MAST10019 Calculus Extension Studies: Tutorial Sheets
MAST10019 Calculus Extension Studies: Tutorial Sheets
MAST10019 Calculus Extension Studies: Tutorial Sheets
Calculus
Extension Studies
Tutorial sheets
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Revision
Note: You are expected to provide complete explanations for your answers using correct notation
throughout.
Complex Numbers
1. Let z = a + ib with a, b real. Write each of the following in terms of a and b.
z
(a) z z̄ (b) (c) z + z̄
|z|2
z
(d) z − z̄ (e) (f) |z|
z̄
2. (a) Find the real and imaginary parts of
(3 − i)(2 + i)
(b) Evaluate
(4 − i)(3 − i)(8 + 4i)
(4 + 2i)(1 + 3i)
Differentiation
4. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:
x+2 tan x
(a) x2 ex (b) (c)
x−1 x
√
1 1
(d) x2 − 7x (e) x sin (f)
x x log x
Integration
5. Evaluate the following integrals:
Z Z
(a) (x + 3)11 dx (b) (x2 + 2x) cos(x3 + 3x2 − 47) dx
Z Z
x
(c) sin2 2x dx (d) √ dx
1+x
x4 − 3x2
Z Z
4x
(e) dx (f) dx
x5 − 5x3 − 24 (2x − 1)2
Limits
Note: You are expected to provide complete explanations for your answers using correct notation
throughout.
1. Can I get started? Match the type of the limit and the first step in finding the limit to the
given examples in the following list. You need not find the limits of the examples given.
sin x
I. lim A. Look for common factor
x→∞ x
x2 + 2x − 1
II. lim B. Use sandwich rule
x→∞ 3x2 − 10
p
III. lim x2 + 2 − x C. Use continuity
x→∞
3x2 + 2x − 1
IV. lim D. Use the limit laws
x→−1 x2 − 1
p E. Divide numerator and denomina-
V. lim 4x2 − 5
x→4 tor by highest power
x2 + 2x + 1
VI. lim F. Use difference of two squares
x→−3 x2 + 5x + 6
x2 + 2x + 1
VII. lim 2 G. Show limit does not exist
x→3 x + 5x + 6
2. Evaluate the following limits, if they exist. Do NOT use l’Hôpital’s rule.
Explain your answers using the limit laws, continuity, or other appropriate arguments.
x−5 x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 2
(a) lim (b) lim cos (3x + tan x) (c) lim
x→5 x2 − 6x + 5 x→π x→∞ 3x3 − 9x2 + 11
4 x2 − 5x + 1 p
(d) lim (e) lim (f) lim x2 + 8x − x
x→3 (x − 3)2 x→3 x3 + 2x − 1 x→∞
4 4
(g) lim 3x sin
x→0 x
3. Using the sandwich rule, prove that
sin x sin x
(a) lim =0 (b) lim exp =1
x→∞ x x→∞ x
4. What is the (maximum possible) domain of the following function? Explain why the function is
continuous everywhere in its domain.
p
g(x) = sin x2 − 9
Hyperbolic Functions
Note: You are expected to provide complete explanations for your answers using correct
notation throughout.
5
2. If cosh x = what are the possible values of:
3
(a) sinh x (b) tanh x
4. Use the definition of cosh x and sinh x in terms of the exponential function to:
(b) Use the definitions of sinh to write sinh3 x in terms of hyperbolic sines of multiples
of x.
6. In each part, sketch the graphs of the functions on the same set of axes. Write down the
largest possible domain where the function is valid, and its range.
3
(b) Find u if tanh u = .
5
8. Find the derivatives of the following functions:
arcsinh x
(a) (b) xarctanh (2x − 1)
arccosh x
What is the largest possible domain where the derivatives are valid?
cosh x
coth x = .
sinh x
f (x) = arccoth x
Complex Exponentials
Notes: You are expected to provide complete explanations for your answers using correct
notation throughout.
The principal argument should be used whenever the complex number is written in polar form,
that is, −π < θ ≤ π.
1. Let n ∈ Z. Simplify the following:
(a) e2nπi (b) e(2n+1)πi
Techniques of Integration
Note: You are expected to provide complete explanations for your answers using correct
notation throughout.
1. Get started! Match the form of the integrand and the next step to the given examples
in the following table.
Z
Sample f (x) Form of f (x) Next step to find f (x) dx
sech 2 5x
Z Z
(e) dx (f) sinh2 x cosh2 x dx
10 − tanh 5x
Z Z
2
(c) x sec 4x dx (d) arccosh x dx
Note: You are expected to provide complete explanations for your answers using correct
notation throughout.
1. Determine the general solution of the following first order differential equation:
dy 1 + y2
=
dt 6y(3t − 4)
3. Determine the general solution of the following first order differential equation:
dy
+y cot x = 2 cosec x
dx
4. The rate at which a disease spreads during an epidemic is proportional to the product of
the fraction of the population already infected and the fraction not yet infected.
(a) If y is the fraction of the population infected after t months, show that
dy
= ky(1 − y), 0≤y≤1
dt
where k is a positive constant.
(b) If the fraction infected increases from one quarter to one half of the population in the
first month, find y(t).
(c) What fraction of the population will be infected one month later?
(d) How long will it be before 90% of the population is infected?
(e) What happens to the fraction of the population infected as t → ∞?
(a) Express the volume of solution in the bag as a function of time. How long is it before
the bag empties?
(b) Show that the number of milligrams x(t) of pain killer dissolved in the solution in the
bag satisfies the differential equation
dx 2x
= 10 − .
dt 10 − t
For what times is the differential equation valid?
(d) Nursing staff are concerned that the concentration of pain killer needs to reach at
least 50 milligram/litre by the end of the fifth hour. Does the concentration reach the
required level?
1. Find the general solution y(x) to the following second order differential equations:
(a) y 00 − y 0 − 6y = 0
(b) 9y 00 + 6y 0 + y = 0
(c) y 00 + y 0 + y = 0
5. A 5 kilogram mass suspended from the end of a vertical spring stretches it by 1.225 metres.
The system is placed in a medium offering a resistance (in Newtons) equal to 45 times the
instantaneous velocity (in m/s). The mass is started in motion from the equilibrium position
with an initial velocity of 1 m/s in the upward direction and with an applied external force
F (t) = 365 cos(3t) Newtons downwards. The displacement of the mass below the equilibrium
position at time t seconds is y(t) metres. Take the acceleration due to gravity to be 9.8 m/s2 .
(a) Determine the spring constant.
(b) Draw a diagram showing all forces acting on the mass.
(c) Show that the equation of motion for the mass on the spring is
ÿ + 9ẏ + 8y = 73 cos(3t)
What are the initial conditions for the system?
(d) Find the position of the mass at any time.
(e) What are the transient and steady state solutions for y(t)?
(f) Give a physical interpretation of the behaviour of the system when t is large.
3. Find the first order partial derivatives for the following functions.
√
(a) f (x, y) = cos(xy 3 ) (b) g(s, t) = s cosh(st)
p
6. Show that f (x, y) = log x2 + y 2 is harmonic, that is,
∂ 2f ∂ 2f
+ = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2
9. Use a double integral to find the volume of the region lying below the graph z = x2 + y 2
and above the rectangle 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 in the plane z = 0.
Revision Solutions x−2 x−3 x−3
(d) log = 1 + log = log e + log
x+1 x+1 x+1
1. (a) zz = (a + bi)(a − bi) = a2 + b2 .
x−2
x−3
=⇒ log = log e ·
z a + bi a bi x+1 x+1
(b) = 2 = 2 + 2 . x−2 x−3
|z|2 a + b2 a + b2 a + b2 =⇒ = e· =⇒ x − 2 = e(x − 3)
x+1 x+1
(c) z + z = a + bi + a − bi = 2a. 2 − 3e
=⇒ x(1 − e) = 2 − 3e =⇒ x = .
1−e
(d) z − z = a + bi − (a − bi) = 2bi.
d
x2 ex = ex (x2 + 2x).
z a + bi a + bi a2 − b2 + 2abi a2 − b2 2abi 4. (a)
(e) = · = = + 2 . dx
z a − bi a + bi 2
a +b 2 2
a +b 2 a + b2
d x+2 (x − 1) · 1 − (x + 2) · 1 −3
p (b) = = .
(f) |z| = a2 + b2 . dx x − 1 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)2
x · sec2 x − tan x
d tan x
(c) = .
2. (a) (3 − i)(2 + i) = (3 − i)(2 − i) = 5 − 5i. The real part is 5, the imagi- dx x x2
nary part is −5.
d p 2 1 2x − 7
(d) x − 7x = (x2 − 7x)−1/2 (2x − 7) = √ .
= |4 − i||3 − i||8 + 4i| = 2|4 + 2i| |4 − i||3 − i|
(4 − i)(3 − i)(8 + 4i) dx 2 2 x2 − 7x
(b)
(4 + 2i)(1 + 3i) |4 + 2i||1 + 3i| |4 + 2i| |1 + 3i|
√
d 1 1 x 1 1 1 1
= 2|4 − i| = 2 17 (e) x sin = sin − 2 cos = sin − cos .
dx x x x x x x x
d 1 −1 1 1 + log x
√ √ √ · (x · + log x) = −
q
(f) = .
3. (a) log x = 1 =⇒ log x = 1 =⇒ x = e =⇒ x = e2 . dx x log x (x log x)2 x (x log x)2
2 p
(b) ex = 5 =⇒ x2 = log 5 =⇒ x = ± log 5.
du
5. (a) Let u = x + 3. Then = 1 and
(c) e2x − 2ex − 3 = 0 is a quadratic in ex . dx
u12
Z Z
Now e2x − 2ex − 3 = (ex − 3)(ex + 1) = 0 when ex = −1, 3. (x + 3)11 dx = u11
du
dx = +C =
1
(x + 3)12 + C.
dx 12 12
We reject ex = −1 as −1 is not in the range of exp.
du
(b) Let u = x3 + 3x2 − 47 =⇒ = 3(x2 + 2x). Therefore
Thus ex = 3 is the only solution, and x = log 3. dx
Z Z
1 du
(x2 + 2x) cos(x3 + 3x2 − 47) dx = cos u dx
3 dx
Z
1 1 1
= cos u du = sin u + C = sin (x3 + 3x2 − 47) + C.
3 3 3
Z Z
1 1 x 1
(c) sin2 2x dx = − cos 4x dx = − sin 4x + C.
2 2 2 8
du
(d) Let u = 1 + x so that x = u − 1 and = 1. Therefore
dx
u−1
Z Z
x
√ dx = √ du
1+x u
Z
= (u1/2 − u−1/2 ) du
2 3/2
= u − 2u1/2 + C
3
2
= (1 + x)3/2 − 2(1 + x)1/2 + C.
3
du
(e) Let u = x5 − 5x3 − 24 =⇒ = 5x4 − 15x2 = 5(x4 − 3x2 ). Therefore
dx
x4 − 3x2
Z Z
1 du
5 3
dx =
x − 5x − 24 5 u
1
= log |u| + C
5
1
= log |x5 − 5x3 − 24| + C.
5
du 1
(f) Let u = 2x − 1 =⇒ = 2, x = (u + 1).
dx 2
Z Z
4x 1 2(u + 1) du
dx = dx
(2x − 1)2 2 u2 dx
Z
1 1
= + 2 du
u u
1 1
= log |u| − + C = log |2x − 1| − + C.
u 2x − 1
Limits Solutions
(d) As the numerator is a non-zero constant and the denominator → 0 as x → 3, it follows that
4
→ ∞ as x → 3. Therefore the limit does not exist.
(x − 3)2
(e) Noting the fact that the denominator is not zero at x = 3 we use the limit laws to obtain
x2 − 5x + 1 32 − 5 · 3 + 1 5
lim = =− .
x→3 x3 + 2x − 1 33 + 2 · 3 − 1 32
√
p p x2 + 8x + x x2 + 8x − x2
(f) lim ( x2 + 8x − x) = lim ( x2 + 8x − x) √ = lim √
x→∞ x→∞ x2 + 8x + x x→∞ x2 + 8x + x
8x 8 8 8
= lim √ = lim p =q =√ =4
x→∞ 2
x + 8x + x x→∞ 1 + 8/x + 1 1+0+1
lim (1 + 8/x) + 1
x→∞
using the limit laws, the continuity of the square root function and that the denominator does not
have a limit of zero.
4 4 4 4
(g) For x 6= 0, −1 ≤ sin ≤ 1, so −3x ≤ 3x sin ≤ 3x4 .
x x
4
Since lim −3x4 = lim 3x4 = 0, lim 3x4 sin
= 0 by the sandwich rule.
x→0 x→0 x→0 x
3. (a) For x 6= 0, −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1.
1 sin x 1
Then − ≤ ≤ for x > 0,
x x x
1 1 sin x
Since lim − = lim = 0, it follows from the sandwich rule that lim = 0.
x→∞ x x→∞ x x→∞ x
4. We require x2 − 9 ≥ 0 for this function to be defined. That is, we require x ≥ 3 or x ≤ −3. Hence
Domain(g) = (−∞, −3] ∪ [3, ∞).
Since polynomials, square root, and trigonometric functions are all continuous on their domains of defini-
tion, g is a continuous function as it is the composition of continuous functions.
Hyperbolic Functions Solutions 4. (a) We start with the right hand side and show it equals the left hand side:
1. We divide numerator and denominator by e−x , the largest term as x → −∞, RHS = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
e + e−x e + e−y e − e−x e − e−y
x y x y
to obtain = +
2 2 2 2
ex − e−x e2x − 1 0−1 1 x+y −x+y −(x+y)
lim tanh x = lim x
x→−∞ e + e −x
= lim 2x
x→−∞ e
= = −1, = e +e x−y
+e +e +e x+y
−e x−y
− e−x+y + e−(x+y)
x→−∞ +1 0+1 4
ex+y + e−(x+y)
using the limit laws and that lim e2x = 0. =
x→−∞ 2
= cosh(x + y) = LHS
p
2. (a) cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 ⇒ sinh x = ± cosh2 x − 1
r r (b) Using the definition of sinh(x) we obtain:
5 25 16 4
If cosh x = , then sinh x = ± −1=± =± . 3
ex − e−x
3 9 9 3 1 3x
sinh3 x = e − 3ex + 3e−x − e−3x
=
2 8
5 sinh x ±4 4 3x
1 e −e −3x
ex − e−x
(b) If cosh x = then tanh x = = 53 = ± . = −3·
3 cosh x 3
5 4 2 2
1 3
1 3 = sinh 3x − sinh x.
(c) sech x = = . 4 4
cosh x 5
√
x −x d √ 1 √ 2 cosh 4x + 3
5 e +e 5 5. (a) sinh 4x + 3 = 4 · √ · cosh 4x + 3 = √ .
(d) Since cosh x = we have = ⇒ 3ex + 3e−x = 10 dx 2 4x + 3 4x + 3
3 2 3
As square root is defined only for positive numbers and the denominator
Multiplying both sides by ex gives 3
must be non zero, the derivative exists when x > − .
4
d d
(x2 + 1) dx cosh x − dx (x2 + 1) cosh x
3e2x − 10ex + 3 = 0 d cosh x
√ √ =
10 ± 100 − 36 10 ± 64 10 ± 8 1 dx x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2
⇒ ex = = = = 3, (b)
6 6 6 3 (x2 + 1) sinh x − 2x cosh x
= .
1 (x2 + 1)2
⇒ x = log 3, log ⇒ x = ± log 3.
3 The derivative exists for all x ∈ R as it has a non zero denominator, and
is the sum, product and quotient of functions defined everywhere on R.
d d d
(cos x tanh 2x) = cos x · (tanh 2x) + (cos x) · tanh 2x
(c) dx dx dx
3. (a) cosh (sin π) = cosh 0 = 1
= 2 cos xsech 2 2x − sin x tanh 2x.
6. (a) The graph of f (x) = sinh x has been shifted by + 13 in the positive x y
direction and has then been compressed by a factor of 3 in the x direction 7
around + 31 to obtain the graph of g(x) = sinh(3x − 1).
6 5+arccosh(x -2)
As Domain(f ) = Range(f ) = R we see that Domain(g) = R and
5
Range(g) = R.
4
Since h(x) = cosech (3x − 1) = 1/g(x), the graph of h(x) = cosech (3x − 1)
has a vertical asymptote at x = 13 where g(x) = 0.
3
x
y cosech(3x -1)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
= arctanh (2x − 1) + . As Domain(arctanh x) = (−1, 1), we require
2 − 2x
−1 < 2x − 1 < 1 ⇒ 0 < 2x < 2 ⇒ 0 < x < 1.
Hence Domain(arctanh (2x − 1)) = (0, 1). Thus the derivative is valid for
x ∈ (0, 1). (Note that 2 − 2x 6= 0 for these values of x.)
sinh2 x − cosh2 x
d d cosh x −1
9. (a) (coth x) = = = = −cosech 2 x.
dx dx sinh x sinh2 x sinh2 x
This is valid for x 6= 0.
(b) Let y = arccoth x. Then coth y = x.
dy
Differentiating implicitly with respect to x gives −cosech 2 y = 1.
dx
dy 1 1 1
Therefore =− =− = .
dx cosech 2 y coth2 y − 1 1 − x2
This is valid for x ∈ (−∞, −1)∪(1, ∞) as Domain(arccoth ) = (−∞, −1)∪
(1, ∞). Note that 1 − x2 6= 0 for these values of x.
3eπi/2
3i z2 3 πi πi 3 3πi
(d) = =√ = √ exp − − = √ exp (polar form).
1−i z1 2e−πi/4 2 2 4 2 4
3 3πi 3 −1 1 3 3
√ exp =√ √ + √ i = − + i (cartesian form).
2 4 2 2 2 2 2
√ √ √
(e) (1 − i)9 = z19 = ( 2e−πi/4 )9 = ( 2)9 e−9πi/4 = 16 2e−πi/4 (polar form)
√
1 1
= 16 2 √ − √ i = 16 − 16i (cartesian form)
2 2
3. Let z = r1 eiθ1 and w = r2 eiθ2 .
(a) Then |z| = r1 and |w| = r2 .
Now
|zw| = r1 eiθ1 r2 eiθ2 = r1 r2 e(θ1 +θ2 )i = |r1 r2 | e(θ1 +θ2 )i
= |r1 r2 | = |r1 ||r2 | = |z||w|
as required.
(b) Note that if z = reiθ then z̄ = re−iθ . Thus
z r eiθ1 r
1 1 (θ1 −θ2 )i r1 −(θ1 −θ2 )i r1 (−θ1 +θ2 )i r1 e−iθ1 z
= iθ
= e = e = e = −iθ
= .
w r2 e 2 r2 r2 r2 r2 e 2 w
4. Let z = eix and w = eiy . Then Im(zw) = Im(ei(x+y) ) = sin(x + y). Also:
Alternatively we can start with the right hand side of the equation, and use the known
expressions for sin and cos as follows:
sin x cos y + cos x sin y
eix − e−ix eiy + e−iy eix + e−ix eiy − e−iy
= · + ·
2i 2 2 2i
ei(x+y) − ei(−x+y) + ei(x−y) − e−i(x+y) ei(x+y) + ei(−x+y) − ei(x−y) − e−i(x+y)
= +
4i 4i
2ei(x+y) − 2e−i(x+y)
=
4i
Mathematics and Statistics 1 University of Melbourne
MAST10019 Calculus Extension Studies
ei(x+y) − e−i(x+y)
=
2i
= sin(x + y).
5. (a) Re (2 − 3i)e(2−3i)t = Re (2 − 3i)(cos 3t − i sin 3t)e2t
Z Z
−2x
cos 5x dx = Re e−2x (cos 5x + i sin 5x) dx
7. (a) e
Z Z
−2x −2x+5xi
= Re e (cos 5x + i sin 5x) dx = Re e dx
Z
(−2+5i)x 1
= Re e dx = Re e(−2+5i)x + c + di
−2 + 5i
1 −2 − 5i −2x+5xi
= Re · e + c + di
−2 + 5i −2 − 5i
−2 − 5i −2x
= Re e (cos 5x + i sin 5x) + c + di
29
1 −2x
= Re 29
e (−2 cos 5x − 2i sin 5x − 5i cos 5x + 5 sin 5x) + c + di
1 −2x
= 29
e (−2 cos 5x + 5 sin 5x) + c.
(b) We notice that e−2x sin 5x = Im(e−2x (cos 5x + i sin 5x)). Thus, using the calculations
from part (a) we obtain
Z Z
−2x
sin 5x dx = Im e−2x (cos 5x + i sin 5x) dx
e
Z
−2x
= Im e (cos 5x + i sin 5x) dx
1 −2x
= Im 29
e (−2 cos 5x − 2i sin 5x − 5i cos 5x + 5 sin 5x) + c + di
1 −2x
= 29
e (−2 sin 5x − 5 cos 5x) + d.
6y dy 1 3
⇒ = ⇒ sin 3y = 2 cos 2x + C, where C = 3c
1 + y 2 dt 3t − 4
Z Z
6y 1 ⇒ y = 1
arcsin( 32 cos 2x + C).
⇒ dy = dt 3
1 + y2 3t − 4
Substituting the initial conditions, x = π2 and y = 0, gives
Z Z
3 1 1
du = dv 3. This is a linear ODE.
u 3 v Z Z
1 cos x
⇒ 3 log |u| = 3 log |v| + c cot x dx = dx = log(sin x). So the integrating factor is
sin x
1
⇒ 3 log |1 + y 2 | = 3 log |3t − 14 | + c I(x) = exp(log(sin x)) = sin x.
⇒ log(1 + y 2 )3 = log |3t − 4|1/3 + c Multiplying both sides of the ODE by I(x) gives
dy
⇒ (1 + y 2 )3 = ec |3t − 4|1/3 sin x + y sin x cot x = 2 sin xcosec x
dx
dy
⇒ 1 + y2 = ec/3 |3t − 4|1/9 ⇒ sin x + y cos x = 2
dx
d
⇒ y2 = A(3t − 4)1/9 − 1, where A = ec/3 ⇒ (y sin x) = 2
dx
p d dy d dy
⇒ y = ± A(3t − 4)1/9 − 1 Check (y sin x) = sin x + y (sin x) = sin x + y cos x.
dx dx dx dx
⇒y sin x = 2x + c
⇒y = (2x + c)cosec x
p
Hence the solution to the differential equation is y(t) = ± A(3t − 4)1/9 − 1.
Hence the solution to the differential equation is y(x) = (2x + c)cosec x.
2. This is a separable ode.
dx
= rate painkiller is added − rate painkiller is removed
dt
= concentration in(mg/l) × litres added per hour(l/hour)
4
x(t) = 10(10 − t) − (10 − t)2 , 0 ≤ t < 10.
5
The concentration in the bag at time t is
10x 100(10 − t) − 8(10 − t)2
C(t) = =
10 − t 10 − t
= 100 − 8(10 − t) = 20 + 8t, 0 ≤ t < 10.
(d) When t = 5 the concentration is C(5) = 20 + 8 × 5 = 60 > 50.
Therefore after 5 hours the concentration exceeds the required level.
Second Order Differential Equations Solutions 3. (a) Try y(x) = eλx . Then y 0 = λeλx and y 00 = λ2 eλx .
Substituting in y 00 − y 0 − 6y = 0 we obtain
λ2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ λ2 = −4 ⇒ λ = ±2i.
λ2 − λ − 6 = 0 ⇒ (λ − 3)(λ + 2) = 0 ⇒ λ = 3, −2.
Thus the general solution to the homogeneous ODE is yh (x) = A cos (2x)+
Thus the general solution to the ODE is y(x) = Ae3x + Be−2x . B sin (2x).
(b) Try y = eλx . Then y 0 = λeλx and y 00 = λ2 eλx . (b) The homogeneous solution was found in part (a).
Substituting in 9y 00 + 6y 0 + y = 0 we obtain As f (x) = x2 is a polynomial of degree 2, we find the particular solution
by putting yp1 (x) = ax2 + bx + c. Then yp0 1 = 2ax + b and yp001 = 2a.
1
9λ2 + 6λ + 1 = 0 ⇒ (3λ + 1)2 = 0 ⇒ λ = − . Substituting in the inhomogeneous ODE gives:
3
2. Try x = eλt . Then ẋ = λeλt and ẍ = λ2 eλt . (c) The homogeneous solution was found in part (a).
Substituting in ẍ − 6ẋ + 5x = 0 we obtain As f (x) = ex , we find the particular solution by putting yp2 (x) = kex .
Then yp0 2 = yp002 = kex .
λ2 − 6λ + 5 = 0 ⇒ (λ − 5)(λ − 1) = 0 ⇒ λ = 5, 1.
Substituting in the inhomogeneous ODE gives
To solve y 00 + 4y = 2x2 + 3ex we notice that 2x2 + 3ex is a linear combination of 5. Let T denote the restoring force in the spring, m the mass of the body, g the
the right hand sides of the ODEs in parts (b) and (c) above. Thus the general acceleration due to gravity and R the resistance.
solution is
(a) From Hooke’s law T = k·(spring extension) where k is the spring constant.
y(x) = yh + 2yp1 + 3yp2 Let s be the extension of the spring at equilibrium. Then s = 1.225. At
1 1 1 equilibrium
= A cos (2x) + B sin (2x) + 2( x2 − ) + 3( ex )
4 8 5 mÿ = 0 = mg −T = mg −ks ⇒ k = mg/s = 5×9.8/1.225 = 49/1.225 =
1 2 1 3 x
= A cos (2x) + B sin (2x) + x − + e . 40N/m.
2 4 5
(b) Note that (for ease of drawing) we have drawn the diagram at a point
4. We first solve the homogeneous ODE, P 00 + 5P 0 + 4P = 0. t > 0 in the future where the mass is moving downwards.
−2ke−t +kte−t +5(ke−t −kte−t )+4kte−t = 6e−t ⇒ 3ke−t = 6e−t ⇒ k = 2. mÿ = mg + F (t) − R − T = mg + F (t) − R − k(s + y).
Hence Pp (t) = 2te−t and the general solution to the inhomogeneous ODE is Since mg = ks we obtain mÿ = F (t) − R − ky.
Putting in the known values for m, g, R and F , gives 5ÿ = 365 cos(3t) −
P (t) = Ph + Pp = Ae−t + Be−4t + 2te−t .
45ẏ − 40y.
From this we obtain P 0 = −Ae−t − 4Be−4t + 2e−t − 2te−t . Divide by 5 and rearrange to obtain the required ODE: ÿ + 9ẏ + 8y =
73 cos(3t).
Substituting the initial conditions into P and P 0 gives 0 = A + B and −7 =
−A − 4B + 2 respectively. The initial conditions are ẏ(0) = −1 and y(0) = 0.
Then A = −B and −9 = B − 4B ⇒ B = 3 and A = −3. (d) We first solve the homogeneous equation. Try y(t) = eλt . Then ẏ = λeλt
and ÿ = λ2 eλt .
Thus the solution to the initial value problem is
Substituting in ÿ + 9ẏ + 8y = 0 we obtain
P (t) = −3e−t + 3e−4t + 2te−t .
Thus the homogeneous solution is yh (t) = Ae−8t + Be−t . and the steady state solution is
To find the particular solution we put yp (t) = c cos(3t) + d sin(3t). 1 27
− cos(3t) + sin(3t).
Then ẏp = −3c sin(3t) + 3d cos(3t) and ÿp = −9c cos(3t) − 9d sin(3t). 10 10
1 1
As y(0) = 0 we obtain 0 = A + B − 10 ⇒ A+B = 10 . (1)
Now
3 81
ẏ = −8Ae−8t − Be−t + sin(3t) + cos(3t).
10 10
81 91
As ẏ(0) = −1 we have −1 = −8A − B + ⇒ 8A + B = . (2)
10 10
90 9
Then from (1) and (2) we obtain 7A = giving A = .
10 7
1 9 83
Now B = − =− .
10 7 70
Thus at time t the position of the mass is
9 −8t 83 −t 1 27
y(t) = e − e − cos(3t) + sin(3t).
7 70 10 10
9 −8t 83 −t
e − e
7 70
( so (x, y) = (0, 0) ) x
√ - 3
- 2 -
1
c=-3
1
2
3
c = −2 2 : 2x2 + y 2 = 1 x
2 2 2 2
√ -1
c = − 5 : 2x2 + y 2 = 4
-2
-3
-3
(c) The cross-sections are found by putting y = 0 and x = 0: The surface is the lower half of an ellipsoid.
y=0: x=0:
2. (a) (i) The function is valid for all x, y ∈ R as 3 + sin(x + y) ≥ 2 and exp is
√
valid for all real numbers. Thus the domain is R2 .
p
z = − 9 − 2x2 or the lower half z = − 9 − y 2 or the lower
of the ellipse 2x2 + z 2 = 9 half of the circle y 2 + z 2 = 9
(ii) We may only take log of positive numbers, so the domain is {(s, t)|t <
-
3 3 3s2 }.
z -3 z
2 2 x 3
y
(b) (i) We use the limit laws and the continuity of exp and sin to obtain
exp(−x − y) exp(lim(x,y)→(0,0) (−x − y))
lim = =
(x,y)→(0,0)3 + sin(x + y) 3 + sin(lim(x,y)→(0,0) (x + y))
exp(−0 − 0) 1
= .
3 + sin(0 + 0) 3
-3 -3
(ii) Using the limit laws and the continuity of log we obtain
dx dy
lim log(3s2 − t) = log lim (3s2 − t) = log(3 · 22 − 1) = (e) We first note that when t = 0, = 2 sinh(2t) = 0 and = 3 cosh(3t) =
(s,t)→(2,1) (s,t)→(2,1) dt dt
log(11). 3.
Also when t = 0, (x, y) = (cosh(0), sinh(0)) = (1, 0).
∂f ∂f Thus when t = 0, ∇f = (fx (1, 0), fy (1, 0)) = (6, −3).
3. (a) = −y 3 sin(xy 3 ) = −3xy 2 sin(xy 3 )
∂x ∂y Now when t = 0,
∂g 1 √ ∂g √
(b) = √ cosh(st) + t s sinh(st) = s s sinh(st)
∂s 2 s ∂t ∂f ∂f dx ∂f dy
= + = 6 × 0 − 3 × 3 = −9.
∂t ∂x dt ∂y dt
(f) A vector in the direction from (1, −2) to (−2, 2) is u = (−2−1, 2−(−2)) =
4. fx (x, y) = 3y 2 + 2xe2y fy (x, y) = 6xy + 2x2 e2y (−3, 4).
fxx (x, y) = 2e2y fyy (x, y) = 6x + 4x2 e2y Thus a unit vector in this direction is û = 15 (−3, 4).
Then Du f (1, −2) = û · ∇f (1, −2) = 51 (−3, 4) · (0, −3) = − 12
5 .
2y
fxy (x, y) = fyx (x, y) = 6y + 4xe
p
6. Show that f (x, y) = log x2 + y 2 is harmonic:
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂ ∂ 1 1 2x x
5. (a) ∇f = , = (6x2 + 3y, 3x − 6) =
1
log(x2 + y 2 ) 2 = log (x2 + y 2 ) = = 2
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x 2 2 x2 + y 2 x + y2
(b) Substituting x = 0 and y = 1 into f (x, y) gives ∂2f ∂ x x2 + y 2 − x(2x) y 2 − x2
3 = = = 2
f (0, 1) = 2 × 0 + 3 × 0 × 1 − 6 × 1 = −6 as required. ∂x2 2
∂x x + y 2 2
(x + y )2 2 (x + y 2 )2
(c) ∇f (0, 1) = (3, −6). Thus the equation of the tangent plane at (0, 1, −6) ∂f 1 ∂ 1 2y y
= log (x2 + y 2 ) = = 2
is ∂y 2 ∂y 2 x2 + y 2 x + y2
z − (−6) = 3(x − 0) + (−6)(y − 1) ∂2f ∂ y y 2 + x2 − y(2y) x2 − y 2
= = = 2
∂y 2 2
∂y x + y 2 2 2
(x + y ) 2 (x + y 2 )2
⇒ z+6 = 3x − 6y + 6
Then
⇒ 3x − 6y − z = 0. ∂2f ∂2f y 2 − x2 x2 − y 2
2
+ 2 = 2 2 2
+ 2 =0
∂x ∂y (x + y ) (x + y 2 )2
(d) We first find ∇f (1, −2) = (fx (1, −2), fy (1, −2)) = (0, −3) and f (1, −2) = as required.
8.
So near (x, y) = (1, −2), we have 7. (a) fx (x, y) = 3y 2 + 12y + 9 fy (x, y) = 6y 2 + 6xy + 12x + 12y
z = f (x, y) ≈ f (1, −2) + fx (1, −2)(x − 1) + fy (1, −2)(y + 2) = 8 − 3(y + 2). fxx (x, y) = 0 fyy (x, y) = 12y + 6x + 12
7
, − 16 16 12 68
Thus f 10 10 ≈ 8 − 3 × − 10 + 2 = 8 − 10 = 10 = 6.8 fxy (x, y) = fyx (x, y) = 6y + 12
(b) fx (x, y) = 3(y 2 + 4y + 3) = 3(y + 3)(y + 1) = 0 when y = −3, −1. 9. The volume is
Z 2 Z 1 Z 2 y=1
2 2
2
2
fy (x, y) = 6y + 6xy + 12x + 12y = 6(y + xy + 2x + 2y) = 0 when 2
(x + y ) dy dx = yx + y 3 /3 y=0 dx
−y 2 − 2y 1 0 1
x= . Z 2
y+2 = x2 + 1/3 dx
1
x=2
−9 + 6
3
Substitute y = −3 to obtain x = = 3. = x /3 + x/3 x=1
−3 + 2
8 2 1 1
= + − +
−1 + 2 3 3 3 3
Substitute y = −1 to obtain x = = 1. 8
−1 + 2 = cubic units
3
The critical points are (3, −3) and (1, −1).
Now fxx fyy − (fxy )2 = −(6y + 12)2 < 0 regardless of the value of x and
y.
8.
Z 3 Z 1 Z 3 x=1
2x+y 1 2x+y
e dx dy = e dy
0 0 0 2 x=0
Z 3
1 2+y
− ey dy
= e
0 2
y=3
1 2+y
= e − ey
2 y=0
1 5
e − e3 − (e2 − 1)
=
2
1 5
e − e3 − e2 + 1 .
=
2