STATE COLLEGE OF NURSING, 107,CHANDER

NAGAR,DEHRADUN

PRACTICE TEACHING
GENETICS
LESSON PLAN
ON
PRENATAL NUTRITION AND FOOD ALLERGY

Submitted to:
Mr. Mayank kumar Jaimini
Associate Professor
SCON Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Submitted by:
Ms Meenakshi Dhyani
M.Sc. Nursing [CHN] I year
SCON Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Submitted on:
/ /2018
SUBJECT : GENETIC

UNIT II : MATERNAL, PRENATAL & GENETIC INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT

OF DEFECTS AND DISEASE.

TOPIC : PRENATAL NUTRITION AND FOOD ALLERGY

GROUP : BASIC B.Sc. NURSING 2nd YEAR

PLACE : BASIC B.Sc. NURSING 2nd YEAR CLASS ROOM

DATE : / /2018

TIME : 45

TEACHING METHOD : LECTURE CUM DISSCUSSION

INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS : CHART,VIDEO CLIP, POWER POINT TILES, HANDOUTS, PAMPLETS

INCLUDING BLACKBOARD.

STUDENT TEACHER : MS. MEENAKSHI DHYANI

NAME OF EVALUATOR :

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE OF STUDENTS: THE STUDENT SHOULD HAVE SOME KNOWLEDGE REGARDING
PRENATAL NUTRION AND FOOD ALLERGY.
 GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the class student will acquire adequate knowledge regarding pregnancy, prenatal development stages, adverse
factors that affecting fetal development, importance of balanced nutrition in pregnancy, normal dietary requirement of pregnant
women and role of prenatal nutrition in prevention of genetic disorders, food allergy, allergic reaction process , common food
allergens, prenatal nutrition and food allergies in children and prevention of food allergies in children and apply this knowledge
to educate the people in clinical practice, community area and hospitals to prevent the genetic disorders due to imbalanced
prenatal nutrition and prevention of food allergies in the children while dealing with such patients.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: At the end of the class student will be able to-
❖ Define prenatal nutrition and food allergy.
❖ Describe prenatal development stages.
❖ Enlist the importance of prenatal nutrition and common food allergens.
❖ Enumerate the nutritional requirement of pregnant nutrition.
❖ Elaborate the role of prenatal nutrition in prevention of genetic disorders.
❖ What are the various symptoms of food allergy.
❖ Discuss the different ways to prevent food allergy in children.
 INTRODUCTION:
Development happens quickly during the prenatal period, which is the time between conception and birth. This period is generally
divided into three stages : the germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage. A healthy and accurate diet during pregnancy
plays the most important role for both the unborn baby and the mother. Healthy eating is important for pregnant women and their
unborn babies. There are many nutritional issues to consider ensuring good health of both the woman and baby, during and after
pregnancy. A wide varied diet is vital in supporting the growth and development of the fetus and the maintenance of the woman’s own
health. During pregnancy, a woman must eat adequately to supply enough nutrients to the fetus, so it can grow, as well as to support
her own nutrition. Adequate protein intake is vital because so much is needed by a fetus to build a body framework. Adequate protein
may also help prevent complications of pregnancy such as pregnancy induced hypertension or preterm birth. Either deficiencies or
overuse of vitamins may contribute to birth anomalies. Balanced nutrition during prenatal period and post natal period is essential for
the prevention of genetic disorders in infants and children. And knowledge of food allergy and common food allergens may also helps
to prevent the food allergies among children.
 S.NO Time Specific Content Teaching Evaluation
objectives learning activity
with Audio-
Visual Aids
1. 3 min To define DEFINITIONS : Teacher activity: What is prenatal
pregnancy, Define pregnancy, nutrition?
prenatal prenatal period,
period, ❖ PREGNANCY: pregnancy also known as gestation,is the prenatal nutrition
prenatal time during which one or more offspring develops inside the with the help of
female body.
nutrition, food Power point
OR
and food The period from conception to birth. After the egg is
presentation.
allergy. fertilized by a sperm and then implemented in the lining of the Learner activity:
uterus, it develops into the placenta and embryo, and later into Students are
a fetus. Pregnancy usually last for 40 weeks, beginnings from listening and writing
the first day of the women’s last menstrual
Period, and is divided into three trimesters, each lasting three
months.

❖ PRENATAL PERIOD: development happens quickly during

the prenatal period, which is the time between conception and
birth.
❖ PRENATAL NUTRITON: prenatal nutrition refers to
recommendation before and during pregnancy.

❖ FOOD: the term food refers to anything that we eat and

which nourishes the body.
❖ FOOD ALLERGY: Food allergy is an immune system
reaction that occurs soon after eating a certain food.
Even a tiny amount of the allergy-causing food can
trigger signs and symptoms such as digestive problems,
hives or swollen airways.
 Prenatal development:
2.
Teacher activity: Enumerate the
Development happens quickly during the prenatal
5 min To describe Describe the stages stages of
period, which is the time between conception and birth. This
the prenatal of prenatal prenatal
period is generally divided into three stages: the germinal stage,
development development development.
the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage
stages. With the help of
chart & power point
Stage 1: The Germinal Stage
presentation.
The two-week period after conception is called the germinal
Learner activity:
stage. Conception occurs when a sperm cell combines with an Students are writing
egg cell to form a zygote. About thirty-six hours after conception,
the zygote begins to divide quickly. The resulting ball of cells
moves along the mother’s fallopian tube to the uterus.

Around seven days after conception, the ball of cells starts to

become embedded in the wall of the uterus. This process is
called implantation and takes about a week to complete. If
implantation fails, as is quite common, the pregnancy
terminates. One key feature of the germinal stage is the
formation of a tissue called the placenta. The placenta has
two important functions:

• Passing oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood

into the embryo or fetus What are the
• Removing waste materials from the embryo or fetus functions of
placenta .
Stage 2: The Embryonic Stage

The embryonic stage lasts from the end of the germinal

stage to two months after conception. The developing ball of
cells is now called an embryo. In this stage, all the major
organs form, and the embryo becomes very fragile. The
biggest dangers are teratogens, which are agents such as
viruses, drugs, or radiation that can cause deformities in an
 embryo or fetus. At the end of the embryonic period, the
embryo is only about an inch long.

Stage 3: The Fetal Stage

The last stage of prenatal development is the fetal stage,

which lasts from two months after conception until birth.
About one month into this stage, the sex organs of the fetus
begin to form. The fetus quickly grows as bones and muscles
form, and it begins to move inside the uterus. Organ systems
develop further and start to function. During the last three
months, the brain increases rapidly in size, an insulating
layer of fat forms under the skin, and the respiratory and
digestive systems start to work independently.

Fetal Viability

Around twenty-two to twenty-six weeks after conception,

the fetus reaches the age of viability, after which it has some What do you
chance of surviving out-side the womb if it is born mean by fetal
prematurely. The chances of a premature baby’s survival viability.
increase significantly with each additional week it remains
in the mother’s uterus.

Adverse Factors Affecting Fetal

3. 4 min
Development :
To elaborate Although the womb provides protection, the fetus remains Teacher activity:
the factors indirectly connected to the outside world through its mother. To list out the
affecting fetal Several factors that are linked to the mother can harm the adverse factors
development fetus: affecting fetal
development
 • Poor nutrition With the help of
• Use of alcohol handouts & power
• Smoking point presentation.
• Use of certain prescription or over-the-counter drugs Learner activity:
• Use of recreational drugs such as cocaine, sedatives, and Students are writing
narcotics
• X-rays and other kinds of radiation
• Ingested toxins, such as lead
• Illnesses such as AIDS, German measles, syphilis cholera,
smallpox, mumps, or severe flu

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome :

Mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy may have

babies with fetal alcohol syndrome. Babies with this
syndrome may have problems such as small head size, heart
defects, irritability, hyperactivity, mental retardation, or
slowed motor development. Fetal alcohol syndrome is
incurable.

4. 4 min WHY IS BALANCED NUTRITION SO

IMPORTANT IN PREGNANCY?
To explain the • Meet increased nutrient demand during pregnancy.
importance of Teacher activity: Why balanced
balanced diet • Provide needed energy. To explain the nutrition is
in pregnancy. • Prevent or minimize common pregnancy related importance of important during
problems. nutrition in pregnancy?
• Reduce risk of birth defects.
pregnancy with the
help of video clip.
• Supply needed nutrients for baby’s growth. Learner activity:
• Ensure healthy birth weight. Students are
• Maintain a healthy weight during pregnancy. listening and writing
4. 4 min
Recommended Weight Gain During Pregnancy :

To discuss the ➢ An average weight gain during pregnancy is 11.2 to 15.9 kg Teacher activity: What is an
average ➢ Weight gain during pregnancy occurs due to fetal growth and To discuss the average weight
weight gain weight gain during gain during
accumulation of maternal stores.
during pregnancy. pregnancy?
pregnancy. ➢ On the first trimester, approximately 0.4 kg per month weight Students activity:
gain is recommended. Students are
➢ On the last two trimester, a weight gain of 0.4 kg per week is listening and writing
recommended.
➢ Excessive weight gain occurs with 3 kg of weight gain per
month during the last two trimesters.
➢ A weight gain of less than 1kg in the second and third trimester
is less than usual.

5. 10 min Nutrition requirement during

pregnancy:
Teacher activity: What is the
To discuss the
Energy Needs To discuss the extra calories
nutritional ▪ The DRI or dietary refrence intake of calories of women nutritional intake
requirement of childbearing age is 2200 kilocalories per day. requirement during recommended
during ▪ For pregnant women, an additional of 300 calories for a pregnancy. for pregnant
pregnancy. Students activity: women?
total of 2500 calories is recommended. Students are
▪ This addition in calories provide more energy to the listening and writing
fetus and an elevated metabolic rate to the women.
▪ advise women to obtain calories from complex
carbohydrates like cereals and grains because these are
digested more slowly to regulate glucose and insulin.
▪ Assess the weight that the women is gaining to determine
if the women’s caloric intake is adequate.
▪ Advise the women not to restrict caloric intake as the
fetus is rapidly growing in the final week.

Protein Needs
▪ The DRI for protein in women is 46g/day What is the
▪ During pregnancy the protein need increase to about extra protein
70g/day. requirement
during
▪ Healthy fetal development is dependent on the availability
pregnancy?
of adequate protein, which provide the basic building
blocks necessary for formation of enzymes, antibodies,
muscle, and collegen.
▪ Collegen is used as the framework for skin, bones, blood
vessels, and other body tissue.
▪ During pregnancy the mother must consume adequate
protein to meet the needs of her growing fetus.
▪ Protein Requirements
▪ Demand for extra proteins: – Rapid fetal growth
– Development of placenta, and other maternal tissues –
Expanding fluids (Blood volume, Amniotic fluid)
– Storage reserves for energy.
 Folate and folic acid — Prevent birth defects
Folate is a B vitamin that helps prevent neural tube defects,
serious abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord. The
synthetic form of folate found in supplements and fortified
foods is known as folic acid. Folic acid supplementation has
been shown to decrease the risk of premature birth.400 to
800 micrograms a day of folate or folic acid before
conception and throughout pregnancy

Good sources: Fortified cereals are great sources of folic

acid. Leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, and dried beans
and peas are good sources of naturally occurring folate.

IRON
What are the
Iron is used by body to make a substance in red blood cells functions of
hemoglobin that carries oxygen to body organs and tissues. iron?
During pregnancy, extra iron is needed—about double the
amount that a nonpregnant woman needs. This extra iron
helps body make more blood to supply oxygen to baby. The
daily recommended dose of iron during pregnancy is 27 mg,
which is found in most prenatal vitamin supplements.
Advice the mother to eat iron-rich foods, including lean red
meat, poultry, fish, dried beans and peas, iron-fortified
cereals, and prune juice. Iron also can be absorbed more
easily if iron-rich foods are eaten with vitamin C-rich foods,
such as citrus fruits.

CALCIUM: What are the

functions of
Calcium is used to build baby’s bones and teeth. All calcium?
women, including pregnant women, aged 19 years and older
should get 1,000 mg of calcium daily; those aged 14–18
years should get 1,300 mg daily. Milk and other dairy
products, such as cheese and yogurt, are the best sources of
calcium. If mother have trouble digesting milk products, you
can get calcium from other sources, such as broccoli; dark,
leafy greens; sardines; or a calcium supplement.

VITAMIN A :

Pregnant women need this vitamin for healthy skin, eyesight,

and bone growth. Carrots, dark, leafy greens, and sweet
potatoes are good sources. During pregnancy mother need
770 micrograms daily

VITAMIN B6
Helps form red blood cells and helps body use protein, fat,
and carbohydrates. Sources of vitamin B6 is beef, liver,
pork, whole-grain cereals, and bananas. During pregnancy
mother need 1.9 mg daily.

VITAMIN B12
Helps form red blood cells and maintains nervous system.
This vitamin only found in animal products. Good sources
include liver, meat, fish, poultry, and milk. During
pregnancy mother need 2.6 micrograms daily.

VITAMIN C:
Promotes healthy gums, teeth, and bones, and helps body
absorb iron. Good sources include citrus fruit, broccoli,
 tomatoes, and strawberries. During pregnancy mother need
85 mg daily.

VITAMIN D:

Vitamin D works with calcium to help the baby’s bones and

teeth develop. It also is essential for healthy skin and
eyesight. All women, including those who are pregnant,
need 600 international units of vitamin D a day. Good
sources are milk fortified with vitamin D and fatty fish such
as salmon. Sunlight is also a good source of vitamin D.

6. 12 min ROLE OF PRENATAL NUTRION IN

PREVENTION OF GENETIC DISODERS: Teacher activity: Enumerate the
To explain the To explain the role genetic
role of Prenatal nutrition plays a major role in prenatal genetics the
of nutrition during disorders that
nutrition in pregnancy in can be prevented
prevention of discovery that folic acid supplementation to pregnant women prevention of genetic by balanced
genetic can reduce the risk of neural tube defects is a dramatic success disorders with the prenatal
disorders. story. power point nutrition?
Many of genetic disorders and birth defects are preventable
presentation.
Learner activity:
through balanced prenatal and intra natal diet. Students are
Following are some of the examples: listening and writing

❖ DOWN SYNDROME: down syndrome, also called

trisomy 21, is a complex genetic disease that for years
said to be caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. A
recent study indicated that mothers of children with down
syndrome have an imbalance in folate metabolisms by a
 common variation in an enzymes involved in the folic
acid pathway.
On the mineral front , a number of studies on down syndrome
have linked the syndrome to zinc deficiencies. A 1994 study
shown that zinc supplementation had a positive effect on Down
syndrome patients.

❖ MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE: MVP is a common

features of most inherited connective tissue disorders , yet
also a common finding among the population in general.
Geneticists consider mitral valve prolapse syndrome to be
an inherited collegen disorders with overlapping features
similar to Marfan syndrome. It is listed in marfan
What is down
nosology as a differential diagnosis to be considered
syndrome?
instead of marfan syndrome. Nutrition oriented research
studies show the majority of people wih mitral valve
prolapse are magnesium deficient and that magnesium
supplementation frequently reduces or alleviates MVP
symptoms.
❖ WILSON’S DISEASE: people with this inherited
disorders have excess copper accumulated in their
bodies. Zinc supplementation therapy is used to
reduce copper levels and has been successful in
treating the disorder.
❖ BLUE SCLERA: a feature of a wide variety of
connective tissue disorders including Ehlers-Danlos
syndrome, Osteogenesis imperfect and Marfan
 syndrome. Most cases of blue sclera have been
linked to iron deficiency.
❖ CLEFT PALATES: reduced significantly through
maternal supplementation of folic acid.
❖ SPINAL BIFIDA: reduced significantly through
maternal supplementation of multivitamins with folic
acid.
❖ CEREBRAL PALSY: recent research shows that
very low birth weight babies have a lower
incidence of cerebral palsy(CP) when their mother
are treated with magnesium sulfate soon before
giving birth. The findings come from a study
sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke.
Further understanding of maternal nutrition and birth defects
may follow the more typical course of studies of nutrition.
Causes of maternal nutrition deficiencies include primary
deficiencies that arise because of low intake of essential
nutrients, a problem that is generally more common in
developing as compared to industrialized countries, and
secondary nutrients deficiencies that arise due to genetic
factors , nutrient interactions, toxicants including
medications and other chemicals, diseases and physiological
7. 2 min stressors.

To define the Teacher activity: What do you

FOOD ALLERGY
food allergy. To explain the mean by food
DEFINITION: definition of food allergy?
allergy with the help
 • Food allergy is an abnormal response to a food triggered by the of power point
body’s immune system presentation.
• There are several types of immune responses to food Students activity:
• The body produces a specific type of antibody called Students are
immunoglobulin E (IgE). listening and writing
Allergic reactions to food notes.
• A food allergy occurs when the immune system responds to a
8. 3 min. harmless food as if it were a threat
• When First time exposed no symptom
• When again Exposed to food can cause Allergic reactions
To explain the Teacher activity: Explain the
allergic Allergic reaction process: To explain the allergic reaction
reaction allergic reaction process?
process. Step 1 process with the help
• When first Exposed to food , immune system makes IgE of power point
Antibodies presentation.
• These Antibodies are attach in Mast cells & Basophils Students activity:
• Mast cells are found in Body tissues like Students are
• Nose , throat , skin & G.I tract listening and writing
• Basophils are Found in Blood notes.

Step 2
• next time it binds to the IgE antibodies that are attached to the
mast cells and basophils
• The binding signals the cells to release massive amounts of
9. 2 min chemicals like histamine
• These chemicals will cause various symptoms of food allergy
To enlist the Teacher activity: Enlist the
symptoms of To enlist the symptoms of
food allergy. Symptoms of Food Allergy: symptoms of food food allergy.
allergy with the help
• Allergic to a particular food, you may experience all or some of of power point
the following symptoms: presentation.
• Itching in mouth
Students activity:
• Swelling of lips and tongue
 • GI symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea Students are
• Hives listening and writing
10. 2 min • Tightening of the throat or trouble breathing notes.
To list out the • Drop in blood pressure List out the
common food Teacher activity: common food
allergen. Common Food Allergens To list out the allergen that
common food cause food
These are: allergen with the allergy.
• Egg help of pamphlets &
• Milk power point
• Peanut presentation.
• Tree nuts such as walnuts Students activity:
• Wheat Students are
listening and writing
notes.
11. 5 min

To explain the FACTS OF PRENATAL NUTRITION AND

facts that are What are the
related to FOOD ALLERGIES IN CHILDREN: Teacher activity: causes of
prenatal To explain the facts developing food
nutrition and 1. The American academy of Pediatrics recommends that the facts that are allergy in
food allergy. related to prenatal children?
mothers at high risk of having an infant with food allergies,
nutrition and food
who have a family history of food allergy should consider allergy with the help
avoiding peanuts, one of the most allergenic of all foods, of power point
during the third trimester. presentation.
Students activity:
2. A family history of allergies is the single most important factor
Students are
that predisposes a person to develop allergic disease. listening and writing
3. If one parent has allergic disease, the estimated risk of the notes.
child to develop allergies is 48%; the child’s risk grows to 70%
if both parents have allergies.
 4. Eating peanuts during pregnancy or while breastfeeding may
increase the child’s risk for developing a peanut allergy and
other food allergies especially if parents have a family history
of allergies. While other studies shows that argue that until the
parents does not have family history of food allergies, women
during pregnancy and breastfeeding can enjoy peanut safely,
since it is a good source of protein and folic acid, which is
12. 8 min. essential during pregnancy.

To explain the Enlist the ways

ways to PREVENTION OF FOOD ALLERGY: Teacher activity: to prevent food
prevent food To explain the ways allergy.
allergy. Here are some recommendations from the American to prevent food
allergy with the help
Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) for prevention of food allergy
of power point
among children: presentation.
Students activity:
• Don’t eat peanuts during pregnancy: It has been Students are
listening and writing
shown to increase the incidence of peanut allergy in
notes.
children. Studies are inconclusive regarding other
allergens, such as eggs, milk and fish, and given the
essential role of these foods in providing balanced
prenatal nutrition, no dietary restriction are currently
recommended.
• Breastfeed exclusively for six months: By doing so,
one reduce infant’s exposures to cow’s milk and soy,
the primary components in most infant’s formula.
Exclusive breastfeeding has been shown to lower
rates of infants eczema and for good immune system.
 If it is not possible to breastfeed exclusively, choose
hypoallergenic formula brands for infant’s feeding.
• Avoid peanuts while breastfeeding: studies show that
lower levels of allergy when nursing mothers avoid
peanuts.
• Wait to start solid foods: allergic eczema has been
found to more common in kids fed solids before 6
months. Wait until child is 6 month old to introduce
solid foods.
• Delay introducing allergenic foods: the American
academy of pediatrics suggests that children not be
fed cow’s milk until they are 1 year old. Eggs should be
avoided until 2, and tree nuts, peanuts, and fish(e.g.
cod, whitefish, and shellfish) until kids are 3 year old.
• Introduce all new food gradually and one at a time:
before introducing mixed foods that could cause an
allergic reaction, introduce each new food on its own.
Don’t mix the foods until you are sure each individual
food is tolerated.
• Give child cooked or homogenized foods: many foods
are less likely to cause an allergic reaction after they
are cooked.
 SUMMARY :
This topic includes the introduction of prenatal nutrition and food allergy, definitions, importance of balanced nutrition during
pregnancy, adverse factors affecting fetal development, recommended weight gain during pregnancy, nutrition requirement during
pregnancy, role of balanced nutrition in prevention of genetic disorders. Food allergy, allergic reaction process, common food allergen,
symptoms of food allergy and prevention of food allergy. The main importance of studying this topic is to reduce the chances of genetic
disorders to some extent that may occure due to imbalanced nutrition during pregnancy. This topic will provide the basis of
understanding the importance of balanced diet during pregnancy and apply this knowledge in community as well as hospital setting to
educate the people regarding prevention of genetic disorders by providing good nutritional care during prenatal period.
 CONCLUSION:

Healthy eating is important for pregnant women and their unborn babies. There are many nutritional issues to consider ensuring good
health of both the woman and baby, during and after pregnancy. Although many birth defects cannot be prevented, the probability of
some such conditions can be reduced through awareness of the effects of various prenatal factors, including nutrition, teratogens ,and
mutagens. Furthermore, early detection and/or treatment of congenital defects can sometimes reduce the long-term impact of these
conditions, perhaps even alleviating them completely. As researchers learn even more about the environmental and nutrition factors
that contribute to birth defects and genetic anomalies, it is likely that they will continue to reduce the prevalence of these conditions,
thereby improving the quality of life for millions of people throughout the world.
EVALUATION:
Q1:-Average weight gain during pregnancy is:
a) 10 kg-12 kg b) 5 kg-8 kg c) 4 kg -7 kg d) 11.2 - 15.9 kg.

Q2:- RDA recommended extra daily energy requirement during pregnancy is:
a) +300 cal b) 500 cal c)700 cal d) All of above.

Q3:-DOWN SYNDROME is also called as………………

Q4:-MVP stands for………..

Q5:-Define food allergy?

Q6:-what do you mean by ‘‘Exclusively Breast Feeding”.

ASSIGNMENT :
Q- Write down the “NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES IN PRENATAL NUTRITION AND PREVENTION OF FOOD
ALLERGY.’’

DUE DATE ON:- / /2018

 REFERENCES:

BOOK :-

 SCHLENKER D. Eleanor, “Essentials of nutrition and diet therapy”, edition 8th , published by Elsevier, page no. 269,270.
 BIJLANI LR, “Nutrition A Practice Approach” , edition 2nd ,Jaypee Publication, pg. no. 80.
 INDRANI KT “Nursing manual of nutrition and therapeutic diet, 1st Edition, Jaypee Publication, Page no.- 236-238
 Dr SWAMINATHAN M., “ Handbook of food and nutrition”, 5th Edition, The Bangalore printing & Publishing CO. Ltd,
pg no- 186-187.
 SHARMA K SURESH(2008) “Human Genetics in Nursing”, Jaypee brothers publication, page no.-91-94.

NET INFOREMATICS:-

 https://www.slideshare.net/raghuDr1/nutrition-in-pregnants
 https://www.slideshare.net/SarmadAsif3/food-allergy-52595695
 https://www.slideshare.net/sussanausten/prenatal-care-47054872
 http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/food-allergies.html
 https://www.ucy.ac.cy/nursery/documents/prevention.pdf

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