Prayer patterns in each round.

And just like we mentioned in our

message on our GC. Sa bolahan po ng mga words, ay
Introduction magaganap through guessing game. 
Hannah: Good Day! BSA 2206, Me and Allysa are here today as Hannah: We'll flash questions in which you'll guess the answers
group 12 to report our next topic, Chapter 8 of our module and don sa mga answers manggagaling ang mga words na
entitled Biodiversity and Healthy Society. So katulad nga ng isheshade sa inyong mga bingo cards. Each word mentioned in
message namin sa gc yesterday, our main event for today is the such answers can be shaded individually. But then again
program Bingo Ka Day! So wala nang patumpik tumpik jumbled po yung mga words na yan so di magkakapareho ang
pa, without further ado let's watch this video. mga cards ng mga groups. Magpapatuloy po ang ating guessing
game hanggang sa may bumingo, and pag may bumingo
Plays the Bingo Ka Day Video naman ay mag reraise na lang ng hands dito sa meet and then
send your proof po or your cards sa gc para marecognize ang
Mechanics Of the Game pagkapanalo nyo.
Allysa: As you are all aware! Bingo is a popular game in the Allysa: Everyone is welcome to participate, and the team with
Philippines, and we all know the basic principles of playing at the rightest responses will be rewarded. The major rewards, on
home. However, the method we'll be doing today, as well as the the other hand, will be given to the bingo game-winners.We
bingo cards, are different. Words, not numbers, are written on have three rounds po, so may 3 groups na pwedeng manalo.
the bingo card boxes, as we informed each group's leader. In And yung mga prizes ay malalaman nyo din naman bago
order to score a bingo, the shaded box must follow certain magstart ang kada round. So good luck guys.

1. This pertains to the full abundance or variety of life – plant, animal, and microbial generally refers to genetic, species, and
ecosystem diversity. BIODIVERSITY
2. Biodiversity loss and _______ change can increase the risk of the emergence or spread of infectious diseases in animals, plants,
and humans, including economically important livestock diseases, zoonotic outbreaks, and global pandemics. ECOSYSTEM
3. This is based on a diversity of food species that promote health and can help to protect against disease by addressing the
problem of micronutrient and vitamin deficiencies. DIETS
4. Millions of people depend upon these for their primary health care. TRADITIONAL MEDICINES
5. Examples of species of interest to these include bears (for insights into osteoporosis, cardiovascular disorders, renal disease,
and diabetes), sharks (osmoregulation and immunology), cetaceans (respiration and treatments for divers suffering from
decompression sickness), and horseshoe crabs (optometry/ophthalmology and molecular biology). MEDICAL SCIENCE
6. Access to this is associated with better health outcomes, shorter hospital visits, and reduced convalescence time for patients
than in purely urban environments. GREENSPACE
7. By securing the life-sustaining goods and services that biodiversity provides to us, the conservation and sustainable use of
biodiversity can provide significant benefits for this. HUMAN HEALTH
8. Most of these introductions probably fail because of the low number of individuals introduced or poor adaptation to the
ecosystem they enter. EXOTIC SPECIES
9. These contribute greatly to the loss of biodiversity, killing off numerous species over the past several hundred years.
OVERHUNTING, OVERFISHING, AND OVERHARVESTING
10. Humans rely on this to modify their environment and make it habitable. TECHNOLOGY
11. These can threaten other species through competition for resources, predation, or disease. INVASIVE SPECIES
12. This throws off the delicate timing adaptations that species have to seasonal food resources and breeding times. CHANGING
CLIMATES/CLIMATE CHANGE
13. It has been observed and is due to past and continuing emission of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide and methane,
into the atmosphere caused by the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. ANTHROPOGENIC WARMING
14. It has become the common term consumers and popular media use to describe foods that have been created through genetic
engineering. GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)
15. This differs from other forms of biotechnology as it allows the isolation and transfer of genes coding specific characteristics
between living organisms to produce a new living organism that expresses the desired characteristics of both organisms.
GENETIC ENGINEERING/RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
16. It has four major industrial processes based on biological systems, namely cell and tissue culture, fermentation, enzyme
technology, and genetic engineering. MODERN TECHNOLOGY
17. Examples include pigs who can be fattened with less food, cashmere goats for producing more meat from greater muscle mass,
and longer hair for wooly. ENGINEERING OF ANIMALS USED FOR FOOD
18. Its purpose is to modify the natural and biological processes of living organisms without necessarily altering the genes or genetic
construct of the living organisms. BIOTECHNOLOGY
19. After scientists developed this, they were able to make similar changes in a more specific way and in a shorter amount of time.
GENETIC ENGINEERING
20. Uses specific models for many different human diseases, including multiple infectious diseases. BIOMEDICAL
21. Examples include corn varieties containing a gene for a bacterial pesticide that kills larval pests, and soybeans with an inserted
gene that renders them resistant to weed-killers. GM CROPS
22. In the hope of reviving tomatoes’ robust production in the country, The Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) of the University of the
Philippines Los Banos (UPLB) has developed a tomato breeding line resistant to what? TOMATO LEAF VURF VIRUS (ToLCV)
23. It can predict even at the early seedling stage whether a plant will grow to express a trait of interest-based on the mere presence
or absence of gene markers. MARKER_ASSISTED SELECTION (MAS)
24. The initial project assisted by the Australian government developed what kind of fruit variety with a 14-day shelf life, or double
the usual 6 days? PAPAYA
25. The two-year project was completed by a team composed mainly of local scientists at the IPB-UPLB with financial support from
what department? DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BIOTECH PROGRAM
26. It was developed by the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of the University of the Philippines Los Banos
(UPLB-BIOTECH). PROTEIN ENRICHED COPRA MEAL (PECM)
27. It was introduced as a “practical and ecologically sustainable solution” for poor corn farmers, a major bullet to combat poverty
and improve livelihood. BT CORN
IN THE PHILIPPINES.
28. It was the leading vegetable crop in the country in terms of area planted until 1990. TOMATO
29. It is aimed at providing a low-cost immunization strategy for developing countries; banana with the antigen of a causal organism
of diarrhea is now at the clinical trial stage. EDIBLE VACCINES
30. It can replace or substitute plastics and other petrochemical products in plants and thus are renewable and biodegradable.
PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE POLYMERS
 31. Corn with better nutritional qualities is with _____. HIGH LYSINE AND TRYPTOPHAN
32. It is expressed in potato, tobacco, and rapeseed that were stable and active. ANTIBODIES
33. A large amount of phosphate is excreted and contributes to _____. WATER POLLUTION
34. Crops that can extract and detoxify pollutants from the environment such as _____. HEAVY METALS
35. Engineering pest or disease resistance in important crops such as ______. RICE AND CORN, VARIOUS VEGETABLES,
SWEET POTATOES, AND OTHERS ESPECIALLY THOSE IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
36. Single impacts are always joined by the risk of ecosystem damage and destruction. ECOSYSTEM IMPACTS
37. Tolerance abilities of wild types may also develop, thus altering the native species’ ecological relationship and behavior.
GENETIC CONTAMINATION/INTERBREEDING
38. It has been hypothesized that such antibiotic resistance genes could lead to the innovation of oral doses of the antibiotic.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER
39. This may allow them to become invasive, spread into new habitats, and cause ecological and economic damage.
COMPETITION WITH NATURAL SPECIES
40. One risk of particular concern relating to GMOs is the risk of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) which is the acquisition of foreign
genes (via transformation, transduction, and conjugation) by organisms in a variety of environmental situations. IMPOSSIBILITY
OF FOLLOW-UP
41. Other factors such as the timing of appropriate biotic or abiotic environmental conditions and additional changes in the recipient
organism could delay adverse effects. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
42. This new GMO may give rise to adverse effects which are not controlled by management measures imposed by the original
license or permit. LOSS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL MEASURES
43. Pressure may increase on target and non-target species to adapt to the introduced changes. INCREASED SELECTION
PRESSURE ON TARGET AND NON-TARGET ORGANISMS

Conclusion  create "designer" children or to extend the natural human life

Hannah: All about Biodiversity span. Gene therapy and the manufacture and implementation of
Allysa: GMO (Genetically Modified Organism), an organism GMOs, like many other technologies, can be utilized to address
whose genome has been modified in the laboratory to promote and resolve complex scientific, medical, and environmental
the expression of desired physiological features or the challenges, but they must be used with responsibility.
production of desired biological products. GMOs are created
through the use of scientific procedures such as recombinant Ending ment
DNA technology and reproductive cloning. The use of GMOs in Allysa: So that’s it for today. I hope you learn something new
from us and if you have any questions feel free to ask us.
medicine and research has sparked a larger philosophical
Hannah: And once again, We, Hannah and Allysa from Group
debate. While genetic researchers think they are trying to heal 12, just reported chapter 8 of our module entitled Biodiversity
sickness and alleviate suffering, many people are concerned and Healthy Society. Wishing you good luck with the test and
that current gene therapy technologies will one day be used to have a great day ahead. That’s all. Thank you.
 Some Genetically Modified Organisms developed in the Philippines
Longer-lasting papayas
Institute of Plant Breeding in UPLB developed delayed-ripening papaya that is resistant to ring-spot virus (PRSV). The initial project assisted by the Australian
government developed a papaya variety with a 14-day shelf life, or double the usual 6 days. The scientists achieved this by suppressing the generation of key
enzyme in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway –ACC synthase – through genetic manipulation. ACC synthase triggers ethylene production, which causes ripening
of fruits
Protein enriched copra meal (PECM) as feed protein for tilapia, milkfish and shrimp aquaculture
Primarily used as animal feed, copra meal is an important feed resource in the Philippines. In 2014, the Philippines produced about 750,000 metric tons of copra
meal as coconut by-product. About 60% of this was locally utilized mainly as animal feed. There are, however, several concerns on the use of soybean meals as
feeding ingredient. This includes its fluctuating market price, its being expensive import commodity, its erratic supply, and the fact that it even competes for
human food.
To address the issue on high cost of soybean importation and to ensure the quality of animal feeds, the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural
Resources Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST- PCARRD) supported research and development (R&D) programs on
feed resources under its Industry Strategic Science and Technology (S&T) Program (ISP).
One of the program’s accomplishments is the use of formulated feeds for swine, poultry and aquatic animals with Protein Enriched Copra Meal (PECM) that was
developed by the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of the University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB-BIOTECH). Through solid-
state fermentation technology, the PECM is enriched with microorganisms that increase the protein content of copra meal to about 36 to 44% crude protein
content, comparable to the 46% of soybean meal. A group of researchers from the Institute of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences of the
University of the Philippines Visayas studied the possibility of substituting 50% soybean meal, as a major feed protein source, with PECM.
Hi! These are some of the GMOs that were developed in the Philippines
Tomato Leaf Curve Virus (ToLCV)- resistant Variety
The Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) of the University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB) has developed tomato breeding line resistant to tomato leaf curl virus
(ToLCV) in the hope of reviving tomato’s robust production in the country. The two-year project was completed by a team composed mainly of local scientist at
the IPB-UPLB with financial support from the Department of Agriculture Biotech Program. The research team developed the candidate ToLCV-resistant lines
from the local tomato varieties by interbreeding local varieties with ToLCV-resistant tomato lines acquired from the Asian Vegetable Research and Development
Center (AVRDC) – The World Vegetable Center.
ToLCV-resistance in the donor parental lines, hybrids and the derived lines from the initial hybrids was verified by exposing the plants to the ToLCV-Laguna
isolate and by marker-assisted selection (MAS). MAS can predict even at early seedling stage whether a plant will grow to express a trait of interest based on the
mere presence or absence of gene markers. Gene markers are short unique DNA sequences located near the DNA sequence of the gene responsible for a desired
physical characteristic/trait in each generation of plants produced. In this case, markers for genes responsible for the resistance to ToLCV confirmed successful
transfer of the resistance gene in the genetic make-up of the developed tomato lines. Lines rated as highly resistant due to absence or very minimal observed
symptoms of infection and detected for presence of ToLCV resistance genes through gene markers were considered candidate ToLCV resistant breeding materials.
Tomato was the leading vegetable crop in the country in terms of area planted until 1990. The peak of decline in the area of production in 1997 was primarily due
to pests and diseases as well as unfavorable climatic conditions especially during off-season months . Virus diseases, including ToLCV, are considered the most
damaging to tomato production worldwide causing 50-100% yield loss. Use of chemicals to stop the vector insect proved to be costly and does not warrant
sustainable protection. Moreover, the strategy can be hazardous both to human health and environment. The use of resistant varieties offers the most effective and
practical strategy to overcome the disease. While breeding initiatives to virus resistant varieties have been going on, the lack of varieties with durable resistance
against multiple virus diseases remains a concern to farmers. At present, there are no commercial varieties grown in the Philippines with durable resistance to
major virus diseases such as ToLCV. Use of the promising resistant breeding materials may improve production yield and income of more than 18,000 tomato
growers.
Bt corn
Bt corn in the Philippines was engineered to be specifically resistant to the Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee), the most devastating corn pests
in the industry. It was introduced as a “practical and ecologically sustainable solution” for poor corn farmers, a major bullet to combat poverty and improve
livelihood` Adoption rate of biotech maize in 2015 is at 63 percent. In the period 2003 to 2015, there were 13 years of consecutive growth in hectarage of Bt corn,
except for 2015 due to drought.

Potential benefits of GM crops

1. Better nutritional qualities---rice with provitamin A and iron; corn with high lysine and tryptophan; vegetables with higher ~-carotene and lycopene; legumes
with higher sulfur containing amino acids: sweet potato with higher protein content.
2. Engineering pest or disease resistance in important crops such as rice and corn, various vegetables. sweet potato and others especially those important for
developing countries.
3. Edible vaccines ---aimed at providing low-cost immunization strategy for developing countries; banana with antigen of causal organism of diarrhea is now at
clinical trial stage. Vaccine corn for gastroenteritis in hogs, hepatitis B in humans, etc.
4. Antibodies engineered and produced in plants---expressed antibodies in potato, tobacco and rapeseed were stable and active; need to increase expression level.
5. Crops which can extract and detoxify pollutants from the environment such as heavy metals ---this research is hampered by the lack of basic knowledge on the
molecular mechanism involved in the uptake and storage of inorganics in plants.
6. Crops which produce fewer toxic residues such as corn with low phytate, 15 Phytate complexes phosphorus and thus the latter becomes unavailable and cannot
released by nonruminants. A large amount of phosphate is excreted and contributes to water pollution.
7. Production of alternative polymers which can replace o substitute plastics and other petrochemical products in plants and thus are renewable and biodegradable.

Risk Related to the Use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Genetic Contamination/Interbreeding. Introduced GMOs may interbreed with the wild- type or sexually compatible relatives. The novel trait may disappear in
wild types unless it confers a selective advantage to the recipient. However, tolerance abilities of wild types may also develop, thus altering the native species’
ecological relationship and behavior.
Competition with Natural Species. Faster growth of GMOs can enable them to have a competitive advantage over the native organisms. This may allow them
become invasive, to spread into new habitats, and cause ecological and economic damage.
Increased Selection Pressure on Target and Non-target Organisms. Pressure may increase on target and non-target species to adapt to the introduced changes
as if to a geological change or a natural selection pressure causing them to evolve distinct resistant populations.
Ecosystem Impacts. The effects of changes in a single species may extend well beyond to the ecosystem . Single impacts are always joined by the risk of
ecosystem damage and destruction.
Impossibility of Follow-up. Once the GMOs have been introduced into the environment and some problems arise, it is impossible to eliminate them. Many of
these risks are identical to those incurred with regards to the introduction of naturally or conventionally bred species. But still, this does not suggest that GMOs are
safe or beneficial, nor that they should be less scrutinized.
Horizontal Transfer of Recombinant Genes to other Microorganisms. One risk of particular concern relating to GMOs is the risk of horizontal gene transfer
(HGT). HGT is the acquisition of foreign genes (via transformation, transduction, and conjugation) by organisms in a variety of environmental situations. It occurs
especially in response to changing environments and provides organisms, especially prokaryotes, with access to genes other than those that can be inherited. HGT
of an introduced gene from a GMO may confer a novel trait in another organism, which could be a source of potential harm to the health of people or the
environment.
Loss of Management Control Measures. Regulatory approvals for field trials of GMOs often require measures to limit and control the release in space and time.
With the spread of the introduced gene(s) to another species by HGT, a new GMO is created. This new GMO may give rise to adverse effects which are not
controlled by management measures imposed by the original license or permit
Long-term Effects. Sometimes the impact of HGT may be more severe in the long term. Even under relatively strong selection pressure, it may take thousands of
generations for a recipient organism to become the dominant form in the population. In addition, other factors such as timing of appropriate biotic or abiotic
environmental conditions and additional changes in the recipient organism could delay adverse effects. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2011/369573/
Antibiotic Resistance and Horizontal Gene Transfer. Most of the first generation of GM crops have antibiotic resistance gene as selectable marker. It has been
hypothesized that such antibiotic resistance genes could lead to the innovation of oral doses of the antibiotic, or that these genes could be transferred to pathogenic
microorganism in the gut or the soil which will render them resistant to such antibiotics.

Conclusion about GMO:

GMO (Genetically Modified Organism), an organism whose genome has been modified in the laboratory to promote the expression of desired physiological
features or the production of desired biological products. GMOs are created through the use of scientific procedures such as recombinant DNA technology and
reproductive cloning. The use of GMOs in medicine and research has sparked a larger philosophical debate. While genetic researchers think they are trying to heal
sickness and alleviate suffering, many people are concerned that current gene therapy technologies will one day be used to create "designer" children or to extend
the natural human life span. Gene therapy and the manufacture and implementation of GMOs, like many other technologies, can be utilized to address and resolve
complex scientific, medical, and environmental challenges, but they must be used with responsibility.