NSC Topic 9 Firewall

Topic 9 – Firewalls Network Security and Cryptography
Network Security and

Cryptography
Topic 9:
Firewalls
V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Cryptography
Topic 9 – Lecture 1:
Firewall Operation
Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.3
Scope and Coverage

This topic will cover:
• Firewall architectures and their limitations
• The DMZ firewall and its limitations
V1.0 Visuals Handout - Page 1

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic students will be able to:
• Describe the components of a firewall
• Configure a DMZ firewall
• Evaluate the limitations of firewalls
Network Firewall
• A firewall is the first line of defence for your network
• The purpose of a firewall is to keep intruders from

gaining access to your network
Network Firewall (cont.)

• Usually placed at the perimeter of network to act as
a gatekeeper for incoming and outgoing traffic
• It protects your computer from Internet threats by

erecting a virtual barrier between your network or
computer and the Internet

Firewall Functional Requirement

• Ensure proper filter of 2-way traffic
• Identify application regardless of ports, protocol,
evasive technique or encryption
• Provide visibility of and granular, policy-based
control over applications including individual
functions
• Accurately identify users and subsequently use
identity information as an attribute for policy
control
Firewall Functional Requirement

(cont)
• Integrate, not just combine, traditional firewall
and NIDS/NIPS capabilities
• Support high speed transmission with negligible
performance degradation
How Does a Firewall Work?

• Examines the traffic sent between two networks
- e.g. examines the traffic being sent between your
network and the Internet
• Data is examined to see if it appears legitimate:
- if so the data is allowed to pass through
- If not, the data is blocked
• A firewall allows you to establish certain rules to
determine what traffic should be allowed in or out of
your private network

Creating Rules
• Traffic blocking rules can be based upon:
- Words or phrases
- Domain names
- IP addresses
- Ports
- Protocols (e.g. FTP)
• While firewalls are essential, they can block

legitimate transmission of data and programs
10
Common Firewall Types

• In general there are software firewalls
and hardware firewalls
- Even in home networks
• Hardware firewalls are typically found in routers,

which distribute incoming traffic from an Internet
connection to computers
• Software firewalls reside in individual computers
• Ideally a network has both
11
Software Firewall
• Protect only the computer on which they are
installed
• Provide excellent protection against threats

(viruses, worms, etc.)
• Have a user-friendly interface
• Have flexible configuration
12

Router Firewall
• Protect your entire network or part of a network
• Located on your router
• Protect network hardware which cannot have a

software firewall installed on it
• Allows the creation of network-wide rules that

govern all computers on the network
13
Firewall Operation
• Can be divided into three main methods:
- Packet filters (see last topic)
- Application gateways
- Packet inspection
• Individual vendors of firewalls may provide

additional features
- You should look at their products for details
14
Application Gateways
• Also known as application proxy. The firewall runs
a sets of proxy programs that filter incoming and
outgoing packets based on the policy embedded in
the proxy programs
• Need separate proxies for each service, E.g.
- Telnet: Remote computer access
- SMTP: E-Mail
- FTP: File Transfer
15

Application Gateways (cont)

• Application-layer firewalls can understand the traffic
flowing through them and allow or deny traffic
based on the content
• Host-based firewalls designed to block
objectionable Web content based on keywords are
a form of application-layer firewall
• Application-layer firewalls can inspect packets
bound for an internal Web server to ensure the
request isn’t really an attack in disguise
16
Advantages of Application
Gateways
• Provide a buffer from port scans and application
attacks
- if an attacker finds a vulnerability in an application, the
attacker would have to compromise the application/proxy
firewall before attacking devices behind the firewall
• Can be patched quickly in the event of a

vulnerability being discovered
- This may not be true for patching all the internal devices
17
Disadvantages
• Needs to know how to handle traffic to and from
your specific application
- If you have an application that's unique, your application
layer firewall may not be able to support it without making
some significant modifications
• Application firewalls are generally much slower than

packet-filtering or packet-inspection firewalls
- They run applications, maintain state for both the client
and server, and also perform inspection of traffic
18

Packet Inspection Firewalls

• Examine the session information between devices:
- Protocol
- New or existing connection
- Source IP address
- Destination IP address
- Port numbers
- IP checksum
- Sequence numbers
- Application-specific information
19
Outbound Internet Traffic

• Client initiates connection to IP address of the web
server destined for port 80 (HTTP)
• Firewall determines whether that packet is allowed
through the firewall based on the current rule-set
• Firewall looks into the data portion of the IP packet
and determine whether it is legitimate HTTP traffic
• If all the requirements are met, a flow entry is
created in the firewall based on the session
information, and that packet is allowed to pass
20
Inbound Internet Traffic

• Web server receives the packet and responds
• Return traffic is received by the firewall
• Firewall determines if return traffic is allowed by
comparing the session information with the
information contained in the local translation table
• If return traffic matches the previous requirements,
payload is inspected to validate appropriate HTTP
• Then it is forwarded to the client
21

Advantages
• Generally much faster than application firewalls
- They are not required to host client applications
• Most of the packet-inspection firewalls today also

offer deep-packet inspection
- The firewall can dig into the data portion of the
packet and also:
• Match on protocol compliance
• Scan for viruses
• Still operate very quickly
22
Disadvantages
• Open to certain denial-of-service attacks
• These can be used to fill the connection tables with

illegitimate connections
23

Cryptography
Topic 9 – Lecture 2:
Firewall Architecture
24

• Firewalls are used to protect the perimeter of a
network and the perimeter of sections of networks
• A key question for a network administrator is where
firewalls should be located
• The positioning of firewalls in relation to other
network elements is the firewall architecture
• We will only look at the position of firewalls and the
consequences of this
- Other security devices should also be used
25
• The following are common firewall architectures:
- Screening router
- Screened host
- Dual homed host
- Screened subnet
- Screened subnet with multiple DMZs
- Dual firewall
26
Screening Router
• Simplest of firewall architectures
• Traffic is screened by a router
- Packet filtering
- Using ACLs
• Traffic is screened according to:

- Source or destination IP address
- Transport layer protocol
- Services requested
27

Screening Router
• Usually deployed at the perimeter of the network
• May be used to control access to a Demilitarized
Zone (DMZ) – see later
• More often used in conjunction with other firewall
technologies
28
Advantages & Disadvantages

• Advantages
- Simple
- Cheap
• Disadvantages
- No logging
- No user authentication
- Difficult to hide internal network structure
29
Demilitarised Zones (DMZ)

• A DMZ is part of the internal network but separated
from the rest of the internal network
• Traffic moving between the DMZ and other
interfaces on the protected side of the firewall still
goes through the firewall
• This traffic has firewall protection policies applied
• Common to put public-facing servers on the DMZ:
- Web servers
- Email servers
30

Demilitarised Zones (DMZ)
31
Screened Host Firewall

• Adds an extra layer of protection in comparison to a
screening router
• Has a Bastion Host/Firewall between networks
• Bastion Host/Firewall has two NICs
• Bastion Host/Firewall connects the trusted network
to the untrusted network
- Stateful and proxy technologies are used to filter
traffic up to the application layer
32
Bastion Host
• A special purpose computer specifically designed
and configured to withstand attacks
• The router is the first line of defence

- packet filtering/access control is carried out at the router
• The bastion host is the server that connects to the
unsecure network through the router
33


• Advantages
- Security is distributed between two points
- Greater security than screening router
- Transparent outbound access/restricted inbound
access
• Disadvantages
- Difficult to hide internal structure
- There is a single point of failure in the network
34
Dual-Homed Host
• A Bastion Host/Firewall is surrounded with packet
filtering routers
- Dual-homed - outside world and protected network
- Multi-homed - outside world and multiple protected
networks
• Routers filter traffic to the Bastion Host
• Bastion Host adds additional filtering capabilities
• Bastion Host has no routing capabilities
35

• Advantages
- Hides internal network structure
• Disadvantages
- Requires users to log onto bastion host or the use of
proxy servers
36

Screened Subnet DMZ

• Bastion Host is surrounded with packet filtering
routers
• These control traffic into and out of the trusted and
untrusted network sections
• Has an extra layer of functionality with a DMZ
• Traffic from DMZ to trusted network must go
through Bastion Host and packet filtering router
37

• Advantages
- Provides services to outside without compromising inside
- Internal network hidden
• Disadvantages
- Single point of failure
38
Screened Subnet Multiple DMZs

• Allows configuration of varying levels of security
between:
- DMZs and the untrusted network
- Different DMZs
- DMZs and the trusted network
39

Dual Firewall Architecture

• Using two or more firewalls enhances security
• Can be used to create DMZs
• Using technology from multiple vendors can
enhance security
40
Firewall By Pass
• Despite the best firewall, there are ways to by-
pass it.
• Common approach include the use of VPN and
proxies
41
References
• Scambrey, J., McClure, S. and Kurtz, J. (2001).
Hacking Exposed: Network Security Secrets &
Solutions, 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill.
• Zwicky, E.D. (2000). Building Internet Firewalls, 2nd
Edition. O’Reilly Media.
42

Topic 9 – Firewalls
Any Questions?
43

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Topic 9 – Firewalls Network Security and Cryptography

Network Security and

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Network Security and

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.3

Scope and Coverage

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

V1.0 Visuals Handout - Page 1

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.4

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.5

• The purpose of a firewall is to keep intruders from

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.6

Network Firewall (cont.)

• It protects your computer from Internet threats by

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

V1.0 Visuals Handout - Page 2

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.7

Firewall Functional Requirement

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.8

Firewall Functional Requirement

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.9

How Does a Firewall Work?

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

V1.0 Visuals Handout - Page 3

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.10

• While firewalls are essential, they can block

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.11

Common Firewall Types

• Hardware firewalls are typically found in routers,

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.12

• Provide excellent protection against threats

• Have a user-friendly interface

• Have flexible configuration

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

V1.0 Visuals Handout - Page 4

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.13

• Located on your router

• Protect network hardware which cannot have a

• Allows the creation of network-wide rules that

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.14

• Individual vendors of firewalls may provide

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.15

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

V1.0 Visuals Handout - Page 5

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.16

Application Gateways (cont)

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.17

• Can be patched quickly in the event of a

V2.0 © NCC Education Limited

Firewalls Topic 9 - 9.18