Indefinite Integration: Synopsis

Some standard formulae:

( ax + b )
n +1

 ( ax + b ) dx = a ( n + 1) + C, n  −1
n
(i)

dx 1
(ii)  ax + b = a n ax + b + C
1
e
ax + b
(iii) dx = eax + b + C
a
a px +q
 a dx = p na + C;a  0
px + q
(iv)

1
(v)  sin ( ax + b ) dx = − a cos ( ax + b ) + C
1
(vi)  cos ( ax + b ) dx = a sin ( ax + b ) + C
1
(vii)  tan ( ax + b ) dx = a n sec ( ax + b ) + C
1
(viii)  cot ( ax + b ) dx = n sin ( ax + b ) + C
a
1
(ix)  sec ( ax + b ) dx = a tan ( ax + b ) + C
2

1
(x)  cosec ( ax + b ) dx = − a cot ( ax + b ) + C
2

1
(xi)  sec ( ax + b ) .tan ( ax + b ) dx = a sec ( ax + b ) + C
1
(xii)  cosec ( ax + b ) .cot ( ax + b ) dx = − a cosec ( ax + b ) + C
 x
(xiii)  sec x dx = n sec x + tan x + C (or) n tan  +  + C
4 2
x
(xiv)  cosec x dx = n cosec x − cot x + C (or) n tan + C (or) − n cos ecx + cot x +C
2
dx −1 x
(xv)  a 2 − x 2 = sin a + C
dx 1 x
(xvi)  2 = tan −1 + C
a +x 2
a a
dx 1 x
(xvii)  = sec −1 + C
x x2 − a2 a a
dx x
(xviii)  = n x + x2 + a2 + C (or) sinh −1 + C
x +a
2 2 a
dx x
(xix)  = n x + x2 − a2 + C (or) cosh −1 + C
x2 − a2 a
dx 1 a+x dx 1 x −a
(xx) a 2
−x 2
=
2a
n
a−x
+C (xxi) x 2
−a 2
=
2a
n
x+a
+C

x 2 a2 x
(xxii)  a 2 − x 2 dx =
2
a − x 2 + sin −1 + C
2 a
2
x 2 2 a
(xxiii)  x 2 + a 2 dx =
2
x +a +
2
n x + x2 + a2 + C
 x 2 2 a2
(xxiv)  x 2 − a 2 dx =
2
x −a −
2
n x + x2 − a2 + C
ax
e
(xxv)  eax .sin bx dx = 2 ( a sin bx − b cos bx ) + C
a + b2
eax
(xxvi)  eax .cos bx dx = 2 ( a cos bx + bsin bx ) + C
a + b2
Theorems on integration
i)  C f ( x ) .dx = C  f ( x ) .dx
ii)  ( f ( x )  g ( x ) ) dx =  f ( x ) dx   g ( x ) dx
g ( ax + b )
iii)  f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) + C 1   f ( ax + b ) dx =
a
+ C2 .

( f ( x) )
n +1

 ( f ( x) )
n
iv) f '( x)dx = +c , n 1
n +1
( f ( x) )
− n +1
f '( x)
v)  ( f ( x) ) n
dx =
−n + 1
+c where n  1

dx = log e ( f ( x) ) + c
f '( x)
vi)  f ( x)
f ( x) g 1 ( x) − g ( x) f 1 ( x)  g ( x) 
vii)  f ( x) g ( x)
dx = ln  +c
 f ( x) 
x2
ex: i)  dx
( x cos x − sin x )( x sin x + cos x )
e2 x − e x + 1
ii)  ( e x sin x + cos x )( e x cos x − sin x )

Examples:
3
5 + x10 −1  5 2
1)  dx Is equal to 1 + 10  + c
x 16
75  x 
5 x 4 + 4 x5 x5
2)  dx =…. +c
( x + 1 + x5 ) x + 1 + x5
2

(x 2
− 1) 1 2 1
3) x 3
2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
dx =
2
2− 2 + 4 +c
x x

2 x12 + 5 x9 x10
4)  dx = .... +c
(x + x3 + 1) 2 ( x5 + x3 + 1)
5 3 2

m +1

 ( x + x + x )( 2 x + 7 x + 14) ( 2 x 7 m + 7 x 2 m + 14 x m ) m + c
7m 2m m 6m m 1/ m 1
5) dx =
14 ( m + 1)

( )( )
11
6) x 2 + x x −8 + 2 x −9 10
dx =
11
(
5 2
x + 2 x )10 + C

L1 ( x)
1) Integration of Type:  L ( x) dx
2
where L1(x) and L2(x) are linear functions in x

To evaluate such integrals write L1(x) in terms of L2(x) (i.e. L1(x) = A.L2(x) +B) then
 L1 ( x) A.L2 ( x) + B 1
 L ( x) dx = 
2 L2 ( x)
dx = Ax + B 
L2 ( x)
dx OR divide and proceed

L ( x)
2) Integration of Type:  1 dx where L1(x) and L2(x) are linear functions in x
L2 ( x)
To evaluate such integrals write L1(x) in terms of L2(x) (i.e. L1(x) = A.L2(x) +B) then
L1 ( x) A.L2 ( x) + B 1
 L2 ( x)
dx = 
L2 ( x)
dx = A. L2 ( x)dx + B 
L2 ( x)
dx OR take t 2 = L2 ( x) and proceed

3) Integration of Type:
To evaluate such integrals write L1(x) in terms of L2(x) (i.e. L1(x) = A.L2(x) +B) then
3

 L1 ( x) L2 ( x)dx =  A.( L2 ( x) ) 2 + B L2 ( x) dx OR take t = L2 ( x) and proceed

2

L1 ( x)
4) Integration of Type:  L2 ( x)
dx where L1(x) and L2(x) are linear functions in x

take t 2 = L2 ( x ) and proceed

1 1
5)Integration of Type:  Quadratic dx or  Quadratic
dx or  Quadratic dx

dx dx
Examples:  ax 2
+ bx + c
,
ax + bx + c
2
,  ax 2 + bx + c dx

Express ax2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the suitable formula

1
In case of  Quadratic , Quadratic equation can be factorized, then partial fraction will help to

integrate.
linear linear
6)Integration of type:  quadratic dx or  quadratic
dx or  linear. quadratic dx

px + q px + q
 ax dx,  dx,  ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx
2
+ bx + c ax + bx + c
2

Express px + q = A (differential co – efficient of denominator) + B and

find the values of A and B and proceed.
linear
In case of  quadratic dx , Quadratic equation can be factorized, then partial fraction will help to

integrate.
7a)Integration of the type
1 1 1
 x(x dx or  dx or  dx
+ 1)
1 n −1
x ( x + 1) x ( x + 1)
n
n n n 2 n n

 1 
Take x common and let t = 1 +  & proceed
 xn 
Examples:

19
dx 1 1  20
1)  1
= − 1 + 20  + C
19  x 
x 20 (1 + x 20 ) 20

 x7 − 6 
2)
dx
 x 22 ( x7 − 6 ) = A log u 6
+ 9u 2
− 2u 3
− 18u + c A =
1
, u =  7 
54432  x 

7b)Integration of the type

 xm
I=  ( ax + b ) n
dx where m,n are natural numbers

(t − b)
m
1
a m −1 
Put t = ax + b then I = dt
tn
x2
[example:  ( x + 2) 3
dx ]

7c)Integration of the type

dx
 x ( ax + b )
m n
where m, n are natural numbers

ax + b dx
Put t =
x
[example:  x ( ax + b )
3 2
]

dx dx
8)Integration of the type: L OR  Quadratic take Linear = t2 and proceed
1 L2 Linear
dx dx
Example:  ( ax + b ) px + q
OR  ( ax 2
+ bx + c ) px + q
Put px + q = t2. And proceed

dx
9)Integration of the type:
Quadratic  Linear
, take L = 1/t and proceed

dx 1
Example:  , put ax + b = ;
( ax + b ) px + qx + r
2 t
dx
10)Integration of the type:  , take x = 1/t and proceed
Q1 Q2
dx 1
Example:  , put x=
( ax 2 + b ) px 2 + q t

11)Integration of the type:

dx dx dx dx dx
(i)  a  b sin 2
x
OR  a  b cos 2
x
OR  a sin 2
x  b sin x cos x  c cos x
2
OR 
a  b sin 2 x
OR 
a  b cos 2 x
1 1 1
 a cos dx OR  dx OR  dx
x  b sin x ( a cos x  b sin x ) a sin x  b cos 2 x  c
2 2 2 2

(Denominator is the expression in terms of sin2x or cos2x or sin 2x or cos2x or sin4x or cos4x)
Multiply Numerator & Denominator by sec2 x and hence convert the question in the form of
f (tan x),sec2 x & put tan x = t or Multiply Numerator & Denominator by cosec2 x and hence
convert the question in the form of f (cot x), cos ec 2 x & put cotx = t
dx dx dx
12)Integration of the type:  a  b sin x OR  a  b cos x OR  a  b sin x  c cos x
x
Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles and then, put tan = t,
2
1
sec 2 xdx = dt and proceed
2
   x 
  a tan   + b 

2
tan −1  2  + c, if , a 2  b 2
 a −b2 2
 a −b
2 2

  
  
  x
  b − b 2 − a 2 + a tan   
dx   2   if a 2  b 2
 a + b sin x =  2 2 log e 
1
x
 b −a
 b + b 2 − a 2 + a tan   
   2

 1 tan x − sec x + c, if b = a
a ( )

 1 ( tan x + sec x ) + c, if b = −a
 a
13)Integration of the type:
a.cos x + b.sin x 1 1 a + b cot x tan x
 .cos x + m.sin x
dx. , 
a + b tan x
dx ,  a + b cot x dx ,  c + d cot x dx ,  a + b tan x dx ,
1
 a sin x + b cos x dx
d
Express Numerator = A(Denominator) + B ( Denominator). And find the value of the
dx
constants A and B by comparing the co oefficients of cosx and sinx and proceed.
N A.( D) + Bd ( D)
(i.e.  D dx =  D
dx = Ax + B ln D + c )
Examples:
4e x + 6e − x 3sin x + 2 cos x 1
1)  9e x − 4e− x dx 2)  2sin x + 3cos x dx 3)  2 + 3 tan x dx
a.cos x + b.sin x + c
14)Integration of the type: 
.cos x + m.sin x + n
dx.
d
Express Numerator = A(Denominator) + B ( Denominator) +K and find the values of A, Band K
dx
by comparing the co oefficients of cosx and sinx and proceed.
N A.( D) + Bd ( D) + K 1
(i.e.  D dx =  D
dx = Ax + B ln D + K  )
D
1 1
15). Integration of the type  dx or  dx
a sin x + b cos x ( a cos x  b sin x )
2

convert a sin x + b cos x as a single term = a 2 + b2 ( sin( A + x) ) OR a 2 + b2 ( cos( x − A) ) and

proceed.
16). Integration of the type a)  cos mx.cos nx.dx ,  sin mx.sin nx.dx ,  cos mx.sin nx.dx and
Write the integrant as a sum of two terms and proceed
 
b) tan(a + b) x.tan ax.tan bx.dx = (tan(a + b) x − tan ax − tan bx)dx
1 1 cos ( ( x − b) − ( x − a) )
c)  sin( x − a)sin( x − b) dx = 
cos(a − b) sin( x − a)sin( x − b)
dx

sin( x + a) sin ( ( x + b) + (a − b) )
d)  dx =  dx
sin( x + b) sin( x + b)
 sin
m
17)Integration of type x.cos n xdx
Case: i If atleast one of m or n is odd natural number, say m is odd put cos x = t and vice –
versa.
Case: ii When m + n is a negative even integer (say k), multiply and divide by cos k x hence
convert the question in the form of f (tan x),sec2 x then put tan x = t, to evaluate the integration.
Case: iii If m and n are even natural number then converts higher power into higher angles.
Examples:
1
 sin 2 x  3 tan x cos 4 x
1)   14  dx 2)  dx 3)  3
xdx
 cos x  sin x ( sin x + cos x )
sin x cos x 3 5 5 5

18)Integrals of the form

  
dx x −

 ( x −  )(  − x)
, 
  −x
dx ,  ( x −  )(  − x)dx can also be solved by using the substitution


x =  cos2  +  sin 2  or x =  sec2  −  tan 2 

18a) Some standard substitution:
a 2 + x 2  x = a tan  (or ) a cot  ,
a 2 − x 2  x = a sin  (or ) a cos  ,
x 2 − a 2  x = a sec (or ) a cos ec
a−x a+x
(or )  x = a cos 2
a+x a−x
x
 x = a sin 2 
a−x
x
 x = a tan 2 
a+x
x−a
( x − a)(b − x) or  x = a cos 2  + b sin 2 
b−x
x−a
( x − a)( x − b) or  x = a sec 2  − b tan 2 
x −b
19) To evaluate the integral of the form
dx dx dx
 sin x ( a  b cos x ) ,  cos x ( a  b sin x ) ,  sin x ( exp ression in terms of cos x )
or

dx
 cos x ( exp ression in terms of sin x )
Multiply and divide by sinx or cosx and let t = sinx or cosx and proceed
Examples:
1 1
1)  sin x + sin 2 x dx , 2)  sin x ( 2 cos 2
x − 1)
dx

dx
20a) To evaluate the integral, of the form  m m
( x − a) ( x − b)
2−
n n

x−a a −b
Take t = & dx = and proceed
x−b ( x − b)
2

Examples:

dx dx
1)  2)  dx
(( x − 2) ( x − 1) )
7 9 1
( x − 2) ( x − 1)
8 8 2 4 3
 xdx dx 4 x −1
3)  4). 4 = .4
3 x+2
+C
2012
(1 + x 2 )1012 (2 + x 2 )3012 ( x − 1)3 ( x + 2 )5
dx
20b) To evaluate the integral, of the form  ( x − a) ( x − b)
m n

x−a ( a − b ) t , x − b = ( a − b ) and I = (1 − t )
m+n−2

Take t =
x −b
if m  n & x − a =
1− t 1− t  ( a − b )m+n−1 t m dt
21) Integration of the type
x2 1 x2  a
 x 4  Kx 2 + 1 dx or  x 4  Kx 2 + a 2 dx where K is any constant
1 a
Divide Numerator & Denominator by x2& put x or x = t , and hence convert the question
x x
 1  1 
in the form of  f  x   ,  1  dx
 x   x2 
Examples:
1 x2 x2 − 3 1
1)  tan xdx , 2)  dx , 3)  dx , 4)  x4 + 5x2 + 9 dx 5)  sin dx
1 + x4 1 − x2 + x4 6
x + cos 6 x

22) Integration of the type

ax 2 + b
 cx 4 + dx 2 + e dx wherea,b,c,d and e are constants & cx + dx + e is factorable then use partial
4 2

fraction to split the integration and integrate

Examples:
1 x2 x2 − 3
1)  x 4 − 1 dx , 2)  x4 − 1 dx , 3)  x4 + 5x2 + 4 dx
23) To evaluate the integral of the form:
sin x  cos x
 exp ression in terms of sin 2 x
dx or  sin x  cos x).(exp ression in terms of sin 2 x)dx ,

take t = sin x  cos x & convert sin2x in the form of

( sin x + cos x ) − 1
 2

( sin x  cos x ) using sin 2 x =  and proceed

− ( − )
2

1 sin x cos x
Examples:

sin x + cos x
1).  9 + 16sin 2 x dx =

2). ( tan x + cot x dx )

dx
3)  ( tan x + cot x + sec x + cos ecx )
sin x − cos x
4).  (sin x + cos x) sin x cos x + sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx

1
5)  sin x + sec x dx
32) Some standard substitution:
 1  1  1
1)  f  x + x  1−
 x
2 

dx take t = x +
x
 1  1  1
2)  f  x − x  1 + 2  dx take t = x −
 x  x
 2 1  1 1
3)  f  x + x 2   x − x3  dx take t = x +
2

x2
 2 1  1 1
4)  f  x − x 2   x + x3  dx take t = x −
2

x2
5)  f ( e ) dx take t = e
ax ax

Examples:
 x −1  dx 1
1)    3
 x + 1  x + x2 + x
= 2 tan −1 x + + 1 + C
x
( x 2 + 1)  1
2)   1
dx = − ln cot −1  x −  + C
 x
( x 4 − x 2 + 1) cot −1  x − 
 x

sin 3 xdx
 ( cos4 x + 3cos2 x + 1) tan −1 ( sec x + cos x ) = ln tan (sec x + cos x) + c
−1
3)

24) To evaluate the integrals of the form ,

 sec x  a dx or  co sec x  a dx
2 2

sec 2 x  a sec2 x cos x

 sec x  a dx =  dx =  dx  a 
2
dx
sec x  a
2
sec x  a
2
1  cos 2 x
In the first part take u = tanx and in the second part take v = sinx and proceed.
25) To evaluate the integral of the form:

eax eax   b 
a)  e sin bx dx =
ax
( a sin bx − b cos bx ) + c = sin  bx − tan −1    + c
a +b
2 2
a +b
2 2
  a 
eax eax   b 
 e sin ( bx + c ) dx = 2 ( ( ) ( ) )
b)
ax
a sin bx + c − b cos bx + c + d = sin  bx + c − tan −1    + d
a +b
2
a +b
2 2
  a 
eax eax   b 
 e cos bx dx = 2 ( )
c)
ax
a cos bx + b sin bx + c = cos  bx − tan −1    + c
a +b
2
a +b
2 2
  a 
eax eax   b 
 e cos ( bx + c ) dx = 2 ( ( ) ( ))
d)
ax
a cos bx + c + b sin bx + c + d = cos  bx + c − tan −1    + d
a +b
2
a +b
2 2
  a 
Examples:
e4 x
( 5 − 4 cos 2 x − 2sin 2 x ) + c
1) 
4x 2
e sin xdx
= 40
e4 x
e sin x ( 4 cos x − 1) dx ( 4sin 3x − 3cos 3x ) + c
2) 
4x 2

= 25
e
3x
x cos 4 xdx
3) 4)  sin(ln x)dx
26). Integration by parts:
a) Product of two functions f(x) and g(x) can be integrated, using formula:
 d 
 ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) dx = f ( x )  ( g ( x ) ) dx −   dx ( f ( x ) )  ( g ( x ) ) dx  dx or
 u ( x).d ( v( x) ) = u( x).v( x) −  v( x)d ( u( x) )
(i) When you find integral  g ( x ) dx then it will not contain arbitrary constant.
(ii)  g ( x ) dx should be taken as same at both places.
(iii) The choice of f(x) and g(x) can be decided by ILATE guideline.
The function will come later is taken an integral function (g(x)).
[ I → Inverse function, L → Logarithmic function A → Algebraic function T → Trigonometric
function E → Exponential function.]

b) To evaluate f (x) g(x) dx, particularly in the form

 (Algebraic function) ( Exponential function)

 (Algebraic function) ( Trigonometric function)

 (Algebraic function) ( Algebraic function – particularly linear function), can use the following
formula
 f ( x) g ( x)dx = f ( x). g ( x)dx − f '( x)   g ( x)dx + f ''( x)    g ( x)dx − f '''( x)     g ( x)dx + ......
Examples:
(
i).  e2 x 2 x3 + 3x 2 − 8 x + 1 dx )
ii).  ( 3x + x − 2 ) sin (3 x + 1)dx
2 2

 ( ln x ) dx
4
iii).
x2 − 7 x + 1
iv)  1
dx
( 2 x + 1) 3

f ( x ) g '( x )  −1  −1
c)Integration of the form  ( g ( x) ) 2
dx = f ( x)  − . f '( x)dx
 g ( x)  g ( x)
Examples:
x2 x cos ecx
i)
 ( xCosx − Sinx ) 2
dx = − cot x +
x cos x − sin x
+c

x 2 + n ( n − 1) − x sec x
ii)  ( x sin x + n cos x ) 2
dx =....
( x sin x + n cos x )
+ tan x + c

d) Integrations of the form

 (
i) e x f ( x) + f 1 ( x) dx = e x f ( x) + c )
ekx
ii)  e ( f (kx) + f (kx) ) dx =
kx 1
f (kx) + c
k
iii)  e x ( f ( x) − f 11 ( x) ) dx = e x ( f ( x ) − f 1 ( x ) ) + c
d n ( f ( x) ) n −1
In general  e ( f ( x) − (−1) f ( x) ) dx = e  (−1) f ( x) where f ( x ) =
x n n x r r n

r =0 dx n
(
iv)  f ( log x ) + f ( log x ) dx = x f (log x) + c
1
)
v)  e ( f ( x) g ( x) + f ( x) ) dx = e f ( x) + c
g ( x) 1 1 g ( x)
  f "( x)   1 
vi)    + dx =… e x  x − +c
f ( x)
e xf '( x )
( f '( x ) )
2
  f '( x ) 
 
vii)  e ( f ( x) + g ( x) + f ( x) + g ( x) ) dx = e ( f ( x) + g ( x) ) + c
x 1 1 x

Examples:
ex ( 2 − x2 ) e x (1 + x )
a).  (1 − x ) 1 − x2
dx =....
1 − x2
+c

 1  x
b).  ln ( ln x ) +  dx =.... x ln(ln x) −

+c
( )
2
 ln x  ln x
e ( x cos x − sin x )
sin x 3

c).  dx =… esin x ( x − sec x ) + c

cos 2 x
d).  esin x ( x cos x − sec x tan x ) dx =.... esin x ( x − sec x ) + c

x sin x + cos x  x cos x − x sin x + cos x  e x sin x +cos x

4 3


x sin x + cos x
e). e   dx =.... xe − +c
 x 2 cos2 x  x cos x

 ( )
[ use e g ( x ) f ( x) g 1 ( x) + f 1 ( x) dx = e g ( x ) f ( x) + c here g ( x) = x sin x + cos x , f ( x ) =
cos x
x
]

f). e ( 2sec x − 1) tan xdx = e ( sec x − tan x ) + c

x 2 x 2

[use  e ( f ( x) + g ( x) + f
x 1
( x) + g 1 ( x) ) dx = e x ( f ( x) + g ( x) ) + c ]
e) To evaluate the integral of the form
i)  ( f (x)g '(x) + f '(x)g(x) )dx = f (x)g(x) + c
ii)  ( xf '( x) + f ( x) ) dx = xf ( x) + c
Examples:
sin 50 x sin 50 x
 sin 51x (sin x ) dx = +c
49
i)
50
  x 
ii)   ln(1 + cos x) − x tan    dx =…. x ln(1 + cos x) + c
  2 
 cos x  sec2 x − 2010
iii)   x − sin x ln x dx = cos x.ln x + c sin 2010 x dx = sec x cos ec x + c,
iv)
2010

b + a cos x
27) To evaluate the integral of the form  dx divide both numerator and
(a + b cos x) 2
b + a sin x
denominator by sin 2 x and take t = a cos ecx + b cot x and proceed  dx divide both
(a + b sin x)2
numerator and denominator by cos 2 x and take t = a s ecx + b tan x and proceed (or) the same
can also be evaluated by by parts.
P( x)
28) To evaluate the integral of the form  ax + bx + c
2
dx , where P(x) is a polynomial of degree

n, (n > 2)
P( x) 1
 ax 2 + bx + c
dx = Q( x) ax 2 + bx + c +  
ax 2 + bx + c
dx , where Q(x) is a polynomial of degree (n-

1)…..(1)
dx = ( b0 x n −1 + b1 x n − 2 + b2 x n −3 + .... + bn −1 ) ax 2 + bx + c +  
P( x) 1
i.e.  ax + bx + c
2
ax + bx + c
2
dx
for finding the values of b0 , b1 , b2 ,....bn−1 ,  i) first differentiate equation (1) both sides with respect to
x and multiply by ax 2 + bx + c and compare the corresponding coefficients
ii) now substitute the values in the required equation (1) which is the required result.
Examples:
x2 + x + 1  x −1  2
1)  x + 2x + 3
2
dx = 
 3 
 x + 2x + 3 + c

x3 + 2 x 2 + x − 7
dx = ( 2 x 2 + x − 9 ) x 2 + 2 x − 3 − 6ln ( x + 1) + x 2 2 x − 3 + c
1
2) 
x + 2x − 3
2 6

29) To evaluate the integrals of the form

 m1 m2

   + + dx where m1 , n1 , m2 , n2 are integers.
n1 n2
f x , ( ax b ) , ( ax b )

 
find the L C M of n1 , n2 (say = n) and take t n = (ax + b) and proceed
x + x 2 / 3 + x1/ 6
 x (1 + x1/ 3 ) dx = 2 x + 6 tan ( x ) + c
3 2/3 −1 1/6
Examples: 1)


30) To evaluate the integrals of the form x m (a + bx n ) p dx where m,n and p are rational
numbers
Case: 1 If p is an integer then take x = t s where s is the LCM of the denominators of m and n
m +1 m +1
Case: 2 If p is not an integer compute , if in an integer = s ( say ) then take t s = a + bx n
n n
and proceed
m +1 m +1
Case : 3 If is not an integer but + p = s, is an integer, then take t s = a + bx − n and
n n
proceed (where s is the denominator of the number p)
1 4
  9 
( )
1 4 3 4 3

 x (1 + x ) dx
4 −1
Examples: 1)  1 + 3 x 2)  x 1 + x 3  dx =
3
 1 + x 3
 +c 3) −11 4 2

  16  

31) Some standard Reduction formula

− sin n −1 x.cos x n − 1

1) I n = sin n xdx =
n
+
n
I n−2

cos n −1 x.sin x n − 1
2) I n =  cos n xdx = + I n−2
n n
tan n −1 x
3) I n =  tan n xdx = − In −2 , n  2
n −1
cot n −1 x
4) n 
I = cot n
x dx = − − In −2 , n  2
n −1
tan x secn −2 x n − 2

5) I n = sec n x dx =
n −1
+
n −1
In −2
n −2
n −2

6) I n = cosec n x dx = cot x cos ec x
+ In −2 .
− ( n − 1) n −1
x m+1 n
7) If I ( m , n ) =  x (log e x) dx , then I ( m , n ) = ( ln x ) −
m n n
I ( m,n −1)
m +1 m +1
xn − x n+1 n −1
8) If I ( m,n ) =  dx , then I = m −1
+ I ( n,m−1)
(m − 1)(lnx) m −1
m ( n,m)
(log e x)
 dx x 2n − 3
9) If I n =  , then I n = + I n −1
(a )
2 n −1
2
+x 2 n a (2n − 2)(a + x )
2 2
2n − 2a 2

sin m x 1 sin m−1 x m − 1

10) Let I ( m,n ) =  cosn x dx ( n  1) then I ( m,n ) = . +
(n − 1) cos n−1 x n − 1
I ( m−2,n−2)

xn
11) If I n =  dx then (n + 1)a I n+1 + (2n + 1)b I n + nc I n−1 = xn ax2 + 2bx + c
ax + 2bx + c
2

33. The following integrals are elementary:

ex
 sin ( x ) dx  ( )
1 sin x cos x
a)  x dx b) c) sin e x dx d)  x3 + 1dx e)  ln x dx f)  g)  h)
2
dx dx
x x
 1 − k 2 sin 2 xdx where ( 0  k 2  1)