Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666

Website: www.downloadclassnotes.com , E-mail: [email protected]

CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 5)

============================================================
REVIEW QUESTION
Explain why volume of a gas decreases on increasing pressure on it at
constant temperature?
There are large empty spaces between the molecules. On increasing pressure on the

m
gas, the distance between molecules decreases. So the volume of the gas decreases.

How does temperature effect vapour pressure of a liquid?

.co
The vapour pressure of a liquid increases as the temperature increases. The
molecules in the liquid are more energetic at higher temperatures, and more
molecules can escape from the liquid phase into the gas phase.

es
Water boils at 120oC in a pressure cooker, why?
Pressure cooker has valve to controls the pressure. This valve exerts a pressure of 2

ot
atm. Therefore, the valve does not allow water vapours to escape until the pressure
inside the pot reaches 2 atm. Because vapour pressure of water becomes 2 atm when

sn
the temperature reaches 120oC. So water boils at 120oC in a pressure cooker.

Is evaporation a cooling process?

as
According to kinetic theory, the temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy
of the molecules of a liquid. During evaporation, the escape of high energy molecules
cl
from the surface of a liquid, lowers the average kinetic energy of the remaining
molecules and therefore, the temperature of the liquids falls down. Thus evaporation
is a cooling process.
ad

Can you make water boil at 70oC?

Yes, when the pressure of atmosphere is 1 atm, water boils at 100oC at sea level. So
lo

water boils at this height above sea level, when its vapour pressure is 34kPa at 70°C.
wn

Express the pressure 400 mm Hg in kPA?

1 atm = 760 mm = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 x 105 Pa
760 mm = 1.01325 kPa
1mm = 1.01325/760
do

400 mm = 1.01325/760 x 400 = 0.533 kPa

Explain the effect on the volume of a gas by a change in the (a) pressure (b)
w.

temperature.
Effect of pressure change on the volume of gas:
ww

There are large empty spaces between the molecules. On increasing pressure on the
gas, the distance between molecules decreases. So the volume of the gas decreases.
Effect of temperature change on the volume of gas:
When pressure of the gas is kept constant and temperature is increased, the average
kinetic energy of gas molecules increases. So, the molecules of the gas hit the wall of
the container more frequently and energetically. This increases internal pressure. As a
result, volume of the gas increases to restore constant pressure.

============================================================
Visit www.downloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more.
(Page 1 of 8)
 Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666
Website: www.downloadclassnotes.com , E-mail: [email protected]

CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 5)

============================================================
Explain the following properties of gases (a) Diffusion (b) Effusion
Diffusion:
 The movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower is called diffusion.
 Diffusion takes place in all directions.
 For example the smell of rose or a scent spread due to diffusion.
Effusion:

m
 The escape of gas molecules through the hole one after the other without collision
is called effusion.

.co
 Effusion takes place through a hole of molecular size.
 For example escape of gas molecules from punctured tyre.

es
Explain the following terms.
Evaporation:
 Conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapour at all temperatures is called vaporization

ot
or evaporation.
 Place some liquid (i.e. ether) in an open container and observe.

sn
 You will notice that the volume of the liquid gradually decreases and finally no
more of the liquid is left.
 This is because liquids constantly change into gas or vapours.
as
 According to kinetic theory, the temperature is a measure of average kinetic
energy of the molecules of a liquid. During evaporation, the escape of high energy
molecules from the surface of a liquid, lowers the average kinetic energy of the
cl
remaining molecules and therefore, the temperature of the liquids falls down. Thus
evaporation is a cooling process.
ad

Vapour pressure:
 The pressure exerted by the vapours of a liquid in equilibrium with its liquid is
called vapour pressure.
lo

 In a closed container no molecules can escape into the outside air, when a partially
filled container is sealed.
wn

 Some of the liquid molecules vapourize.

 As the time passes, the number of molecules changing into vapours increases.
 Some of these molecules because of their random motions will collide with the
liquid surface.
do

 Such molecules are recaptured by the molecules at the surface of the liquid. This
process is called condensation.
 These two opposing processes will continue. After some time, the number of
w.

molecules evaporating will become equal to the number of molecules condensing.

 At this stage equilibrium is established between the liquid and its vapours.
Boiling point:
ww

 The temperature at which vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the

external or atmospheric pressure is called boiling point.
 Vapour pressure of the liquid keeps on increasing with the increase in
temperature.
 At a certain temperature, the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the
atmospheric pressure or external pressure.
 At this stage liquid starts boiling.
============================================================
Visit www.downloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more.
(Page 2 of 8)
 Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666
Website: www.downloadclassnotes.com , E-mail: [email protected]

CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 5)

============================================================
Explain the effect of external pressure on boiling point.
 Liquids boil when their vapour pressure is equal to the pressure exerted on the
liquid by its surroundings.
 The normal boiling point of water is 100°C.
 In the mountains the atmospheric pressure is less than 1 atm, so water boils below
100°C.

m
 Pressure cooker has valve to controls the pressure. This valve exerts a pressure of
2 atm. Therefore, the valve does not allow water vapours to escape until the

.co
pressure inside the pot reaches 2 atm. Because vapour pressure of water becomes
2 atm when the temperature reaches 120oC. So water boils at 120oC in a pressure
cooker.

es
Differentiate between amorphous and crystalline solids.
 The solids in which atoms, molecules or ions are arranged in a regular repeating

ot
three-dimensional well ordered pattern are called as crystalline solids.
 Amorphous solids are those in which atoms, ions or molecules are not arranged in

sn
a definite pattern, rather these are randomly arranged.

What are allotropes? Explain the allotropic form of any two solids .
as
The different forms of an element in the same physical state and phase are called
allotropic form or allotropes.
Diamond:
cl
In diamond each carbon atom is bonded to four others, creating a rigid compact
array. This makes diamond the hardest known substance.
ad

Graphite:
In graphite carbon atoms are arranged in layers of hexagonal arrays. Weak bonds
exist between the layers that allow them to slide over one another. This makes
lo

graphite soft.
wn

Find the boiling point of each liquid when the atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
Name of Liquid Boiling point
Chloroform 61oC
Ethanol 78 oC
do

Water 100 oC
Ethanoic Acid 119 oC
w.

At what temperature ethanol will bon when the atmospheric pressure is 51

kPa.
At 101.3 kPa pressure, Ethanol boils = 78°C
ww

At 1 kPa pressure, Ethanol boils = 78/101.3

At 51 kPa pressure, Ethanol boils = 78/101.3 x 51
= 39.274°C
How can you make water to boil at 80°C?
The boiling point of water is 100°C when pressure is 760 mm Hg or one atm
pressure.

============================================================
Visit www.downloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more.
(Page 3 of 8)
 Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666
Website: www.downloadclassnotes.com , E-mail: [email protected]

CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 5)

============================================================
At 100°C pressure of water = 760 mm Hg
At 1°C pressure of water = 760/100
At 80°C pressure of water = 760/100 x 80
= 608 mm Hg
So we can boil water at 80°C when pressure will be 608 mm Hg or 0.8 atm.

m
At what temperature chloroform will boil when the external pressure is 50
kPa.

.co
When external pressure is 101.3 kPa than B.P of chloroform = 61°C.
When external pressure is 1 kPa than B.P of chloroform = 61/101.3
When external pressure is 50 kPa than B.P of chloroform = 61/101.3 x 50

es
= 30.11°C
So, chloroform boils at 30.11°C when the external pressure is 50 kPa.

ot
Can you boil chloroform at 0°C.
Yes. As temperature in °C can be changed into Kelvin scale.

sn
Chloroform boils at 61°C = 273 + 61 = 334oK and 0 °C = 273oK

At 334oK temperature pressure on chloroform = 101.3 kPa

as
o
At 1 K temperature pressure on chloroform = 101.3/334
At 273oK temperature pressure on chloroform = 101.3/334 x 273
= 82.82kPa
cl
Thus when pressure is reduce to 82.82 kPa, chloroform boils at 273oK (0oC).
ad

Predict the boiling point of chloroform at 600 mm Hg.

Since 1 atm = 760 mm = 101.325 kPa .
When 760 mm Hg pressure then boiling point of chloroform = 61oC.
lo

When 1 mm Hg pressure then boiling point of chloroform = 61/760

When 600 mm Hg pressure then boiling point of chloroform = 61/760x600
wn

= 48.16oC
Therefore boiling paint of chloroform is 48.1oC at 600 mm Hg.

The air in a perfectly elastic balloon occupies 885 cm3 during the fall when
do

the temperature is 20°C. During the winter, the temperature on a particular

day is -10°C, the balloon occupies 794.39 cm3. If the pressure remains
constant show that the given data proves the volume temperature relation
w.

according to the Charles's Law

 According to the Charles's law, ratio of volume to absolute temperature is constant
for any set of conditions.
ww

 Convert 0°C temperature to Kelvin temperature by adding 273.

 Find V/T for each set of conditions and compare.
Temperature (oC) Volume Temperature (K) V/T
20 885 293 885/293 = 3.0204
-10 794.39 263 794.39/263 = 3.0204
The ratio V/T = 3.0204 is fairly constant. Thus volume of the gas varies directly with
the absolute temperature as stated by the Charles's law.
============================================================
Visit www.downloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more.
(Page 4 of 8)
 Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666
Website: www.downloadclassnotes.com , E-mail: [email protected]

CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 5)

============================================================
In the past, gas volume was used as a way to measure temperature using
devices called gas thermometers. An experimenter obtains following data
from as thermometer.
Volume Temperature
2.7 0oC
100 oC

m
3.7
5.7 300 oC
Show that gas thermometer obtained results according to Charles's law

.co
 According to the Charles's law, ratio of volume to absolute temperature is
constant for any set of conditions.
 Convert 0°C temperature to Kelvin temperature by adding 273.

es
 Find V/T for each set of conditions and compare
Temperature (oC) Volume Temperature (K) V/T
0 2.7 273 2.7/273 = 0.0099

ot
100 3.7 373 3.7/373 = 0.0099
300 5.7 573 5.7/573 = 0.0099

sn
The ratio V/T = 0.0099 is fairly constant. Thus volume of the gas varies directly with
the absolute temperature as stated by the Charles's law.
as
In automobile engine the gaseous fuel-air mixture enters the cylinder and is
cl
compressed by a moving piston before it is ignited. If the initial cylinder
volume is 990 cm3. After the piston moves up, the volume is 90 cm3. The
fuel-air mixture initially has a pressure of 1.0 atm and final pressure 11.0
ad

atm. Do you think this change occurs according to the Boyle's law?
 According to the Boyle's law. product of pressure and volume is constant at any
two sets of conditions.
lo

 Calculate P x V for the two sets of condition and compare. (1 dm = 1000 cm3)
wn

P1 x V1 before change = 1 x atm x 990/1000 dm3 = 0.99 atm.dm3

P2 x V2 after change = 11 atm x 90/1000 dm3 = 0.99 atm.dm3

do

So it is proved that P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
Thus the calculated result agrees with the pressure-volume relationship according to
w.

the Boyle's Law.

A sample of neon that is used in a neon sign has a volume of 1500 cm3 at a
ww

pressure of 636 torr. The volume of the gas after it is pumped into the glass
tube of the sign is 1213.74 cm3 when it shows a pressure of 786 torr. Show
that this data obeys Boyle's law
 According to the Boyle's law, product of pressure and volume is constant at any
two sets of conditions.
 Calculate P x V for the two sets of condition and compare.
 (1 dm = 1000 cm3) and (a atm = 760 torr)

============================================================
Visit www.downloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more.
(Page 5 of 8)
 Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666
Website: www.downloadclassnotes.com , E-mail: [email protected]

CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 5)

============================================================
P1 x V1 before change = 636/760 x atm x 1500/1000 dm3 = 0.8368 x atm x 1.5 dm3
= 1.255 atm.dm3
P2 x V2 after change = 786/760 x atm x 1213.74/1000 dm3 = 1.0342 x atm x 1.21374 dm3
= 1.255 atm.dm3

So it is proved that P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

m
Thus the calculated result agrees with the pressure-volume relationship according to

.co
the Boyle's Law.

Instrumentation changes as science progresses, comments on it?

 If any instrumentation changes occur, the internal validity of the main conclusion

es
is affected as alternative explanations are readily available.
 The instrumentation, or if dropping out leads to relevant bias between groups, a

ot
whole class of alternative explanations is possible that account for the observed
differences.

sn
 If any instrumentation changes occur, the internal validity of the main conclusion
is affected, as alternative explanations are readily available
as
The water level in an aquarium decreases slowly even though the tank does
not leak. What change of state is occurring?
 The volume of the liquid gradually decreases and finally no more of the liquid is
cl
left.
 This is because liquids constantly change into gas or vapours even when the
ad

temperature is less than the boiling point of a liquid.

 In evaporation, some molecules in the liquid break away and enter the gas or
vapour state.
lo

What types of attractive forces do you expect between the molecules of HF

wn

and HCl?
Hydrogen fluoride (HF):
The H-bond in HF is so strong that the molecules remain associated through H-
bonding even in the gaseous state.
do

Dipole-Dipole Forces in HCl:

The attractive forces· between positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of
other polar molecule are known as dipole-dipole forces.
w.

Name two substances that are solids at 25oC. Name two substances that are
liquid at 25oC.
ww

Solid at 25oC = Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)

o
Liquid at 25 C = Water and Ethanol
Identify the process occurring in each of the following
Mothballs slowly disappear
Sublimation
A cold windshield becomes covered with ice when struck by Raindrops
Condensation
============================================================
Visit www.downloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more.
(Page 6 of 8)
 Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666
Website: www.downloadclassnotes.com , E-mail: [email protected]

CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 5)

============================================================
An autoclave is used to sterilize surgical equipment. It is far more effective
to produce steam by autoclave than steam produced from boiling water in
the open atmosphere, because it generates steam at a pressure of two
atmospheres. Explain why an autoclave is such an efficient sterilization
device.
When the pressure of atmosphere is 1 atm or 101.325 kPa water boils at 100oC at

m
sea level. This is because at this temperature vapour pressure of water is 1 atm or
101.325 kPa.

.co
When vapour pressure of water becomes 2 atm then the temperature reaches 120oC.
So water boils at 120oC in a autoclave and produces more stream in less time. Due to
high pressure autoclave is more effective to produce stream as compare to boiling

es
water in the open atmosphere (1 atm)

THEORY

ot
Freeze dried foods are light weight and can be conveniently re-constituted

sn
by adding water. How?
Freeze drying is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable
material or make the material more convenient for transport. Freeze drying works by
as
freezing the material and then reducing the surrounding pressure to allow the frozen
water in the material to sublimate directly from the solid phase to the gas phase.
cl
Define Pressure. What is its unit?
Force exerted by a gas on unit area of a container is called its pressure. It unit is
ad

pascal (Pa).

Why gases are compressible?

lo

Gases are compressible due to presence of large empty spaces between the gas
molecules.
wn

What do you know about the mobility of gases?

Gases have tendency to expand and fill the entire available space. So these can be
transported through pipes over long distances.
What do you know about the density of gases?
do

Gases have very low densities under normal conditions. This is due to large spaced
between gas molecules.
Define gas laws?
w.

The relationship that expresses the influence of one variable on another with the two
variable constant are called gas laws.
ww

State and explain Boyle’s law?

Volume of a fixed amount of gas at a given temperature is inversely proportional to
the applied pressure.
p a 1/v
p = 1/v x constant
pxv = constant

============================================================
Visit www.downloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more.
(Page 7 of 8)
 Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666
Website: www.downloadclassnotes.com , E-mail: [email protected]

CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 5)

============================================================
State and explain Charles’s law?
Volume of given mass of a gas varies directly with absolute temperature at constant
pressure.
V a T
V = constant x T
V/T = constant

m
When you put nail polish remover on your palm, you feel a sensation of

.co
coldness.
The chemical nail polish remover is very volatile, it evaporates very quickly. To
change from a liquid state, to a gaseous state takes energy. The warmth of your palm

es
supplies the energy. The flow of heat is from your palm and into the liquid. This
removes heat from your palm and has the sensation of being cool.

ot
Does vapour pressure depend upon the nature of a liquid?
Yes it depends. The vapour pressure of a liquid decreases when inter molecular forces

sn
increases.

Define distillation.
as
A process called distillation is used to purify the liquids. It is a process in which a
liquid is heated to vapourize it and the vapours are cooled to condense them back to
the liquid in a different container.
cl

What are allotropic forms of sulphur?

ad

Rhombic Sulphur, Monoclinic Sulphur and Plastic Sulphur

**************
lo
wn
do
w.
ww

============================================================
Visit www.downloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more.
(Page 8 of 8)