IOT BASED SMART AMBULANCE SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3
PROJECT PLAN
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The main theme behind this scheme is to detect the accident vehicle by using a
sensor circuit embedded with a WSN connected to nearest emergency care and to provide a
smooth flow for the ambulance to reach the accident spot in time and thus minifying the
expiration.
The main aim of the project is to implement an intelligent
system which control mechanically the traffic lights in the path of the Ambulance. The RF
wireless acts as communicator between the ambulance and the traffic lights also to the according
to the ambulance location and the reaching the spot quickly.The server also determine the
location of the accident spot through the sensor systems in the vehicle which and thus the server
walks through the ambulance to spot.The scheme is the fully automated, thus it finds the accident
spot, controls the traffic lights, helping to reach the hospital in time.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SECTIONS

AMBULANCE SECTION

BLOCK DIAGRAM AMBULANCE SECTION

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VEHICLE SECTION

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VEHICLE SECTION

AMBULANCE SECTION

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SIGNAL SECTION

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MODULES
Arduino UNO
“UNO” means “one” in Italian. Arduino Uno belongs to the family of microcontrollers
which is open sourced. The board is assembled with digital and analog, Input and output pins.
14digital I/O pins (0 to 13) 6 analog I/O pins (A0 to A15) with the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) the board can be programmed. Power can be supplied by USB cable
or by external 9-volts battery. The Arduino board is more advantageous because it can be
programmed several times when compared to a microcontroller supplying voltage other than 5v
or 3.3v will detour the regulator and fully damage the board. when 3v supply is given to the
board maximum current draw will be 50MA. To avoid any damage to the Arduino board, more
than 40mA should not be supplied to any I/o pin. Arduino board provides the leaning for
divulging with another computer, Arduino board or other microcontrollers. Arduino software
(IDE) embodies a serial monitor which concedes simple textual data to and from the board. The
transmitter and receiver pins led’ s will spark when data is transmitted to the board. Instead of
physically pressing the reset button before uploading the code to the board, the Arduino board
has the advantage that it allows it to reset by software running on any connected computer.

Arduino UNO

COMMUNICATION
Arduino can be used to communicate with a computer, another Arduino board or other
microcontrollers. The ATmega328P microcontroller provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication which can be done using digital pin 0 (Rx) and digital pin 1 (Tx). An
ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a
virtual com port to software on the computer. The ATmega16U2 firmware uses the standard
USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is

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required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be
sent to and from the Arduino board.

Arduino Pin Configuration

PIN CONFIGUARTION:
• Analog Reference
• Digital Ground
• Digital pins 2-13
• Digital pins 0-1/Serial in /out –TX/RX
• Reset Button
• In- circuit Serial Programmer
• Analog in Pins 0-5
• Power and Ground Pins
• External Power supply in(9-12VDC)

Applications

 Prototyping of Electronics Products and Systems

 Multiple DIY Projects
 Projects requiring Multiple I/O interfaces and communications.
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Vibrator Sensor
Various types of sensor can be used for the detection of the accident. However vibrator
sensor is used for detection because of its accuracy. Other name of vibrator sensor is
piezoelectric sensor. Vibrator sensor is capable of measuring the process. This sensor uses the
piezoelectric effect that can measure acceleration pressure, temperature, force and electrical
charge. This sensor is also used for desisting fragrances within the air and capacitance as well.

Vibrator Sensor

Working Principle
It is based on mechanical principles for disclosing observed system vibrations.
The Sensitivity range of these sensors is from 10mv/g to 100mv/g. The sensitivity can be
preferred based on the application. When the accident ensues, immediately vibrator sensor comes
into the active state, and when at most vibration is observed, It is a portent that the accident is
accursed. The vibrator sensor will monotonously sense for any at most vibration in the vehicle.
With the help of the central system, the sensed data is given to GSM, GPS modules. Vibrator
sensor is best suitable for high frequency vibrations.

GSM sim900A
A GSM is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. This
wireless modem acts like a dial-up modem.GSM uses the GPRS (general packet radio service)
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for data transmission like browsing the web. The duct contrariety between dialup modem and
GSM modem is that a dial-up modem send and receives data through a fixed telephone while a
GSM modem send and receives through radio waves. Communication can be done through wired
or wireless. Wired is suited for only short distance information can be sent. When a USB cable is
connected. wireless communication is possible with the help of GSM modem. Through GSM
messages can be sent, dialing phone is possible, signal strength can be monitored, location of the
spot is sent to the contacts obtained from the GPS. Configuration of GSM is 24mm * 24mm *
3mm sim900A can fit in almost all the space requirements in user applications. Input voltage to
the GSM module is 12v - 2Amp. Through AT commands communication is possible through AT
commands.

GSM SIM900A

Communication between Arduino and GSM

Connect RXD of GSM to TXD of Arduino and TXD of GSM to RXD of Arduino.
 Connect a working GSM sim card to the module.
• On powering the GSM module the LED will flash systematically for successful connection
GSM (Global System for Mobile)/GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) TTL modem s
SIM900 quad-band GSM/GPRS device, works on frequencies 850 MHZ. 900 HZ, 800 MHZ and
1900 HZ. It is very compact in size and easy to use as plug in GSM Modem.
It is suitable for SMS as well as DATA transfer application in mobile phone to mobile phone
interface. The modem can be interfaced with a Microcontroller using USART (Universal
Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) and feature.

GPS (global positioning system)

GPS helps us to determine the distance between the two different places and it will help
to guide the route to reach the destination. Each GPS satellite will continuously transfuse a radio
signal containing the prevailing time and date about the position. The time delay between the
satellite transmitting signal and receiver signal is proportional to the distance from the satellite to
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the receiver. The GPS receiver continuously monitors the satellites and gives the position of the
receiver.
GPS is composed of 3 different segments:
1. Space segment
2. Control segment
3. User segment

GPS Module
Space segment
This particular segment is used when satellite is going to transmit the information and
each satellite will have a different code for transmitting the information and GPS modules
distinguish the signals according to the frequencies and used to calculate the time taken to travel
the distance between satellite and GPS receiver and the travel time is multiplied by the speed of
light to get the distance between satellite and receiver
GPS receiver and the travel time is multiplied by the speed of light to get the
distance between satellite and receiver.
Control segment
The control segment will identify where the satellite is and it will help to
guide with the proper orbit and calculates the time taken by the signal to reach from
satellite to GPS. This particular segment continuously monitors the shape and velocity of
the satellites. It is an arrangement of ground stations.
User segment
This system mainly consists of users and GPS receivers. When the GPS starts working, it
will first download the orbit information and store the information for future use. It takes
12.5mins to download the information. In order to get the exact location, The distance between
satellite and GPS receiver should be known exactly. The distance can be calculated by the time
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taken by the signal to reach from satellite to the receiver and the velocity of the transmitting
signal. Velocity of the transmitted signal will be 18600 miles/sec.

LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)

An LCD is an electronic display module which uses a liquid crystal to produce the digital
image. In this type of LCD each character is displayed in 5 * 7pixel matrix. The LCD 16 * 2
working principle is,it blocks the light rather than dissipates. The operating voltage of this LCD
is 4.7v5.3v. This 16 * 2 LCD displays have 2 rows each containing 16 characters. The display
can be shown in either green or blue color. The 16 * 2 LCD displays are having 2 registers: 1.
Data register 2. Command register An LCD is an electronic display module which uses a liquid
crystal to produce the digital image. In this type of LCD each character is displayed in 5 * 7pixel
matrix. The LCD 16 * 2 working principle is,it blocks the light rather than dissipates. The
operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7v5.3v. This 16 * 2 LCD displays have 2 rows each
containing 16 characters. The display can be shown in either green or blue color. The 16 * 2
LCD displays are having 2 registers: 1. Data register 2. Command register.

LCD Display
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel
display which uses liquid crystals in its primary form of operation. LEDs have a large and
varying set of use cases for consumers and businesses, as they can be commonly found in
smartphones, televisions, computer monitors and instrument panels.
The display takes varying amounts of time to
accomplish the functions as listed, LCD bit 7 is monitored for logic high (busy) to ensure the
display is overwritten Liquid Crystal Display also called as LCD is very helpful in providing
user interface as well as for debugging purpose. The most common type of LCD controller is
HITACHI 44780 which provides a simple interface between the controller & an LCD. These
LCD's are very simple to interface with the controller as well as are cost effective

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The most commonly used ALPHANUMERIC displays are 1x16 (Single Line & 16 characters),
2x16 (Double Line & 16 character per line) & 4x20 (four lines & Twenty characters per line).
The LCD requires 3 control lines (RS, R/W & EN) & 8 (or 4) data lines. The number on data
lines depends on the mode of operation. If operated in 8-bit mode then 8 data lines + 3 control
lines i.e. total 11 lines are required. And if operated in 4-bit mode then 4 data lines + 3 control
lines i.e. 7 lines are required. How do we decide which mode to use? It's simple if you have
sufficient data lines you can go for 8 bit mode & if there is a time constrain i.e. display should be
faster then we have to use 8-bit mode because basically 4-bit mode takes twice as more time as
compared to 8-bit mode.
PIN DISCRIPTION

LCD PIN DESCRIPTION

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LED Indicator
Light emitting diode it emits light when the current passes through it LED’s are
more advantageous. Because of their low power consumption, low cost, switching is fast,
duration time is long. LED is used in the project to indicate that vibrator sensor starts working
immediately after the accident has occurred.
The Power Function Indicator Light identifies the proper
operation of electrical equipment that provides no audible, visible or vibratory indication of
operation. The two-light indicator senses both a connection to an electrical supply source and
any consumption of electrical current which indicates operation.

LED Light

RFID Reader
Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) Reader Module is the first low-cost solution to read
passive RFID transponder tags up to 1 %"-3" inches away depending on the tag (see list below).
The RFID Reader Module can be used in a wide variety of hobbyist and commercial
applications, including access control, automatic identification, robotics navigation, inventory
tracking, payment systems, and car immobilization.
 Fully-integrated, low-cost method of reading passive RFID transponder tags
 J-wire, 2400 baud Serial TTL interface to PC, BASIC Stamp® and other processors
 Requires single +5VDC supply
 Bi-color LED for visual indication of activity
 +0.100" pin spacing for easy prototyping and integration

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RFID MODULE

Features of RF Module
 The Receiver frequency 433MHz
 Receiver typical frequency 105 Dbm
 Receiver supply current 3.5 Ma
 Low power consumption
 operating voltage of receiver is  5V
 The transmitter frequency range 433.92MHz
 Supply voltage of transmitter is between 3V to 6V
 Output power of transmitter is between 4Dbm to 12Dbm
Communication Protocol
Implementation and usage of the RFID Reader Module is straightforward. BASIC Stamp.
1, 2, and SX28AC/DP code examples (SX/B) are included at the end of this documentation The
RFID Reader Module is controlled with a single TTL-level active-low /ENABLE pin When the

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ENABLE pin is pulled LOW, the module will enter its active state and enable the antenna to
interrogate for tags.
The current consumption of the module will increase dramatically when the module is
active. A visual indication of the state of the RFID Reader Module is given with the on-board
LED. When the module is successfully powered-up and is in an idle state, the LED will be GREEN.
When the module is in an active state and the antenna is transmitting, the LED will be RED.

The start byte and stop byte are used to easily identify that a correct string has been
received from the reader (they correspond to a line feed and carriage return characters,
respectively). The middle ten bytes are the actual tag's unique ID.
All communication is 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, non-inverted, least
significant bit first (8N1). The baud rate is configured for 2400bps, a standard communications
speed supported by most any microprocessor or PC, and cannot be changed. The Parallax RFID
Reader Module initiates all communication. The Parallax RFID Reader Module can connect
directly to any TTL compatible UART or to an RS232-compatible interface by using an external
level shifter.
How RFID reader works?
RFID is short for Radio Frequency Identification Device. Generally a RFID
system consists of 2 parts. A Reader and one or more Transponders, also known as Tags. RFID
systems evolved from barcode labels as a means to automatically identify and track products and
people. You will be generally familiar with RFID systems as seen in.
Every RFID system consists of three components: a scanning antenna, a
transceiver and a transponder. When the scanning antenna and transceiver are combined, they are
referred to as an RFID reader or interrogator. There are two types of RFID readers -- fixed
readers and mobile readers. The RFID reader is a network-connected device that can be portable
or permanently attached. It uses radio waves to transmit signals that activate the tag. Once
activated, the tag sends a wave back to the antenna, where it is translated into data.
The transponder is in the RFID tag itself. The read range for RFID tags varies based on
factors including the type of tag, type of reader, RFID frequency and interference in the
surrounding environment or from other RFID tags and readers. Tags that have a stronger power
source also have a longer read range.

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Working of RFID reader

Access Control
RFID Readers placed at entrances that require a person to pass their proximity card (RF
tag) to be "read before the access can be made. Contactless Payment Systems. RFID tags used to
carry payment information. RFIDs are particular suited to electronic Toll collection systems.
Tags. to vehicles, or carried by people transmit payment information to a fixed reader attached to
a Toll station. Payments are then routinely deducted from a users account, or information is
changed directly on the RFID tag Product. Tracking and Inventory Control RFID systems are
commonly used to track and record the movement of ordinary items such a library books,
clothes, factory pallets, electrical goods and numerous items.
Shown below is a typical RFID system. In every RFID system the transponder
Tags contain information. This information can be as little as a single binary bit, or be a large
array of No representing such things as an identity code, personal medical information, or
literally any type of information that can be stored in digital binary format.

Shown is a RFID transceiver that communicates with a passive Tag. Passive tags have no
power source of their own and instead derive power from the incident electromagnetic field
Commonly the heart of each tag is a microchip. When the Tag enters the generated RF field it is
able to draw enough power from the field to access its internal memory and transmit its stored
information. When the transponder Tag draws power in this way the resultant interaction of the
RF fields causes the voltage at the transceiver antenna to drop in value. This effect is utilized by
the Tag to communicate its information to the reader. The Tag is able to control the amount of
power drawn from the field and by doing so it can modulate the voltage sensed at the
Transceiver according to the bit patter it wishes to transmit.
There are three types of Transponders. Tags are Active, or Semi-passive
Transponders. As already mentioned, Passive Transponders have no internal power source. They
draw their power from the electromagnetic field generated by the RFID reader. They have no
active transmitter and rely on altering the RF field from the transceiver in a way that the reader

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can detect. Active transponders have their own transmitters and power source, usually in the
form of a small battery. As a result of this they are able to be detected at a greater range than
Passive ones. Active Tags remain in a low power "idle" state until they detect the presence of the
RF field being sent by the Reader. When the Tag leaves the area of the Reader it again powers
down to its idle state to conserve its battery. Semi-Passive Transponders have their own power
source that powers the microchip only. They have no transmitter and as with Passive tags they
rely on altering the RF field from the Transceiver to transmit their data

Applications

 Prototyping of Electronics Products and Systems

 Multiple DIY Projects
 Easy to use for beginner level DIYers and makers.

Pressure Sensor
BMP180 is one of sensor of BMP XXX series. They are all designed to measure
Barometric Pressure or Atmospheric pressure. BMP180 is a high precision sensor designed
for consumer applications. Barometric Pressure is nothing but weight of air applied on
everything. The air has weight and wherever there is air its pressure is felt. BMP180
sensor senses that pressure and provides that information in digital output. Also the temperature
affects the pressure and so we need temperature compensated pressure reading.

PRESSURE SENSOR

A pressure sensor is a device or instrument which is able to measure the pressure in gases
or liquids. A pressure sensor consists of a pressure-sensitive element which can determine the
pressure being applied and components to convert the information into an output signal. A
pressure sensor will generate a signal based on the measurement of the pressure applied.

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BMP180 MODULE S PECIFICATIONS

 Operating voltage of BMP180: 1.3V – 3.6V

 Input voltage of BMP180MODULE: 3.3V to 5.5V
 Peak current: 1000uA
 Consumes 0.1uA standby
 Maximum voltage at SDA, SCL: VCC + 0.3V
 Operating temperature: -40ºC to +80ºC

BMP180 PIN CONFIGURATION

BMP180 is available in two modules. One is Five pin module and other is Four pin
module. With Five pin module we have additional +3.3V pin which is absent in four pin module.
Other than that the functioning is same.

PRESSURE SENSOR PIN DISCRIPTION

Encoder and Decoder

ST12 CODEC is Radio Frequency and Infrared encoder/decoder IC for remote control
applications having unique features and flexibility not available with other remote control
encoder decoder.

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Encoder & Decoder

Features
Encode/Decode on single chip
Built in Oscillator
Minimum External Components
Wide operating voltage range. (2.0-5.5V)
Single chip Encoding Decoding Mode 40kHz carrier for infrared transmission medium
18 pin DIP package

Applications
Burglar alarm system
Smoke and fire alarm system
Car alarm system

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