Modelling For The Control of A Complex Radar System: Pergamon

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_bregjdl
Adjpurbrs Dps [bs. Xd`. ;2, Ld. 1. pp. ;1=-;9=, 7==3 3 7==3
B`sbvmbr Qamblab @ti
_MM6 sd1?2-?293 =5Fddd95-8
G`` rmects bsbrvbi. _rmltbi l Erbgt
Krmtgml ?1?2-?293/=3 7=.??+?.??
JDIB@@MLE HD[ YCB ADLY[D@ DH G ADJ_@BS [GIG[ Q]QYBJ
G. F. Drjgl,–4t6 G. N.
Qcgcgum”s gli G. [. Jddrb$
Hgau`ty dh Jgtcbjgtmag` Qtuimbs,
Rlmvbrsmty dh Qdutcgjptdl, Qdutcgjptdl, R.N. *
Ibhblab Bvg`ugtmdl gli
[bsbgrac Geblay, _drtsidwl, R.N.
([babmvbi Qbptbjkbr 7= > ml rbvmsbi hdrj Jgy 7==5)
Qadpb gli _urpdsb-Ycb
wdri
rgigr
ms ibrmvbi hrdj tcb pcrgsb rgimd ibtbatmdl gli rglemle wcmac ms bssbltmg``y wcgt g rgigr systbj idbs. Mt trglsjmts b`batrdjgelbtmag` blbrey gli ebts rbturls hrdj gly rbh`batmle dkfbat ml mts idjgml. Ycbrb grb jgly typbs dh rgigr systbjs, trgimtmdlg``y kum`t gli ibsmelbi td pbrhdrj dlb tgsn. G ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr ms g lbw typb dh rgigr systbj wcmac adjkmlbs tcrbb tgsns6 sbgrac, trgan gli wbgpdl eumiglab. Gs jdrb dh tcbsb ju`tmhulatmdl systbjs grb kbmle ibvb`dpbi tcbrb ms gl mlarbgsmle mltbrbst ml tcb rbsbgrac mltd tcb adltrd` dh suac systbjs. Ycms pgpbr ibsarmkbs g agsb stuiy ml wcmac g ibtgm`bi jdib` dh suac g systbj ms ibvb`dpbi, tbstbi gli usbi bxtblsmvb`y hdr bxpbrmjbltg` purpdsbs.
Gkstrgat--Ycb prdk`bj dh bhhbatmvb`y adltrd``mle
g lbw krbbi dh adjp`bx rgigr systbj ms adlsmibrbi. Ycb vgrmdus tgsns td kb pbrhdrjbi ky tcb lbw`y ibvb`dpbi rgigr grb imstmleumscbi gli g rgigr smju`gtmdl jdib` ms bvd`vbi. Ycb jdib` blgk`bs rbadjjbligtmdls td kb jgib gkdut cdw, gli wcbl, vgrmdus tgsns scdu`i kb pbrhdrjbi sd gs td gacmbvb gl bhhmamblt adjprdjmsb kbtwbbl tcb rbqumrbi rgigr gatmdls gli tcb rbsdurabs gvgm`gk`b td tcb rgigr. Ycms stuiy wgs mlstmegtbi ky tcb
Ibhblab
[bsbgrac Geblay td cb`p gssbss g lbw rgigr systbj tcby cgi ibvb`dpbi. Ycb jdib` ibvb`dpbi cgs sdjb eblbrg` hbgturbs tcgm agl kb usbi hdr dtcbr adjp`bx systbjs. ? 7==3 B`sbvmbr Qamblab @ti. G`` rmects rbsbrvbi M, MLY[DIRAYMDL
[gigr
ms g systbj
wcmac usbs b`batrdjgelbtma blbrey td ibtbat gli `dagtb dkfbats. Mt trglsjmts g pgrtmau`gr typb dh wgvbhdrj, hdr bxgjp`b g pu`sb-jdiu`gtbi
smlb wgvb, gli `dagtbs dkfbats hrdj tcb lgturb dh tcb bacd smelg` rbabmvbi ^`Z. Ycdrduec mltrdiuatmdl td rgigr systbjs ms emvbl ml Qnd`lmn ^;Z gli Kgrtdl ^1Z. Ycb jgfdrmty dh rgigr ibvmabs grb ibpbliblt updl jbacglmag` jbgls hdr imrbatmle tcbmr b`batrdlma kbgj. Yypmag``y, tcms cgs tgnbl tcb hdrj dh gl gltbllg wcmac rdtgtbs gt g prbibhmlbi, adlstglt, vb`damty. [bablt ibvb`dpjblts ml rgigr tbacld`dey cgvb mla`uibi tcb pcgsbi grrgy rgigr wcmac agl imrbat tcb trglsjmttbi wgvbhdrj b`batrdlmag``y. Ycb gkm`mty td stbbr tcb kbgj b`batrdlmag``y, gli tcbrbhdrb quman`y, ms dh erbgt mltbrbst ml rgigr systbjs. Ucbrbgs prbvmdus`y tcb tmjb tgnbl td pcysmag``y pdsmtmdl tcb kbgj wgs g jgfdr prdk`bj, wmtc pcgsbi grrgy rgigrs g rgpmi rbgatmdl tmjb ms gacmbvgk`b wcmac ms vmtg` ml g rgigr systbj. G pcgsbi grrgy ms g imrbatmvb gltbllg adlsmstmle dh gl grrgy hgab, wcmac cgs jgly b`bjblts (dr ab``s), wcbrb bgac b`bjblt ms dpbrgtbi sbpgrgtb`y. Bgac rgimgtmle b`bjblt eblbrgtbs g rgimgtmdl pgttbrl wcdsb scgpb gli imrbatmdl ms edvbrlbi ky tcb rb`gtmvb pcgsbs gli gjp`mtuibs dh tcb aurrblts gt bgac b`bjblt
^
77. Mt ms
pdssmk`b td stbbr tcb imrbatmdl dh tcb rgimgtmdl ky vgrymle tcb rb`gtmvb pcgsbs. Ycb rgimgtmle b`bjblts agl kb grrglebi ml g lujkbr dh wgys. G twd-imjblsmdlg` p`glgr grrgy ms dh jdst usb hdr rgigr gpp`magtmdls smlab mt ms tcb jdst vbrsgtm`b dh g`` gltbllgs. Ycb rgigr dh mltbrbst ml tcms pgpbr trglsjmts g ‐pblam` kbgj‚. Ycms blsurbs tcgt tcb rgigr agl pml-pdmlt tgrebts ky ‐m``ujmlgtmle‚ rb`gtmvb`y sjg`` vd`ujbs dh spgab. G pcgsbi grrgy rgigr, wmtc mts mlcbrblt ju`tm-imrbatmdlg` h`bxmkm`mty, cgs jgib mt pdssmk`b td adjkmlb tcb prbvmdus`y msd`gtbi tgsns dh survbm``glab, trganmle gli wbgpdl eumiglab. G rgigr wmtc tcbsb agpgkm`mtmbs ms ag``bi g juhtm$ulatmdl
rgigr ^9Z.
Ycb glg`ysms dh tcb dpbrgtmdlg` jglgebjblt dh g ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr ms g `greb tgsn gs mt advbrs tcb ju`tmp`b-hulatmdls adliuatbi ky tcb rgigr> mt ms g ju`tmhgabtbi prdk`bj t
Yd wcdj g`` adjspdliblab scdu`i kb giirbssbi (bjgm`6 gfdOjgtcs.sdtdl.ga.un). $ G`bx Drjgl ms g @baturbr ml Dpbrgtmdlg` [bsbgrac ml tcb Hgau`ty dh Jgtcbjgtmag` Qtuimbs gt tcb Rlmvbrsmty dh Qdutcgjptdl. Cms rbsbgrac mltbrbsts grb ml adjkmlmle ibtbrjmlmstma gli stdacgstma jdib`s hdr tcb mjprdvbi dpbrgtmdl dh adjp`bx systbjs gli systbj `bvb` jdib``mle dh lbw prdiuat ibvb`dpjblt prdabssbs gli jgluhgaturmle systbjs. Cb ms dl Adulam` dh tcb Dpbrgtmdlg` [bsbgrac Qdambty. 3 Grfgl Qcgcglm ms g [bgibr ml Dpbrgtmdlg` [bsbgrac ml tcb Hgau`ty dh Jgtcbjgtmag` Qtuimbs. Cms rbsbgrac mltbrbsts grb ml tcb ibvb`dpjblt, sd`utmdl gli usb dh adjp`bx stdacgstma jdib`s. 9 G`gl Jddrb ms tcb Cbgi dh Lgvg` [gigr [bsbgrac gt IB[G, _drtsidwl, R.N. Cms jgml rbsbgrac mltbrbsts grb ml tcb ibvb`dpjblt dh Gigptmvb, Ju`tm-Hulatmdl, _cgsbi Grrgy [gigr systbjs. ;1=
 
;9
G. F. Drjgl br g`.
JR@YMHRLAYMDL [GIG[ YGQNQ
HM[B ADLY[D@ (Ju`tmp`b Acgllb`) `mdrmzdl Qbgrac _brhdrjglab Dptmjmsbi Yd [gigr Hulatmdl ky Gigptmvb Qb`batmdl dh Ugvbhdrjs, _rdabssmle gli Rpigtb [gtbs. Hme. 7. Ycb tgsns agrrmbi dut ky g ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr systbj.
mlvd`vmle tcb ibvb`dpjblt dh sacbiu`mle, trganmle gli survbm``glab ru`bs gjdlest dtcbrs. Lbw tbacld`dembs ibvb`dpbi ky tcb Ibhblab [bsbgrac Geblay (I[G) cgs blgk`bi g prdtdtypb ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr td kb kum`t wcmac ms lbgrmle dpbrgtmdlg` sbrvmab. Ycb tgsns tcb ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr just pbrhdrj grb scdwl ml Hme. 7. Ycb bhhbatmvblbss dh gly rgigr systbj ibpblis dl tcb ru`bs wcmac edvbrl mts dpbrgtmdl. Hdr g ibimagtbi rgigr systbj, g hgam`mty tcgt pbrhdrjs dl`y dlb tgsn, tcbsb ru`bs agl kb tgm`drbi hdr tcb dkfbatmvb armtbrmg dh adlabrl wcmac jgnb tcb ibvb`dpjblt dh tcb ru`bs hgmr`y strgmect hdrwgri. Mlibbi, tcb gppbg` dh ibimagtbi rgigr systbjs ms tcbmr gkm`mty td pbrhdrj tcb rbqumrbi hulatmdl vbry bhhbatmvb`y ^;Z. Ycb ibvb`dpjblt dh g ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr systbj mlvd`vbs jgly adjprdjmsbs iub td mts ldl-ibimagtbi lgturb. Jgly prdk`bjs ml tcb ibvb`dpjblt dh suac g systbj grb nldwl td bxmst, hdr bxgjp`b kuiebtmle dh rgigr tmjb kbtwbbl sbgrac gli trgan jdibs, kut `mtt`b wdrn cgs kbbl adliuatbi dl tcb gatug` ibrmvgtmdl gli mjp`bjbltgtmdl dh ru`bs hdr suac g systbj. Ycb adjp`bxmty dh g ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr systbj cgs g pdtbltmg` hdr jgly kblbhmts ^9Z, hdr bxgjp`b, ld igtg rgtb h`bxmkm`mty gli sbgrac-trgan cglidvbr prdk`bjs. Ycms pgpbr ms adlabrlbi wmtc tcb bxbautmvb jglgebjblt dh tcb ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr systbj kum`t ky tcb I[G. Ycgt ms, mt gttbjpts td imstmleumsc kbtwbbl tcb vgrmdus tgsns td kb pbrhdrjbi ky tcb rgigr systbj gli td stuiy tcb smelmhmaglt blvmrdljbltg` gli systbj hgatdrs tcgt mlh`ublab tcb bhhmamblay dh tcb systbj wmtc rbspbat td tcb vgrmdus dpbrgtmle dkfbatmvbs. Ycms wm`` tcbl blgk`b tcb rgigr sambltmsts gli dpbrgtdrs td gpprbamgtb tcb rb`gtmvb mjpdrtglab dh tcb lujbrdus hgatdrs wcbl adlsmibrmle tcb imhhbrblt dkfbatmvbs. Hd``dwmle tcb givmab hrdj tcb I[G sambltmsts wb hdaus dl twd mjpdrtglt armtbrmg ml tcms pgpbr> tcb rgigr utm`msgtmdl gli tcb lujkbr dh ulibtbatbi tgrebts. G prbvmdus stuiy ky Drjgl bt g`. ^2Z, cgs scdwl tcgt mt ms pdssmk`b hdr tcb utm`msgtmdl dh g ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr, bjp`dymle g rbgsdlgk`b fdk sacbiu`mle cburmstma, td kb gs `dw gs 2?%. Ycms `dw hmeurb adjbs hrdj kdtc tcb spbamg` struaturb dh tcb rgigr fdks, gs scdwl ml tcb prbabimle sbatmdl, gli tcb adjp`bx lgturb dh tcb sacbiu`mle prdk`bj.
;. [GIG[ ADLY[D@ _[DK@BJ
Ycbrb grb twd jgml b`bjblts tcgt mlh`ublab tcb dpbrgtmdlg` eddilbss dh g rgigr systbj6 tgrebts gli ldmsb. Kdtc dh tcbsb b`bjblts emvb tcb systbj mts stdacgstma acgrgatbrmstmas gli hrdj tcbsb stbj tcb jgml dpbrgtmdlg` prdk`bjs. Ucbl mlvbstmegtmle tcb prdk`bjs dh rgigr gli tcb jbtcdi dh rbsd`vmle tcbsb prdk`bjs tcb glg`ysms dh tcbsb twd b`bjblts, gli tcb gssbssjblt dh tcbmr mjpgat dl tcb systbj, ms dh vmtg` mjpdrtglab.
5
 
Jdib``mle hdr tcb adltrd` dh g adjp`bx
rgigr systbj
;97 Ycb rgigr cgs td jglgeb mts sbgrac dh tcb vd`ujb td hmli rglidj`y imstrmkutbi jdvmle tgrebts. G lujkbr dh jbtcdis ^1,9Z dh sbgracmle ml bgac sbgrac rbemdl cgvb kbbl ibvb`dpbi td `dagtb tgrebts suac gs, rglidj sbgrac, b``mptmag` sbgrac gli rgstbr sagl. Dlab tgrebts cgvb kbbl `dagtbi tcby just kb trganbi. Ycms pdsbs g hurtcbr prdk`bj gs tgrebts agl hd``dw g adjp`bx pgtc tcrduec spgab. Ldmsb ml g rgigr blvmrdljblt agusbs jgly prdk`bjs wcmac cgvb td kb ibg`t wmtc. Bssbltmg``y tcb ldmsb adjbs hrdj twd sdurabs> tcb trglsjmttbr gli tcb blvmrdljblt. Ycb trglsjmttbr agl ‐`bgn‚ b`batrdjgelbtma blbrey mltd tcb rbabmvbr. Hurtcbrjdrb, tcb trglsjmttbi blbrey rbh`bats kgan hrdj gly rbh`batmle dkfbat wcbtcbr mt ms dh mltbrbst dr ldt (b.e. kmris, vbebtgtmdl, a`duis), tcms ms ag``bi
a`uttbr.
Yd ibtbat g tgrebt tcb blbrey rbh`batbi kgan td tcb rgigr just ardss g prbibhmlbi tcrbscd`i. Ycms tcrbscd`i ms sbt gaadrimle td tcb gjdult dh blbrey trglsjmttbi, tcb bxpbatbi smzb dh tcb tgrebt gli tcb blvmrdljbltg` adlimtmdls. Ycb prdabiurb hdr tcb sbttmle dh tcb tcrbscd`i `bvb` cgs g smelmhmaglt bhhbat dl tcb bhhmamblay gli bhhbatmvblbss dh tcb rgigr systbj dpbrgtmdl. ;.7.
Ycb rgigr fdks
Ml g ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr systbj, tcbrb grb tcrbb typbs dh fdks td kb prdabssbi> survbm``glab fdks, trganmle fdks gli wbgpdl eumiglab fdks. G`` tcbsb fdks grb aya`ma ml lgturb. Ycb sbgrac vd`ujb dh tcb rgigr ms imvmibi up mltd sbgrac rbemdls, bgac rbemdl ms tcbl imvmibi up mltd kbgj pdsmtmdls wmtc bgac kbgj pdsmtmdl adrrbspdlimle td g fdk. Hdr tcb `gttbr twd typbs dh fdks tcb dkfbat dh mltbrbst just kb rbpbgtbi`y jdlmtdrbi, gli hdr tcb hdrjbr typb dh fdk tcb sbgrac rbemdls just kb rbpbgtbi`y sagllbi. Ycbrb ms g ibhmlmtb, wb`` ibhmlbi, prmdrmty struaturb wmtc tcbsb tcrbb typbs dh fdks. Yrganmle fdks grb jdrb hrbqublt tcgl wbgpdl eumiglab fdks kut kdtc cgvb vgrymle aya`b gli prdabssmle tmjbs. Ycbrb ms g `greb hmxbi lujkbr dh survbm``glab fdks gli tcby cgvb hmxbi aya`b gli prdabssmle tmjbs. Ubgpdl eumiglab fdks agl kb trbgtbi gs tcb cmecbst prmdrmty trganmle fdks. Ycbrb grb tcrbb prmdrmtmbs dh trganmle fdks wcmac ibpbli dl tcb jdtmdl dh tcb tgrebts> mh tcb tgrebt ms mlkduli tcbl mts rb`gtbi trganmle fdk ms cmec prmdrmty, mh tcb tgrebt mh jdvmle gwgy (usug``y ibhmlbi ky tcb dpbrgtdr) hrdj tcb rgigr tcbl mts rb`gtbi trganmle fdk ms `dw prmdrmty gli g`` dtcbr tgrebts grb a`gssbi gs jbimuj prmdrmty. G prdk`bj adlabrlmle tcb adltrd` dh g ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr ms gsabrtgmlmle cdw kbst td sacbiu`b tcb rgigr fdks. Ycb sacbiu`mle just kb adliuatbi ml g iylgjma gli stdacgstma blvmrdljblt gli just kb gaadjp`mscbi ml rbg` tmjb. Bgac dh tcb rgigr fdks cgs g
adup`bi-tgsn
hdrjgt gs scdwl ml Hme. ;. Hdr g rgigr fdk
m,
tcb pu`sb trglsjmssmdl tmjb ms ibldtbi ky
g,
tcb pu`sb rbabptmdl tmjb ms ibldtbi ky
km
gli tcb mltbrvblmle fdk mi`b tmjb ms ibldtbi ky @_ Ldtb tcgt tcb sbadli tgsn just stgrt bxgat`y @m tmjb ulmts ghtbr tcb hmrst tgsn ms adjp`btbi. Ycb rgigr fdks jgy kb sacbiu`bi ml gly wgy wmtc tcb rbstrmatmdl tcgt ld twd tgsns daaupy tcb rgigr gt gly dlb tmjb. Ycb tgsns jgy ldt kb prb-bjptbi. Jdst iurgtmdl”s grb dh tcb dribr dh 7? -1 s kut sdjb agl kb juac sjg``br. Mt ms ldt uladjjdl hdr tcb mltbrvg` @m td kb gs `greb gs jgx(g,,
km
gli gs g adlsbqublab mt ms pdssmk`b hdr tcb rgigr td kb mi`b hdr gkdut g tcmri dh tcb tdtg` tmjb dh g fdk. Ycms mi`b tmjb adu`i kb usbi ky tcb rgigr. Ycb prdk`bj ms g ldl-mltbebr prdergjjmle typb gs tcb vgrmgk`bs grb ldt adlstrgmlbi td tgnb mltberg` vg`ubs. Ycb prdabss tcgt ms td kb jdib``bi ms g adltmludus dlb wcmac wdu`i mlvd`vb rbsd`vmle tcb prdk`bj gt imsarbtb tmjb mltbrvg`s ml g jgtcbjgtmag` prdergjjmle jdib`. Ycms ms ldt g sgtmshgatdry jbtcdi gli wdu`i rbsu`t ml `greb adjputgtmdlg` adsts gli g sbvbrb `dss dh rbg`msj. Ycb rgigr systbj g`sd mlvd`vbs ldl-`mlbgr adlstrgmlts wcmac grb tmjb ibpbliblt. Cbhhbs gli Cgrmle ^8Z emvb gl dptmjg` g``dagtmdl dh trganmle pu`sbs hdr gl grrgy rgigr kut gpprbamgtb tcb jbtcdi”s mlh`bxmkm`mty gli tcus mts `mjmtbi usb ml g prgatmag` smtugtmdl. Gpp`magtmdl dh D-` mltbebr prdergjjmle td tgrebt trganmle ms emvbl ky Jdrbhmb`i ^5Z, wcd `ddns gt gpp`ymle tcb tcbdry td pu`sb g``dagtmdl wcbl tcbrb grb ju`tmp`b tgrebts> gegml tcb usb dh tcb jbtcdi ms rbstrmatbi ml prgatmsb. YMJB <
Hme. ;. Ycb struaturb dh g adup`bi-tgsn fdk.
5
 
;9; G. F. Drrlgl bt
g`
Ycb glg`ysms dh tcb rgigr systbj td prdvmib gl dribr ml wcmac tcb fdks scdu`i kb prdabssbi ms huligjbltg``y g sacbiu`mle prdk`bj. Ycb qubstmdl ms wcbtcbr tcb rgigr tmjb g``dagtmdl prdk`bj agl kb sd`vbi usmle stgligri sacbiu`mle tbaclmqubs. Ycb adjp`btb blujbrgtmdl dh l pdssmk`b prdabssmle dribrs gt gly pdmlt ml tmjb ms mjprgatmag`. Ycb g`edrmtcj usbi td sacbiu`b tcb fdks scdu`i mibg``y rul ml pd`yldjmg` tmjb, smlab mt wm`` kb dl-`mlb. Qbvbrg` gttbjpts cgvb kbbl jgib td adlstruat sacbiu`mle g`edrmtcjs hdr pu`sbi rgigrs, suac gs Hgrmlg gli Lbrm ^3Z, Jm`dfbvma gli _dpdvma ^=Z, [ddzb ^`dZ gli Ubmlkure ^``Z> cdwbvbr tcby cgvb g`` `ganbi sdjb vmtg` gspbat dh tcb prdk`bj mlerbimblt, suac gs tcb stdacgstma b`bjblt dh tcb prdk`bj dr tcb iylgjma lgturb dh tcb fdks. Ycms cgs tcus `bgi td g`edrmtcjs wcdsb rbg` `mhb gpp`magkm`mty ms tcbrbhdrb qubstmdlgk`b. Drjgl gli _dtts ^7;Z `ddn gt tcb adjp`bxmty dh adup`bi tgsn sacbiu`mle gli prdvb tcgt tcby grb gjdlest tcb jdst imhhmau`t adjkmlgtdrmg` prdk`bjs. G`edrmtcjs hdr sacbiu`mle tcb ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr fdks grb emvbl ml Drjgl bt g`. ^2Z. Ycb kgsma mibg dh adup`mle tgsns ms ldt ulmqub td rgigr systbjs gli sdjb dh tcb sacbiu`mle wdrn mlspmrbi ky tcb rgigr prdk`bj adu`i cgvb gpp`magtmdls ml dtcbr grbgs. [bsbgrac dl adup`bi-tgsn sacbiu`mle prdk`bjs, wcmac daaur ml adjputbr systbjs gli jgluhgaturmle blvmrdljblts, ms erdwmle. G lujkbr dh armtbrmg grb usbi td jbgsurb tcb rgigr pbrhdrjglab suac gs utm`msgtmdl gli tgrebt ibtbatmdl pbrhdrjglab. Ycb usb dh tcb rgigr ml jm`mtgry sablgrmds mjp`mbs tcgt tcbsb armtbrmg lbbi td kb gpp`mbi td tcb systbj ml g `greb lujkbr dh pdssmk`b tcrbgt blvmrdljblts (g adjkmlgtmdl dh tgrebt gli ldmsb) td blsurb tcgt usmle dlb sbt dh ru`bs, hdr rgigr dpbrgtmdl, tcgt emvb lbgr dptmjg` pbrhdrjglab ml dlb blvmrdljblt idbs ldt `bgi td kgi rbsu`ts ml gldtcbr blvmrdljblt. Ml dtcbr wdris, rdkustlbss dh tcb ru`bs bjp`dybi ms gl mjpdrtglt adlsmibrgtmdl ml jm`mtgry gpp`magtmdls. Qdjb sdrt dh bxpbrmjbltgtmdl cgs td kb adliuatbi dl tcb systbj, dr g jdib` dh tcb systbj, td gsabrtgml wcmac adjkmlgtmdl dh ru`bs grb tcb kbst.
1. JDIB@@MLEYCB [GIG[ Q]QYBJ
Hrdj g jglgebrmg` pbrspbatmvb tcb rgigr systbj ibvb`dpbi ky tcb I[G agl kb jdib``bi gs g qububmle lbtwdrn. Ycb imhhbrblt typbs dh fdks kbmle ml sbpgrgtb qububs gli bgac rbqumrmle ‐sbrvmab‚ hrdj tcb smle`b rgigr gltbllg. Hmeurb 1 scdws cdw tcb ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr systbj ibvb`dpbi ky tcb I[G adu`i kb jdib``bi usmle g qububmle lbtwdrn. Ycb lbtwdrn cgs hbbikgan gs tcb fdks grb rbpbgtbi`y prdabssbi gli cgvb g adjp`bx prmdrmty struaturb gs jbltmdlbi prbvmdus`y. Hmeurb 1 scdws tcb qububs dh tcb survbm``glab fdks gli dh tcb trganmle fdks, gli tcb rgigr gltbllg, wcmac agl dl`y prdabss dlb tgsn gt g tmjb kbagusb mt agl dl`y trglsjmt dr rbabmvb hdr dlb pgrtmau`gr fdk gt g tmjb. Ycb trganmle fdks, ghtbr kbmle prdabssbi, bmtcbr ‐`mvb‚ wmtc g prdkgkm`mty
q,
dr grb ib`btbi wmtc g prdkgkm`mty 7 -=. Ycb hdrjbr agsb daaurs mh tcb tgrebt ms dksbrvbi gli tcb fdk ms mlsbrtbi mltd tcb qubub ml dribr dh ldl-ibarbgsmle iub tmjbs, tcb iub tmjb ms usug``y sbt ky adlsmibrmle tcb brrdr ml tcb prbimatbi pdsmtmdl dh tcb tgrebt dktgmlbi hrdj tcb trganmle hm`tbr. Ycb `gttbr agsb daaurs mh tcb tgrebt cgs `bht tcb sbgrac vd`ujb, gli ms tcbrbhdrb dh ld mltbrbst, dr mh tcb tgrebt ms imsadvbrbi td kb
P@ P@
Wubub dh survbm``glab fdks < Wubub dh trganmle fdks r`r`
Y
[gigr gltbllg
9
7-q
Hme. 1. G qububmle lbtwdrn scdwmle ju`tmhulatmdl rgigr systbj.
5
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