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Acids &: Combined Science Chemistry

Acids are substances that can donate protons or hydrogen ions, have a sour taste, and turn litmus paper red. They have pH values ranging from 0 to just below 7. Strong acids like hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid dissociate completely in water, while weak acids like citrus juices and ethanoic acid only partially dissociate. Bases are substances that accept protons or have more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. They have slippery textures, turn litmus paper blue, and have pH values just above 7 to 14. Common bases include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide. The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity based on

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76 views16 pages

Acids &: Combined Science Chemistry

Acids are substances that can donate protons or hydrogen ions, have a sour taste, and turn litmus paper red. They have pH values ranging from 0 to just below 7. Strong acids like hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid dissociate completely in water, while weak acids like citrus juices and ethanoic acid only partially dissociate. Bases are substances that accept protons or have more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. They have slippery textures, turn litmus paper blue, and have pH values just above 7 to 14. Common bases include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide. The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity based on

Uploaded by

Munashe Binha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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8/2/2021

sirBEN 0719172599
ACIDS &
Combined science chemistry

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• These are substances that can donate proton (s) or hydrogen ions
• Their pH values range from 0 up to just below 7

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• Acids have a sour taste.
• They can turn blue litmus paper red

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• They keep red litmus red
• Some acids are classified as strong acids or weak acids

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• Are very dangerous
• They are corrosive – they can eat away

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metals and other materials

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• They can cause serious burns
• Strong acids dissociate completely in water
to release hydrogen ion

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Hydrochloric acid(HCl)
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

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Nitric acid(HNO3)

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• Partially (split/break) dissociate in water to
release hydrogen ions

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• Examples:

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Citrus fruit juice such as lemon juice
and orange juice
Methanoic acid (CHCOOH)
Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
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• Bases or alkalis are substances that accept protons or
have more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

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• Their pH values are range from just above7 up to 14.
• They are slippery

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• They turn red litmus blue
• They keep blue litmus blue

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• sodium hydroxide NaOH (aq)
• potassium hydroxide KOH (aq)

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• calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 (aq)

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• ammonia NH3 (aq)
• Some bases are strong while others are weak.
• Strong bases dissociate fully in water to give away their
hydroxide ions while weak bases partially dissolve when
dissolved in water.
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pH
• Is a measure of how acidic or basic the substance
dissolved in water is

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• Acidity is a measure of the H+ ions in the
solutions.

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• If the H+ ions present in a solution are more, the
solution is also more acidic.
• The content of alkalinity of a solution is
determined by the OH – ions. If the OH –ions
present in a solution are more than the solution
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is alkaline.
pH
• The pH scale starts from 0 to 14.
• The scale is divided into 3 regions:
1. the acid,

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2. the neutral

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3. and the alkaline regions.
• The acidic regions start from 0 to just below 7
• 7 shows the neutral substances.
• The alkaline region begins just after 7 up to 14
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pH Scale
• Weak acids have pH values just below 7
• Strong alkalis have the highest pH

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• Strongest acids have the smallest pH values

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• The pH is the measure of the concentration
of hydrogen ions present in a solution
• As the concentration of hydrogen ions
increases pH decreases
• As the concentration of hydroxide ions
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increases pH increases
• Are used to measure the pH of a solution
• They are substances that changes color

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according to the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
• Eg: litmus paper

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• Universal indicator (mixture of dyes that gives
different colors as pH changes )
• the colour formed on the indicator paper or
solution is matched with the colour on the
universal indicator chart where pH values are
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also indicated.
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