COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD ,WAH CAMPUS

Course: IC Engine Lab

Submitted By

NAME USMAN ALI

Reg. (FA18-BME-067)
Section (8B)

Submitted To

Eng. Bilal Nutkani

Lab Report # 02
 Experiment # 02
To understand construction and working demonstration of 4-Stroke Petrol
Engine model and calculations of capacity and compression ratio of engine.

Abstract:-
In this experiment we demonstrate and understand the basic component of 4-Stroke petrol
engine, how the every components/parts of IC engine work. After that we also find the
compression ratio and capacity of IC Engine theoretically and compare it with the practical
calculation, and also which parameters used to calculate compression ratio.

Introduction:-
A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the
piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full
travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:
1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke
of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and
ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the
intake valve must be in the open position while the
piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by
producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its
downward motion. The piston is moving down as air is
being sucked in by the downward motion against the
piston.

2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the

end of the suction stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke
the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation
for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the
intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.
3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition.
This is the start of the second revolution of the four
stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has
completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the
piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression
stroke) the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited
by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat
generated by high compression (diesel engines),
forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This
stroke produces mechanical work from the engine
to turn the crankshaft.

4. Exhaust: Also known as outlet. During

the exhaust stroke, the piston, once again,
returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the
exhaust valve is open. This action expels the
spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust
valve.

PV- Diagram:-
The idealized four-stroke Otto cycle p-V
diagram: the  intake (A)  stroke is performed
by an isobaric expansion, followed by
the  compression (B)  stroke, performed as
an adiabatic compression. Through the
combustion of fuel an isochoric process is
produced, followed by an adiabatic expansion,
characterizing the  power (C)  stroke. The cycle
is closed by an isochoric process and an
isobaric compression, characterizing
the  exhaust (D)  stroke.
 Parts names for Internal combustion Engine:-

1. Cylinder:
These automobile engine parts are located in the engine block also known as the
cylinder block. It contains a liner or sleeves around it. This liner is worn out when subjected to
work and can be easily replaced. The cylinders have part or space for the piston to move upward
and downward, making the combustion take place.
Cylinders are characterized by their bore and stroke. The bore is the inner diameter
and the stroke is the effective length along the piston reciprocates i.e. the movement of the piston
from the TDC to the BDC, they are the uppermost and the lowermost point of the stroke.

2.  Piston:
The piston is a cylindrical part that moves upward and downward in the cylinder,
allowing the complete combustion cycle to take place (intake, compression, combustion,
exhaust). The diameter of the piston is a bit less than the bore of the cylinder to avoid quick wear
of the piston surface. There are three rings known as piston rings fitted in the circular recesses on
the piston surfaces. These rings are made of aluminum, having direct contact with the cylinder
liner, thus preventing piston wear.

3.  Crankshaft:
These engine parts help to converts the sliding motion from the piston into rotary
motion via the connecting rod. It is located below the cylinder block inside a casing called the
crankcase. The crankshaft has projections bent and offset from the shaft axis. In a multi-cylinder
engine, each cylinder is provided with its own crankpin, provided to attach the piston by the
connecting rod.
 4. Connecting rod:
These engine parts are provided to connect the piston to the crankshaft. Just as
mentioned earlier, it converts the linear motion of the piston into the rotary motion of the crank.
One of its end parts is attached to the piston through a piston pin also known as a gudgeon pin
and wrist pin. Another end is attached to the crankpin journal using bolts to hold down the upper
and lower bearing caps called the big end.

5. Cylinder head:
These engine parts serve as a cover to the cylinder block, valve, rocker arms, and
ignition element. It is bolted to the cylinder block with the head gasket in between. In an
overhead camshaft engine, the camshaft is placed in the head with the absence of pushrod
arrangement for the valve mechanism. Some other parts like the inlet, exhaust ports, and the
combustion chamber also have their space beneath the cylinder, making it form one whole
engine component.

6.  Camshaft:
This internal combustion engine component is a shaft containing a cam fitted on it. it
functions is to control the valves directly by sitting over them or through the rocker arm and
pushrod mechanism. The valve timing is determined by the size of the camshaft. That is, the
opening and closing of valves are governed by the camshaft which is mounted on the crankshaft
either directly through a reduction gear or indirectly through a pulley and a timing belt.

7. Valves:
Valves as known as poppet valves on IC engines. It is made of a long thin circular
rod named valve stem and a flat circular disk called valve head, which is tapered along the thin
rod. The function of the valve is to enables of valve for a fresh intake of fuel and air and the
release of waste gases (exhaust.) The opening and closing of the valve are caused by the sliding
motion of the camshaft and the associated linkages.

8. Rocker arm:
This internal combustion engine part plays an important role as it transmits the
rotary motion of the cam or crankshaft through a tappet/latch and converts it into a linear motion
of the valve stem, helping in depressing the valve head.

9. Crankcase:
These internal combustion engine components are located below the cylinder block
containing the bearings that rotate the crank. This main bearing is a sliding bearing with an
adequate oil supply in it. Four-cylinder inline petrol engines contain three bearings in the
crankcase, one at each end and one in the middle while diesel engines have five main bearings,
one at each end and one between each cylinder.
 10.  Oil pump and sump:
The function of the oil pump is to pumps the oil to various parts of the engine for
proper lubrication, cleaning, and cooling. The oil pump in the engine is driven by the crankshaft
gear. The oil is pressurized to various parts of the engine components, which helps in lubricating
and cooling the system.
The oil sump serves as storage containing a chamber that keeps the oil. The oil is
lifted by the oil pump from the sump through a wire mesh strainer which keeps debris and dirt
from entering the engine. The oil filter and oil cooler allow the oil to pass through before
distributing it to the engine parts. The oil returns to the oil sump after doing its job.

11. Carburetor :
A carburetor or carburetor is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal
combustion engines in an appropriate air–fuel ratio for combustion. 

12. Spark Plug :

A spark plug is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to
the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by
an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine. A spark plug has a
metal threaded shell, electrically isolated from a central electrode by a ceramic insulator. The
central electrode, which may contain a resistor, is connected by a heavily insulated wire to the
output terminal of an ignition coil or magneto. 

13. Air Cleaner :

A filter that prevents dust and other particles from entering the air intake of an
internal combustion engine it is also called as air filter.

Experimental Setup :
 First we had found the inner diameter of cylinder in (cm) and then swept height,
clearance length of the piston/cylinder and then we measured the stroke length of engine.
 After that we find the clearance volume and swept volume, and the we calculate the
compression ratio by using formula.
 Then we have calculated the capacity of engine, by using formula and the we compare
this theoretical values with practical values.

Result and Analysis:-

Bore Diameter = Ø = 68mm, Radius = r = 34mm, Swept height = 60mm,
Clearance length = 5mm.
 Area = π r 2

=(3.14)(34)2

=3629.84m m2
Compression Ratio:-
Clearance Volume=V c = Area × Lc
= 3629.84 ×5
V c = 18149.2mm3

Swept Volume = V s =Area ×h s

V s =3629.84 ×60
3
V s =217790.4 mm

18149.2+217790.4
Compression Ratio = C.R =
18149.2

C.R= 13
Capacity :-
2
Capacity = C = π r ( Lc + hc )

C = π (3.4¿ ¿2)(6.5) ¿
Capacity = C = 236.05 cm3 = 0.236 liter

Conclusion:-
In this experiment we concluded that the compression ratios have typically been between
8:1 and 12:1 and our calculated compression ratio is 13:1 which is greater because our model is
just for demonstration, and our model is just designed for how compression and capacity of be
calculated, and we also understand.

Applications:
The four stroke petrol engines are the most commonly used engines in today’s automobile
sector and vehicles, both in cases of single cylinder and multi cylinder applications.
 Four stroke petrol engine commonly used in petrol cars, motorbikes, scooters, small
propeller aircrafts, formula one, small motor powered boats, auto-rickshaw, water spray systems,
etc.