Chapter 4 : Transformers

Figure

 A transformer is a static device used to transfer AC electrical energy from one circuit to another by
changing the value of AC voltage and current.
(Pengubah ialah satu alat yang digunakan untuk memindahkan tenaga elektrik (AU) daripada satu
litar kepada litar yang lain dengan mengubah nilai voltan dan arus AU)
 A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. When an alternating voltage is applied to
Operating a primary winding, a small current flows which set up a magnetic flux in the core. The alternating
Principles flux links with both primary and secondary coils and induces in them e.m.f of EP and ES.
(Pengubah beroperasi menggunakan prinsip aruhan saling. Apabila arus ulang alik (AU) dibekalkan
kepada gegelung primer, terdapat arus yang mengalir yang mana akan menghasilkan fluks magnet
di dalam teras besi. Penghasilan fluks akan menyambungkan kedua-dua gegelung dan terhasilnya
d.g.e teraruh apabila berlaku perubahan fluks)
 Lowering the supply voltage
Function  Raising or growing supply voltage
 Laminated Core (lapisan teras)
~ Is being constructed by a combination of thin
layer of steel which are then be laminated
together in order to get the solid core
(Gabungan beberapa lapisan besi nipis menjadi
teras)
~ Laminated cores are used to reduce eddy
current loss
(Lapisan teras berfungsi untuk mengurangkan
arus pusar)
~ Mainly purpose in providing the magnetic flux
path
(Teras berfungsi sebagai laluan fluks magnet)
~ There are 2 types of core which are shell and
core
(Terdapat 2 jenis binaan iaitu syel dan teras)
Basic
 Winding (gegelung)
Building/
i. Primary winding, NP (gegelung primer)
Construction
~ Winding which connected to the source of
supply
(Gegelung primer disambungkan dengan
bekalan voltan)
~ Function : To receive the energy from the AC
source
(Fungsi : untuk menerima tenaga dari sumber
AU)
ii. Secondary winding, NS (gegelung sekunder)
~ Winding that connected to load
(Gegelung sekunder disambungkan kepada
beban)
~ Function : To receive energy from the primary
winding and delivers it to the load
(Fungsi : untuk menerima tenaga dari
gegelung primer dan dihantar ke beban)
 i. Step up transformer (pengubah penaik)
~ Increasing the voltage (VP↓, VS↑)
 Transformer is a static device used to
increase the output voltage
~ NS > NP
 Number of turns in secondary coil is
larger than the number of turns in
primary coil
~ Transformer ratio, K > 1

ii. Step down transformer (pengubah penurun)

~ Reducing the voltage (VP↑, VS↓)
Types of  Transformer is a static device used to
transformer decrease the output voltage
~ NS < N P
 Number of turns in secondary coil is
lesser than the number of turns in
primary coil
~ Transformer ratio, K < 1

iii. Coupling transformer (pengubah penjodoh)

~ Supply voltage is equal to the output
voltage (VP = VS)
~ If NS = NP, then K = 1

i. Single phase core type ii. Single phase shell type

iii. Three phase core type iv. Three phase shell type

Example of
Transformers

v. Auto transformer
  The rate of change of flux is the same for both
primary and secondary
(kadar perubahan fluks masukan = kadar
perubahan fluks keluaran)

 Losses are neglected

(Anggapkan tiada kehilangan) Hence :
EP = VP and ES = VS
 It will be considered 100% efficient
(kecekapan pengubah 100%)
 Input power,PP = output power, PS
( IP.VP ) (IS.VS)
(kuasa masukan=kuasa keluaran)

Where:
Quantities Symbol Unit
Input voltage
(voltan masukan)
VP = Volt (V)
Output voltage
(voltan keluaran)
VS = Volt (V)

Transformer Ratio (nisbah pengubah) Primary winding

Combination (gegelung primer)
NP = Turns
Equation Secondary winding
(gegelung NS = turns
sekunder)
Input current Ampere
(arus masukan)
IP =
(A)
Output current Ampere
(arus keluaran)
Is =
(A)
Input e.m.f
(d.g.e masukan)
EP = Volt (V)
Output e.m.f
(d.g.e keluaran)
Es = Volt (V)

Where:
Emf Induced in the Winding Equation Quantities Symbol Unit
(persamaan dge aruhan yang terhasil dalam e.m.f induced
(d.g.e teraruh)
E = Volt (V)
gegelung)
frequency
(frekuensi)
f = Hertz (Hz)
No. of turns
(bilangan lilitan)
N = Turns
Magnetic flux Weber
(fluks magnet)
Ф =
(Wb)
 i. Electrical energy can be economically transmitted at high voltage
(Tenaga elektrik dapat dipindahkan pada voltan yang tinggi)
ii. Being a static device, it require very little care & maintenance
Advantages (Memerlukan penjagaan dan penyelenggaraan yang minima)
Using iii. It can easily step up or step down the AC voltage
Transformer (Dapat meningkatkan atau menurunkan voltan AU)
in AC Circuit iv. Losses in transformers are low and thus efficiency is high
(Kehilangan dalam pengubah adalah rendah, maka kecekapan tinggi)
v. Transformers have a long life and very stable
(Pengubah mempunyai jangka hayat yang lama dan lebih stabil)
i. Iron loss @core loss (kehilangan besi/ teras)
- Which includes eddy current loss & hysterisis loss.
- It is the loss of electrical energy caused by the iron cores of the transformer
(Kehilangan arus pusar dan histerisis. Ia adalah kehilangan tenaga elektrik dalam teras besi
dalam pengubah)

* Eddy Current (arus pusar)

- The heating of the core due to e.m.f being induced not only in the transformer windings
Power but also in the core
Losses of A (Teras menjadi panas semasa d.g.e teraruh)
Transformer
* Hysterisis (histerisis)
- The heating of the core as a result of the internal molecular structure reversals which
occur as the magnetic flux alternates
(Teras menjadi panas disebabkan oleh struktur molekul tersongsang @ berubah)

ii. Copper loss (kehilangan kuprum)

– Is the loss of electrical energy caused by theresistance of the windings
(Disebabkan oleh rintangan dalam gegelung)
 Transformer efficiency is the ratio of the output power to the input power
(Kecekapan pengubah bermaksud nisbah antara kuasa keluaran terhadap kuasa masukan)

Where:
Quantities Symbol Unit
Efficiency of Output current Ampere
A (arus keluaran)
IS =
(A)
Transformer Output voltage
(voltan keluaran)
VS = Volt (V)
Power factor
(factor kuasa)
p.f
Efficiency of Where:
A Quantities Symbol Unit
Transformer Input current
(arus masukan)
IP = Ampere (A)
Output current
(arus keluaran)
IS = Ampere (A)
Primary winding resistance
(rintangan gegelung primer)
RP = Ohm (Ω)
Secondary winding resistance
(rintangan gegelung sekunder)
RS = Ohm (Ω)

 Tests Performed To Determine Losses Within A Transformer

Losses Within (Ujian bagi menentukan kehilangan kuasa dalam pengubah)
A  There are 2 types of test which are :
Transformer i. Open circuit test (ujian litar terbuka)
ii. Short circuit test (ujian litar pintas)
i. No winding resistance
(Tiada rintangan gegelung)
Advantages ii. No flux leakage in the core that links primary and secondary windings
of An Ideal (Tiada kebocoran fluks di teras yang menghubungkan gegelung primer dan gegelung sekunder)
Transformer iii. No power losses due to eddy current and hysteresis
(Tiada kehilangan kuasa akibat arus pusar dan histerisis)