Amiat Risk For Diabetes?: Type 2
Amiat Risk For Diabetes?: Type 2
Amiat Risk For Diabetes?: Type 2
Am I at Risk for
Type 2 Diabetes?
Table of Contents
What is type 2 diabetes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Can type 2 diabetes be prevented? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
What are the signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes? . . . . . . 4
Should I be tested for diabetes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
What does having pre-diabetes mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Besides being older and overweight, what other
factors increase my risk for type 2 diabetes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
How can I reduce my risk? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Making Changes to Lower My Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Hope through Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Family history and overweight are strong risk factors for type 2 diabetes . DPP study participants were overweight and had higher than normal levels of blood glucose, a condition called pre-diabetes, also called impaired glucose tolerance . Both pre diabetes and obesity are strong risk factors for type 2 diabetes . Because of the high risk for diabetes among some minority groups, about half of the DPP participants were African American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian American, Pacific Islander, or Hispanic/Latino . DPP participants also included others at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes, such as women with a history of gestational diabetes and individuals aged 60 and older . The DPP tested two approaches to preventing diabetes: lifestyle changea program of healthy eating and physical activityand the diabetes drug metformin . People in the lifestyle change group exercised about 30 minutes a day 5 days a week, usually by walking, and lowered their intake of fat and calories . Those who took the diabetes drug metformin received information on physical activity and diet . A third group only received information on physical activity and diet . The results showed that people in the lifestyle change group reduced their risk of getting type 2 diabetes by 58 percent . In the first year of the study, people lost an average of 15 pounds . Lifestyle change was even more effective in those aged 60 and older . They reduced their risk by 71 percent . People receiving metformin reduced their risk by 31 percent .
Types of Diabetes
The three main kinds of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes .
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes, formerly called juvenile diabetes or insulindependent diabetes, is usually first diagnosed in children, teenagers, or young adults . In this form of diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas no longer make insulin because the bodys immune system has attacked and destroyed them . Treatment for type 1 diabetes includes taking insulin shots or using an insulin pump, making wise food choices, exercising regularly, controlling blood pressure and cholesterol, and taking aspirin dailyfor some .
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes, formerly called adult-onset or noninsulin dependent diabetes, is the most common form of diabetes . People can develop type 2 diabetes at any age, even during childhood . This form of diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which fat, muscle, and liver cells do not use insulin properly . At first, the pancreas keeps up with the added demand by producing more insulin . In time, however, it loses the ability to secrete enough insulin in response to meals . People who are overweight and inactive are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes . Treatment includes taking diabetes medicines, making wise food choices, exercising regularly, controlling blood pressure and cholesterol, and taking aspirin dailyfor some .
Gestational Diabetes
Some women develop gestational diabetes late in pregnancy . Although this form of diabetes usually goes away after the baby is born, a woman who has had gestational diabetes is more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in life . Gestational diabetes is caused by the hormones of pregnancy or a shortage of insulin .
Besides being older and overweight, what other factors increase my risk for type 2 diabetes?
To find out your risk for type 2 diabetes, check each item that applies to you . q I have a parent, brother, or sister with diabetes . q My family background is Alaska Native, American Indian, African American, Hispanic/Latino, Asian American, or Pacific Islander . q I have had gestational diabetes, or I gave birth to at least one baby weighing more than 9 pounds . q My blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg or above, or I have been told that I have high blood pressure . q My cholesterol levels are not normal . My HDL cholesterolgood cholesterolis below 35 mg/dL, or my triglyceride level is above 250 mg/dL . q I am fairly inactive . I exercise fewer than three times a week .
q I have polycystic ovary syndrome, also called PCOS women only . q On previous testing, I had impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) . q I have other clinical conditions associated with insulin resistance, such as a condition called acanthosis nigricans, characterized by a dark, velvety rash around my neck or armpits . q I have a history of cardiovascular disease . The more items you checked, the higher your risk .
If your blood pressure is too high Then take these steps: Reach and maintain a reasonable body weight (see page 8). Make wise food choices most of the time (see page 9). Reduce your intake of sodium and alcohol (see page 9). Be physically active every day (see page 12). Talk with your doctor about whether you need medicine to control your blood pressure (see page 12) .
If your cholesterol or triglyceride levels are too high Then take these steps: Make wise food choices most of the time (see page 9). Be physically active every day (see page 12). Talk with your doctor about whether you need medicine to control your cholesterol levels (see page 12) .
Normal
BMI Height (inches) 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 91 94 97 100 104 107 110 114 118 121 125 128 132 136 140 144 148 152 156 96 99 102 106 109 113 116 120 124 127 131 135 139 143 147 151 155 160 164 100 104 107 111 115 118 122 126 130 134 138 142 146 150 154 159 163 168 172 105 109 112 116 120 124 128 132 136 140 144 149 153 157 162 166 171 176 180 110 114 118 122 126 130 134 138 142 146 151 155 160 165 169 174 179 184 189 115 119 123 127 131 135 140 144 148 153 158 162 167 172 177 182 186 192 197 119 124 128 132 136 141 145 150 155 159 164 169 174 179 184 189 194 200 205 124 128 133 137 142 146 151 156 161 166 171 176 181 186 191 197 202 208 213 129 133 138 143 147 152 157 162 167 172 177 182 188 193 199 204 210 216 221 134 138 143 148 153 158 163 168 173 178 184 189 195 200 206 212 218 224 230 138 143 148 153 158 163 169 174 179 185 190 196 202 208 213 219 225 232 238 143 148 153 158 164 169 174 180 186 191 197 203 209 215 221 227 233 240 246 148 153 158 164 169 175 180 186 192 198 203 209 216 222 228 235 241 248 254 153 158 163 169 175 180 186 192 198 204 210 216 222 229 235 242 249 256 263 158 163 168 174 180 186 192 198 204 211 216 223 229 236 242 250 256 264 271 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Overweight
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Obese
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Extreme Obesity
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Body Weight (pounds) 162 168 174 180 186 191 197 204 210 217 223 230 236 243 250 257 264 272 279 167 173 179 185 191 197 204 210 216 223 230 236 243 250 258 265 272 279 287 172 178 184 190 196 203 209 216 223 230 236 243 250 257 265 272 280 287 295 177 183 189 195 202 208 215 222 229 236 243 250 257 265 272 280 287 295 304 181 188 194 201 207 214 221 228 235 242 249 257 264 272 279 288 295 303 312 186 193 199 206 213 220 227 234 241 249 256 263 271 279 287 295 303 311 320 191 198 204 211 218 225 232 240 247 255 262 270 278 286 294 302 311 319 328 196 203 209 217 224 231 238 246 253 261 269 277 285 293 302 310 319 327 336 201 208 215 222 229 237 244 252 260 268 276 284 292 301 309 318 326 335 344 205 212 220 227 235 242 250 258 266 274 282 291 299 308 316 325 334 343 353 210 217 225 232 240 248 256 264 272 280 289 297 306 315 324 333 342 351 361 215 222 230 238 246 254 262 270 278 287 295 304 313 322 331 340 350 359 369 220 227 235 243 251 259 267 276 284 293 302 311 320 329 338 348 358 367 377 224 232 240 248 256 265 273 282 291 299 308 318 327 338 346 355 365 375 385 229 237 245 254 262 270 279 288 297 306 315 324 334 343 353 363 373 383 394 234 242 250 259 267 278 285 294 303 312 322 331 341 351 361 371 381 391 402 239 247 255 264 273 282 291 300 309 319 328 338 348 358 368 378 389 399 410 244 252 261 269 278 287 296 306 315 325 335 345 355 365 375 386 396 407 418 248 257 266 275 284 293 302 312 322 331 341 351 362 372 383 393 404 415 426 253 262 271 280 289 299 308 318 328 338 348 358 369 379 390 401 412 423 435 258 267 276 285 295 304 314 324 334 344 354 365 376 386 397 408 420 431 443
Source: Adapted from Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report.
10
11
12
13
14