation-state.
z
Political Risk

 The risk of loss when investing in a given

country caused by changes in a country's
political structure or policies, such as tax
laws, tariffs, expropriation of assets, or
restriction in repatriation of profits.
z
Political Risk

 Non-economic risk (Meyer 1985, Ciarrapico 1984);

 Unwanted government interference with business operations

(Eiteman and Stonehill 1973, Aliber 1975, Henisz and Zelner 2010);

 The probability of disruption of the operations of MNEs by political

forces or events (Root 1972, Brewers 1981, Jodice 1984, MIGA
2010);

 Discontinuities in the business environment deriving from political

change, which have the potential to affect the profits or the
objectives of a firm (Robock 1971, Thunell 1977, Micallef 1982);

 Substantially equated to political instability and radical political

change in the host country (Green 1974, Thunell 1977 ).
z
International Law

 Is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally

accepted in relations between nations.

 It establishes normative guidelines and a common

conceptual framework to guide states across a broad
range of domains, including war, diplomacy, trade,
and human rights.

 International law allows for the practice of stable,

consistent, and organized international relations.
 GLOBALIZATION OF
ECONOMIC RELATIONS
DR. NELIA M. PELIPADA
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
• Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of
world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border
trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and
wide and rapid spread of technologies.

• Globalization aims to benefit individual economies around the world

by making markets more efficient, increasing competition, limiting
military conflicts, and spreading wealth more equally.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORIES AND POLICY

• International trade theories are simply different theories

to explain international trade. Trade is the concept of
exchanging goods and services between two people or
entities. International trade is then the concept of this
exchange between people or entities in two different
countries.
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)

• The World Trade Organization (WTO) is

the only global international
organization dealing with the rules of
trade between nations. At its heart are
the WTO agreements, negotiated and
signed by the bulk of the world’s trading
nations and ratified in their
parliaments. The goal is to ensure that
trade flows as smoothly, predictably
and freely as possible.
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)

• The WTO operates a global system of trade rules, it acts as a forum for
negotiating trade agreements, it settles trade disputes between its members
and it supports the needs of developing countries.

• The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995. One of the youngest
of the international organizations, the WTO is the successor to the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second
World War.
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT)

• The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), signed on Oct. 30, 1947,
by 23 countries, was a legal agreement minimizing barriers to international
trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs, and subsidies while preserving
significant regulations. The GATT was intended to boost economic recovery
after World War II through reconstructing and liberalizing global trade.
• The GATT went into effect on Jan. 1, 1948. Since that beginning it has been
refined, eventually leading to the creation of the World Trade Organization
(WTO) on January 1, 1995, which absorbed and extended it. By this time 125
nations were signatories to its agreements, which covered about 90% of
global trade.
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT)

• The Council for Trade in Goods (Goods Council) is responsible for the GATT
and consists of representatives from all WTO member countries. As of
September 2019, the council chair is Uruguyan Ambassador José Luís Cancela
Gómez. The council has 10 committees that address subjects including market
access, agriculture, subsidies, and anti-dumping measures.
TYPES OF TRADES

EXPORT TRADE Selling of goods and services out of the country

IMPORT TRADE Goods and services flowing into the country

Importing goods from one country and exporting it to

ENTRPOT TRADE
another country after adding some value to it
 THE GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIC
RELATION

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION - is a historical process, The

result of human innovation and technological
progress. It refers to the increasing integration of
economies around the world, Particularly through the
movement of goods, services and capital across
borders.
 INTERCONNECTED DIMENSIONS OF
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

The Globalization of trade of goods and services – When a country exports more than It
imports, it runs a trade surplus. When a country imports more than it exports, it runs a
trade deficit. The large trade deficits in the middle and late1980s sparked political
controversy that still persist today.

Industries in the U.S. have petitioned governments for protection and societies have
debated the pros and cons of free and open trade. For last century and half, the
principal argument against protection has been the theory of Comparative advantage, the
advantage in the production of goods enjoyed by one country over another. That can
produced at lower cost in terms of other goods that could be in other country.
 THE GLOBALIZATION OF FINANCIAL
AND CAPITAL MARKETS

A country enjoys an absolute advantage over another country in the production

of a good if it uses a fewer resources to produce that good than other country
does. Suppose country A and country B produce coffee, but A’s climate is more
suited to coffee and its labor is more productive. Country A. will produce more
coffee per acre than country B. uses less labor in growing it and bringing it to
market Country A. enjoys an absolute advantage over country B. in the
production of coffee.

Trade Barriers also called obstacles to trade, Three most common are Tariffs ,
Exports Subsides, And Quotas. All forms of protection shielding some sector of
the economy from foreign competition.
 THE GLOBALIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY
AN D COMMUNICATION

Capital is not the only factor of production required to produce output

labor is equally important. To be productive, the workforce must be
healthy. Health is not the only issues but basic literacy as well as
specialized training in farm for example , can yield high returns to both
individual worker and the economy Education has grown become the
largest category of government expenditure in many developing nations.
In part of technology transfer and communication have become part of
manpower training in most agricultural countries this is so because of
the belief that human resources are the ultimate determinant of
economic advance.
 THE GLOBALIZATION OF PRODUCTION

Production – is the process which inputs are combined and transformed

into output. Production technology relates inputs to output . Specific
quantities of inputs are needed to produce any given services or good .

Most outputs can be produced by a number of different techniques. In

choosing the most appropriate technology. For a firm, an economy with
a plentiful supply of inexpensive labor but not much capital, the optimal
method of production will involve labor – techniques.
DISTINCTION OF GLOBALIZATION FROM
INTERNATIONALIZATION

Dicken - Distinguished economic globalization from internalization by

stating that the former is functional integration between
internationally dispersed activities while the latter is about the
extension of economic activities of nation states across borders.
Hence economic globalization is more on a Qualitative
transformation than just a Quantitative change.
 THE WORLD TRADE OF ORGANIZATION
AND GATT

The 50th Year of General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)

Gatt is a Treaty among 123 nations whose government agreed, at least

in principle to promote trade among members. GATT initiative , and
GATT negotiators did succeed in liberalizing world merchandise trade.

GATT itself had no enforcement power (the losing party in a dispute was
entitle to ignored the ruling) and the process of dealing with disputes
sometimes stretched on for years. GATT as the general Agreements to
talk and talk”
GENERAL AGREEMENT AND TARIFF AND
TRADE (GATT)

• GATT was based on three principles: Equal , non-discrimatory

trade treatment for all member nations

• The reduction of tariffs by multilateral negotiation; and

• The elimination of import quotas.

Basically, GATT provided a forum for the multilateral negotiation of

reduced trade barriers.
 PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS

In addition to multilateral initiative of GATT, countries in each of the world’s

regions are seeking of lower barriers to trade within their regions. Historically
when countries entered into preference agreements, they notified GATT between
1947 and 1992, there were 85 agreements have been added since 1992.

Free Trade Areas (FTA) - is formed when two or more countries agree to
abolish all internal barriers to trade among themselves. Countries that belong to
a free trade area can do and maintain independent trade policies with Respect
to non-FTA countries. A system of certificate of origin is used to avoid trade
diversion on favor of low-tariff members.
 PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS

Custom Union - Represents the logical evolution of a free trade area.

In addition to eliminating internal barriers to trade members of a
customs union establish common external barriers.

Common Market – is the next step in the spectrum of economic

integration. In addition to the removal of internal barriers to trade and
the establishment of common external barriers, the common market
allows for free movements of factors of production, including labor,
capital and information.
 PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS

Gulf Cooperation Council – The key regional is the gulf cooperation

Council (GCC) which was established in 1981 in Riyadh, in May 1981 by
Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the United Arab
Emirates. The purpose of the GCC is to achieve unity among its
members based on their common objective and their similar political and
cultural identities , which are rooted in Islamic beliefs.

The GCC provides a means of realizing coordination, integration , and

cooperation in all economic , social and cultural affairs.
 ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM
EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPBEC)
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries - is an
Intergovernmental organization of oil – Exporting developing nations
that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its Member
Countries OPEC seeks to ensure the stabilization of oil prices in the
international oil markets with a view to eliminating harmful and
unnecessary fluctuations. Equally important is OPEC’s role in
securing an efficient , economic and regular supply of petroleum to
consuming nations and a fair return of capital to those investing in
the petroleum industry.
 ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM
EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPBEC)

Some conversion subjects should be avoided, as they are

considered an invasion of privacy.

1. Avoid bringing up subjects of business before getting to know

your Arab host. This is considered rude.
2. It is taboo to ask question or make comments concerning a
man’s wife or female children.
3. Avoid pursuing the subjects of politics or religion.
4. Avoid any discussion of Israel.
 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND
INTERNATIONAL TRADE

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

(UNCTAD) came into being in 1964, that was the first major change
in the state of affairs of developing nations into international trade,
most of developing countries did not manage to integrate into the
post – world war II trading system successfully because they
followed an inward – looking import substitution industrialization
strategy. The Aim was to promote trade and cooperation between
the developing countries and the developed nations
 SOME KEY TRADE FACTS:

A trade deficit occurs when imports exceed exports. the united states has a
trade deficit in goods in 2012 US imports of goods exceeded US exports
gods by $735 billion.

Trade surplus occurs when exports exceed imports. the united states has a
trade surplus in services such as air transportation services and financial
services. in 2012 US exports of services exceeds US imports of services by
$196 billion.

Canada is the united states most important trading partner quantitatively . in

2012 about 20% of US exported goods were sold to Canadian, who in turn
provided 15% of imported US goods.

The united states has sizeable trade deficit with china. in 2012 it was $315
billion and in 2017 it was $375 billion.
 SOME KEY TRADE FACTS:

China has become a major international trader, with an estimated $2.05

trillion of exports in 2017. other Asian economies including S. Korea,
Taiwan, and Singapore are also active in international trade. their combined
exports exceed those of France, UK, and Italy

International trade links world economies. Through trade, changes in economic

conditions in one place on the globe can quickly affect other places.

International trade is often at the center of debates over economic policy. Both
within the united states and internationally.
 TRADE BARRIERS AND EXPORTS
SUBSIDIES

Tariffs are excise taxes or duties on the dollar values or physical

quantities of imported goods

A protected tariff is implemented to shield domestic producers

from foreign competition.
 TRADE BARRIERS AND EXPORTS
SUBSIDIES

An import quota is a limit on the quantities or total level values

of specific items that are imported in some periods

Import quota are more effective than tariffs in impending

international trade
MCDONALDIZATION OF SOCIETY

Our culture is becoming

“McDonaldized” an awkward way
of saying that many aspects of life
are modeled on the famous
restaurant chain.
BASIC ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES

EFFICIENCY - Value virtually without criticism in our society. We tend to

think that anything done quickly is, for that reason alone, good.

CALCULABILITY – Not just our environment but our life experiences,

are now more deliberately planned than ever before.

UNIFORMITY AND PREDICTABALITY – Uniformity results from a

highly rational system that specifies every action and leaves nothing to
chance.

CONTROL THROUGH AUTOMATION – To minimize the

unpredictable human element, McDonald’s has automated their equipment
to cook food at a fixed temperature for set lengths of time.
GLOBAL POLITICS, GOVERNANCE, AND
THE GLOBALIZATION IN THE ASIA-
PACIFIC AND SOUTH ASIA

DR. Nelia M. Pelipada

THE GLOBAL SOUTH

GLOBAL interconnectedness accordingly into the fabric of everyday life as it

is visible to those observant. There are Starbucks branches in Melbourne, Manila,
New York, and New Delhi. These branches have similar structure, menus, and
perhaps ambience. This sameness represents the cultural homogenization that are
being argued and criticized by those individuals associated with globalization.

The environment where these global corporations are located will tell the
difference of how globalization affects people by geography. In Manila and New
Delhi, upon leaving the café, you will see children begging on the streets, sidewalk
vendors selling street foods, bag snatchers (a common sight in Metro Manila) and
other vagabonds looking for their victims.

Walk a little distance, take a ride, and you will see the city of Metro Manila and
India as well as some Southeast Asian countries.
The façade of newly built condominiums, big shopping malls, corporate
buildings will seemingly attract you at first, but at the background are
shantytown where houses are built from discard plywood and galvanized iron
sheets. Of course they have poor sanitation, inadequate comfort rooms, the
creeks are filled with garbage and overflowing with foul odor emanating in
the entire neighborhood. Children in their dirty clothes are happily running,
playing unmindful of what is happening around.

Some of them are child laborers, and their parents are either unemployed or if
lucky are employed in the informal sector as constructor workers, casual
janitor, cleaners and yes, prostitutes.

During the months of March to May, most of the fire struck Metro Manila
usually occur from those shanties and squatters areas. This is because of
faulty electrical wiring, overloading due to the use of jumper and unattended
candle lights. Sometimes, they are lured by cook politicians during election
campaigns promising their security but that remain as a promise because big
time businessman will soon claim the entire area and these poor fellows have
to fight the law enforcers against what they call “illegal disseminating”
 GLOBAL INEQUALITY AND THE FUTURE

All societies past and present are characterized by social differentiation, a

process in which people are set apart for differential treatment by virtue of
their statues, roles, and other social characteristics.

The process of social differentiation does not require that people evaluate
certain roles and activities as being more important than others.

Social differentiation sets the stage for social inequality, which is a condition
in which people have unequal access to wealth, power and prestige. This
description fits most of citizens in the global south.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita import-export ratios, qualify of
life, and the relative strength of military and state institutions, the nations
of the world can the semi- periphery, and the periphery. As with class
divisions, boundaries among nation-states in each of the three strata are
“semipermeable”- they can be crossed, but with difficulty (Beeghley,1989)

• Nations that comprise the core are similar to the upper classes in they
receive disproportionate share of the world’s wealth and surplus
production.

• The core nations are concentrated in the global north namely United States,
Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, the Scandinavia, and all
others with advanced industrial or post industrial economies.

• The semi- periphery nations such as Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and Taiwan, are
comparable to the middle class. They are moving toward industrialization
and a diversified economy, and their moderately strong governments give
them a share of the surplus and some leverage in their dealings with the
core nations (Chirot 1997)
• The periphery nations, including Haiti, Bangladesh, and Ethiopia resemble
the lower and working classes. They are poor and powerless and derive
minimal benefits from their participation in the world economy. Today,
transnational corporations such as Exxon, Siemens, and Toyota are the key
players in the global economy. They provide poor countries with scarce
capital, new technology, management skills and products that are essential
for rapid growth (Sowell, 2003).

REASONS ON ANALYZING STATES AND INTERSTATES INEQUALITIES

• 1. The decolonization process produced states, now recognized as

sovereign under the system of international law promoted by the United
Nations. The likelihood of being poor is higher for people live in states
now considered associated with the global south in regions like Asia,
Africa, and the Middle East.
• 2. Solutions to problems produced by globalization are largely forwarded
and articulated on a state level.

• Bello (2006), contends that development in the global south must begin by
“drawing” most of a country’s financial resources for development from
within rather than becoming dependent on foreign investments and foreign
financial markets”.

• Responding to issue such as global warming requires global approaches.

States are empowered to regulate firms working within their borders.

• 3. Even phenomena largely considered transnational are the results of state

policies. Acts of deterritorialization such as labor migration need to be
placed in the context of the state. The case of Filipino OFWs is a good
example. The remittance sent by the workers’ abroad boost the domestic
economy and state economic growth is highly reliant on the remittance
which is worth billions of dollars annually.
• Finally, the state will continue to be an important unit of analysis despite
the deterritorializing unit effects of globalization.

• This is very evident in the context of the global south because an

economically activist state is a necessary response the forces such ass
international business, international financial institutions, and foreign state
power-none of which the citizens in the global south can easily influence
(Claudio, 2016)
• Colonialism: How the Global South Responded

• Solidarity.
The notion of solidarity among colonized states was presents from the
beginning of anti- colonialism. Such solidarities would serve as the
foundation for contemporary conceptions of the global south Anderson
(2007) has shown the resistance against Spanish colonialism in Latin America
and the Philippines benefitted from the increased intersection of political
dissidents amidst an early phase of globalization in the 19th century , a
globalization that allowed for the spreading of anarchist and anti- colonial
ideas.
• Socialist Internationalism
The Socialist International ( the union of socialist parties, which is now called
the social democrats) paved the way for theories that examined the world
economic system in the light of exploitive interactions between core
peripheral economies.
• According to Lenin, he mainstreamed that many activists and scholars
would use to discuss Third World underdevelopment in the 20th century.
Lenin through Comintern organized in 1920 the Congress of the Peoples
of the East in Caucasian town of Baku to forge ties with nationalist elites
and radical peasants in their fight against colonialism (Priestland, 2009)

• These alliance did not translate into revolutionary victories, and Asian
Versions of communism would only flourish after the disbandment if the
Comintern (Priestland, 2009). Nonetheless, it paved the way for sustained
alliances between Western Communists and anti- colonial nationalist.
• Decolonization

The end of the Second War was the highpoint of decolonization. The creation
of the United Nations in 1945 paved the way for granting independence of
over 80 ex-colonies countries ( United Nations,2011). International law
ceased to formally divide the world into civilized and uncivilized nations.

• The enshrinement of the principles of self- determination, postcolonial

nationalisms could justify their causes within the range of international law.

• The emergence of the Third World countries

• It considered of non-aligned countries, charting a middle way between the

first and second worlds.

• The founding movement for this non- aligned movement was the Asia-
African conference held in the Bandung in Indonesia (also known as
Bandung Conference) in 1995.
• The following were some of the issues tackled:

• Delegates from Pakistan, Thailand, Lebanon, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and
the Philippines objected to the repressive policies of the USSR against
Eastern European States and China’s against Indochina (Vietnam) and
Taiwan ( Espiritu, 2006)

• Delegates became a generalize condemnation of the aggression of powerful

states directed at weaker ones. Concomitant to this was a discussion of
what it meant for Third World countries to be free.

• The initial configuration of the conference became a vehicle for the

mainstreaming of human rights.

• Today, the old language of the Third Worldism is no longer tenable. On a

narrow empirical level, a tripartite (First World, Second World, and Third
World ) would no longer exist.
• The fall of the Berlin Wall dividing Germany ended the Cold war and
paved the way for the withering of the Second World.

• Communist bloc like Fidel Castro’s Cuba no longer occupy positions of

prominence in struggles against neo- colonialism. More importantly, the
involvement of the Third World countries in development practices of the
First World has weekend the coherence of the Third Worldist attempts to
sketch alternatives to Western capitalism.
• The Emergence of Conservative Anti- Western Nationalism Regionalism.

Country like Malaysia reveal how criticisms of neo- colonialism may turn
reactionary (Berger,2004). Dirlik (2004) this hints at the fact that Third
Worldism is implicated in a greater project of global modernism. Berger
(2004) explicates the idea:

I take the view that the notion of the Third World, even in a limited or
reinvented form, is intellectually and conceptually bankrupt, while politically
Third Worldism has already lost any relevance or legitimacy it once had.
Challenging neoliberal globalization and post-cold war capitalism means
moving beyond territorial politics of nation states a politics to which the
Third Worldism is inextricably connected.
 THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION
• In addition to difference in language and culture, the variation among states
and people in this region is enormous.

• The world most economically developed states are include in this region
such as Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. On the contrary, it
includes the highly impoverished countries such as Cambodia, Laos, and
Nepal.

• It includes the largest and most populous states on the globe such as China
and India with over a billion of people each some of the world’s

• Smallest such as Maldives and Bhutan. The countries in this region also
vary widely according to geography, political systems, historical
experience, and broad demographic characteristics.
• However, despite the economic growth , there are still millions of people
affected by poverty, hunger , HIV/AIDS, gender equality and other socio-
economic problems in the region.

• Why Global Powers are Focused on Asia- Pacific and South Asia

1. The Asia- Pacific and South Asia had emerged over the past decades as a
new political force in the world.

2. Japan still remains relevant through declining force in the region and the
world, and the other countries including the Koreas, Indonesia, Vietnam, and
Pakistan all have economic and strategic relevance in today’s global system.
• The United States has implemented a foreign policy shift dubbed as the
“Pacific Pivot” committing more resources and attention to the region.
Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton Called this shift

The “Atlantic Century” to the “Pacific Century”

The Asia- Pacific has become a key driver of politics. Stretching from the
Indian subcontinent to the western shores of the Americas, the region spans
two oceans the Pacific and the Indian that are increasingly linked by
shipping and strategy. It boast almost half of the key engines of the global
economy, as well as the larges emitters of greenhouse gases. It is home to
several of our key allies and important emerging powers like China, Indian
and Indonesia.
 “Effects of Globalization in the Region”
• The External Phenomenon

From this perspective, globalization can be understood as a process that

transforms the Asia-Pacific and South Pacific Asia.

On the other hand, it can be seen as a force of good signs for bringing
economic development, political progress, and social and cultural diversity to
the region.

Others see the darker effects of globalization including its role in economic
underdevelopment and the uprooting of local traditions and culture.
• The following are the manifestations and assertions of externalist view:

Historical narratives account of the Western “arrival” to the Asia Pacific and
South Asia. The technologically and industrially more advanced Western
powers found their way to the region and alternatively prodded and muscled
their way to political and economic dominance.

The “First globalization” brought by the colonialism, from the 1500s brought
enormous, often devastating changes such as the deep implications for
domestic political indigenous polities.

A good example of this was the Portuguese invasion of Melaka in 1511 and
the subsequent fall of the sultanate , which shifted political and economic
dynamics in Melaka and beyond.
• By the 19th and 20th centuries movements for nationalism and
independence emerged in many parts of the world including the Asia
Pacific and South Asia.

• World War II marks another way in which the region comes to be at once
integrated and influenced by external forces.

• The rise of Japan and the outbreak of war in the pacific theater after the
bombing of the Pearl Harbor marked the beginning of the end of Japan’s
own imperial domination in the region. After the war the region became
mired in emerging politics of the Cold War.
• Economic globalization and liberalization brought not doubt broad regional
effects as well. In developing countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, and
Vietnam, there has been increase in informal employment, family workers
and informal enterprise workers.
• Politics too is contributory to globalization.
 The Region as More of an Autonomous agent Serving
as an Engine for Globalization.

This view shows the important ways in which the region is also influencing
and transforming the nature of globalization itself. Historical many scholars
now argue that the early history of Asia led the global economy only “falling
behind” from the 18th century Reid (1988) notes that the Europeans did not
create the spice trade.

The following are some of the postulates and arguments:

• Some argued that Asia, not the West was the central global force in the
early modern economy.

• Colonialism too has come under a new view recently as scholars have
argued that colonies in the Asia-Pacific and South Asia and elsewhere
influenced the West as much as vice versa.
• Stoler (2000) argues that colonies were often
• “Laboratories of modernity” where innovation in political form, and social
imaginary, and in what defined the modern itself, were not European
exports but traveled as often the other way around”.

• In the post- colonial era, the assertion that the Asia- Pacific and South Asia
Pacific are mere beneficiaries (or victims) of globalization is even less
tenable.

• Japanese development after the end of WWII and the rise of the Cold War
Helped bring Japan into the global economy.

• China can be seen as pursuing as similar pattern of development today. It is

one of the world largest importers of basic raw materials such as iron and
have surpassed Japan, the United States., and Europe in Steel Productions.
GLOBALIZATION AND
MEDIA
DR. Nelia M. Pelipada
GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is the spread of products, technology,

information, and jobs across national borders and
cultures. In economic terms, it describes an
interdependence of nations around the globe fostered
through free trade.
MEDIA

The term media, which is the plural of medium, refers to the

communication channels through which we disseminate news, music,
movies, education, promotional messages and other data. It includes
physical and online newspapers and magazines, television, radio,
billboards, telephone, the Internet, fax and billboards.

It describes the various ways through which we communicate in society.

Because it refers to all means of communication, everything ranging from a
telephone call to the evening news on television can be called media.
BRIEF HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is an historical process that began with the first
movement of people out of Africa into other parts of the world.
Traveling short or long distances, migrants, merchants and others
have delivered their ideas, customs and products to new lands.
The melding, borrowing and adaptation of outside influences are
found in many areas of human life.
GLOBALIZATION THEN
When did globalization begin? Many scholars say it started with Columbus’s
voyage to the New World in 1492. People traveled to nearby and faraway
places well before Columbus’s voyage, however, exchanging their ideas,
products, and customs along the way. The Silk Road, an ancient network of
trade routes across China, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean used
between 50 B.C.E. and 250 C.E. is perhaps the most well-known early
example. As with future globalizing booms, new technologies played a key
role in the Silk Road trade. Advances in metallurgy led to the creation of
coins; advances in transportation led to the building of roads connecting the
major empires of the day; and increased agricultural production meant more
food could be trafficked between locales. Along with Chinese silk, Roman
glass, and Arabian spices, ideas such as Buddhist beliefs and the secrets of
paper-making also spread via these tendrils of trade.
GLOBALIZATION NOW
Globalization have been interconnected for essentially all of human history, from the Silk
Road to Britain's East India Company. By the early 20th century nations had grown so
interconnected that historians and economists famously predicted the end of armed conflict
because nations had grown too economically intertwined. Yet in the 21st century technology
has allowed globalization to take on a more immediate presence in people's lives than ever
before.

This is due to a wide number of factors, but perhaps the two most important are
telecommunications infrastructure (namely: the internet) and transportation infrastructure.
Simply put, it has become faster, cheaper and easier to move products, people and ideas
around the world than ever before. Individuals can access intellectual property created
anywhere on their phones. Consumers can order products made almost anywhere and have
it shipped to almost anywhere with few restrictions and increasingly inexpensive costs.
PROS AND CONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
PROS OF GLOBALIZATION
 The Consumer, the economy and supplier benefits from
globalization due to the wide selection.
 Free Trade- Suppliers now able to trade across the world with less
restrictions.
 It gives other countries the ability to grow and to find a market.
 Labor can be moved more easily where workers can find jobs
from other countries due to their skills.
CONS OF GLOBALIZATION
 It leaves developing countries behind due to advances in
technology in superior especially in the music industry.
 It can be a strain on the market due to skilled workers leaving a
country.
 Smaller countries have a hard time trying to recoup in investments
BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDIA
When did it begin?

Forty thousand years ago, some human ancestors painted on the walls of
a cave on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. They left stencils of their
hands and other markings.

Cave paintings in France and Spain have been dated to a couple of

thousand years later. Experts don’t know exactly what purpose the artwork
had, but some suggest they might be the first examples of communicating
through a medium. The “audience” for such paintings was very small.
MEDIA THEN (1700’s – 1800’s)
By early in the 17th century, the first newspapers appeared but, because few
people were literate, readership was limited. As more people learned to read
and write the reach of mass media grew. By the early 1800s, high circulation
newspapers such as The Times of London were developing huge readerships.
High-speed rotary printing presses churned out large volumes and the
development of railways made for wide distribution.

The arrival of photography changed the media scene. In 1862, Matthew Brady
held an exhibition of photographs he had taken of the U.S. Civil War. Shocked
Americans stood and stared at Brady’s images of the dead at the Battle of
Antietam. The New York Times noted that Brady brought “home to us the terrible
reality of war.” (A similar impact was observed when Americans saw film of the
war in Vietnam being beamed into their living-room televisions).
MEDIA NOW
Media is regarded as the most powerful weapon of 21st century. Media
has brought revolutions in the world and has transformed the globe into a
global village. It has almost erased the geographical boundaries, removed
the barriers of social, political and cultural differences and as a result this
diversified world has been reduced to remote control. The role of media
has also become a one mode of trading and marketing of products and
prejudices. Society is influenced by media in so many ways. It is the
media for the masses that helps them to get information about a lot of
things and also to form opinions and make judgments regarding various
issues. It is the media which keeps the people updated and informed
about what is happening around them and the world.
MASS MEDIA
The mass media are diversified media technologies that are
intended to reach a large audience by mass communication.

Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that

reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies
through which this communication takes place include a variety of
outlets. Broadcast media transmit information electronically via
media such as films, radio, recorded music, or television.
Types of Mass Media
 Broadcast media such as radio, recorded music, film and television transmit their
information electronically.
 Print media use a physical object such as a newspaper, book, pamphlet or
comics, to distribute their information.
 Outdoor media is a form of mass media that comprises billboards, signs or
placards placed inside and outside of commercial buildings, sports stadiums,
shops and buses.
 Other outdoor media include flying billboards (signs in tow of airplanes), blimps,
and skywriting Public speaking and event organising can also be considered as
forms of mass media.
 The digital media comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication.
Types of Mass Media
 Internet media provides many mass media services, such as email, websites,
blogs, and internet-based radio and television.
 Many other mass media outlets have a presence on the web, by such things as
having TV ads that link to a website or distributing a QR Code in print or outdoor
media to direct a mobile user to a website.
In this way, they can utilize the easy accessibility that the Internet has, and the
outreach that Internet affords, as information can easily be broadcast to many
different regions of the world simultaneously and cost-efficiently.
The organizations that control these technologies, such as television stations or
publishing companies, are also known as the mass media.
THE FIVE FUNCTIONS OF MASS MEDIA

The mass media serves several general and many

specific functions. In general, the mass media serves
information, interpretation, instructive, bonding, and
diversion functions:
FUNCTIONS OF MASS MEDIA
 Information function
 Interpretation function
 Instructive function
 Bonding function
 Diversion function
IMPORTANCE OF MASS MEDIA
Each day is filled with news. People learn news and views during reading newspapers
and magazines, talking over the telephone or they are kept informed by watching TV
or listening to the radio. The press, the radio and television play a big role in the life of
the society. They inform, educate and entertain people. They also influence the way
people look at the world and make them change their views.

Mass media plays a very important role in organizing public opinion. Millions of people
watch TV and read newspapers in their free time. Most people can't do without a
newspaper in the underground or during the lunch break. TV also dominates the life
of the family most of the time. It is also a habit which impossible to resist. The radio is
turned on most of the time, creating a permanent background noise. So Mass Media
become a very important part of our life. Mass media denotes a section of the media
specifically designed to reach a large audience. The term was coined in the 1920s
with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and
magazines.
ETHICAL PHILOSOPHIES OF MEDIA
Deontological ethics or deontology is the normative ethical theory
that the morality of an action should be based on whether that
action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than
based on the consequences of the action. It is sometimes
described as duty, obligation, or rule-based ethics.
For example, a journalist would not think twice to write and display
to the public a personal issue of a suspect of a heinous crime. Even
though the suspect could be innocent the journalist would do his
job or duty to inform the public no matter the consequences.
ETHICAL PHILOSOPHIES OF MEDIA
Teleological ethics, theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from
what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved. Also known as
consequentialist ethics, it is opposed to deontological ethics, which holds that
the basic standards for an action’s being morally right are independent of the
good or evil generated.
For example, 18 years old star accidentally posted a nude photo in her social
media account. She then accepts an interview, but the interviewer holds back
to ask questions about the known scandal. The interviewer’s reason for holding
back is that she is just a child and not deserve to be exposed to the public. The
interviewer thought about the impact of consequences to the child’s life and
weighed the aftermath more important than the job of an interviewer.
RELATION OF GLOBALIZATION AND POPULAR MUSIC

Globalization promotes the world music commerce and enhances

the cultural communication; however, mainstream pop culture
replaces the traditional music and commercialized the pop music
which leads to a result that the quality of the music is decreasing.

Globalization in music is a tool to share culture, thoughts and

stories throughout the world. In the past only richer countries such
as the United States, and the U.K would be able to distribute its
music across the world . Now with the internet and other tech
people can share the music all across the world without have a
rich country or record label
WHY GLOBALIZATION IS GREAT FOR MUSIC

Globalization amazingly helps music by being able to disburse music across the
world.

With today’s technology in streaming and downloading artist aren't restricted by

having the government of other countries looking at music to see if the artist’s
music needs to be censored or banned.

Artist can find success in other countries without having success in their own
country.
How advancement in tech/apps helps
globalization

 Streaming devices (Phones,computers,mp3 players)

 Streaming Apps (Spotify, Pandora, Apple, Apple Music)
 Live streams (Concerts)
THE GLOBALIZATION
OF RELIGIONS

DR. NELIA M. PELIPADA

 RELIGION

 Some people are deeply committed to their own religious beliefs

and are not interested in examining alternative view that they
believe are “weird” threatening, or utterly ridiculous.

 Others do not believe in super natural beings and are skeptical of

sociology concern with matters that appear to be beyond the realm
of science.

 Sociologist is not whether the supernatural exists: the phenomenon

of interests is when people define supernatural beings and forces
as real, “they become real in their consequences.”
 Varieties of Religion

 Religious belief systems can be categorized into four ideals types:

animatism, animism, theism, and ethical religious based on abstract
ideals.

 Animatism
- Animatism is a system of beliefs in which supernatural forces rather
than beings (good or spirits) are the dominant power in the universe.

 Force are found primarily in small- scale preliterate societies, such

as traditional Polynesian and Melanesian societies in the Pacific,
which believe in a diffused and impersonal force called “mana” that
lent supernatural power to events, objects, places, and people.
 Animism

Animism is the belief that spirit beings inhabit the same world a human,
but on another plane of existence. Animistic religions are common in
preindustrial societies that see humans as part of the supernatural world
rather than superior to it.

 Spirits include ghost, souls of the dead, animal spirits, guardian angels,
ancestral spirits, fairies, and evil demons.

 Many people believe that the spirits have the ability to cross over
occasionally into the world of living and many have the power to cause
good evil- and so find it necessary to placate spirits or conduct rituals in
their honor.

 Animistic beliefs are popular in in modern industrial societies as well.

Roman Catholics and other religious groups appeal to guardian angels
and conduct rituals to exorcise demons.
 Theism

- Theism is a belief in one or more supreme beings or Gods who,

because of their power and influence in human affairs, are
deserving of worship cross culturally, the most common form of
theism is polytheism, in which people worship numerous gods
whom they recognize as having varying degrees of power.

 Hinduism, which is the third largest religion in the world with around
1.1 billion adherents.

 The three larges and most influential monotheistic religions- that

acknowledge the existence of single, supreme God are – Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam for Jews and Christians, this fundamental
beliefs expressed in the first in Commandment, which prescribes, “ I
am the Lord they God.. Thou shalt no Gods before me (Exodus 20:
1-3)
 Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share many common elements in
their religious beliefs and rituals, and over the years they have
greatly influenced one another,

 All three arose in the Middle East, Judaism appeared first, about
3,500 years ago. Christianity, which began as a sect of Judaism ,
appeared next, some 1,500 years later Islam was founded by the
prophet Mohammed, who live in the Arabian Peninsula in the last
sixth and early seventh centuries.

 Today half of the world’s population- more than 2.7 billion people- is
either Christian or Muslim.
 Ethical Religions

 Ethical religions are concerned with philosophical ideals that

emphasize contemplation and proper thoughts and actions as the
way to achieve enlightenment and find peace and harmony in this
world.

 The ethical religions of the far East include Buddhism, Taoism, and
Confucianism the fourth larges religion in the world, is based on the
teachings of Siddhartha Gautama the future Buddha -who was born
a Hindu prince in 563 B.C.

 Nepal. In his journey of spiritual discovery, he found the self and all
early existence are illusions and that self-discipline, meditation, and
a moral and virtuous life are the true paths to understanding and
happiness (Cavendish, 1990.)
 Both Lao-tzu, the founder of Taoism, and K’ung Fut-zu or
Confucius, were contemporaries of the Buddha , and both taught
that meditation and selfness were paths to spiritual enlightenment.

 In Taoism, spiritual wisdom is attained by relinquishing all desire

and withdrawing from the world.

 In Confucianism, by contrast, spiritual wisdom is gained by active

involvement in worldly affairs.

 After a half century of Communist rule, Confucianism remains very

much a part of the Chinese worldview(Cavendish, 1990; Carmody,
1984)
 Social Organizations of Religion

 The idea of religious visionaries can capture the public imagination

and inspire change, even social revolution. But in a long run , the
relative influence of any religion depends on the religious
communities that are organized to promote religious ideals and
objective.

 Sociologist classify religious organization into four deal types –

 Ecclesia, Denomination, Sect, and Cult.

 The basis of organizational features, the extent to which the group’s

norms and values resemble those of the larger society, and whether
a group claims to be uniquely legitimate or accepts the legitimacy
claims of other faiths (Stark and Bainbridge, 1995)
 Denomination or Church
 The denomination is one or the number of established, socially
accepted religious organizations that maintain tolerant relations
with other denominations in the context of the religious pluralism
(Johnstone, 1992).

 Hundreds of denomination have emerged, either in disputes with

previously established denomination or through “sectionalism”,
immigration, and revival” (Wuthnow, 1993). Becasuse
denomination tend to be large bureaucratic structures with
considerable wealth and power and their members often play
prominent roles in a secular society , church and state interests
are often closely intertwined. This is especially true of
“Mainstream churches” which identify with contribute to he
definition of society’s core values (just like America and UK)and
are considered by most members of society to be “legitimate
faiths” ( Roof and Mckinney, 1997).
 Sect
 A sect is a small, less formally organized group tat usually has
separated from the denomination and it is in a negative tension
which the larger society.

 Sects often emerge through protests and challenge to other

churches(and sects) when sects members claim that group has
strayed form the original version of the faith and by accommodating
secular society, has grown decadent and corrupt.

 As Stark and Bainbridge(1985) wrote, sects see themselves not as

“new” but as “true” faiths.
 New Religious Movement (Cult)

 A new religious movement (cult) is a loosely organized and transient

religious organization that includes religious beliefs and practices
that considered novels and at odds with society’s religious
traditions.

 New religious movements are critical of society and consequently

are viewed negatively by outsiders. Unlike sects, which protest and
challenge other religious groups and society, new religious
movements, with their shocking and “outrageous” spiritual visions,
are usually on the receiving and hostility from both established
religious groups and secular authorities.

 New religious movements tend to be small, informal, and highly

unstable.
 Religion and Society

 Religion and Functionalism

- Many early scientists saw religion as little more than bodies of

superstition that impeded social progress. Emile Durkheim (as cited
by Thomson and Hickey, 2006) however, argued that religious
institutions were not useless remnants of the past but rather
necessities that performed many vital social functions.

- Durkhein also identified the various functions that religion served in

these and many other societies. They are follows ( Durkhein
Functionalist View)
1. Religion can promote social solidarity through common symbols,
beliefs, norms, and collective rituals.

2. It may also provide individuals and groups with emotional comfort

and support, morale and motivation, and a sense of individual and
group identity.

3. All societies through religion require collectively held sentiments

and rituals for their cohesion and survival.
 The Conflict Perspective of Religion:
Karl Marx

Karl Marx and other 19th century German social theories believed that the
world would be a better place without religion. To their thinking, religion
was a weapon by which wealthy and powerful groups maintained their
privileged position and oppressed those beneath them in the social
hierarchy.

In Marx’s (1964.42) as cited by Thompson and Hickey, 2006) words:

“Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a
heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the
people.”

Dwight Billings (1990) compared religions role in the union struggles of

textile workers with those of local miners in the rural South after WWII.
According to the Marxist model, religious leaders in both cases would side
with the owners and oppose union activities as “ungodly and wicked.”
 Religion and Social Change:
Max Weber

Max Weber’s comprehensive study of religions worldwide revealed that

while some were fact highly conservative , others in particular, Protestant
Puritanism in Western Europe and America- inspired major social and
economic transformations.

In Weber’s most famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism (1904-1905, 1958, as cited by Thomson and Hickey, 2006), he
noted that capitalism arose in the Protestant nations of England, Holland,
and Germany much faster than it did in Catholic Countries.

Predestination maintains that even before a person is born, God has

decided whether he or she is to be among the elect or damned, and there
is nothing anyone can do to change this outcome.

This belief was a radical departure from earlier Christian understandings,

and it caused great anxiety among many Calvinists.
 According to Weber, people searched for “signs” that they were among
the chosen and eventually they decided that “worldly achievement”
gained by hard work, frugality, discipline, globalization, deferred
gratification was evidence of both personal virtue and God’s favor.

 This combination of traits, which weber labeled the Protestant ethic,

made early Calvinists determined capitalists.

 Weber of a one –sided interpretation that religion “caused” capitalism,

which Weber denied, to lend the additional support to his case.

 Weber undertook a massive study of Eastern religious. He discovered

that one notable differences between Eastern and Western religious is
their understanding salvation.
 In Protestantism at a personal level, salvation includes remarking
one’s spirituality and being “born again.”

 Historically, it also involved aggressive attempts at conquest and

conversion and religious movement to reform a “sinful world” (
Weber, 1958 as cited by Thompson and Hickey (2006).

 Most Eastern religious demand just opposite. Hinduism, Buddhism,

and Confucianism emphasize harmony, conformity, and escape
from this world; combined with structural factors, this view
discourages change in general and inhibited the development of
industrial capitalism in particular (Weber, 1951; 1958b, 1968 as
cited by Thompson and Hickey, 20016).
 Secularization and Religion Movements

 Rodney Stark (1990) argued that the during the past century, only one science
thesis has had near universal acceptance: the secularization thesis, which
maintains that the global spread of modernization and of more rational and
pragmatic approaches to life inevitably leads to decline of small-scale societies
that are based on traditional and religious worldviews.

 It also becomes privatized, in that fulfillment through religious organizations and

instead seek religious meaning in private programs for self- discovery, such as
“popular psychology, Reader's Digest folklore, and personal superstitions”
(Wutnow, 1998).

 Stark and Bainbridge (1995) maintains that the level of religiosity has actually
remained relatively constant over the years.

 Hadeen and Shupe (19860 put it, “rather than some linear trend of
secularization generates the alienation and discontent that facilitate intermittent
religious revival and revitalization.”
 Religious Movements in a Global Context

 Irving Horowitz (1990) argues that the fundamentalism is not a

uniquely American phenomenon but is part of a global pattern of
popular religious movements against modernization, secularization,
and elite visions of the future that invariably offer ordinary people
few rewards and a disproportionate share of the cost of
development.

 In much of the world , the line between religion and politics has
become blurred, as have private and public domains.

 Politics has become infused with religions(and family) symbols, and

religious group very active in politics both national level and
globally.
 Prior to colonialism and the discovery of oil in the Middle East in the
late 19th century, relations between priest (ulema) and secular rulers
were for the most part harmonious and cooperative.
 In the most Middle Eastern nations, the ruling elite certified the
country’s Islamic character, and priest usually left matters of state to
secular officials. After WWII, however, many secular rulers,
including the Shah of Iran, decided that the priests had to go and
that their societies had to be modernized “ immediately.” it is not
surprising that Avotollah Ruhollah Khomeini’s calls for revolution
was heeded by so many. Highly visible but accessible to few,
western arms, consumer goods, and ideas, which had become the
sole possessions of a small urban elite, become easy targets for the
disposed clergy, small merchants , students, rural peasants, and
many others who had paid heavy price for modernization
(Keddie,1991).
 Social Correlates of Religion

 Membership in religious organizations is not random. It is correlated

with a number of social characteristics. Members of liberal
mainstream, Protestant, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Congregational,
and Unitarian Churches are disproportionately represented at the
top of the stratification system (Baltzell, 1979- 1989)

 In the United States, although many Americans with “old money”

are members of liberal income, Jews rank highest among all
religious denominations.
 Religion also correlates with age and political preference. In virtually
all social surveys, married or widowed people aged 50 and older
attend church and define religion an important part of their lives at
much higher level than single people in the 18-24 age cohort.
 “Protestants are still more likely to be Republican Jews and
Catholics are likely to be Democratic.

 Jews are more likely to be liberal on political issues, Protestants to

be conservative, and Catholics to be in the middle ( Greeley,
1983;1999 Kosmin and Lachman, 1993).

 People in Japan are now practicing “new religions” which involve

blending of the two major religions in Japan (Buddhism and
Shintoism)with elements of Confucianism, Shamansim, Animism,
ancestor worship, Protestantism, and Catholicism. Traditional world
religions are cross-pollinating at a rapid rate. As Miller (1999) he
notes and observes.
 Globalization of World Religions

 In much the same way that markets have been globalizing over the
past decade, the revolution in information and communications has had
far- reaching effects on the various ecclesiastical religions of the world.

 As the new millennium begins, however, many people are practicing a

hodgepodge of beliefs.

 People in Japan are now practicing “new religions” which involve

blending of the two major religions in Japan (Buddhism and
Shintoism)with elements of Confucianism, Shamansim, Animism,
ancestor worship, Protestantism, and Catholicism. Traditional world
religions are cross-pollinating at a rapid rate. As Miller (1999) he notes
and observes.
Revitalization in the Age of Globalization

 The last several hundred years have witnessed a number of

religious revitalization movements in today’s world of cell phones,
space travel, and the internet.

 In the 1990s, the economy of Indonesia, due largely to the

widespread corruption of the Suharto government, went into crisis.
Banks failed , companies went bankrupt, unemployment soared,
and there was a mass exodus of foreign investments from the
country.

 The general Indonesian population, suffering from widespread

poverty even before the financial meltdown, experienced extreme
hardship and economical stress.
 The Changing Nature of Religion

 The information revolution is general and

the internet is particular, are having
enormous effects on our economic, social
and political lives.
 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY:
POPULATION URBANIZATION, AND
ECOLOGY

DR. NELIA M. PELIPADA

Population & Ecology are closely related to each
other. The growth of population can be burden to the
environment, depleting its resources and threatening human
and animal life.

This particularly true for many poor developing countries like

Bangladesh, Bolivia, Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, and the
Philippines,
Their Great Population growth has contributed to
deforestation, floods , landslides , Soil erosion, during rainy
seasons ; acute water shortages during dry season.
 SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

No man is an Island Entire of itself every man is a piece of the

continent , a part of the main by “ John Donne , an English cleric
poet in the 16th century. His message is that all of us are part of
something larger that ourselves. That something is Population ,
the Composition of the total number of people inhabiting an area
at one time.
 Demography Refers to the scientific study of the size,
composition , Distribution and Changes of human population.
 SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
• Demographic Studies refers by its distribution
categories such as race , age , marital , status ,
Gender , Socioeconomic status , and religion.

• Demographers seek to know the levels and trends in

population size and its component. They search
explanations of demographic change and their
implication for societies , They use census birth and
death records , surveys , visa records , even motor
vehicle and school registrations.
 THE TOOLS OF DEMOGRAPHY

• Population growth is a major concern because many believe that

as the number of people on this planet increases , the quality of
life goes down .
• Growth rates represent the difference between the numbers of
people added to and subtracted from a population. They
expressed in manual percentages for these data to be known the
following are the tools used in demography.
 THE TOOLS OF DEMOGRAPHY
• Count refers to the absolute number of a population or any
demographic event occurring in a specified area in specified time
period , This event are the basis of all other statistical
refinements and analysis

• Rate frequency of demographic events in a population during a

specified time period (usually a year) by the population “at risk”
of event occurring during that time period, most of rates are
expressed per 1,000 population Crude rates are rates computed
for an entire population.
 THE TOOLS OF DEMOGRAPHY
• Ratio relation of one population subgroup to the total
population to another subgroup. That is divided by another.
(example the sex ratio in Iran in 1996 was 103 per 100 females.)

• Proportion relation of population subgroup to the entire

population , that is a population subgroup divided by the entire
population. (example the proportion of Malaysia’s population
classified as urban was .57 or 57% )
 THE TOOLS OF DEMOGRAPHY
• Constant an unchanging arbitrary number (example
100, 1000, 100,00 ) by which rates , ratios , or
proportion can be multiplied to express these
measure In more understandable fashion.

• Cohort Measure a statistic measure events occurring

to cohort ( a group of people sharing common
demographic experience) who are observe through
time. The most commonly used of Cohort is the birth
cohort people born in the same year or period.
 THE TOOLS OF DEMOGRAPHY

• Period Measure a statistic events that measures

events occurring to all part or part of a population
during one period or part of a population “takes a
snapshot” of a population, in effect (example , the
death rate of the entire Canadian population in 1997
was 7 per 1000.
 POPULATION COMPOSITION AND DENSITY
• Demographers do not simply count people; they are also
concerned with how population factors affect people’s lives Two
factors are of particular interest to social scientist. The
Composition of a population reflects the numbers and types of
people classified by characteristics such as age , race , and
ethnicity .

• Population Density describes how the population is dispersed

geographically ( number of people per square mile ) Simplest
measure of population composition is the sex ratio of males for
every 100 females as states earlier 1996 sex ration in Iran was
103 males per 10 females.
 FERTILITY, MORTALITY, AND MIGRATION
• Fertility is the extend of reproduction in a society, it is usually
expressed in the form of crude birthrate-----the number of live
birth per 1,000 people in a population per year. Although
birthrates are important for calculating how many people are
being added to a population, they tell us nothing about number
of people who are being subtracted from it.

• Mortality Consequently demographers are also interested in

mortality, or death. They calculate the crude date rate as number
of deaths per year for every 1,000 people in a population.
Birthrates and death rates ignore the numbers of people who
move from one place to another.
 FERTILITY, MORTALITY, AND MIGRATION

Migration

To obtain these figures demographers must look at Migration or

population movement across political boundaries. Demographers
calculate a migration rate by subtracting the number of
Emigrants (People leaving country) migration depends on two
interacting factors. Push factors are undesirable events or
situations, such as droughts , famines plague, and political,
economic, and social upheaval. Pull Factors are the positive
characteristics of a place that attract others these can include
economic prospects, religious freedom, climate, landscape, and
other amenities.
• Age And Sex Composition are the most basic characteristics of a
population. Every population has a different age and sex
composition---the number and proportion of males and females
in each group---and this structure can have considerable impact
on the population’s social and economic situations, both present
and future.
• Media Age is the age at which exactly half the population is
older and half if younger.

• Age Dependency Ration is the ratio of persons in the

“dependent” ages (generally under age 15 and over 64) to those
in the “economically productive” ages (15-64 years) in
population.
 THREE GENERAL PROFILES
Population of countries can differ markedly as a result of past and
current patterns of Fertility, Mortality and Migration. However they all
tend to fall into three general profiles of age-sex composition.

1. Rapid growth is indicated by a pyramid with a large percentage of

people in the younger areas.
2. Slow growth is reflected by a pyramid with a smaller proportion of the
population in the younger age.
3. Zero growth or Decreasing populations are shown by roughly equal
numbers of people in all age range , tampering off gradually at the older
ages.
 POPULATION DYNAMICS

Population growth or decline in a given society is affected by three

factors:
The birth rate, The death rate , The rate of Migration or out of
Society.
• Birth Rate is the annual number of births per thousands
members of a population. In the improvised Asian country, Birth
rate allows us to determined a Society Fertility. be distinguished
from fecundity, the potential number of children that could be
borne by a woman of childbearing age.
• Age – Specific Fertility Rate can also calculated for specific age
group to see different ages or for comparison over time.
 FACTORS AFFECTING FERTILITY

1. Proportion of Women in sexual Unions

2. Percentage of woman using contraception
3. The proportion of woman who are currently not found
4. The level of induced abortion. Knowledge about these four
factors provides clues to potential changes in fertility and aids
our understanding of past change.
Death or Mortality Rate refers to death that occur within a population.
While we eventually die the probability of dying during a given time period is
linked to many factors, such age , sex, race, occupation, and social class.
The incidence of death can reveal much about a population’s standard of
living and health care.

Death Rate is the annual number of deaths per thousand members of a

population Death rate is related to life expectancy , the number of years that
the average newborn in a particular population can be expected to live. In
the United States Life expectancy has increased about forty-seven years at
the turn of the century about 75 years today, largely as a result of a decline
in an infant mortality rate. Life expectancy must be distinguished from life
span, the maximum length of life possible in a particular species.
Infant Mortality Rate is the number of death of infants under age 1 per
1,000 live births in a given year. The infant mortality rate is considered a
good indicator of the health status of a population.
Life expectancy is an estimate of the average number of additional years a
person could expect to live if the age – specific death rate for a given
year prevailed for the rest of his or her life. Life expectancy is a
hypothetical measure because it is based on current death rates and
actual death rates over the course of a person’s lifetime.
Morbidity refers to disease and illness, injuries , and disabilities in a
population. Data about the frequency and distribution of a disease can
aid in controlling its spread and, in some cases, may lead to the
identification of its cause.
• Prevalence Rate is the number of persons who have a particular
disease at given point in time per 1,000 population. This rate
includes all known cases that have not resulted in death, cure or
remission, as well as new cases developing during specified
period.
• Cases Rate is the number of reported of a specific disease or
illness per 100,000 population during a given year. The case rate
is a special type of incidence rate but differs because it is based
on the number of reported cases which is not necessarily the
number of person contracting the disease ( that is, some people
may get the disease more than once)
• Cases fatality Rate is the proportion of persons contracting a
disease who die of that disease during a specified period.
 Migration
It is the geographic movement of people across a specified boundary for the
purpose of establishing a new or semi – permanent residence. Along with fertility
and mortality, migration is a component of population change.

The terms “Immigration “ and “Emigration” are used to refer move between
countries ( international immigration) The parallel terms – “in-migration” and “ out –
migration “ are used for movement between areas within country (International
migration).

The Immigration rate is the number of immigrants arriving at a destination per

1,000 population at that destination in a given year.

The Emigration rate is the number of emigrants departing in area of origin per
1,000 population at that area of origin in a given year .
 POPULATION THEORIES

Two dominant theories in the area of population are the Malthusians

Theory and the Demographic Transition Theory .

Malthusian Theory Thomas Malthus was an English minister and

college professor who best known for the Malthusian theory
population, which he described in his Essay on the Principles of
Population published in 1798. His premise was that the human
beings reproduced faster than it was possible to grow food for them.
While the population increase geometrically (2 ,4, 16, 32 etc ) the
food supply increase arithmetically (1 , 2 ,3 4 ).
 FOUR EFFECTS IN MIND
• Consumption effect. The more people, the fewer resources each person
gets. Four people get a similar piece of pie than two people dividing the
same pie.
• Production effect. The more people the less output per worker. Four people
farming 1 acre of land means that each person is exerting less effort than
two people farming the same land.
• Public facilities effect. The more people, the less benefit a person gets
from public facilities. Example of public facilities include public
transportation, health and social service agencies and schools.
• Age- distribution effect. The faster the population grows, the larger the
proportion of the population that is young. Since the young do not works,
the burden is on the older workers to support the needs of the young.
 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY
A three- stage process outlines how population is affected as a society
makes the transition from being preindustrial to industrial.

Stage 1. In preindustrial society, both the birth rate and the death rate are
high. This creates a rough cancellation effect the results in a stable
population that either does not grow, or grows very slowly.

Stage 2. As a society begins to make the transition from agricultural to

industrial, the death rate begins to fall due to improvements in sanitation
and health care, and food supply and distribution. The continuing high birth
rate, in conjunction with the declining death rate, leads to a rapid increase
in population.
 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY

Stage 3. As a society reached an advanced stage of

industrialization, the birth rate declines due to availability of
expensive forms of contraception and social pressures to have
smaller families. The declining birth rate compensates for the low
death rate, and so population growth slow or may even decline.
 POPULATION CONTROL STRATEGIES
In general, the nations of the world are trying to control their population
growth through one or more three strategies: family planning, anti-natalism
(that is anti birth policies), and economic improvements.

Family Planning
• Family planning programs have been designed to provide information
and services as a means of fertility control. The dispensing of
contraceptives (done in every barangay health centers throughout the
country) major function family planning programs.
• A key aspect of a family planning is a voluntary participation. Individuals
are not forced to limit their family size, but are given the means to do so
if they should so choose.
 GOVERNMENT REGULATION OR ANTI- BIRTH

This strategy involves public policies intended to discourage births.

There policies always include educational programs aimed at
changing social values and attitudes about family about family size,
and sometimes offer incentives, such as cash payment or a gift (any
small items) to people who accept contraception or sterilization.

The primary justification for the government regulation of private

reproduction decisions is that there are occasions when the sum of
private decisions made by individuals and couples results in a
socially undesirable outcome.
Metropolitan
A metropolitan area is defined as a large concentration of
population, usually an area of 100,000 or more people with an
important city as its core plus suburban and ‘ex-urban’ areas that
surround the city and are socially and economically integrated with
it.

Population Density
Population density is usually expressed as the number of people per
unit of land area.
Ecology
To understand how the growth of population and consumption can damage the
environment and thus endanger us, we look to ecology, the study of interaction
between living organisms and the natural environment. The natural environment
or physical environment refers to the earth’s surface and atmosphere, including
living organism, air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life.

Elements of Ecology
Like all organisms, human exist with a thin of air, soil, and water known as the
biosphere . With biosphere we can isolate countless ecosystems, communities
of living things interacting with the physical environment. An ecosystem maybe
as small as a puddle in a forest or as large as the biosphere itself. But whatever
ecosystem we choose to look at, we find that the organisms within it depend on
each other and on the physical environment for their survival.
Diminishing Resource
According to some estimates, the worlds reserves of lead, silver, tungsten,
mercury, and other resources will be depleted within 40 years. Even if new
discoveries increase oil reserves fivefold, the global supply of oil will last only 50
years. Poor nations fear that by the time they become fully industrialized, the
resources they have to enjoy will be gone.

Environmental Pollution
To consume more, we must produce more and more thereby create more
wastes. These by- products of our consumption must go somewhere. Nature has
many cycles for transforming wastes to be used in some other form, but we are
over taxing natures recycling capacity. We put too much waste, such as
automobile emissions, in one place at the same time, and we have created new
substances such as dioxin and PCB’s, that cannot be recycled safely. The result
is pollution.
DR. NELIA M. PELIPADA
 THE RISE OF CITIES

 Although the dominance of cities is a relatively recent
phenomenon, cities have been in existence for approximately
9,000 years, and human cultural development is directly linked
to them. In fact, the term civilization comes from the Latin word
civis, meaning “ a person living in a city”
 THE RISE OF CITIES

 The tiny settlements that marked the emergence of civilization in the
Middle East some 12, 000 years ago held only a small fraction of
Earth’s people. Today , the largest three or four cities of the world hold
as many people as they entire planet did back then (Maciones 2008).

 The rise of cities is linked to the following factors:

1. Agricultural improvement that reduce the number of workers needed in

food production.

2. Stabilization of political economic institutions, which enhance safety

and distribution of goods and services.
 THE RISE OF CITIES

1.

Improvements in transportation and communication, which enhance
trade and social interaction among large number of people.

2. The rise of industrial and postindustrial economies, which demand

concentrated population to provide labor and services.

In the late 19th century, German sociologist (1855-1937) Ferdinand

Tönnies developed a theoretical continuum to analyze the difference
between rural and urban living.
 THE RISE OF CITIES

 He developed two concepts that have becoming a lasting part of
sociology’s terminology.

Tonnies used German word Gemeinschaft ( meaning roughly

“community”)to refer the type of social organization in which people are
closely tied by kinship and tradition.

Gemeinschaft, is a community characterized by a relatively small population,

a simple division of labor, face to face interaction, and informal social control.

The other end, gesellsachaf, is a society made up of a large population

characterized by loose associations, a complex division of labor, secondary
relationship, and formal social control ( Thompson and Hickey, 2006).
 THE RISE OF CITIES

 Tonnies (1961 as cited by Thompson and Hickey, 2006) gemeinschaft
communities share strong sense of cohesiveness, common values, and
a commitment to strive for the common good.

 Cities , by contrast, tend to be gesellschaft communities and more

heterogeneous in values, with much less emphasis on common goals.

 Tonnies ideas provided a theoretical foundation for both urban and

rural sociology in the United States; investigators focused on
differences between rural communities and urban areas and how these
disparities affected basic social structure, institutions, and interaction.
 Urbanization and Human Ecology


 Urbanization refers to the movement of masses of people from rural to
urban areas and an increase in urban influence over all spheres of
culture and society.

 Urban studies in some affluent countries become closely identified

with human ecology, a subfield of sociology that focuses on recurring
spatial, social, and cultural patterns in a particular social environment-
in, cities. Human ecologists view a city as an ecosystem- a
 PATTERNS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT


The Concentric Zone Model

 Ernest Burgess, a sociologist at the University of Chicago, was

interested in how the ecological arrangement of cities affects the
economic resources of groups and individuals and the degree to which
people can profitably utilize urban space.

Zone 1

 Is the central business district the heart of the city and the center of
distribution of goods and services; it is the location of important
businesses, financial institutions, and retail outlets.
 PATTERNS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT


Zone 2
 As a Burgess called it, is the zone of transition because it is subject to
rapid change. In many major cities this area has been where
immigrants first settled and established urban enclaves such as
Chinatown and Little Sicily.

Zone 3
 Which contains residential hotels, apartments, trailerparks and other
types, and other types of working-class housing. As immigrants
become assimilated, find jobs, and can afford permanent housing, they
often move into zone 3.
 PATTERNS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT


Zone 4
 Is primarily a residential area for middle-class and upper- class housing.
Since World War II, people living in zone 4 have found it inconvenient
and undesirable to drive downtown to shop, bank, and receive necessary
services, so branch banks, shopping malls, medical clinics, hospitals, and
other services have sprung up and in around zone 4 to meet in needs.

Zone 5
 Is a commuter zone where people live in suburban areas or smaller
incorporated towns far enough away to avoid the undesirable elements of
the city (crime, drugs, and so on) yet close enough to enjoy its amenities
(theater, professional sports, and necessary goods and services)as well as
to commute to their place work.
 The Sector Model

 According to an American real estate economist, Homer Hoyt 1939, as
cited by Thompson and Hickey (2006), the center of the city develops
much the way Burgess described it. But Hoyt claimed the cities grow
outward in several wedge shaped sectors, each reflecting differential
land use and the congregation of fairly homogenous populations based
on race ethnicity, and social class.
 The Multiple-Nuclei Model

 Urban sociologist Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman (1945, as
cited by Thompson and Hickey, 2006) offered yet another explanation
of urban development with their multiple-nuclei model or multi-
centered model.

 According to their model, cities evolve from several nuclei that shape
the character and structure of the areas surrounding them.

 The models proposed by Burgess, Hoyt, and Harris and Ullman are
just that models representing ideal types. The models may or may not
accurately describe the specific development of actual cities.
 PROBLEMS IN CITIES


1. The greatest problem facing major cities is generating enough
revenue to provide adequate services and protection for their
residents. Most major cities raise taxes to compensate for shrinking
revenues but this in turn encourages more residents and businesses to
flee the city and locate in the surrounding suburb.

2. Urban decay hits the central city as major businesses move from the
downtown areas to more profitable suburban location. Old buildings
subsequently either remain vacant and deteriorate or become
multiple- unit slum housing , low rent hotels, “adult” bookstores and
theaters, centers for drugs distribution and other criminal activities,
and repositories for the urban homeless.
 PROBLEMS IN CITIES


3. The central cities have increasingly become the domicile of the poor.

4. Urban problems continue to exist such as chronic unemployment,

homelessness, violent crimes, alcohol and drug abuse , suicide, and other
forms of deviance.

5. Inner-city decay .even if some city governments in global cites attempt to

revitalize central cities by razing dilapidated buildings and replacing
them with modern high-rise office buildings, apartment complexes, and
condominiums, they could not contain the proliferation of street people,
drug dealers, and prostitutes who do their illegal trades, especially during
night time.
 HUMAN ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS IN GLOBAL CITIES


 The ecological perspective provides a theatrical model for analyzing
the interdependence between human beings and the physical
environment.

 In the case of human society, two of the most important ecological

factors are growth in population and our ability to alter the
environment through technology.
 Overpopulation

 As human populations grow, we alter our physical environment to
obtain sufficient food and shelter.

 We know the fact that most of global cities were once covered with
trees, grasses, flowers, marshes, and streams have been covered with
asphalt, concrete, steel, wood, and glass to build cities and residential
areas and to create millions of miles of highways.

 Overpopulation threatens to bring about widespread starvation and

avalanche of death.
 Depletion of Natural Resources


 Forest land around the globe is being destroyed at a rate of an acre every
second and tropical forest are shrinking by 11 million hectares ( over 27
million hectares) each year ( Brown, L.R 1988; Gore,1992).

 Particularly disturbing is the fact that tropical forest, which cover only 7
percent of the earth’s surface, may house as much as 80 percent of the
planets species(Linden, 1989). In North America, deforestation its
resulting from massive logging operations to provide lumber for housing
and pulp for paper; in tropical rain forest areas, it often follows the
burning of trees to clear land for corps and animals.

 Desertification- the creation of a desert on what was once arable land can
be attributed in part to the loss of fresh groundwater and the destruction of
natural lakes.
 Pollution:
Water, Air, and Land

 Pollution is now affecting almost every global city worldwide. It most
serious manifestation affect the tree major givers of life: water, air, and
land.

 The three major sources of water, industrial are domestic waste-water,

industrial charges, and agricultural runoff (World Resources Institute,
1990).

 Urbanization , other municipalities downstream often rely on those

same bodies of water as their major supply of drinking water.
 THE WORLD GLOBAL CITIES


The Global Elite

Global elite are the cities that rank the top 25 of both the Index and the
Outlook. These cities are not only performing well, but also positioned for
continued growth and global influence in the future.

Global Cities: Index Leaders

The Index and Outlook are based on composite scores that include a wide
range of metrics. A close look at rankings for each indicator reveals that
even the most elite metropolitan areas face significant competition from
cities in all major regions.
 Ecosystems:
Sources of Economic Growth

The Global Cities rankings offer valuable information about a city’s
capacity for growth at macro levels as well as information that are helpful
in examining ways to foster growth in specific areas. Many cities, for
example, seek to create start-up ecosystems that stimulate entrepreneurial
activity as these environments are known to increase foreign and private
investment, promote competition and innovation from existing business,
create jobs, and improve citizen’s quality of life ( Global Innovation
Index).
 Economic Powerhouses

They are distinguished primarily by their high levels of business
activity, these cities are often established hubs for trade and finance and
offer easy access to capital investors.

ex. Sao Paulo in Brazil, the leader for business activity in Latin America;
Beijing, PROC, the leader for business activity in Asia- Pacific and the
leader in fortune 500 companies overall.
 Network Centers

These cities are differentiated by strong human capital accompanied by
significant business activity information exchange. They typically have
prominent universities that produce a talented citizenry and maintain close
ties with the city’s large companies.
 Industry Leaders

These cities have dominant business sector that often develops as a result
for robust university systems that produce technically trained
professionals in the that particular industry.
 Regional Hubs

These cities have high levels of information exchange. They are often
located in countries with some of the most stable governments and
economies in their regions and are typically cultural centers in countries
with younger and more liberal populations.
 
END
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
D R . N E L I A M . P E L I PA D A
TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY AND WORLD

THE EARTH’S population has reached record levels because birth rates
remain high in poor nations and death rates have fallen just about
everywhere. Reducing fertility will remain a pressing issue throughout this
century.
Table 11.1: Global Population Increase
Births Deaths Net
Increase
Per year 130,860,569 56,579, 396 74, 281, 173
Per month 10, 905, 047 4,714, 950 6,190,098
Per day 358, 522 155,012 203, 510
Per hour 14,938 6,459 8,480
Per minute 249 108 141
Per second 4.1 4.8 2.3
THE THREE STRATEGIES OF SUSTAINABLE
ENVIRONMENT

• 1. First, the world needs to bring population growth under control. The
current population of more than 7 billion is already straining the natural
environment.

• 2. Second strategy is conservation of finite resource. This means meeting

our need with a responsible toward the future by using resources of
efficiently, seeking alternative sources of energy, and in some cases,
learning less.

• 3. Third strategy is reducing waste. Whenever possible, simply using less

is the best way to do this. But recyling programs, too, are part of the
answer.
THE THREE STRATEGIES OF SUSTAINABLE
ENVIRONMENT

• Our egocentric outlook sets our own interests as standards for how to live;
a sustainable environment demands an ecocentric outlook that helps us to
see that the present is tied to the future and that everyone must work
together.

• Most nations in the southern half of the world are undeveloped, unable to
meet the basic needs of their people.
 FOOD SUSTAINABILITY

Decisions to buy particular foods are often based on convenience, taste and
price, even for those of us who lived more sustainable lives. Understanding
what makes food sustainable ensures that we can assess products and brands
quickly an more accurately, so we can make better food choices that align
with our values.

Sustainable food is a combination of factors including how it is produced,

how it is distributed and it is consumed.

Food sustainability is often describe by food air miles, but it is whole of

more complicated than that. The sustainability of food includes consideration
of resource usage, environmental impact, agricultural practices, and health
considerations as well as social and economic impact.
 FACTORS OF FOOD SUSTAINABILITY

• Sustainable farming practice promotes organic and low carbon food

production , avoids the use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides as well as
genetically modified organism, is beneficial to biodiversity and the
environment, and provides soil fertility for future food production.

• Low environmental impact refers to the minimal use of the earth’s

resources, minimizing energy usage when related to transportation and
storage methods, and avoids practices that lead to climate change.

• Uploading animal welfare implies that farmers who treat animals with care
and respect, use livestock husbandry techniques that protect the animals
health and well-being, provide pasture grazing and allow animals to move
freely than confined to cages or restricted holding pens.
 FACTORS OF FOOD SUSTAINABILITY

• Protection of public health means that people should consume food that is
safe and healthy, produced without hazardous pesticides and chemicals,
non-essential antibiotics or growth promotion supplements.

• Good employment practices and community support means providing

workers an appropriate wage alongside safe, hygienic and fair working
conditions, and support local and regional economies that offer jobs and
build stronger communities.
 FOOD SECURITY

• Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their
dietary needs and food preferences for active and health life (Food
Agriculture Organization, United Nations, 2017).

• Food security comprises several different components as follows.

 Food access
 Distribution of food
 Stability of the food supply
 The use of food
 WHO IS FOOD INSECURE?

• The USDA reported that 14.5% of American households were food

insecure at least some time during 2010. of the 14. 5% that were food
insecure, 5.4% were classified as having very low food security which is a
report of multiple indications of disrupted patterns and reduced food intake
(USDA, 2011).

• Globally food insecurity is more difficult to measure.

 FACTORS BEHIND LACK
OF FOOD AND INSECURITY

• These are many complex reasons of food insecurity. Poverty is undeniably

the diving factor and the lack resources to buy food but the root causes of
poverty are multifaceted. Poverty, combined with other socio- economic
and political problems, creates the bulk of food insecurity around the
world.

Food Distribution

• Although it is commonly thought that world population will outstrip food

production capacity, current production of food exceeds global population
requirements.

• Although the global population is expected to rise in the next several

decades, global hunger is predicted to decline.
 FACTORS BEHIND LACK
OF FOOD AND INSECURITY

Political- Agricultural Practices

• Various political- agricultural practiced contribute food insecurity
worldwide. These include substituting commodity crops for food crops
(e.g., growing corn instead of vegetables) and heavy exportation of food
crops at the expense of food insecurity of the exporting country.

Environmental Factors
• Natural disasters, such as drought, have been frequently implicated in food
insecurity; however, natural disaster-related food insecurity and famines are
exacerbated by food distribution problems and lack of food surpluses due
to exportation or other political factors.
 FACTORS BEHIND LACK
OF FOOD AND INSECURITY

Other Economical and Political Reasons

• The global rise in food prices in the last several years has been predicted by
a number of factors, including natural disasters such as drought; the US
dollar’s decline; and an increase in the middle and upper class in countries
like China (this has created increased demand for meat and dairy, and thus
increased demand for gain). Increases in food cost generally mean
increases in food insecurity.
 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

• Although the first Green Revolution (GR) in the 1960s and 70s) increased
global yields; the Revolution came at price; per capita hunger also
increased, as small farmers were forced out substance agriculture and into
urban slums, often due the high cost of Green revolution and the inputs
required to grow them ( fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery).

• The second wave of Green Revolution focused on (GMOs) as central way

to feed the world’s growing population; however this second wave of the
Green Revolution may be worse for small farmers, as large corporations
own to patents to seed.
 IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY

• Improving agricultural biodiversity through sustainable agricultural

practices may also alleviate food insecurity.

• Industrial agricultural relies upon mono- cropping, in which one genetic

type of crop is planted on large tracts of land, while sustainable farms
frequently plant a genetically diverse array of both crop type and species.

• Monocropping increase crop sustainability to both pests and diseases;

several historical famines and crop decimation were due to pest or disease
devastating monocropped agricultural plantings.
 IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY

• With mono-cropping also comes and increased need for chemical fertilizers
and pesticides, which can erode soil biodiversity and in turn negatively
affect yields over time.

• Enhancing biodiversity through the use sustainable agricultural practices

can protect communities from food insecurity associated with both loss and
decreased yield.
 POLICY CHANGES

• In the United States, policy change that champions sustainable, locally

produced food, including increased incentives for local farmers and for
markets where fresh healthful food is available, can increase community
food security.

• This along with the increasing acceptance of food stamp benefits at local
food outlets such as farmers’ markets, may improve access to healthful
food and increase consumption of food fruits and vegetables.
 FOOD JUSTICE AND FOOD SOVEREIGNTY

• Food justice, broadly defined, it is the idea that food is a basic human right;
food, and the risk and benefits of the way it is grown and produced, should
be distributed fairly.

• Food sovereignty, defined by the agricultural activist group via Campesina

(union of farmers in the United States) is the right of peoples to define their
own food and agriculture; to protect and regulate domestic agricultural
production and trade.

• Both the food justice and food sovereignty movements are concerned with
the ways in which food produced (i.e., sustainability) distributed.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
DR. Nelia M. Pelipada
o Global citizenship is an idea that persons have rights and civic
responsibilities of being a member of the world, with whole-world
philosophy and sensibilities, rather than as a citizen of a particular
nation or place.

o The idea is that one’s identity transcends geography or political

borders and that responsibilities or rights are derived from
membership in a broader class “Humanity”.

o This does not mean that such a person denounces or waives his or
her citizenship or other, more local identities, but such identities are
given the second priority to their membership in a global
community.
 GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION

 In education , the term is most often used to describe a worldwide or

a set of values toward which education is oriented.

 The term ‘global society’ is sometimes used to indicate a global

studies set learning objectives for students to prepare them for global
citizenship.

 The concept of global citizenship has been liked with awards offered
for helping humanity.
 The following are the common perspectives of global citizenship based
on the Global Citizenship Education developed by Scholars.

 Critical and transformative perspective. Citizenship is defined by

being a member with rights and responsibilities. Active involvement is
being encouraged.

 World-mindedness. World- minded-ness refers to understanding the

world as one unified system and responsibility to view the interest of
individual nations with the overall needs of the planet in mind.

 Holistic understandings. The holistic understanding perspective was

founded by Merry field(former Guidance Counselor of Ball State
University in the United States) focusing on understanding the self in
relation to global community.
 PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Global citizenship, in some contexts, may refer to a brand of ethics
or political philosophy in which it is proposed that the core social,
political, economic and environmental realities of the world today
should be addressed at all levels by individuals, civil society
organizations, communities and nation states through a global lens.

 It refers to a broad culturally, and environmentally inclusive

worldwide that accepts the fundamental interconnectedness of all
things. Political, geographic borders become irrelevant and solutions
today’s challenges are seen to beyond the narrow vision of national
interest.

 With the reference to the Sanskrit term, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam

which means “ the world is one family” the statement is not just
about space and harmony among the societies in the world, but also
about a truth that somehow the whole world has to live together like
a family.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES

 Beginning in 2005, global pollsters and psychologists have studied

individual differences in the sense of global citizenship. The World
Values Survey administered across almost 100 countries included
the statement, “ I see myself as a world citizen.”

 Studies of the psychological roots of global citizenship have found

that persons high in global citizenship are also high on the
personality traits of openness to experience and agreeableness and
high in empathy and caring.

 On the other hand, the authoritarian personality revealed that the

social dominance orientation and psychopathy are all associated
with less global human identification.
 Individual’s normative environment (the cultural environment in
which one is embedded contains people, artifacts, cultural patterns
that promote viewing the self as global citizen) and global awareness
( perceiving oneself as aware, knowledgeable, and connected to
others in the world) predict global citizenship identification.

Subsequent research has examined variables that influence the model

such as:

 Participation in college course with global components

 Perception of one’s global knowledge
 College professors’ attitudes toward global citizenship
 Belief in an intentional worlds view of culture
 Participation is in a fan group promotes the identity
 Use global citizen related words when describing one’s values
 Possible self as global citizen
 Religiosity and religious orientation
 Threat one’s nation
 Interdependent self- construal prime
 Perception of the university environment
 Social media usage
 GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP ASPECTS

 The global idea citizenship may required redefinition of ties between

civic engagement and geography. Face to face town hall meetings
seem increasing supplanted by electronic “ town halls” not limited
by space and time.
 Absentee ballots opened the way for expatriates to vote while living
in another country; the internet may carry this several steps further.
Another interpretations given by several scholars of changing
configurations of citizenship due to globalization is the possibility
that citizenship becomes a change institutions; even if situated
within territorial boundaries that are national, if the meaning of the
national itself has changed then the meaning of being a citizen of
that nation changes.
 British jurist A.V. Dicey in 1885 as cited by Keegan & Green (2000)
popularized the phrase “rule of law’ in which he emphasized three
aspects of the rule of law to which the modern world have proven.

 1. No one can be punished or made to suffer except for breach of

law proved in an ordinary court.

 2. No one is above the law and everyone is equal before the law
regardless of social, economic, or political status.

 3. The rule of law includes the results of judicial decisions

determining the rights of private persons.

 In general, a world citizen is a person who places global citizenship

above any nationalistic or local identities and relationships.
SOCIAL CHANGE AND GLOBAL CITIZENS

 Those static social patterns, including status and role, social

stratification and social institutions as well as the dynamic forces
that have shaped our life, ranging from innovations in technology to
the growth of bureaucracy and the expansion of cities are all
dimensions of social change, the transformation of culture and social
institutions over time.
SOCIAL CHANGE HAS FOUR MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS
ACCORDING TO MACIONES (2010)

1. Social change happens all the time.

“Nothing is certain except death and taxes,” goes the old saying. Yet our
thoughts about death have changed dramatically as life expectancy in
some of the affluent countries has doubled since 1850.

2. Social change is something intentional but often unplanned.

Industrial societies actively promote many kinds of change.

 Example, scientists seek more efficient forms of energy, and

advertisers try to convince us that life is incomplete without this or that
new gadget.
SOCIAL CHANGE HAS FOUR MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS
ACCORDING TO MACIONES (2010)

3. Social change is controversial. Social change has both good and

bad consequences. Capitalists welcome the Industrial Revolution
because advancing technology increased productivity and swelled
profits. Many workers , however, feared that machines would
make their skills obsolete and resisted the push towards
“progress.”

4. Some changes matter more than others. some changes ( such as

clothing fads) have only passing significance, whereas other
innovations (like computers) last as long time and may change the
entire world.
 DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE

 Population patterns can also transform a society. Profound a change

is taking place as our population, collectively speaking, either older
younger.

 Migration within and among societies is another demographic factor

that promotes change. People around the globe from the rural areas
joined the rush of immigrants moving to industrial cities. As a result,
farm communities declined, metropolis and megalopolis expanded,
and most affluent countries became a predominantly urban nation.

 Similar changes are taking place today as people are moving from
one country to another in search for work and homes.
 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND CHANGE

 Social movements refers to an organized activity that encourages or

discourages social change. Just like any other nations in the world,
our history is the story of all kinds of social movements, form the
colonial drive for independence to today’s organizations supporting
or opposing abortion, divorce, gay rights, drug abuse, and the
death penalty.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

1. Alternative social movements are the least threatening to the status

quo because they seek limited change in only some part of the
population. Promise keepers, one example of an alternative social
movement, encourages Christian men to be more spiritual and
supportive of their families.

2. Redemptive social movements also have selective focus, seeking

radical change in some individuals. For example, Alcoholics
Synonymous is an organization that helps people with an alcohol
addiction achieve a sober life.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

1. Reformative social movements aim for only limited change,

but target everyone. The environmental movement seeks to
interest everyone in protecting the natural environment.

2. Revolutionary social movements are the most extreme of

all, striving for major transformation of an entire society.
Sometimes pursuing specific goals.
 EXPLAINING SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

 Deprivation theory holds that social movements arise among people

who feel deprived of something, say, income, safe working
conditions, or political rights. Whether one feels deprived or not, of
course, depends on one’s expectations. Thus people mobilize in
response to relative deprivation, a perceived disadvantage arising
from some specific comparison.

 Mass society theory argues that social movements attract socially

isolated people who seek, through their membership, a sense of
identity and purpose. From this point of view, social movements
have a personal as well as political agenda (Kornhauser, 1979;
Melcucci, 1989)
 EXPLAINING SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

 Resource- mobilization theory links the success of any social

movement to available resources- including money, human labor,
and access to mass media. Since most social movements begin
small, they must look beyond themselves to mobilize their resource
needed to increase their chance for success ( Snow et al., 1986;
Zhao, 1908)

 Culture theory points out that social movement depends not only on
material resources but also on cultural symbols. People must have a
shared understanding of injustice in the world before they can
mobilize to bring about change. In addition, specific symbols (such
as mass media images of starving children around the world) can
generate powerful feelings that motivate people to act (Morris &
Mueller, 1992; Giuguni, 1998; Staggenborg, 1998).
 EXPLAINING SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

 New social movement theory points out the distinctive

character of recent social movements in post- industrial
societies. Not only are these movements typically
national or international in scope, but most focus on
quality-of-life issues including the natural environment,
world peace, or animal rights- rather than the traditional
concern with economic issues.