NCERT Solution For Class 10 Math All Chapter 2022
NCERT Solution For Class 10 Math All Chapter 2022
NCERT Solution For Class 10 Math All Chapter 2022
Answer :
Since 225 > 135, we apply the division lemma to 225 and 135 to obtain
225 = 135 x 1 + 90
135 = 90 x 1 + 45
We consider the new divisor 90 and new remainder 45, and apply the division lemma to obtain
90 = 2 x 45 + 0
Since 38220 > 196, we apply the division lemma to 38220 and 196 to obtain
Since 867 > 255, we apply the division lemma to 867 and 255 to obtain
Since remainder 102 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma to 255 and 102 to obtain
255 = 102 x 2 + 51
We consider the new divisor 102 and new remainder 51, and apply the division lemma to obtain
102 = 51 x 2 + 0
Q2 :
Show that any positive odd integer is of the form , or , or , where q is some integer.
Answer :
Therefore, a = 6q or 6q + 1 or 6q + 2 or 6q + 3 or 6q + 4 or 6q + 5
Therefore, 6q + 1, 6q + 3, 6q + 5 are not exactly divisible by 2. Hence, these expressions of numbers are odd
numbers.
or 6q + 5
Q3 :
An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32 members in a parade. The two
groups are to march in the same number of columns. What is the maximum number of columns in which
they can march?
Answer :
HCF (616, 32) will give the maximum number of columns in which they can march.
616 = 32 x 19 + 8
32 = 8 x 4 + 0
Q4 :
Use Euclid's division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is either of form 3m or 3m + 1 for
some integer m.
[Hint: Let x be any positive integer then it is of the form 3q, 3q + 1 or 3q + 2. Now square each of these and
show that they can be rewritten in the form 3m or 3m + 1.]
Answer :
Therefore, a = 3q or 3q + 1 or 3q + 2
Or,
Hence, it can be said that the square of any positive integer is either of the form 3m or 3m + 1.
Q5 :
Use Euclid's division lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is of the form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m +8.
Answer :
Therefore, every number can be represented as these three forms. There are three cases.
Case 2: When a = 3q + 1,
a3 = (3q +1)3
a3 = 9(3q3 + 3q2 + q) + 1
a3 = 9m + 1
Case 3: When a = 3q + 2,
a3 = (3q +2)3
a3 = 9m + 8
Answer :
Q2 :
Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that LCM × HCF = product of the two
numbers.
Answer :
Hence, product of two numbers = HCF × LCM
Q3 :
Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorisation method.
Answer :
Q4 :
Answer :
Q5 :
Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
Answer :
If any number ends with the digit 0, it should be divisible by 10 or in other words, it will also be divisible by 2 and 5 as
10 = 2 x 5
Therefore, 6n cannot end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
Q6 :
Answer :
Numbers are of two types - prime and composite. Prime numbers can be divided by 1 and only itself, whereas
composite numbers have factors other than 1 and itself.
7 x 11 x 13 + 13 = 13 x (7 x 11 + 1) = 13 x (77 + 1)
= 13 x 78
= 13 x 13 x 6
The given expression has 6 and 13 as its factors. Therefore, it is a composite number.
7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 + 5 = 5 x (7 x 6 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 + 1)
= 5 x (1008 + 1)
= 5 x 1009
1009 cannot be factorised further. Therefore, the given expression has 5 and 1009 as its factors. Hence, it is a
composite number.
Q7 :
There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the field, while
Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both start at the same point and at the same time, and go
in the same direction. After how many minutes will they meet again at the starting point?
Answer :
It can be observed that Ravi takes lesser time than Sonia for completing 1 round of the circular path. As they are
going in the same direction, they will meet again at the same time when Ravi will have completed 1 round of that
circular path with respect to Sonia. And the total time taken for completing this 1 round of circular path will be the
LCM of time taken by Sonia and Ravi for completing 1 round of circular path respectively i.e., LCM of 18 minutes and
12 minutes.
18 = 2 x 3 x 3
And, 12 = 2 x 2 x 3
LCM of 12 and 18 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 = 36
Therefore, Ravi and Sonia will meet together at the starting pointafter 36 minutes.
Answer :
Let a and b have a common factor other than 1. Then we can divide them by the common factor, and assume
that a and bare co-prime.
Q2 :
Answer :
Let is rational.
Since a and b are integers, will also be rational and therefore, is rational.
This contradicts the fact that is irrational. Hence, our assumption that is rational is false.
Therefore, is irrational.
Q3 :
Answer :
Let is rational.
Let is rational.
This contradicts the fact that is irrational. Therefore, our assumption that is rational is false. Hence,
is irrational.
Let be rational.
Since a and b are integers, is also rational and hence, should be rational. This contradicts the fact that
Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a
terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion:
Answer :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
455 = 5 × 7 × 13
Since the denominator is not in the form 2m × 5n, and it also contains 7 and 13 as its factors, its decimal expansion will
be non-terminating repeating.
(iv)
1600 = 26 × 52
(v)
Since the denominator is not in the form 2m × 5n, and it has 7 as its factor, the decimal expansion of is non-
terminating repeating.
(vi)
(vii)
Since the denominator is not of the form 2m × 5n, and it also has 7 as its factor, the decimal expansion
of is non-terminating repeating.
(viii)
(ix)
Q2 :
Write down the decimal expansions of those rational numbers in Question 1 above which have terminating
decimal expansions.
Answer :
(viii)
Q3 :
The following real numbers have decimal expansions as given below. In each case, decide whether they are
rational or not. If they are rational, and of the form , what can you say about the prime factor of q?
Answer :
(i) 43.123456789
Since this number has a terminating decimal expansion, it is a rational number of the form and q is of the
form
(ii) 0.120120012000120000 …
The decimal expansion is neither terminating nor recurring. Therefore, the given number is an irrational number.
(iii)
Since the decimal expansion is non-terminating recurring, the given number is a rational number of the form
and q is not of the form i.e., the prime factors of q will also have a factor other than 2 or 5.
Polynomials
Exercise 2.1
Question 1:
The graphs of y = p(x) are given in following figure, for some polynomials p(x). Find the
number of zeroes of p(x), in each case.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(v)
Answer:
(i) The number of zeroes is 0 as the graph does not cut the x-axis at any point.
(ii) The number of zeroes is 1 as the graph intersects the x-axis at only 1 point.
(iii) The number of zeroes is 3 as the graph intersects the x-axis at 3 points.
(iv) The number of zeroes is 2 as the graph intersects the x-axis at 2 points.
(v) The number of zeroes is 4 as the graph intersects the x-axis at 4 points.
(vi) The number of zeroes is 3 as the graph intersects the x-axis at 3 points.
Exercise 2.2
Question 1:
Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients.
Answer:
Sum of zeroes =
Product of zeroes
Sum of zeroes =
Product of zeroes
Sum of zeroes =
Product of zeroes =
Sum of zeroes =
Product of zeroes =
The value of t2 − 15 is zero when or , i.e., when
Sum of zeroes =
Product of zeroes =
Sum of zeroes =
Product of zeroes
Question 2:
Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of its
zeroes respectively.
Answer:
Exercise 2.3
Question 1:
Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and remainder
in each of the following:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Answer:
Quotient = x − 3
Remainder = 7x − 9
Quotient = x2 + x − 3
Remainder = 8
Quotient = −x2 − 2
Question 2:
Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by dividing the
second polynomial by the first polynomial:
Answer:
=
Hence, is a factor of .
Hence, is a factor of .
Question 3:
.
Answer:
is a factor of .
We factorize
x = −1
As it has the term , therefore, there will be 2 zeroes at x = −1.
Question 4:
Answer:
g(x) = ? (Divisor)
Quotient = (x − 2)
Remainder = (− 2x + 4)
Question 5:
Give examples of polynomial p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy the division
algorithm and
(i) deg p(x) = deg q(x)
(ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x)
(iii) deg r(x) = 0
Answer:
According to the division algorithm, if p(x) and g(x) are two polynomials with
g(x) ≠ 0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
Degree of quotient will be equal to degree of dividend when divisor is constant ( i.e.,
when any polynomial is divided by a constant).
Let us assume the division of by 2.
Here, p(x) =
g(x) = 2
= 2( )
=
Here, p(x) = x3 + x
g(x) = x2
Clearly, the degree of q(x) and r(x) is the same i.e., 1.
x3 + x = (x2 ) × x + x
x3 + x = x3 + x
(iii)deg r(x) = 0
Here, p(x) = x3 + 1
g(x) = x2
x3 + 1 = (x2 ) × x + 1
x3 + 1 = x3 + 1
Exercise 2.4
Question 1:
Verify that the numbers given alongside of the cubic polynomials below are their
zeroes. Also verify the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients in each
case:
Answer:
(i)
Therefore, the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients is verified.
(ii)
Verification of the relationship between zeroes and coefficient of the given polynomial
Multiplication of zeroes = 2 × 1 × 1 = 2
Hence, the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients is verified.
Question 2:
Find a cubic polynomial with the sum, sum of the product of its zeroes taken two at a
time, and the product of its zeroes as 2, − 7, − 14 respectively.
Answer:
It is given that
Question 3:
Answer:
Zeroes are a − b, a + a + b
p = 1, q = −3, r = 1, t = 1
Hence, a = 1 and b = or .
Question 4:
Answer:
Therefore, = x2 + 4 − 4x − 3
For finding the remaining zeroes of the given polynomial, we will find the quotient by
dividing by x2 − 4x + 1.
Clearly, =
And =
Or x = 7 or −5
Question 5:
Answer:
By division algorithm,
Let us divide by
Therefore, = 0 and = 0
For = 0,
2 k =10
And thus, k = 5
For = 0
10 − a − 8 × 5 + 25 = 0
10 − a − 40 + 25 = 0
− 5 − a = 0
Therefore, a = −5
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Unit 3
Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Class 10
Unit 3 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Exercise 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 Solutions
If two linear equations have the two same variables, they are called a pair of linear equations in
two variables. Following is the most general form of linear equations:
Here, a1, a2, b1, b2, c1 and c2 are real numbers such that;
A pair of linear equations can be represented and solved by the following methods:
a. Graphical method
b. Algebraic method
Aftab tells his daughter, "Seven years ago, I was seven times as old as you were then. Also, three years from
now, I shall be three times as old as you will be." (Isn't this interesting?) Represent this situation
algebraically and graphically.
Answer :
Age of Aftab = x - 7
Age of Aftab = x + 3
For ,
x -7 0 7
y 5 6 7
For ,
x 6 3 0
y 0 -1 -2
The graphical representation is as follows.
Q2 :
The coach of a cricket team buys 3 bats and 6 balls for Rs 3900. Later, she buys another bat and 3 more balls
of the same kind for Rs 1300. Represent this situation algebraically and geometrically.
Answer :
For ,
For x+ 3y = 1300,
x = 1300 - 2y
The cost of 2 kg of apples and 1 kg of grapes on a day was found to be Rs 160. After a month, the cost of 4
kg of apples and 2 kg of grapes is Rs 300. Represent the situation algebraically and geometrically.
Answer :
For ,
The solution table is
x 50 60 70
y 60 40 20
For 4x + 2y = 300,
x 70 80 75
y 10 - 10 0
The graphical representation is as follows.
Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems, and find their solutions graphically.
(i) 10 students of Class X took part in a Mathematics quiz. If the number of girls is 4 more than the number of
boys, find the number of boys and girls who took part in the quiz.
(ii) 5 pencils and 7 pens together cost Rs 50, whereas 7 pencils and 5 pens together cost Rs 46. Find the cost
of one pencil and that of one pen.
Answer :
x + y = 10
x-y=4
For x + y = 10,
x = 10 - y
x 5 4 6
y 5 6 4
For x - y = 4,
x=4+y
x 5 4 3
y 1 0 -1
Hence, the graphic representation is as follows.
From the figure, it can be observed that these lines intersect each other at point (7, 3).
Therefore, the number of girls and boys in the class are 7 and 3 respectively.
5x + 7y = 50
7x + 5y = 46
For 5x + 7y = 50,
x 3 10 -4
y 5 0 10
7x + 5y = 46
x 8 3 -2
y -2 5 12
Hence, the graphic representation is as follows.
From the figure, it can be observed that these lines intersect each other at point (3, 5).
Q2 :
On comparing the ratios , find out whether the lines representing the following pairs of
linear equations at a point, are parallel or coincident:
Answer :
(i) 5x - 4y + 8 = 0
7x + 6y - 9 = 0
and , we obtain
Since ,
Hence, the lines representing the given pair of equations have a unique solution and the pair of lines intersects at
exactly one point.
(ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0
18x + 6y + 24 = 0
and , we obtain
Since ,
Hence, the lines representing the given pair of equations are coincident and there are infinite possible solutions for
the given pair of equations.
(iii)6x - 3y + 10 = 0
2x - y + 9 = 0
Since ,
Hence, the lines representing the given pair of equations are parallel to each other and hence, these lines will never
intersect each other at any point or there is no possible solution for the given pair of equations.
Q3 :
On comparing the ratios , find out whether the following pair of linear equations are
consistent, or inconsistent.
Answer :
(i) 3x + 2y = 5
2x - 3y = 7
These linear equations are intersecting each other at one point and thus have only one possible solution. Hence, the
pair of linear equations is consistent.
(ii)2x - 3y = 8
4x - 6y = 9
Since ,
Therefore, these linear equations are parallel to each other and thus have no possible solution. Hence, the pair of
linear equations is inconsistent.
(iii)
Since ,
Therefore, these linear equations are intersecting each other at one point and thus have only one possible solution.
Hence, the pair of linear equations is consistent.
(iv)5x - 3 y = 11
- 10x + 6y = - 22
Since ,
Therefore, these linear equations are coincident pair of lines and thus have infinite number of possible solutions.
Hence, the pair of linear equations is consistent.
(v)
Since
Therefore, these linear equations are coincident pair of lines and thus have infinite number of possible solutions.
Hence, the pair of linear equations is consistent.
Q4 :
Which of the following pairs of linear equations are consistent/ inconsistent? If consistent, obtain the
solution graphically:
Answer :
(i)x + y = 5
2x + 2y = 10
Since ,
Therefore, these linear equations are coincident pair of lines and thus have infinite number of possible solutions.
Hence, the pair of linear equations is consistent.
x+y=5
x=5-y
x 4 3 2
y 1 2 3
And, 2x + 2y = 10
x 4 3 2
y 1 2 3
Hence, the graphic representation is as follows.
From the figure, it can be observed that these lines are overlapping each other. Therefore, infinite solutions are
possible for the given pair of equations.
(ii)x - y = 8
3x - 3y = 16
Since ,
Therefore, these linear equations are parallel to each other and thus have no possible solution. Hence, the pair of
linear equations is inconsistent.
(iii)2x + y - 6 = 0
4x - 2y - 4 = 0
Since ,
Therefore, these linear equations are intersecting each other at one point and thus have only one possible solution.
Hence, the pair of linear equations is consistent.
2x + y - 6 = 0
y = 6 - 2x
x 0 1 2
y 6 4 2
And 4x - 2y - 4 = 0
x 1
Q5 :
Half the perimeter of a rectangular garden, whose length is 4 m more than its width, is 36 m. Find the
dimensions of the garden.
Answer :
y - x = 4 (1)
y + x = 36 (2)
y-x=4
y=x+4
x 0 8 12
y 4 12 16
y + x = 36
x 0 36 16
y 36 0 20
Hence, the graphic representation is as follows.
From the figure, it can be observed that these lines are intersecting each other at only point i.e., (16, 20). Therefore,
the length and width of the given garden is 20 m and 16 m respectively.
Q6 :
Given the linear equation 2x + 3y - 8 = 0, write another linear equations in two variables such that the
geometrical representation of the pair so formed is:
Answer :
(i)Intersecting lines:
is .
4x + 6y - 8 = 0
(iii)Coincident lines:
6x + 9y - 24 = 0
Q7 :
Draw the graphs of the equations x - y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y - 12 = 0. Determine the coordinates of the vertices
of the triangle formed by these lines and the x-axis, and shade the triangular region.
Answer :
x-y+1=0
x=y-1
x 0 1 2
y 1 2 3
3x + 2y - 12 = 0
x 4 2 0
y 0 3 6
Hence, the graphic representation is as follows.
From the figure, it can be observed that these lines are intersecting each other at point (2, 3) and x-axis at ( - 1, 0)
and (4, 0). Therefore, the vertices of the triangle are (2, 3), ( - 1, 0), and (4, 0).
Answer :
(i) x + y = 14 (1)
x - y = 4 (2)
x = 14 - y (3)
(ii)
s=9
s = 9, t = 6
(iii)3x - y = 3 (1)
9x - 3y = 9 (2)
y = 3x - 3 (3)
9=9
Hence, the given pair of equations has infinite possible solutions and the relation between these variables can be
given by
y = 3x - 3
Therefore, one of its possible solutions is x = 1, y = 0.
(iv)
(v)
Q2 :
Solve 2x + 3y = 11 and 2x - 4y = - 24 and hence find the value of 'm' for which y = mx + 3.
Answer :
Hence, x = - 2, y = 5
Also,
Q3 :
Solve 2x + 3y = 11 and 2x - 4y = - 24 and hence find the value of 'm' for which y = mx + 3.
Answer :
From equation (1), we obtain
Hence, x = - 2, y = 5
Also,
Q4 :
Answer :
(i) Let the first number be x and the other number be y such that y > x.
On substituting the value of y from equation (1) into equation (2), we obtain
y = 39
Hence, the numbers are 13 and 39.
We know that the sum of the measures of angles of a supplementary pair is always 180 º.
x = 180 º - y (3)
x = 180 º - 81 º
= 99 º
= 5 + 250 = Rs 255
Solve the following pair of linear equations by the elimination method and the substitution method:
Answer :
(5)
- 5y = - 6
Hence, x = 2, y = 1
By substitution method
(5)
7y = 7
Substituting the value in equation (5), we obtain
Q2 :
Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems, and find their solutions (if they exist) by the
elimination method:
(i) If we add 1 to the numerator and subtract 1 from the denominator, a fraction reduces to 1. It becomes if
we only add 1 to the denominator. What is the fraction?
(ii) Five years ago, Nuri was thrice as old as Sonu. Ten years later, Nuri will be twice as old as Sonu. How old
are Nuri and Sonu?
(iii) The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 9. Also, nine times this number is twice the number
obtained by reversing the order of the digits. Find the number.
(iv) Meena went to bank to withdraw Rs 2000. She asked the cashier to give her Rs 50 and Rs 100 notes only.
Meena got 25 notes in all. Find how many notes of Rs 50 and Rs 100 she received.
(v) A lending library has a fixed charge for the first three days and an additional charge for each day
thereafter. Saritha paid Rs 27 for a book kept for seven days, while Susy paid Rs 21 for the book she kept for
five days. Find the fixed charge and the charge for each extra day.
Answer :
x = 3 (3)
y = 20 (3)
(iii)Let the unit digit and tens digits of the number be x and y respectively. Then, number = 10y + x
x + y = 9 (1)
9(10y + x) = 2(10x + y)
88y - 11x = 0
- x + 8y =0 (2)
9y = 9
y = 1 (3)
x=8
(v)Let the fixed charge for first three days and each day charge thereafter be Rs x and Rs y respectively.
Which of the following pairs of linear equations has unique solution, no solution or infinitely many
solutions? In case there is a unique solution, find it by using cross multiplication method.
Answer :
Therefore, the given sets of lines are parallel to each other. Therefore, they will not intersect each other and thus,
there will not be any solution for these equations.
Therefore, they will intersect each other at a unique point and thus, there will be a unique solution for these
equations.
By cross-multiplication method,
∴ x = 2, y = 1
Therefore, the given sets of lines will be overlapping each other i.e., the lines will be coincident to each other and
thus, there are infinite solutions possible for these equations.
Therefore, they will intersect each other at a unique point and thus, there will be a unique solution for these
equations.
By cross-multiplication,
Q2 :
(i) For which values of a and b will the following pair of linear equations have an
(ii) For which value of k will the following pair of linear equations have no solution?
Answer :
Hence, a = 5 and b = 1 are the values for which the given equations give infinitely many solutions.
For no solution,
Q3 :
Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution and cross-multiplication methods:
Answer :
Hence,
Q4 :
Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems and find their solutions (if they exist) by any
algebraic method:
(i)A part of monthly hostel charges is fixed and the remaining depends on the number of days one has taken
food in the mess. When a student A takes food for 20 days she has to pay Rs 1000 as hostel charges
whereas a student B, who takes food for 26 days, pays Rs 1180 as hostel charges. Find the fixed charges and
the cost of food per day.
(ii)A fraction becomes when 1 is subtracted from the numerator and it becomes when 8 is added to its
denominator. Find the fraction.
(iii)Yash scored 40 marks in a test, getting 3 marks for each right answer and losing 1 mark for each wrong
answer. Had 4 marks been awarded for each correct answer and 2 marks been deducted for each incorrect
answer, then Yash would have scored 50 marks. How many questions were there in the test?
(iv) Places A and B are 100 km apart on a highway. One car starts from A and another from B at the same
time. If the cars travel in the same direction at different speeds, they meet in 5 hours. If they travel towards
each other, they meet in 1 hour. What are the speeds of the two cars?
(v)The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 square units, if its length is reduced by 5 units and breadth is
increased by 3 units. If we increase the length by 3 units and the breadth by 2 units, the area increases by 67
square units. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
Answer :
(i)Let x be the fixed charge of the food and y be the charge for food per day.
respectively.
x = 15 (3)
(iv)Let the speed of 1st car and 2nd car be u km/h and v km/h.
Respective speed of both cars while they are travelling in same direction = ( ) km/h
Respective speed of both cars while they are travelling in opposite directions i.e., travelling towards each other = (
) km/h
v = 40 km/h
Hence, speed of one car = 60 km/h and speed of other car = 40 km/h
(v) Let length and breadth of rectangle be x unit and y unit respectively.
Area = xy
Solve the following pairs of equations by reducing them to a pair of linear equations:
Answer :
6p + 9q = 6 (3)
Hence,
Substituting in the given equations, we obtain
By cross-multiplication, we obtain
Q2 :
Formulate the following problems as a pair of equations, and hence find their solutions:
(i) Ritu can row downstream 20 km in 2 hours, and upstream 4 km in 2 hours. Find her speed of rowing in still
water and the speed of the current.
(ii) 2 women and 5 men can together finish an embroidery work in 4 days, while 3 women and 6 men can
finish it in 3 days. Find the time taken by 1 woman alone to finish the work, and also that taken by 1 man
alone.
(iii) Roohi travels 300 km to her home partly by train and partly by bus. She takes 4 hours if she travels 60 km
by train and remaining by bus. If she travels 100 km by train and the remaining by bus, she takes 10 minutes
longer. Find the speed of the train and the bus separately.
Answer :
(i)Let the speed of Ritu in still water and the speed of stream be x km/h
Upstream = km/h
Downstream = km/h
According to question,
y=4
Hence, Ritu's speed in still water is 6 km/h and the speed of the current is 4 km/h.
(ii)Let the number of days taken by a woman and a man be x and y respectively.
By cross-multiplication, we obtain
(iii) Let the speed of train and bus be u km/h and v km/h respectively.
The ages of two friends Ani and Biju differ by 3 years. Ani's father Dharam is twice as old as Ani and Biju is
twice as old as his sister Cathy. The ages of Cathy and Dharam differs by 30 years. Find the ages of Ani and
Biju.
Answer :
The difference between the ages of Biju and Ani is 3 years. Either Biju is 3 years older than Ani or Ani is 3 years older
than Biju. However, it is obvious that in both cases, Ani's father's age will be 30 years more than that of Cathy's age.
Let the age of Ani and Biju be x and y years respectively.
x - y = 3 (i)
4x - y = 60 (ii)
3x = 60 - 3 = 57
y - x = 3 (i)
4x - y = 60 (ii)
3x = 63
x = 21
Q2 :
One says, "Give me a hundred, friend! I shall then become twice as rich as you". The other replies, "If you
give me ten, I shall be six times as rich as you". Tell me what is the amount of their (respective) capital?
[From the Bijaganita of Bhaskara II)
Answer :
Let those friends were having Rs x and y with them.
x + 100 = 2y - 200
x - 2y = -300 (i)
6x - 60 = y + 10
6x - y = 70 (ii)
11x = 440
x = 40
40 - 2y = -300
40 + 300 = 2y
2y = 340
y = 170
Q3 :
A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train would have been 10 km/h faster, it would
have taken 2 hours less than the scheduled time. And if the train were slower by 10 km/h; it would have taken
3 hours more than the scheduled time. Find the distance covered by the train.
Answer :
Let the speed of the train be x km/h and the time taken by train to travel the given distance be t hours and the
distance to travel was d km. We know that,
Or, d = xt (i)
- 2x + 10t = 20 (ii)
3x - 10t = 30 (iii)
x = 50
( - 2) × (50) + 10t = 20
- 100 + 10t = 20
10t = 120
t = 12 hours
Distance to travel = d = xt
= 50 × 12
= 600 km
Q4 :
The students of a class are made to stand in rows. If 3 students are extra in a row, there would be 1 row less.
If 3 students are less in a row, there would be 2 rows more. Find the number of students in the class.
Answer :
= xy
Using the information given in the question,
Condition 1
xy = (x - 1) (y + 3) = xy - y + 3x - 3
3x - y - 3 = 0
3x - y = 3 (i)
Condition 2
xy = xy + 2y - 3x - 6
3x - 2y = -6 (ii)
- y + 2y = 3 + 6
y=9
3x - 9 = 3
3x = 9 + 3 = 12
x=4
Number of rows = x = 4
Q5 :
Answer :
Given that,
∠ C = 3∠ B = 2(∠ A + ∠ B)
3∠ B = 2(∠ A + ∠ B)
3∠ B = 2∠ A + 2∠ B
∠ B = 2∠ A
2 ∠ A - ∠ B = 0 … (i)
We know that the sum of the measures of all angles of a triangle is 180°. Therefore,
∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C = 180°
∠ A + ∠ B + 3 ∠ B = 180°
∠ A + 4 ∠ B = 180° … (ii)
8 ∠ A - 4 ∠ B = 0 … (iii)
9 ∠ A = 180°
∠ A = 20°
20° + 4 ∠ B = 180°
4 ∠ B = 160°
∠ B = 40°
∠C=3∠B
= 3 x 40° = 120°
Q6 :
Draw the graphs of the equations 5x - y = 5 and 3x - y = 3. Determine the co-ordinates of the vertices of the
triangle formed by these lines and the y axis.
Answer :
5x - y = 5
Or, y = 5x - 5
x 0 1 2
y -5 0 5
3x - y = 3
Or, y = 3x - 3
x 0 1 2
y -3 0 3
The graphical representation of these lines will be as follows.
It can be observed that the required triangle is ΔABC formed by these lines and y-axis.
The coordinates of vertices are A (1, 0), B (0, - 3), C (0, - 5).
Q7 :
(i) px + qy = p - q
qx - py = p + q
(ii) ax + by = c
bx + ay = 1 + c
(iii)
ax + by = a2 + b2
(iv) (a - b) x + (a + b) y = a2 - 2ab - b2
(a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2
Answer :
(i)px + qy = p - q … (1)
qx - py = p + q … (2)
p2x + q2 x = p2 + q2
(p2 + q2) x = p2 + q2
p (1) + qy = p - q
qy = - q
y=-1
(ii)ax + by = c … (1)
bx + ay = 1 + c … (2)
(a2 - b2) x = ac - bc - b
ax + by = c
(iii)
Or, bx - ay = 0 … (1)
ax + by = a2 + b2 … (2)
x=a
b (a) - ay = 0
ab - ay = 0
ay = ab
y=b
(a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2
(a + b) x + (a + b) y = a2 + b2 … (2)
(a - b - a - b) x = - 2ab - 2b2
- 2bx = - 2b (a + b)
x=a+b
(a - b) (a + b) + (a + b) y = a2 - 2ab - b2
a2 - b2 + (a + b) y = a2 - 2ab - b2
(a + b) y = - 2ab
76x - 189y = - 37
Q8 :
Answer :
We know that the sum of the measures of opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.
Therefore, ∠ A + ∠ C = 180
4y + 20 - 4x = 180
- 4x + 4y = 160
x - y = - 40 (i)
Also, ∠ B + ∠ D = 180
3y - 5 - 7x + 5 = 180
- 7x + 3y = 180 (ii)
3x - 3y = - 120 (iii)
- 7x + 3x = 180 - 120
- 4x = 60
x = -15
x - y = - 40
-15 - y = - 40
y = -15 + 40 = 25
∠ A = 4y + 20 = 4(25) + 20 = 120°
∠ B = 3y - 5 = 3(25) - 5 = 70°
Answer :
It is of the form .
It is of the form .
It is of the form .
It is of the
form .
It is not of the
form .
It is of
the form .
Q2 :
(i) The area of a rectangular plot is 528 m2. The length of the plot (in metres) is one more than twice its
breadth. We need to find the length and breadth of the plot.
(ii) The product of two consecutive positive integers is 306. We need to find the integers.
(iii) Rohan's mother is 26 years older than him. The product of their ages (in years) 3 years from now will be
360. We would like to find Rohan's present age.
(iv) A train travels a distance of 480 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 8 km/h less, then it would
have taken 3 hours more to cover the same distance. We need to find the speed of the train.
Answer :
∴ 528 = x (2x + 1)
3 years hence,
Rohan’s age = x + 3
Mother’s age = x + 26 + 3 = x + 29
It is given that the product of their ages after 3 years is 360.
It is also given that the train will take 3 hours to cover the same distance.
⇒480+3x-3840x-24=480
⇒3x-3840x=24
⇒3x2-24x-3840=0
⇒x2-8x-1280=0
Answer :
i.e., x = 5 or x = - 2
∴ = 0 or =0
i.e., x = - 2 or x =
∴ = 0 or =0
i.e., x = or x =
i.e.,
Therefore,
i.e.,
Q2 :
(i) John and Jivanti together have 45 marbles. Both of them lost 5 marbles each, and the product of the
number of marbles they now have is 124. Find out how many marbles they had to start with.
(ii) A cottage industry produces a certain number of toys in a day. The cost of production of each toy (in
rupees) was found to be 55 minus the number of toys produced in a day. On a particular day, the total cost of
production was Rs 750. Find out the number of toys produced on that day.
Answer :
i.e., x = 36 or x = 9
Either = 0 or x - 30 = 0
i.e., x = 25 or x = 30
Q3 :
Answer :
i.e., x = 13 or x = 14
Other number = 27 - 13 = 14
Other number = 27 - 14 = 13
Q4 :
Answer :
Either x + 14 = 0 or x - 13 = 0, i.e., x = - 14 or x = 13
∴ x + 1 = 13 + 1 = 14
Q5 :
The altitude of a right triangle is 7 cm less than its base. If the hypotenuse is 13 cm, find the other two sides.
Answer :
Its altitude = (x - 7) cm
Either x - 12 = 0 or x + 5 = 0, i.e., x = 12 or x = - 5
Therefore, the base of the given triangle is 12 cm and the altitude of this triangle will be (12 - 7) cm = 5 cm.
Q6 :
A cottage industry produces a certain number of pottery articles in a day. It was observed on a particular day
that the cost of production of each article (in rupees) was 3 more than twice the number of articles produced
on that day. If the total cost of production on that day was Rs 90, find the number of articles produced and
the cost of each article.
Answer :
Either 2x + 15 = 0 or x - 6 = 0, i.e., x = or x = 6
As the number of articles produced can only be a positive integer, therefore, x can only be 6.
Find the roots of the following quadratic equations, if they exist, by the method of completing the square:
Answer :
Q2 :
Find the roots of the quadratic equations given in Q.1 above by applying the quadratic formula.
Answer :
Exercise 4.3 4.4 : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 88
Q1 :
(I) 2x2 - 3x + 5 = 0
(II)
(III) 2x2 - 6x + 3 = 0
Answer :
We know that for a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, discriminant is b2 - 4ac.
(I) 2x2 - 3x + 5 = 0
a = 2, b = - 3, c = 5
= - 31
As b2 - 4ac < 0,
(II)
Discriminant
= 48 - 48 = 0
As b2 - 4ac = 0,
Therefore, real roots exist for the given equation and they are equal to each other.
(III) 2x2 - 6x + 3 = 0
a = 2, b = - 6, c = 3
= 36 - 24 = 12
As b2 - 4ac > 0,
Q2 :
Answer :
Q3 :
The sum of the reciprocals of Rehman's ages, (in years) 3 years ago and 5 years from now is . Find his
present age.
Answer :
It is given that the sum of the reciprocals of Rehman's ages 3 years ago and 5 years from now is .
However, age cannot be negative.
Q4 :
In a class test, the sum of Shefali's marks in Mathematics and English is 30. Had she got 2 marks more in
Mathematics and 3 marks less in English, the product of their marks would have been 210. Find her marks in
the two subjects.
Answer :
Q5 :
The diagonal of a rectangular field is 60 metres more than the shorter side. If the longer side is 30 metres
more than the shorter side, find the sides of the field.
Answer :
However, side cannot be negative. Therefore, the length of the shorter side will be
90 m.
Q6 :
The difference of squares of two numbers is 180. The square of the smaller number is 8 times the larger
number. Find the two numbers.
Answer :
Q7 :
A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5 km/h more, it would have taken 1 hour less
for the same journey. Find the speed of the train.
Answer :
Q8 :
Two water taps together can fill a tank in hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10 hours less than the
smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which each tap can separately fill the tank.
Answer :
Let the time taken by the smaller pipe to fill the tank be x hr.
It is given that the tank can be filled in hours by both the pipes together. Therefore,
Time taken by the smaller pipe cannot be = 3.75 hours. As in this case, the time taken by the larger pipe will be
negative, which is logically not possible.
Therefore, time taken individually by the smaller pipe and the larger pipe will be 25 and 25 - 10 =15 hours
respectively.
Q9 :
An express train takes 1 hour less than a passenger train to travel 132 km between Mysore and Bangalore
(without taking into consideration the time they stop at intermediate stations). If the average speeds of the
express train is 11 km/h more than that of the passenger train, find the average speed of the two trains.
Answer :
It is given that the time taken by the express train to cover 132 km is 1 hour less than the passenger train to cover the
same distance.
Speed cannot be negative.
Therefore, the speed of the passenger train will be 33 km/h and thus, the speed of the express train will be 33 + 11 =
44 km/h.
Q10 :
Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m2. If the difference of their perimeters is 24 m, find the sides of the
two squares.
Answer :
Let the sides of the two squares be x m and y m. Therefore, their perimeter will be 4x and 4y respectively and their
areas will be x2 and y2 respectively.
It is given that
4x - 4y = 24
x-y=6
x=y+6
However, side of a square cannot be negative.
Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic equations, so that they have two equal roots.
(I) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0
(II) kx (x - 2) + 6 = 0
Answer :
We know that if an equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two equal roots, its discriminant
(b2 - 4ac) will be 0.
(I) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0
a = 2, b = k, c = 3
= k2 - 24
Discriminant = 0
k2 - 24 = 0
k2 = 24
(II) kx (x - 2) + 6 = 0
or kx2 - 2kx + 6 = 0
Comparing this equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we obtain
a = k, b = - 2k, c = 6
= 4k2 - 24k
b2 - 4ac = 0
4k2 - 24k = 0
4k (k - 6) = 0
Either 4k = 0 or k = 6 = 0
k = 0 or k = 6
However, if k = 0, then the equation will not have the terms 'x2' and 'x'.
Q2 :
Is it possible to design a rectangular mango grove whose length is twice its breadth, and the area is 800 m2?
Answer :
= 2l2
a = 1 b = 0, c = 400
Therefore, the equation will have real roots. And hence, the desired rectangular mango grove can be designed.
Q3 :
Is the following situation possible? If so, determine their present ages. The sum of the ages of two friends is
20 years. Four years ago, the product of their ages in years was 48.
Answer :
= (16 - x) years
Given that,
(x - 4) (16 - x) = 48
16x - 64 - x2 + 4x = 48
- x2 + 20x - 112 = 0
x2 - 20x + 112 = 0
a = 1, b = -20, c = 112
As b2 - 4ac < 0,
Therefore, no real root is possible for this equation and hence, this situation is not possible.
Q4 :
Is it possible to design a rectangular park of perimeter 80 and area 400 m2? If so find its length and breadth.
Answer :
Perimeter = 2 (l + b) = 80
l + b = 40
Or, b = 40 - l
l2 - 40l + 400 = 0
al2 + bl + c = 0, we obtain
a = 1, b = - 40, c = 400
= 1600 - 1600 = 0
As b2 - 4ac = 0,
Therefore, this equation has equal real roots. And hence, this situation is possible.
Exercise 5.1
Question 1:
In which of the following situations, does the list of numbers involved make as
arithmetic progression and why?
(i) The taxi fare after each km when the fare is Rs 15 for the first km and Rs 8 for each
additional km.
(ii) The amount of air present in a cylinder when a vacuum pump removes of the air
remaining in the cylinder at a time.
(iii) The cost of digging a well after every metre of digging, when it costs Rs 150 for the
first metre and rises by Rs 50 for each subsequent metre.
(iv)The amount of money in the account every year, when Rs 10000 is deposited at
compound interest at 8% per annum.
Answer:
Clearly 15, 23, 31, 39 … forms an A.P. because every term is 8 more than the preceding
term.
(ii) Let the initial volume of air in a cylinder be V lit. In each stroke, the vacuum pump
removes of air remaining in the cylinder at a time. In other words, after every stroke,
Clearly, it can be observed that the adjacent terms of this series do not have the same
difference between them. Therefore, this is not an A.P.
Clearly, 150, 200, 250, 300 … forms an A.P. because every term is 50 more than the
preceding term.
(iv) We know that if Rs P is deposited at r% compound interest per annum for n years,
Clearly, adjacent terms of this series do not have the same difference between them.
Therefore, this is not an A.P.
Question 2:
Write first four terms of the A.P. when the first term a and the common difference d are
given as follows
(ii) a = − 2, d = 0
(iii) a = 4, d = − 3
(iv) a = − 1 d =
a1 = a = 10
a2 = a1 + d = 10 + 10 = 20
a3 = a2 + d = 20 + 10 = 30
a4 = a3 + d = 30 + 10 = 40
a5 = a4 + d = 40 + 10 = 50
First four terms of this A.P. will be 10, 20, 30, and 40.
(ii) a = −2, d = 0
a1 = a = −2
a2 = a1 + d = − 2 + 0 = −2
a3 = a2 + d = − 2 + 0 = −2
a4 = a3 + d = − 2 + 0 = −2
First four terms of this A.P. will be −2, −2, −2 and −2.
(iii) a = 4, d = −3
Let the series be a1, a2, a3, a4 …
a1 = a = 4
a2 = a1 + d = 4 − 3 = 1
a3 = a2 + d = 1 − 3 = −2
a4 = a3 + d = − 2 − 3 = −5
(iv) a = −1, d =
………….
First four terms of this A.P. will be −1.25, −1.50, −1.75 and −2.00.
Question 3:
For the following A.P.s, write the first term and the common difference.
(i) 3, 1, − 1, − 3 …
(ii) − 5, − 1, 3, 7 …
(iii)
Answer:
(i) 3, 1, −1, −3 …
= 1 − 3 = −2
= (−1) − (−5) = − 1 + 5 = 4
(iii)
= 1.7 − 0.6
= 1.1
Question 4:
Which of the following are APs? If they form an A.P. find the common difference d and
write three more terms.
(i) 2, 4, 8, 16 …
(ii)
(iv) − 10, − 6, − 2, 2 …
(v)
(vii) 0, − 4, − 8, − 12 …
(viii)
(ix) 1, 3, 9, 27 …
(xiii)
Answer:
(i) 2, 4, 8, 16 …
a2 − a1 = 4 − 2 = 2
a3 − a2 = 8 − 4 = 4
a4 − a3 = 16 − 8 = 8
i.e., ak+1− ak is not the same every time. Therefore, the given numbers are not forming an
A.P.
(ii)
a5 = − 7.2 − 2 = −9.2
a6 = − 9.2 − 2 = −11.2
a7 = − 11.2 − 2 = −13.2
a2 − a1 = (−6) − (−10) = 4
a3 − a2 = (−2) − (−6) = 4
a4 − a3 = (2) − (−2) = 4
a5 = 2 + 4 = 6
a6 = 6 + 4 = 10
a7 = 10 + 4 = 14
(v)
a2 − a1 = (−4) − 0 = −4
a5 = − 12 − 4 = −16
a6 = − 16 − 4 = −20
a7 = − 20 − 4 = −24
(viii)
(ix) 1, 3, 9, 27 …
a2 − a1 = 3 − 1 = 2
a3 − a2 = 9 − 3 = 6
a4 − a3 = 27 − 9 = 18
a3 − a2 = 3a − 2a = a
a4 − a3 = 4a − 3a = a
a5 = 4a + a = 5a
a6 = 5a + a = 6a
a7 = 6a + a = 7a
a2 − a1 = a2 − a = a (a − 1)
a3 − a2 = a3 − a2 = a2 (a − 1)
a4 − a3 = a4 − a3 = a3 (a − 1)
(xii)
And,
(xiii)
a2 − a1 = 9 − 1 = 8
a3 − a2 = 25 − 9 = 16
a4 − a3 = 49 − 25 = 24
Or 1, 25, 49, 73 …
a2 − a1 = 25 − 1 = 24
a3 − a2 = 49 − 25 = 24
a4 − a3 = 73 − 49 = 24
And, d = 24
a5 = 73+ 24 = 97
a6 = 97 + 24 = 121
a7 = 121 + 24 = 145
Exercise 5.2
Question 1:
Fill in the blanks in the following table, given that a is the first term, d the common
difference and an the nth term of the A.P.
a d n an
I 7 3 8 ……
Answer:
I. a = 7, d = 3, n = 8, an = ?
We know that,
For an A.P. an = a + (n − 1) d
= 7 + (8 − 1) 3
= 7 + (7) 3
= 7 + 21 = 28
Hence, an = 28
a = −18, n = 10, an = 0, d = ?
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
0 = − 18 + (10 − 1) d
18 = 9d
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
−5 = a + (18 − 1) (−3)
−5 = a + (17) (−3)
−5 = a − 51
a = 51 − 5 = 46
Hence, a = 46
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
Hence, n = 10
V. a = 3.5, d = 0, n = 105, an = ?
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
an = 3.5 + (105 − 1) 0
an = 3.5 + 104 × 0
an = 3.5
Hence, an = 3.5
Question 2:
Choose the correct choice in the following and justify
A. 97 B. 77 C. − 77 D. − 87
A. 28 B. 22 C. − 38 D.
Answer:
I. Given that
A.P. 10, 7, 4, …
= −3
We know that, an = a + (n − 1) d
a30 = 10 − 87 = −77
We know that,
Question 3:
In the following APs find the missing term in the boxes
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Answer:
I.
a = 2
a3 = 26
We know that, an = a + (n − 1) d
a3 = 2 + (3 − 1) d
26 = 2 + 2d
24 = 2d
d = 12
a2 = 2 + (2 − 1) 12
= 14
II.
a2 = 13 and
a4 = 3
We know that, an = a + (n − 1) d
a2 = a + (2 − 1) d
13 = a + d (I)
a4 = a + (4 − 1) d
3 = a + 3d (II)
−10 = 2d
d = −5
a = 18
a3 = 18 + (3 − 1) (−5)
= 18 + 2 (−5) = 18 − 10 = 8
III.
We know that,
a = −4 and
a6 = 6
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
a6 = a + (6 − 1) d
6 = − 4 + 5d
10 = 5d
d = 2
a2 = a + d = − 4 + 2 = −2
a3 = a + 2d = − 4 + 2 (2) = 0
a4 = a + 3d = − 4 + 3 (2) = 2
a5 = a + 4d = − 4 + 4 (2) = 4
V.
a2 = 38
a6 = −22
We know that
an = a + (n − 1) d
a2 = a + (2 − 1) d
38 = a + d (1)
a6 = a + (6 − 1) d
−22 = a + 5d (2)
− 22 − 38 = 4d
−60 = 4d
d = −15
a = a2 − d = 38 − (−15) = 53
a3 = a + 2d = 53 + 2 (−15) = 23
a4 = a + 3d = 53 + 3 (−15) = 8
a5 = a + 4d = 53 + 4 (−15) = −7
Question 4:
Which term of the A.P. 3, 8, 13, 18, … is 78?
Answer:
3, 8, 13, 18, …
d = a2 − a1 = 8 − 3 = 5
an = a + (n − 1) d
78 = 3 + (n − 1) 5
75 = (n − 1) 5
(n − 1) = 15
n = 16
Question 5:
Find the number of terms in each of the following A.P.
II.
Answer:
a = 7
d = a2 − a1 = 13 − 7 = 6
We know that
an = a + (n − 1) d
Therefore, 205 = 7 + (n − 1) 6
198 = (n − 1) 6
33 = (n − 1)
n = 34
II.
Question 6:
Check whether − 150 is a term of the A.P. 11, 8, 5, 2, …
Answer:
a = 11
d = a2 − a1 = 8 − 11 = −3
We know that,
Question 7:
Find the 31st term of an A.P. whose 11th term is 38 and the 16th term is 73
Answer:
Given that,
a11 = 38
a16 = 73
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
a11 = a + (11 − 1) d
38 = a + 10d (1)
Similarly,
a16 = a + (16 − 1) d
73 = a + 15d (2)
35 = 5d
d = 7
38 = a + 10 × (7)
38 − 70 = a
a = −32
a31 = a + (31 − 1) d
= − 32 + 30 (7)
= − 32 + 210
= 178
Question 8:
An A.P. consists of 50 terms of which 3rd term is 12 and the last term is 106. Find the
29th term
Answer:
Given that,
a3 = 12
a50 = 106
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
a3 = a + (3 − 1) d
12 = a + 2d (I)
94 = 47d
d = 2
12 = a + 2 (2)
a = 12 − 4 = 8
a29 = a + (29 − 1) d
a29 = 8 + (28)2
a29 = 8 + 56 = 64
Question 9:
If the 3rd and the 9th terms of an A.P. are 4 and − 8 respectively. Which term of this A.P.
is zero.
Answer:
Given that,
a3 = 4
a9 = −8
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
a3 = a + (3 − 1) d
4 = a + 2d (I)
a9 = a + (9 − 1) d
−8 = a + 8d (II)
−12 = 6d
d = −2
4 = a + 2 (−2)
4 = a − 4
a = 8
an = a + (n − 1) d
0 = 8 + (n − 1) (−2)
0 = 8 − 2n + 2
2n = 10
n = 5
Question 10:
If 17th term of an A.P. exceeds its 10th term by 7. Find the common difference.
Answer:
We know that,
For an A.P., an = a + (n − 1) d
a17 = a + (17 − 1) d
a17 = a + 16d
It is given that
a17 − a10 = 7
(a + 16d) − (a + 9d) = 7
7d = 7
d = 1
Question 11:
Which term of the A.P. 3, 15, 27, 39, … will be 132 more than its 54th term?
Answer:
a = 3
d = a2 − a1 = 15 − 3 = 12
a54 = a + (54 − 1) d
= 3 + (53) (12)
= 3 + 636 = 639
an = a + (n − 1) d
771 = 3 + (n − 1) 12
768 = (n − 1) 12
(n − 1) = 64
n = 65
Alternatively,
Question 12:
Two APs have the same common difference. The difference between their 100th term
is 100, what is the difference between their 1000th terms?
Answer:
Let the first term of these A.P.s be a1 and a2 respectively and the common difference of
these A.P.s be d.
a100 = a1 + (100 − 1) d
= a1 + 99d
a1000 = a1 + (1000 − 1) d
a1000 = a1 + 999d
a100 = a2 + (100 − 1) d
= a2 + 99d
a1000 = a2 + (1000 − 1) d
= a2 + 999d
a1 − a2 = 100 (1)
Hence, the difference between 1000th terms of these A.P. will be 100.
Question 13:
Answer:
All are three digit numbers which are divisible by 7 and thus, all these are terms of an
A.P. having first term as 105 and common difference as 7.
The maximum possible three-digit number is 999. When we divide it by 7, the remainder
will be 5. Clearly, 999 − 5 = 994 is the maximum possible three-digit number that is
divisible by 7.
a = 105
d = 7
an = 994
n = ?
an = a + (n − 1) d
994 = 105 + (n − 1) 7
889 = (n − 1) 7
(n − 1) = 127
n = 128
Question 14:
Answer:
First multiple of 4 that is greater than 10 is 12. Next will be 16.
All these are divisible by 4 and thus, all these are terms of an A.P. with first term as 12
and common difference as 4.
When we divide 250 by 4, the remainder will be 2. Therefore, 250 − 2 = 248 is divisible by
4.
Question 15:
For what value of n, are the nth terms of two APs 63, 65, 67, and 3, 10, 17, … equal
Answer:
a = 63
d = a2 − a1 = 65 − 63 = 2
nth term of this A.P. = an = a + (n − 1) d
an= 63 + (n − 1) 2 = 63 + 2n − 2
an = 61 + 2n (1)
3, 10, 17, …
a = 3
d = a2 − a1 = 10 − 3 = 7
an = 3 + 7n − 7
an = 7n − 4 (2)
It is given that, nth term of these A.P.s are equal to each other.
61 + 2n = 7n − 4
61 + 4 = 5n
5n = 65
n = 13
Therefore, 13th terms of both these A.P.s are equal to each other.
Question 16:
Determine the A.P. whose third term is 16 and the 7th term exceeds the 5th term by 12.
Answer:
=a3 = 16
a + (3 − 1) d = 16
a + 2d = 16 (1)
a7 − a5 = 12
2d = 12
d = 6
a + 2 (6) = 16
a + 12 = 16
a = 4
Question 17:
Find the 20th term from the last term of the A.P. 3, 8, 13, …, 253
Answer:
3, 8, 13, …, 253
a = 253
n = 20
a20 = a + (20 − 1) d
a = 158
Question 18:
The sum of 4th and 8th terms of an A.P. is 24 and the sum of the 6th and 10th terms is
44. Find the first three terms of the A.P.
Answer:
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
a4 = a + (4 − 1) d
a4 = a + 3d
Similarly,
a8 = a + 7d
a6 = a + 5d
a10 = a + 9d
a + 3d + a + 7d = 24
2a + 10d = 24
a + 5d = 12 (1)
a6 + a10 = 44
a + 5d + a + 9d = 44
2a + 14d = 44
a + 7d = 22 (2)
2d = 22 − 12
2d = 10
d = 5
a + 5d = 12
a + 5 (5) = 12
a + 25 = 12
a = −13
a2 = a + d = − 13 + 5 = −8
a3 = a2 + d = − 8 + 5 = −3
Therefore, the first three terms of this A.P. are −13, −8, and −3.
Question 19:
Subba Rao started work in 1995 at an annual salary of Rs 5000 and received an
increment of Rs 200 each year. In which year did his income reach Rs 7000?
Answer:
It can be observed that the incomes that Subba Rao obtained in various years are in A.P.
as every year, his salary is increased by Rs 200.
Here, a = 5000
d = 200
Therefore, an = a + (n − 1) d
200(n − 1) = 2000
(n − 1) = 10
n = 11
Question 20:
Ramkali saved Rs 5 in the first week of a year and then increased her weekly saving by
Rs 1.75. If in the nth week, her week, her weekly savings become Rs 20.75, find n.
Answer:
Given that,
a = 5
d = 1.75
an = 20.75
n = ?
an = a + (n − 1) d
n − 1 = 9
n = 10
Hence, n is 10.
Exercise 5.3
Question 1:
Answer:
a = 2
d = a2 − a1 = 7 − 2 = 5
n = 10
We know that,
a = −37
d = a2 − a1 = (−33) − (−37)
= − 33 + 37 = 4
n = 12
We know that,
a = 0.6
n = 100
We know that,
n = 11
We know that,
Question 2:
Find the sums given below
Answer:
a = 7
l = 84
l = a + (n − 1)d
22 = n − 1
n = 23
We know that,
a = 34
d = a2 − a1 = 32 − 34 = −2
l = 10
Let 10 be the nth term of this A.P.
l = a + (n − 1) d
10 = 34 + (n − 1) (−2)
−24 = (n − 1) (−2)
12 = n − 1
n = 13
a = −5
l = −230
d = a2 − a1 = (−8) − (−5)
= − 8 + 5 = −3
l = a + (n − 1)d
−230 = − 5 + (n − 1) (−3)
−225 = (n − 1) (−3)
(n − 1) = 75
n = 76
And,
Question 3:
In an AP
(x)Given l = 28, S = 144 and there are total 9 terms. Find a.
Answer:
As an = a + (n − 1)d,
∴ 50 = 5 + (n − 1)3
45 = (n − 1)3
15 = n − 1
n = 16
As an = a + (n − 1) d,
∴ a13 = a + (13 − 1) d
35 = 7 + 12 d
35 − 7 = 12d
28 = 12d
37 = a + 33
a = 4
As an = a + (n − 1)d,
a3 = a + (3 − 1)d
15 = a + 2d (i)
30 = 2a + 4d (iii)
−5 = 5d
d = −1
15 = a + 2(−1)
15 = a − 2
a = 17
a10 = 17 − 9 = 8
As ,
25 = 3(a + 20)
25 = 3a + 60
3a = 25 − 60
an = a + (n − 1)d
a9 = a + (9 − 1) (5)
As ,
90 = n [2 + (n − 1)4]
90 = n [2 + 4n − 4]
4n2 − 2n − 90 = 0
4n (n − 5) + 18 (n − 5) = 0
(n − 5) (4n + 18) = 0
Either n − 5 = 0 or 4n + 18 = 0
n = 5 or
Therefore, n = 5
an = a + (n − 1)d
a5 = 2 + (5 − 1)8
= 2 + (4) (8)
= 2 + 32 = 34
n = 6
an = a + (n − 1)d
62 = 8 + (6 − 1)d
62 − 8 = 5d
54 = 5d
an = a + (n − 1)d
4 = a + (n − 1)2
4 = a + 2n − 2
a + 2n = 6
a = 6 − 2n (i)
−28 = n (a + 4)
−28 = n (− 2n + 10)
2n2 − 10n − 28 = 0
n2 − 5n −14 = 0
n2 − 7n + 2n − 14 = 0
n (n − 7) + 2(n − 7) = 0
(n − 7) (n + 2) = 0
Either n − 7 = 0 or n + 2 = 0
n = 7 or n = −2
Therefore, n = 7
a = 6 − 2n
a = 6 − 2(7)
= 6 − 14
= −8
192 = 4 [6 + 7d]
48 = 6 + 7d
42 = 7d
d = 6
32 = a + 28
a = 4
Question 4:
How many terms of the AP. 9, 17, 25 … must be taken to give a sum of 636?
Answer:
Let there be n terms of this A.P.
d = a2 − a1 = 17 − 9 = 8
636 = n [9 + 4n − 4]
4n2 + 5n − 636 = 0
Either 4n + 53 = 0 or n − 12 = 0
or n = 12
Question 5:
The first term of an AP is 5, the last term is 45 and the sum is 400. Find the number of
terms and the common difference.
Answer:
Given that,
a = 5
l = 45
Sn = 400
n = 16
l = a + (n − 1) d
45 = 5 + (16 − 1) d
40 = 15d
Question 6:
The first and the last term of an AP are 17 and 350 respectively. If the common
difference is 9, how many terms are there and what is their sum?
Answer:
Given that,
a = 17
l = 350
d = 9
Let there be n terms in the A.P.
l = a + (n − 1) d
350 = 17 + (n − 1)9
333 = (n − 1)9
(n − 1) = 37
n = 38
Thus, this A.P. contains 38 terms and the sum of the terms of this A.P. is 6973.
Question 7:
Find the sum of first 22 terms of an AP in which d = 7 and 22nd term is 149.
Answer:
d = 7
a22 = 149
S22 = ?
an = a + (n − 1)d
149 = a + 21 × 7
149 = a + 147
a = 2
Question 8:
Find the sum of first 51 terms of an AP whose second and third terms are 14 and 18
respectively.
Answer:
Given that,
a2 = 14
a3 = 18
d = a3 − a2 = 18 − 14 = 4
a2 = a + d
14 = a + 4
a = 10
= 5610
Question 9:
If the sum of first 7 terms of an AP is 49 and that of 17 terms is 289, find the sum of
first n terms.
Answer:
Given that,
S7 = 49
S17 = 289
7 = (a + 3d)
a + 3d = 7 (i)
Similarly,
17 = (a + 8d)
a + 8d = 17 (ii)
5d = 10
d = 2
a + 3(2) = 7
a + 6 = 7
a = 1
= n2
Question 10:
(i) an = 3 + 4n
(ii) an = 9 − 5n
Answer:
(i) an = 3 + 4n
a1 = 3 + 4(1) = 7
a2 = 3 + 4(2) = 3 + 8 = 11
a3 = 3 + 4(3) = 3 + 12 = 15
a4 = 3 + 4(4) = 3 + 16 = 19
a3 − a2 = 15 − 11 = 4
a4 − a3 = 19 − 15 = 4
= 15 × 35
= 525
(ii) an = 9 − 5n
a1 = 9 − 5 × 1 = 9 − 5 = 4
a2 = 9 − 5 × 2 = 9 − 10 = −1
a3 = 9 − 5 × 3 = 9 − 15 = −6
a4 = 9 − 5 × 4 = 9 − 20 = −11
a2 − a1 = − 1 − 4 = −5
a3 − a2 = − 6 − (−1) = −5
a4 − a3 = − 11 − (−6) = −5
i.e., ak + 1 − ak is same every time. Therefore, this is an A.P. with common difference as
−5 and first term as 4.
= −465
Question 11:
If the sum of the first n terms of an AP is 4n − n2, what is the first term (that is S1)?
What is the sum of first two terms? What is the second term? Similarly find the 3rd,
the10th and the nth terms.
Answer:
Given that,
Sn = 4n − n2
= 4(2) − (2)2 = 8 − 4 = 4
Second term, a2 = S2 − S1 = 4 − 3 = 1
d = a2 − a = 1 − 3 = −2
an = a + (n − 1)d
= 3 + (n − 1) (−2)
= 3 − 2n + 2
= 5 − 2n
Hence, the sum of first two terms is 4. The second term is 1. 3rd, 10th, and nth terms are
−1, −15, and 5 − 2n respectively.
Question 12:
Find the sum of first 40 positive integers divisible by 6.
Answer:
6, 12, 18, 24 …
It can be observed that these are making an A.P. whose first term is 6 and common
difference is 6.
a = 6
d = 6
S40 =?
= 20(12 + 234)
= 20 × 246
= 4920
Question 13:
Find the sum of first 15 multiples of 8.
Answer:
These are in an A.P., having first term as 8 and common difference as 8.
Therefore, a = 8
d = 8
S15 =?
= 960
Question 14:
Find the sum of the odd numbers between 0 and 50.
Answer:
1, 3, 5, 7, 9 … 49
a = 1
d = 2
l = 49
l = a + (n − 1) d
49 = 1 + (n − 1)2
48 = 2(n − 1)
n − 1 = 24
n = 25
= 625
Question 15:
A contract on construction job specifies a penalty for delay of completion beyond a
certain date as follows: Rs. 200 for the first day, Rs. 250 for the second day, Rs. 300 for
the third day, etc., the penalty for each succeeding day being Rs. 50 more than for the
preceding day. How much money the contractor has to pay as penalty, if he has delayed
the work by 30 days.
Answer:
It can be observed that these penalties are in an A.P. having first term as 200 and
common difference as 50.
a = 200
d = 50
Penalty that has to be paid if he has delayed the work by 30 days = S30
= 15 [400 + 1450]
= 15 (1850)
= 27750
Question 16:
A sum of Rs 700 is to be used to give seven cash prizes to students of a school for their
overall academic performance. If each prize is Rs 20 less than its preceding prize, find
the value of each of the prizes.
Answer:
a = P
d = −20
a + 3(−20) = 100
a − 60 = 100
a = 160
Therefore, the value of each of the prizes was Rs 160, Rs 140, Rs 120, Rs 100, Rs 80, Rs
60, and Rs 40.
Question 17:
In a school, students thought of planting trees in and around the school to reduce air
pollution. It was decided that the number of trees, that each section of each class will
plant, will be the same as the class, in which they are studying, e.g., a section of class I
will plant 1 tree, a section of class II will plant 2 trees and so on till class XII. There are
three sections of each class. How many trees will be planted by the students?
Answer:
It can be observed that the number of trees planted by the students is in an AP.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5………………..12
First term, a = 1
Common difference, d = 2 − 1 = 1
= 6 (2 + 11)
= 6 (13)
= 78
Question 18:
A spiral is made up of successive semicircles, with centres alternately at A and B,
starting with centre at A of radii 0.5, 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm, ……… as shown in figure.
What is the total length of such a spiral made up of thirteen consecutive semicircles?
Answer:
I1 = π(0.5)
I2 = π(1) = π cm
I3 = π(1.5) =
Therefore, I1, I2, I3 ,i.e. the lengths of the semi-circles are in an A.P.,
S13 =?
= 143
Therefore, the length of such spiral of thirteen consecutive semi-circles will be 143 cm.
Question 19:
200 logs are stacked in the following manner: 20 logs in the bottom row, 19 in the next
row, 18 in the row next to it and so on. In how many rows are the 200 logs placed and
how many logs are in the top row?
Answer:
a = 20
d = a2 − a1 = 19 − 20 = −1
Sn = 200
n2 − 41n + 400 = 0
(n − 16) (n − 25) = 0
Either (n − 16) = 0 or n − 25 = 0
n = 16 or n = 25
an = a + (n − 1)d
a16 = 20 − 15
a16 = 5
Similarly,
a25 = 20 − 24
= −4
Clearly, the number of logs in 16th row is 5. However, the number of logs in 25th row is
negative, which is not possible.
Therefore, 200 logs can be placed in 16 rows and the number of logs in the 16th row is 5.
Question 20:
In a potato race, a bucket is placed at the starting point, which is 5 m from the first
potato and other potatoes are placed 3 m apart in a straight line. There are ten potatoes
in the line.
A competitor starts from the bucket, picks up the nearest potato, runs back with it,
drops it in the bucket, runs back to pick up the next potato, runs to the bucket to drop it
in, and she continues in the same way until all the potatoes are in the bucket. What is
the total distance the competitor has to run?
[Hint: to pick up the first potato and the second potato, the total distance (in metres)
run by a competitor is 2 × 5 + 2 ×(5 + 3)]
Answer:
5, 8, 11, 14…
a = 5
d = 8 − 5 = 3
= 5[10 + 9 × 3]
= 185
As every time she has to run back to the bucket, therefore, the total distance that the
competitor has to run will be two times of it.
= 370 m
Alternatively,
Distance run by the competitor for collecting these potatoes are two times of the
distance at which the potatoes have been kept. Therefore, distances to be run are
a = 10
d = 16 − 10 = 6
S10 =?
= 5[20 + 54]
= 5 (74)
= 370
Exercise 5.4
Question 1:
Which term of the A.P. 121, 117, 113 … is its first negative term?
Answer:
a = 121
an = a + (n − 1) d
= 121 + (n − 1) (−4)
= 121 − 4n + 4
= 125 − 4n
Therefore, 32nd term will be the first negative term of this A.P.
Question 2:
The sum of the third and the seventh terms of an A.P is 6 and their product is 8. Find
the sum of first sixteen terms of the A.P.
Answer:
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
a3 = a + (3 − 1) d
a3 = a + 2d
Similarly, a7 = a + 6d
Given that, a3 + a7 = 6
(a + 2d) + (a + 6d) = 6
2a + 8d = 6
a + 4d = 3
a = 3 − 4d (i)
(a + 2d) × (a + 6d) = 8
Question 3:
A ladder has rungs 25 cm apart. (See figure). The rungs decrease uniformly in length
from 45 cm at the bottom to 25 cm at the top. If the top and bottom rungs are m
apart, what is the length of the wood required for the rungs?
Answer:
It is given that the rungs are 25 cm apart and the top and bottom rungs are m apart.
Now, as the lengths of the rungs decrease uniformly, they will be in an A.P.
The length of the wood required for the rungs equals the sum of all the terms of this A.P.
n = 11
Therefore, the length of the wood required for the rungs is 385 cm.
Question 4:
The houses of a row are number consecutively from 1 to 49. Show that there is a value
of x such that the sum of numbers of the houses preceding the house numbered x is
equal to the sum of the number of houses following it.
Answer:
1, 2, 3 … 49
It can be observed that the number of houses are in an A.P. having a as 1 and d also as
1.
Let us assume that the number of xth house was like this.
We know that,
Therefore, house number 35 is such that the sum of the numbers of houses preceding
the house numbered 35 is equal to the sum of the numbers of the houses following it.
Question 5:
A small terrace at a football ground comprises of 15 steps each of which is 50 m long
and built of solid concrete.
Each step has a rise of m and a tread of m (See figure) calculate the total volume
of concrete required to build the terrace.
Answer
It can be observed that the volumes of concrete in these steps are in an A.P.
Volume of concrete required to build the terrace is 750 m3.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Unit 6
Triangles Class 10
Unit 6 Triangles Exercise 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6 Solutions
Exercise 6.1 : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 122
Q1 :
(iv) Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (a) their corresponding angles are __________
and (b) their corresponding sides are __________. (equal, proportional)
Answer :
(i) Similar
(ii) Similar
(iii) Equilateral
(b) Proportional
Q2 :
(ii)Non-similar figures
Answer :
Q3 :
Answer :
Quadrilateral PQRS and ABCD are not similar as their corresponding sides are proportional, i.e. 1:2, but their
corresponding angles are not equal.
(i)
(ii)
Answer :
(i)
Let EC = x cm
(ii)
Let AD = x cm
Q2 :
E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of a ΔPQR. For each of the following cases, state
whether EF || QR.
Answer :
(i)
(iii)
PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm, PF = 0.36 cm
Q3 :
Answer :
Answer :
In ΔABC, DE || AC
Q5 :
Answer :
In Δ POQ, DE || OQ
Q6 :
In the following figure, A, B and C are points on OP, OQ and OR respectively such that AB || PQ and AC || PR.
Show that BC || QR.
Answer :
In Δ POQ, AB || PQ
Q7 :
Using Basic proportionality theorem, prove that a line drawn through the mid-points of one side of a triangle
parallel to another side bisects the third side. (Recall that you have proved it in Class IX).
Answer :
Consider the given figure in which PQ is a line segment drawn through the mid-point P of line AB, such
that
Q8 :
Using Converse of basic proportionality theorem, prove that the line joining the mid-points of any two sides
of a triangle is parallel to the third side. (Recall that you have done it in Class IX).
Answer :
Consider the given figure in which PQ is a line segment joining the mid-points P and Q of line AB and AC
respectively.
i.e., AP = PB and AQ = QC
Q9 :
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other at the point O. Show
that
Answer :
In ΔADC,
In ΔABD,
The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other at the point O such that Show that
ABCD is a trapezium.
Answer :
Draw a line OE || AB
In ΔABD, OE || AB
⇒ AB || OE || DC
⇒ AB || CD
∴ ABCD is a trapezium.
State which pairs of triangles in the following figure are similar? Write the similarity criterion used by you for
answering the question and also write the pairs of similar triangles in the symbolic form:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Answer :
(i) ∠A = ∠P = 60°
∠B = ∠Q = 80°
∠C = ∠R = 40°
(ii)
(iii)The given triangles are not similar as the corresponding sides are not proportional.
Q2 :
In the following figure, ΔODC ∝¼ ΔOBA, ∠ BOC = 125° and ∠ CDO = 70°. Find ∠ DOC, ∠ DCO and ∠ OAB
Answer :
= 55°
In ΔDOC,
⇒ ∠ DCO = 55°
⇒ ∠ OAB = 55°
Q3 :
Diagonals AC and BD of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect each other at the point O. Using a
Answer :
Q4 :
Answer :
∴ PQ = PR (i)
Given,
Q5 :
S and T are point on sides PR and QR of ΔPQR such that ∠ P = ∠ RTS. Show that ΔRPQ ∠¼ ΔRTS.
Answer :
∠ R = ∠ R (Common angle)
Q6 :
∠A = ∠A [Common angle]
Q7 :
In the following figure, altitudes AD and CE of ΔABC intersect each other at the point P. Show that:
Answer :
(i)
In ΔAEP and ΔCDP,
ΔAEP ∝¼ ΔCDP
(ii)
ΔABD ∝¼ ΔCBE
(iii)
ΔAEP ∝¼ ΔADB
(iv)
In ΔPDC and ΔBEC,
ΔPDC ∝¼ ΔBEC
Q8 :
E is a point on the side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at F. Show that ΔABE
∠¼ ΔCFB
Answer :
Q9 :
In the following figure, ABC and AMP are two right triangles, right angled at B and M respectively, prove that:
(i) ΔABC ∼ ΔAMP
(ii)
Answer :
∠A = ∠A (Common)
Q10 :
CD and GH are respectively the bisectors of ∠ACB and ∠EGF such that D and H lie on sides AB and FE of
ΔABC and ΔEFG respectively. If ΔABC ∼ ΔFEG, Show that:
(i)
Answer :
∠A = ∠F (Proved above)
∠B = ∠E (Proved above)
∠A = ∠F (Proved above)
Q11 :
In the following figure, E is a point on side CB produced of an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC. If AD ⊥
BC and EF ⊥ AC, prove that ΔABD ∝¼ ΔECF
Answer :
∴ AB = AC
⇒ ∠ ABD = ∠ ECF
Q12 :
Sides AB and BC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ and QR and
median PM of ΔPQR (see the given figure). Show that ΔABC ∠¼ ΔPQR.
Answer :
Given that,
(Proved above)
Q13 :
D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that ∠ADC = ∠BAC. Show that
Answer :
Q14 :
Sides AB and AC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ and PR and
median PM of another triangle PQR. Show that
Answer :
Given that,
Let us extend AD and PM up to point E and L respectively, such that AD = DE and PM = ML. Then, join B to E, C to
E, Q to L, and R to L.
Therefore, BD = DC and QM = MR
(Given)
Q15 :
A vertical pole of a length 6 m casts a shadow 4m long on the ground and at the same time a tower casts a
shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower.
Answer :
At the same time, the light rays from the sun will fall on the tower and the pole at the same angle.
Q16 :
where
Answer :
∴ … (1)
Since AD and PM are medians, they will divide their opposite sides.
∴ … (3)
… (4)
Let and their areas be, respectively, 64 cm2 and 121 cm2. If EF = 15.4 cm, find BC.
Answer :
Q2 :
Diagonals of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect each other at the point O. If AB = 2CD, find the ratio of
the areas of triangles AOB and COD.
Answer :
Since AB || CD,
Q3 :
In the following figure, ABC and DBC are two triangles on the same base BC. If AD intersects BC at O, show
that
Answer :
Q4 :
If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, prove that they are congruent.
Answer :
D, E and F are respectively the mid-points of sides AB, BC and CA of ΔABC. Find the ratio of the area of
ΔDEF and ΔABC.
Answer :
Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square
Answer :
Let us assume two similar triangles as ΔABC ∼ ΔPQR. Let AD and PS be the medians of these triangles.
∴ BD = DC =
And, QS = SR =
… (3)
… (4)
And hence,
Q7 :
Prove that the area of an equilateral triangle described on one side of a square is equal to half the area of the
equilateral triangle described on one of its diagonals.
Answer :
We know that equilateral triangles have all its angles as 60 º and all its sides of the same length. Therefore, all
equilateral triangles are similar to each other. Hence, the ratio between the areas of these triangles will be equal to
the square of the ratio between the sides of these triangles.
Q8 :
ABC and BDE are two equilateral triangles such that D is the mid-point of BC. Ratio of the area of triangles
ABC and BDE is
(A) 2 : 1
(B) 1 : 2
(C) 4 : 1
(D) 1 : 4
Answer :
We know that equilateral triangles have all its angles as 60 º and all its sides of the same length. Therefore, all
equilateral triangles are similar to each other. Hence, the ratio between the areas of these triangles will be equal to
the square of the ratio between the sides of these triangles.
Therefore, side of
Q9 :
Sides of two similar triangles are in the ratio 4 : 9. Areas of these triangles are in the ratio
(A) 2 : 3
(B) 4 : 9
(C) 81 : 16
(D) 16 : 81
Answer :
If two triangles are similar to each other, then the ratio of the areas of these triangles will be equal to the square of the
ratio of the corresponding sides of these triangles.
Sides of triangles are given below. Determine which of them are right triangles? In case of a right triangle,
write the length of its hypotenuse.
Answer :
(i) It is given that the sides of the triangle are 7 cm, 24 cm, and 25 cm.
Squaring the lengths of these sides, we will obtain 49, 576, and 625.
49 + 576 = 625
Or,
(ii) It is given that the sides of the triangle are 3 cm, 8 cm, and 6 cm.
Squaring the lengths of these sides, we will obtain 9, 64, and 36.
However, 9 + 36 ≠ 64
Or, 32 + 62 ≠ 82
Clearly, the sum of the squares of the lengths of two sides is not equal to the square of the length of the third side.
Squaring the lengths of these sides, we will obtain 2500, 6400, and 10000.
Clearly, the sum of the squares of the lengths of two sides is not equal to the square of the length of the third side.
Or,
Q2 :
PQR is a triangle right angled at P and M is a point on QR such that PM ⊥ QR. Show that PM2 = QM x MR.
Answer :
Q3 :
Answer :
∴ AC = CB
ABC is an isosceles triangle with AC = BC. If AB2 = 2 AC2, prove that ABC is a right triangle.
Answer :
Given that,
Q5 :
Answer :
∴ BD = DC = a
In an equilateral triangle, all the altitudes are equal in length.
Q6 :
Prove that the sum of the squares of the sides of rhombus is equal to the sum of the squares of its
diagonals.
Answer :
In the following figure, O is a point in the interior of a triangle ABC, OD ⊥ BC, OE ⊥ AC and OF ⊥ AB. Show
that
(i) OA2 + OB2 + OC2 - OD2 - OE2 - OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2
Answer :
Similarly, in ΔBOD,
Similarly, in ΔCOE,
Q8 :
A ladder 10 m long reaches a window 8 m above the ground. Find the distance of the foot of the ladder from
base of the wall.
Answer :
Therefore, the distance of the foot of the ladder from the base of the wall is
6 m.
Q9 :
A guy wire attached to a vertical pole of height 18 m is 24 m long and has a stake attached to the other end.
How far from the base of the pole should the stake be driven so that the wire will be taut?
Answer :
By Pythagoras theorem,
Q10 :
An aeroplane leaves an airport and flies due north at a speed of 1,000 km per hour. At the same time, another
aeroplane leaves the same airport and flies due west at a speed of 1,200 km per hour. How far apart will be
Q11 :
Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand on a plane ground. If the distance between the feet of the poles is
12 m, find the distance between their tops.
Answer :
Let CD and AB be the poles of height 11 m and 6 m.
Therefore, CP = 11 - 6 = 5 m
Q12 :
D and E are points on the sides CA and CB respectively of a triangle ABC right angled at C. Prove that AE2+
BD2 = AB2 + DE2
Answer :
The perpendicular from A on side BC of a ΔABC intersect BC at D such that DB = 3 CD. Prove that 2 AB2 = 2
AC2 + BC2
Answer :
In an equilateral triangle ABC, D is a point on side BC such that BD = BC. Prove that 9 AD2 = 7 AB2.
Answer :
Let the side of the equilateral triangle be a, and AE be the altitude of ΔABC.
∴ BE = EC = =
And, AE =
Given that, BD = BC
∴ BD =
DE = BE - BD =
⇒ 9 AD2 = 7 AB2
Q15 :
In an equilateral triangle, prove that three times the square of one side is equal to four times the square of
one of its altitudes.
Answer :
Let the side of the equilateral triangle be a, and AE be the altitude of ΔABC.
∴ BE = EC = =
Q16 :
Tick the correct answer and justify: In ΔABC, AB = cm, AC = 12 cm and BC = 6 cm.
Answer :
AB2 = 108
AC2 = 144
And, BC2 = 36
∴ ∠B = 90°
Answer :
Let us draw a line segment RT parallel to SP which intersects extended line segment QP at point T.
By construction,
∠PRT = ∠QTR
∴ PT = PR
By construction,
PS || TR
By using basic proportionality theorem for ΔQTR,
QSSR=QPPT
⇒QSSR
Q2 :
In the given figure, D is a point on hypotenuse AC of ΔABC, DM ⊥ BC and DN ⊥ AB, Prove that:
Answer :
∴ DMBN is a rectangle.
∴ DN = MB and DM = NB
The condition to be proved is the case when D is the foot of the perpendicular drawn from B to AC.
∴ ∠CDB = 90°
⇒ ∠2 + ∠3 = 90° … (1)
In ΔCDM,
∠1 + ∠2 + ∠DMC = 180°
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 = 90° … (2)
In ΔDMB,
∠3 + ∠DMB + ∠4 = 180°
⇒ ∠3 + ∠4 = 90° … (3)
∠1 = ∠3
∠2 = ∠4
∠1 = ∠3 (Proved above)
∠2 = ∠4 (Proved above)
⇒ DM2 = DN × MC
∠5 + ∠7 = 90° … (4)
∠6 + ∠8 = 90° … (5)
∴ ∠ADB = 90°
⇒ ∠5 + ∠6 = 90° … (6)
∠6 = ∠7
∠8 = ∠5
∠6 = ∠7 (Proved above)
∠8 = ∠5 (Proved above)
⇒ DN2 = AN × NB
⇒ DN2 = AN × DM (As NB = DM)
Q3 :
In the given figure, ABC is a triangle in which ∠ ABC> 90° and AD ⊥ CB produced. Prove that AC2 = AB2 +
BC2 + 2BC.BD.
Answer :
Q4 :
In the given figure, ABC is a triangle in which ∠ ABC < 90° and AD ⊥ BC. Prove that AC2 = AB2 + BC2 - 2BC.BD.
Answer :
Q5 :
In the given figure, AD is a median of a triangle ABC and AM ⊥ BC. Prove that:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Answer :
Answer:
AB = CD … (iv)
And, BC = AD … (v)
AD = AD (Common)
EA = DF … (vi)
Question 7:
In the given figure, two chords AB and CD intersect each other at the point P. prove
that:
(i) ΔAPC ∼ ΔDPB
(ii) AP.BP = CP.DP
Answer:
Question 8:
In the given figure, two chords AB and CD of a circle intersect each other at the
point P (when produced) outside the circle. Prove that
(i) ΔPAC ∼ ΔPDB
(ii) PA.PB = PC.PD
Answer:
∠P = ∠P (Common)
∠PAC = ∠PDB (Exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is ∠PCA = ∠PBD equal to the
opposite interior angle)
∴ ΔPAC ∼ ΔPDB
(ii)We know that the corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional.
∴ PA.PB = PC.PD
Question 9:
In the given figure, D is a point on side BC of ΔABC such that . Prove that
AD is the bisector of ∠BAC.
Answer:
It is given that,
AD || PC
By construction, we have
AP = AC
∠BAD = ∠APC
Question 10:
Nazima is fly fishing in a stream. The tip of her fishing rod is 1.8 m above the
surface of the water and the fly at the end of the string rests on the water 3.6 m
away and 2.4 m from a point directly under the tip of the rod. Assuming that her
string (from the tip of her rod to the fly) is taut, ho much string does she have out
(see Fig. 6.64)? If she pulls in the string at the rate of 5 cm per second, what will be
the horizontal distance of the fly from her after 12 seconds?
Answer:
Let AB be the height of the tip of the fishing rod from the water surface. Let BC be
the horizontal distance of the fly from the tip of the fishing rod.
= (3.00 − 0.6) m
= 2.4 m
In ΔADB,
BD = 1.587 m
= (1.587 + 1.2) m
= 2.787 m
= 2.79 m
Coordinate Geometry
Exercise 7.1
Question 1:
Find the distance between the following pairs of points:
(i) (2, 3), (4, 1) (ii) (−5, 7), (−1, 3) (iii) (a, b), (− a, − b)
Answer:
Question 2:
Find the distance between the points (0, 0) and (36, 15). Can you now find the distance
between the two towns A and B discussed in Section 7.2.
Answer:
Yes, we can find the distance between the given towns A and B.
Therefore, town B will be at point (36, 15) with respect to town A.
And hence, as calculated above, the distance between town A and B will be
39 km.
Question 3:
Determine if the points (1, 5), (2, 3) and (− 2, − 11) are collinear.
Answer:
Let the points (1, 5), (2, 3), and (−2, −11) be representing the vertices A, B, and C of the
given triangle respectively.
Let
Therefore, the points (1, 5), (2, 3), and (−2, −11) are not collinear.
Question 4:
Check whether (5, − 2), (6, 4) and (7, − 2) are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.
Answer:
Let the points (5, −2), (6, 4), and (7, −2) are representing the vertices A, B, and C of the
given triangle respectively.
Question 5:
In a classroom, 4 friends are seated at the points A, B, C and D as shown in the
following figure. Champa and Chameli walk into the class and after observing for a few
minutes Champa asks Chameli, “Don’t you think ABCD is a square?” Chameli disagrees.
Answer:
It can be observed that A (3, 4), B (6, 7), C (9, 4), and D (6, 1) are the positions of these 4
friends.
CD=9-62+4-12=32+32=9+9=18=32
It can be observed that all sides of this quadrilateral ABCD are of the same length and
also the diagonals are of the same length.
Question 6:
Name the type of quadrilateral formed, if any, by the following points, and give reasons
for your answer:
(i) Let the points (−1, −2), (1, 0), (−1, 2), and (−3, 0) be representing the vertices A, B, C,
and D of the given quadrilateral respectively.
It can be observed that all sides of this quadrilateral are of the same length and also, the
diagonals are of the same length. Therefore, the given points are the vertices of a
square.
(ii)Let the points (− 3, 5), (3, 1), (0, 3), and (−1, −4) be representing the vertices A, B, C,
and D of the given quadrilateral respectively.
It can be observed that all sides of this quadrilateral are of different lengths. Therefore, it
can be said that it is only a general quadrilateral, and not specific such as square,
rectangle, etc.
(iii)Let the points (4, 5), (7, 6), (4, 3), and (1, 2) be representing the vertices A, B, C, and D
of the given quadrilateral respectively.
It can be observed that opposite sides of this quadrilateral are of the same length.
However, the diagonals are of different lengths. Therefore, the given points are the
vertices of a parallelogram.
Question 7:
Find the point on the x-axis which is equidistant from (2, − 5) and (− 2, 9).
Answer:
Question 8:
Find the values of y for which the distance between the points P (2, − 3) and Q (10, y) is
10 units.
Answer:
It is given that the distance between (2, −3) and (10, y) is 10.
Question 9:
If Q (0, 1) is equidistant from P (5, − 3) and R (x, 6), find the values of x. Also find the
distance QR and PR.
Answer:
Question 10:
Find a relation between x and y such that the point (x, y) is equidistant from the point
(3, 6) and (− 3, 4).
Answer:
Exercise 7.2
Question 1:
Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (− 1, 7) and (4, − 3) in the
ratio 2:3.
Answer:
Let P(x, y) be the required point. Using the section formula, we obtain
Question 2:
Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining (4, − 1) and
(− 2, − 3).
Answer:
Let P (x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) are the points of trisection of the line segment joining the
Question 3:
To conduct Sports Day activities, in your rectangular shaped school ground ABCD, lines
have been drawn with chalk powder at a distance of 1 m each. 100 flower pots have
been placed at a distance of 1 m from each other along AD, as shown in the following
figure. Niharika runs the distance AD on the 2nd line and posts a green flag. Preet
runs the distance AD on the eighth line and posts a red flag. What is the distance
between both the flags? If Rashmi has to post a blue flag exactly halfway between the
line segment joining the two flags, where should she post her flag?
Answer:
It can be observed that Niharika posted the green flag at of the distance AD i.e.,
m from the starting point of 2nd line. Therefore, the coordinates of this
Similarly, Preet posted red flag at of the distance AD i.e., m from the
starting point of 8th line. Therefore, the coordinates of this point R are (8, 20).
=
The point at which Rashmi should post her blue flag is the mid-point of the line joining
these points. Let this point be A (x, y).
Therefore, Rashmi should post her blue flag at 22.5m on 5th line.
Question 4:
Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points (− 3, 10) and (6, − 8) is
divided by (− 1, 6).
Answer:
Let the ratio in which the line segment joining (−3, 10) and (6, −8) is divided by point (−1,
6) be k : 1.
Question 5:
Find the ratio in which the line segment joining A (1, − 5) and B (− 4, 5) is divided by the
x-axis. Also find the coordinates of the point of division.
Answer:
Let the ratio in which the line segment joining A (1, −5) and B (−4, 5) is divided by
x-axisbe .
Division point =
Question 6:
If (1, 2), (4, y), (x, 6) and (3, 5) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order, find x
and y.
Answer:
Let (1, 2), (4, y), (x, 6), and (3, 5) are the coordinates of A, B, C, D vertices of a
parallelogram ABCD. Intersection point O of diagonal AC and BD also divides these
diagonals.
Question 7:
Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is the diameter of circle whose centre is (2,
− 3) and B is (1, 4)
Answer:
Question 8:
If A and B are (− 2, − 2) and (2, − 4), respectively, find the coordinates of P such that
Answer:
The coordinates of point A and B are (−2, −2) and (2, −4) respectively.
Since ,
Question 9:
Find the coordinates of the points which divide the line segment joining A (− 2, 2) and B
(2, 8) into four equal parts.
Answer:
From the figure, it can be observed that points P, Q, R are dividing the line segment in a
ratio 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 respectively.
Question 10:
Find the area of a rhombus if its vertices are (3, 0), (4, 5), (− 1, 4) and (− 2, −1) taken in
Answer:
Let (3, 0), (4, 5), (−1, 4) and (−2, −1) are the vertices A, B, C, D of a rhombus ABCD.
Exercise 7.3
Question 1:
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are:
(i) (2, 3), (− 1, 0), (2, − 4) (ii) (− 5, − 1), (3, − 5), (5, 2)
Answer:
(ii)
Question 2:
In each of the following find the value of ‘k’, for which the points are collinear.
(i) (7, − 2), (5, 1), (3, − k) (ii) (8, 1), (k, − 4), (2, − 5)
Answer:
Therefore, for points (8, 1), (k, −4), and (2, −5), area = 0
Question 3:
Find the area of the triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of the
triangle whose vertices are (0, − 1), (2, 1) and (0, 3). Find the ratio of this area to the
area of the given triangle.
Answer:
Let the vertices of the triangle be A (0, −1), B (2, 1), C (0, 3).
Let D, E, F be the mid-points of the sides of this triangle. Coordinates of D, E, and F are
given by
Question 4:
Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices, taken in order, are (− 4, − 2), (− 3, − 5),
(3, − 2) and (2, 3)
Answer:
Let the vertices of the quadrilateral be A (−4, −2), B (−3, −5), C (3, −2), and D (2, 3). Join
AC to form two triangles ΔABC and ΔACD.
Question 5:
You have studied in Class IX that a median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of
equal areas. Verify this result for ΔABC whose vertices are A (4, − 6), B (3, − 2) and C
(5, 2)
Answer:
Let the vertices of the triangle be A (4, −6), B (3, −2), and C (5, 2).
Exercise 7.4
Question 1:
Determine the ratio in which the line 2x + y − 4 = 0 divides the line segment joining the
points A(2, − 2) and B(3, 7)
Answer:
Let the given line divide the line segment joining the points A(2, −2) and B(3, 7) in a ratio
k : 1.
Therefore, the ratio in which the line 2x + y − 4 = 0 divides the line segment joining the
points A(2, −2) and B(3, 7) is 2:9.
Question 2:
Find a relation between x and y if the points (x, y), (1, 2) and (7, 0) are collinear.
Answer:
If the given points are collinear, then the area of triangle formed by these points will be 0.
Question 3:
Find the centre of a circle passing through the points (6, − 6), (3, − 7) and (3, 3).
Answer:
Let O (x, y) be the centre of the circle. And let the points (6, −6), (3, −7), and (3, 3) be
representing the points A, B, and C on the circumference of the circle.
10y = −20
y = −2
3x − 2 = 7
3x = 9
x = 3
Question 4:
The two opposite vertices of a square are (− 1, 2) and (3, 2). Find the coordinates of the
other two vertices.
Answer:
Let ABCD be a square having (−1, 2) and (3, 2) as vertices A and C respectively. Let (x, y),
∴ AB = BC
In ΔABC,
⇒4+y 2
+ 4 − 4y + 4 + y2 − 4y + 4 =16
⇒ 2y 2
+ 16 − 8 y =16
⇒ 2y 2
− 8 y = 0
⇒ y (y − 4) = 0
⇒ y = 0 or 4
We know that in a square, the diagonals are of equal length and bisect each other at 90°.
Let O be the mid-point of AC. Therefore, it will also be the mid-point of BD.
⇒y+y 1 = 4
If y = 0,
y1 = 4
If y = 4,
y1 = 0
Question 5:
The class X students of a secondary school in Krishinagar have been allotted a
rectangular plot of land for their gardening activity. Saplings of Gulmohar are planted
on the boundary at a distance of 1 m from each other. There is a triangular grassy lawn
in the plot as shown in the following figure. The students are to sow seeds of flowering
plants on the remaining area of the plot.
(i) Taking A as origin, find the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle.
(ii) What will be the coordinates of the vertices of Δ PQR if C is the origin?
Also calculate the areas of the triangles in these cases. What do you observe?
Answer:
(i) Taking A as origin, we will take AD as x-axis and AB as y-axis. It can be observed that
the coordinates of point P, Q, and R are (4, 6), (3, 2), and (6, 5) respectively.
(ii) Taking C as origin, CB as x-axis, and CD as y-axis, the coordinates of vertices P, Q, and
R are (12, 2), (13, 6), and (10, 3) respectively.
It can be observed that the area of the triangle is same in both the cases.
Question 6:
The vertices of a ΔABC are A (4, 6), B (1, 5) and C (7, 2). A line is drawn to intersect
sides AB and AC at D and E respectively, such that . Calculate the area of
the ΔADE and compare it with the area of ΔABC. (Recall Converse of basic
proportionality theorem and Theorem 6.6 related to
Answer:
Given that,
Therefore, D and E are two points on side AB and AC respectively such that they divide
side AB and AC in a ratio of 1:3.
Clearly, the ratio between the areas of ΔADE and ΔABC is 1:16.
Alternatively,
We know that if a line segment in a triangle divides its two sides in the same ratio, then
the line segment is parallel to the third side of the triangle. These two triangles so
formed (here ΔADE and ΔABC) will be similar to each other.
Hence, the ratio between the areas of these two triangles will be the square of the ratio
between the sides of these two triangles.
Question 7:
Let A (4, 2), B (6, 5) and C (1, 4) be the vertices of ΔABC.
(i) The median from A meets BC at D. Find the coordinates of point D.
(ii) Find the coordinates of the point P on AD such that AP: PD = 2:1
(iii) Find the coordinates of point Q and R on medians BE and CF respectively such that
BQ: QE = 2:1 and CR: RF = 2:1.
(v) If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), and C(x3, y3) are the vertices of ΔABC, find the coordinates of
Answer:
(i) Median AD of the triangle will divide the side BC in two equal parts.
(ii) Point P divides the side AD in a ratio 2:1.
(iii) Median BE of the triangle will divide the side AC in two equal parts.
Median CF of the triangle will divide the side AB in two equal parts. Therefore, F is the
mid-point of side AB.
(iv) It can be observed that the coordinates of point P, Q, R are the same.
Therefore, all these are representing the same point on the plane i.e., the centroid of the
triangle.
(v) Consider a triangle, ΔABC, having its vertices as A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), and C(x3,
y3).
Median AD of the triangle will divide the side BC in two equal parts. Therefore, D is the
mid-point of side BC.
Question 8:
ABCD is a rectangle formed by the points A (− 1, − 1), B (− 1, 4), C (5, 4) and D (5, − 1).
P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of AB, BC, CD, and DA respectively. Is the quadrilateral
PQRS is a square? a rectangle? or a rhombus? Justify your answer.
Answer:
It can be observed that all sides of the given quadrilateral are of the same measure.
However, the diagonals are of different lengths. Therefore, PQRS is a rhombus.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Unit 8
Introduction to Trigonometry Class 10
Unit 8 Introduction to Trigonometry Exercise 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 Solutions
Answer :
= 625 cm2
∴ AC = cm = 25 cm
(i) sin A =
cos A =
(ii)
sin C =
cos C =
Q2 :
Answer :
25 cm2 = QR2
QR = 5 cm
tan P - cot R =
Q3 :
Answer :
Given that,
Let BC be 3k. Therefore, AC will be 4k, where k is a positive integer.
16k 2 - 9k 2 = AB2
7k 2 = AB2
AB =
Q4 :
Answer :
It is given that,
cot A =
= (8k)2 + (15k)2
= 64k2 + 225k2
= 289k2
AC = 17k
Q5 :
Answer :
25k2 = BC2
BC = 5k
Q6 :
If ∠ A and ∠ B are acute angles such that cos A = cos B, then show that
∠ A = ∠ B.
Answer :
It is given that
cos A = cos B
… (1)
We have to prove ∠A = ∠B. To prove this, let us extend AC to P such that BC = CP.
CD||BP
∴∠CAD = ∠CBD
⇒ ∠A = ∠B
Alternatively,
cos A = cos B
Let
⇒ AD = k BD … (1)
And, AC = k BC … (2)
⇒ k2 = 1
⇒k=1
AC = BC
Q7 :
If cot θ = , evaluate
= (8k)2 + (7k)2
= 64k2 + 49k2
= 113k2
AC =
(i)
(ii) cot2 θ = (cot θ)2 = =
Q8 :
Answer :
Or, cot A =
In ΔABC,
= (4k)2 + (3k)2
= 16k2 + 9k2
= 25k2
AC = 5k
cos2 A - sin2 A =
Q9 :
In ΔABC,
= 3k2 + k2 = 4k2
∴ AC = 2k
In ΔPQR, right angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of sin P, cos P and tan P.
Answer :
Given that, PR + QR = 25
PQ = 5
Let PR be x.
Therefore, QR = 25 - x
x2 = 25 + 625 + x2 - 50x
50x = 650
x = 13
Therefore, PR = 13 cm
QR = (25 - 13) cm = 12 cm
Q11 :
State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
Answer :
But >1
∴tan A > 1
(ii)
Let AC be 12k, AB will be 5k, where k is a positive integer.
BC2 = 119k2
BC = 10.9k
It can be observed that for given two sides AC = 12k and AB = 5k,
AC - AB < BC < AC + AB
7k < BC < 17 k
However, BC = 10.9k. Clearly, such a triangle is possible and hence, such value of sec A is possible.
(iii) Abbreviation used for cosecant of angle A is cosec A. And cos A is the abbreviation used for cosine of angle A.
(iv) cot A is not the product of cot and A. It is the cotangent of ∠A.
(v) sin θ =
In a right-angled triangle, hypotenuse is always greater than the remaining two sides. Therefore, such value of sin θ
is not possible.
Hence, the given statement is false
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Answer :
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Q2 :
(i)
(A). sin60°
(B). cos60°
(C). tan60°
(D). sin30°
(ii)
(A). tan90°
(B). 1
(C). sin45°
(D). 0
(A). 0°
(B). 30°
(C). 45°
(D). 60°
(iv)
(A). cos60°
(B). sin60°
(C). tan60°
(D). sin30°
Answer :
(i)
(ii)
As sin 2A = sin 0° = 0
(iv)
Out of the given alternatives, only tan 60°
Q3 :
If and ;
Answer :
⇒ A + B = 60 … (1)
⇒ tan (A - B) = tan30
⇒ A - B = 30 … (2)
2A = 90
⇒ A = 45
45 + B = 60
B = 15
Q4 :
State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
= sin 90°
=1
(ii) The value of sin θ increases as θ increases in the interval of 0° < θ < 90° as
sin 0° = 0
sin 90° = 1
(iii) cos 0° = 1
cos90° = 0
It can be observed that the value of cos θ does not increase in the interval of 0° < θ < 90°.
As and ,
As ,
= undefined
Evaluate
(I)
(II)
Answer :
(I)
(II)
(III)cos 48° - sin 42° = cos (90° - 42°) - sin 42°
=0
(IV) cosec 31° - sec 59° = cosec (90° - 59°) - sec 59°
=0
Q2 :
Show that
Answer :
= tan (90° - 42°) tan (90° - 67°) tan 42° tan 67°
= (1) (1)
=1
=0
Q3 :
If tan 2A = cot (A- 18°), where 2A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Answer :
Given that,
108° = 3A
A = 36°
Q4 :
Answer :
Given that,
tan A = cot B
A = 90° - B
A + B = 90°
Q5 :
If sec 4A = cosec (A- 20°), where 4A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Answer :
Given that,
110° = 5A
A = 22°
Q6 :
Answer :
∠ A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∠B + ∠C= 180° - ∠A
Q7 :
Express sin 67° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° and 45°.
Answer :
Express the trigonometric ratios sin A, sec A and tan A in terms of cot A.
Answer :
We know that,
Therefore,
We know that,
However,
Therefore,
Also,
Q2 :
Answer :
We know that,
sin2 A = 1 - cos2 A
tan2A + 1 = sec2A
tan2A = sec2A - 1
Q3 :
Evaluate
(i)
Answer :
(i)
=1
= sin225° + cos225°
= 1 (As sin2A + cos2A = 1)
Q4 :
(A) 1
(B) 9
(C) 8
(D) 0
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) - 1
(A) secA
(B) sinA
(C) cosecA
(D) cosA
(iv)
(A) sec2 A
(B) - 1
(C) cot2 A
(D) tan2 A
Answer :
= 9 (sec2A - tan2A)
=9
(ii)
(1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ - cosec θ)
= cosA
(iv)
Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles for which the expressions are
defined.
Answer :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iii)
= secθ cosec θ +
= R.H.S.
(iv)
= R.H.S
(v)
L.H.S =
= cosec A + cot A
= R.H.S
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Unit 9
Some Applications of Trigonometry Class 10
Unit 9 Some Applications of Trigonometry Exercise 9.1 Solutions
A circus artist is climbing a 20 m long rope, which is tightly stretched and tied from the top of a vertical pole
to the ground. Find the height of the pole, if the angle made by the rope with the ground level is 30 °.
Answer :
In ΔABC,
Q2 :
A tree breaks due to storm and the broken part bends so that the top of the tree touches the ground making
an angle 30 ° with it. The distance between the foot of the tree to the point where the top touches the ground
is 8 m. Find the height of the tree.
Answer :
Let AC was the original tree. Due to storm, it was broken into two parts. The broken part is making 30° with
the ground.
In ,
Height of tree = + BC
Q3 :
A contractor plans to install two slides for the children to play in a park. For the children below the age of 5
years, she prefers to have a slide whose top is at a height of 1.5 m, and is inclined at an angle of 30 ° to the
ground, where as for the elder children she wants to have a steep side at a height of 3 m, and inclined at an
angle of 60 ° to the ground. What should be the length of the slide in each case?
Answer :
It can be observed that AC and PR are the slides for younger and elder children respectively.
In ΔABC,
In ΔPQR,
Q4 :
The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground, which is 30 m away from the foot of
the tower is 30°. Find the height of the tower.
Answer :
Let AB be the tower and the angle of elevation from point C (on ground) is
30°.
In ΔABC,
Q5 :
A kite is flying at a height of 60 m above the ground. The string attached to the kite is temporarily tied to a
point on the ground. The inclination of the string with the ground is 60°. Find the length of the string,
assuming that there is no slack in the string.
Answer :
Let K be the kite and the string is tied to point P on the ground.
In ΔKLP,
Hence, the length of the string is .
Q6 :
A 1.5 m tall boy is standing at some distance from a 30 m tall building. The angle of elevation from his eyes
to the top of the building increases from 30° to 60° as he walks towards the building. Find the distance he
walked towards the building.
Answer :
Let the boy was standing at point S initially. He walked towards the building and reached at point T.
PR = PQ - RQ
In ΔPAR,
In ΔPRB,
ST = AB
Q7 :
From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation of the bottom and the top of a transmission tower fixed
at the top of a 20 m high building are 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of the tower.
Answer :
Let BC be the building, AB be the transmission tower, and D be the point on the ground from where the elevation
angles are to be measured.
In ΔBCD,
In ΔACD,
Therefore, the height of the transmission tower is m.
Q8 :
A statue, 1.6 m tall, stands on a top of pedestal, from a point on the ground, the angle of elevation of the top
of statue is 60° and from the same point the angle of elevation of the top of the pedestal is 45 °. Find the
height of the pedestal.
Answer :
Let AB be the statue, BC be the pedestal, and D be the point on the ground from where the elevation angles are to be
measured.
In ΔBCD,
In ΔACD,
Therefore, the height of the pedestal is 0.8 m.
Q9 :
The angle of elevation of the top of a building from the foot of the tower is
30° and the angle of elevation of the top of the tower from the foot of the building is 60°. If the tower is 50 m
high, find the height of the building.
Answer :
In ΔCDB,
In ΔABD,
Q10 :
Two poles of equal heights are standing opposite each other an either side of the road, which is 80 m wide.
From a point between them on the road, the angles of elevation of the top of the poles are 60° and 30º,
respectively. Find the height of poles and the distance of the point from the poles.
Answer :
Let AB and CD be the poles and O is the point from where the elevation angles are measured.
In ΔABO,
In ΔCDO,
Since the poles are of equal heights,
CD = AB
DO = BD - BO = (80 - 20) m = 60 m
Therefore, the height of poles is and the point is 20 m and 60 m far from these poles.
Q11 :
A TV tower stands vertically on a bank of a canal. From a point on the other bank directly opposite the tower
the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 60°. From another point 20 m away from this point on the line
joining this point to the foot of the tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 30°. Find the height
of the tower and the width of the canal.
Answer :
In ΔABC,
In ΔABD,
Therefore, the height of the tower is m and the width of the canal is
10 m.
Q12 :
From the top of a 7 m high building, the angle of elevation of the top of a cable tower is 60° and the angle of
depression of its foot is 45°. Determine the height of the tower.
Answer :
In ΔABD,
In ΔACE,
AE = BD = 7 m
As observed from the top of a 75 m high lighthouse from the sea-level, the angles of depression of two ships
are 30° and 45°. If one ship is exactly behind the other on the same side of the lighthouse, find the distance
between the two ships.
Answer :
Let AB be the lighthouse and the two ships be at point C and D respectively.
In ΔABC,
In ΔABD,
Q14 :
A 1.2 m tall girl spots a balloon moving with the wind in a horizontal line at a height of 88.2 m from the
ground. The angle of elevation of the balloon from the eyes of the girl at any instant is 60°. After some time,
the angle of elevation reduces to 30°. Find the distance travelled by the balloon during the interval.
Answer :
Let the initial position A of balloon change to B after some time and CD be the girl.
In ΔACE,
In ΔBCG,
Distance travelled by balloon = EG = CG - CE
Q15 :
A straight highway leads to the foot of a tower. A man standing at the top of the tower observes a car as an
angle of depression of 30°, which is approaching the foot of the tower with a uniform speed. Six seconds
later, the angle of depression of the car is found to be 60°. Find the time taken by the car to reach the foot of
the tower from this point.
Answer :
In ΔADB,
In ΔABC,
Time taken by the car to travel distance DC = 6 seconds
Q16 :
The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points at a distance of 4 m and 9 m. from the base of
the tower and in the same straight line with it are complementary. Prove that the height of the tower is 6 m.
Answer :
Let AQ be the tower and R, S are the points 4m, 9m away from the base of the tower respectively.
The angles are complementary. Therefore, if one angle is θ, the other will be 90 - θ.
In ΔAQR,
In ΔAQS,
Answer :
Q2 :
(iv) The common point of a tangent to a circle and the circle is called ____.
Answer :
(i) One
(ii) Secant
(iii) Two
Q3 :
A tangent PQ at a point P of a circle of radius 5 cm meets a line through the centre O at a point Q so that OQ
= 12 cm. Length PQ is :
Answer :
We know that the line drawn from the centre of the circle to the tangent is perpendicular to the tangent.
OP PQ
By applying Pythagoras theorem in ΔOPQ,
52 + PQ2 =122
PQ2 =144 - 25
PQ = cm.
Q4 :
Draw a circle and two lines parallel to a given line such that one is a tangent and the other, a secant to the
circle.
Answer :
It can be observed that AB and CD are two parallel lines. Line AB is intersecting the circle at exactly two points, P
and Q. Therefore, line AB is the secant of this circle. Since line CD is intersecting the circle at exactly one point, R,
line CD is the tangent to the circle.
From a point Q, the length of the tangent to a circle is 24 cm and the distance of Q from the centre is 25 cm.
The radius of the circle is
(A) 7 cm (B) 12 cm
(C) 15 cm (D) 24.5 cm
Answer :
Given that,
OQ = 25cm and PQ = 24 cm
Therefore, OP ⊥ PQ
OP2 = 49
OP = 7
Q2 :
In the given figure, if TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with centre O so that ∠POQ = 110 , then
∠PTQ is equal to
(A) 60 (B) 70
(C) 80 (D) 90
Answer :
Thus, OP ⊥ TP and OQ ⊥ TQ
∠OPT = 90 º
∠OQT = 90 º
In quadrilateral POQT,
⇒ PTQ = 70
Q3 :
If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a circle with centre O are inclined to each other an angle of 80 ,
then ∠POA is equal to
(A) 50 (B) 60
(C) 70 (D) 80
Answer :
Therefore, the radius drawn to these tangents will be perpendicular to the tangents.
Thus, OA ⊥ PA and OB ⊥ PB
∠OBP = 90 º
∠OAP = 90 º
In AOBP,
∠BOA = 100
OP = OP (Common side)
A ↔ B, P ↔ P, O ↔ O
Q4 :
Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a circle are parallel.
Answer :
Let AB be a diameter of the circle. Two tangents PQ and RS are drawn at points A and B respectively.
Thus, OA ⊥ RS and OB ⊥ PQ
∠ OAR = 90º
∠ OAS = 90º
∠ OBP = 90º
∠ OBQ = 90º
Since alternate interior angles are equal, lines PQ and RS will be parallel.
Q5 :
Prove that the perpendicular at the point of contact to the tangent to a circle passes through the centre.
Answer :
Let us consider a circle with centre O. Let AB be a tangent which touches the circle at P.
We have to prove that the line perpendicular to AB at P passes through centre O. We shall prove this by contradiction
method.
Let us assume that the perpendicular to AB at P does not pass through centre O. Let it pass through another point O'.
Join OP and O'P.
O is the centre of the circle and P is the point of contact. We know the line joining the centre and the point of contact
to the tangent of the circle are perpendicular to each other.
Therefore, ∠ O'PB = ∠ OPB is not possible. It is only possible, when the line O'P coincides with OP.
The length of a tangent from a point A at distance 5 cm from the centre of the circle is 4 cm. Find the radius
of the circle.
Answer :
Given that,
OA = 5cm and AB = 4 cm
In ΔABO,
42 + BO2 = 52
16 + BO2 = 25
BO2 = 9
BO = 3
Q7 :
Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord of the larger circle which
touches the smaller circle.
Answer :
Let the two concentric circles be centered at point O. And let PQ be the chord of the larger circle which touches the
smaller circle at point A. Therefore, PQ is tangent to the smaller circle.
32 + AP2 = 52
9 + AP2 = 25
AP2 = 16
AP = 4
In ΔOPQ,
Since OA ⊥ PQ,
PQ = 2AP = 2 × 4 = 8
Q8 :
A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle (see given figure) Prove that AB + CD = AD + BC
Answer :
DR + CR + BP + AP = DS + CQ + BQ + AS
CD + AB = AD + BC
Q9 :
In the given figure, XY and X'Y' are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another tangent AB
with point of contact C intersecting XY at A and X'Y' at B. Prove that ∠AOB=90 .
Answer :
AO = AO (Common side)
Therefore, P ↔ C, A ↔ A, O ↔ O
∠COA + ∠COB = 90 º
∠AOB = 90°
Q10 :
Prove that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is supplementary to
the angle subtended by the line-segment joining the points of contact at the centre.
Answer :
Let us consider a circle centered at point O. Let P be an external point from which two tangents PA and PB are drawn
to the circle which are touching the circle at point A and B respectively and AB is the line segment, joining point of
contacts A and B together such that it subtends ∠ AOB at center O of the circle.
OA (radius) ⊥ PA (tangent)
∠ OBP = 90°
In quadrilateral OAPB,
Hence, it can be observed that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is
supplementary to the angle subtended by the line-segment joining the points of contact at the centre.
Q11 :
Answer :
AB = CD ...(1)
BC = AD ...(2)
DR + CR + BP + AP = DS + CQ + BQ + AS
CD + AB = AD + BC
On putting the values of equations (1) and (2) in this equation, we obtain
2AB = 2BC
AB = BC ...(3)
AB = BC = CD = DA
Q12 :
A triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 4 cm such that the segments BD and DC into
which BC is divided by the point of contact D are of lengths 8 cm and 6 cm respectively (see given figure).
Find the sides AB and AC.
Answer :
Let the given circle touch the sides AB and AC of the triangle at point E and F respectively and the length of the line
segment AF be x.
In ABC,
AB = AE + EB = x + 8
BC = BD + DC = 8 + 6 = 14
CA = CF + FA = 6 + x
2s = AB + BC + CA
= x + 8 + 14 + 6 + x
= 28 + 2x
s = 14 + x
Area of ΔOBC =
Area of ΔOCA =
Area of ΔOAB =
Either x+14 = 0 or x - 7 =0
Therefore, x = - 14and 7
Therefore, x = 7
Hence, AB = x + 8 = 7 + 8 = 15 cm
CA = 6 + x = 6 + 7 = 13 cm
Q13 :
Prove that opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles at the
centre of the circle.
Answer :
Let ABCD be a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle centered at O such that it touches the circle at point P, Q, R, S.
Let us join the vertices of the quadrilateral ABCD to the center of the circle.
OA = OA (Common side)
∠1=∠8
Similarly,
∠2=∠3
∠4=∠5
∠6=∠7
∠ 1 + ∠ 2 + ∠ 3 + ∠ 4 + ∠ 5 + ∠ 6 + ∠ 7 + ∠ 8 = 360º
(∠ 1 + ∠ 8) + (∠ 2 + ∠ 3) + (∠ 4 + ∠ 5) + (∠ 6 + ∠ 7) = 360º
2∠ 1 + 2∠ 2 + 2∠ 5 + 2∠ 6 = 360º
(∠ 1 + ∠ 2) + (∠ 5 + ∠ 6) = 180º
Hence, opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles at the centre of the
circle.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Unit 11
Constructions Class 10
Unit 11 Constructions Exercise 11.1, 11.2 Solutions
Draw a line segment of length 7.6 cm and divide it in the ratio 5:8. Measure the two parts. Give the
justification of the construction.
Answer :
A line segment of length 7.6 cm can be divided in the ratio of 5:8 as follows.
Step 1 Draw line segment AB of 7.6 cm and draw a ray AX making an acute angle with line segment AB.
Step 2 Locate 13 (= 5 + 8) points, A1, A2, A3, A4 …….. A13, on AX such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 and so on.
Step 4 Through the point A5, draw a line parallel to BA13 (by making an angle equal to ∠AA13B) at A5 intersecting AB at
point C.
C is the point dividing line segment AB of 7.6 cm in the required ratio of 5:8.
The lengths of AC and CB can be measured. It comes out to 2.9 cm and 4.7 cm respectively.
Justification
By construction, we have A5C || A13B. By applying Basic proportionality theorem for the triangle AA13B, we obtain
… (1)
From the figure, it can be observed that AA5 and A5A13 contain 5 and 8 equal divisions of line segments respectively.
… (2)
Q2 :
Construct a triangle of sides 4 cm, 5cm and 6cm and then a triangle similar to it whose sides are of the
corresponding sides of the first triangle.
Answer :
Step 1
Draw a line segment AB = 4 cm. Taking point A as centre, draw an arc of 5 cm radius. Similarly, taking point B as its
centre, draw an arc of 6 cm radius. These arcs will intersect each other at point C. Now, AC = 5 cm and BC = 6 cm
and ΔABC is the required triangle.
Step 2
Draw a ray AX making an acute angle with line AB on the opposite side of vertex C.
Step 3
Locate 3 points A1, A2, A3 (as 3 is greater between 2 and 3) on line AX such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3.
Step 4
Join BA3 and draw a line through A2 parallel to BA3 to intersect AB at point B'.
Step 5
∠ = ∠BAC (Common)
… (1)
Q3 :
Construct a triangle with sides 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm and then another triangle whose sides are of the
corresponding sides of the first triangle.
Answer :
Step 1
Draw a line segment AB of 5 cm. Taking A and B as centre, draw arcs of 6 cm and 7 cm radius respectively. Let
these arcs intersect each other at point C. ΔABC is the required triangle having length of sides as 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7
cm respectively.
Step 2
Draw a ray AX making acute angle with line AB on the opposite side of vertex C.
Step 3
Locate 7 points, A1, A2, A3, A4 A5, A6, A7 (as 7 is greater between 5and 7), on line AX such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 =
A3A4 = A4A5 = A5A6 = A6A7.
Step 4
Join BA5 and draw a line through A7 parallel to BA5 to intersect extended line segment AB at point B'.
Step 5
Draw a line through B' parallel to BC intersecting the extended line segment AC at C'. ΔAB'C' is the required triangle.
Justification
… (1)
Q4 :
Construct an isosceles triangle whose base is 8 cm and altitude 4 cm and then another triangle whose side
Answer :
Let us assume that ΔABC is an isosceles triangle having CA and CB of equal lengths, base AB of 8 cm, and AD is
the altitude of 4 cm.
Step 1
Draw a line segment AB of 8 cm. Draw arcs of same radius on both sides of the line segment while taking point A and
B as its centre. Let these arcs intersect each other at O and O'. Join OO'. Let OO' intersect AB at D.
Step 2
Taking D as centre, draw an arc of 4 cm radius which cuts the extended line segment OO' at point C. An isosceles
ΔABC is formed, having CD (altitude) as 4 cm and AB (base) as 8 cm.
Step 3
Draw a ray AX making an acute angle with line segment AB on the opposite side of vertex C.
Step 4
Locate 3 points (as 3 is greater between 3 and 2) A1, A2, and A3 on AX such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3.
Step 5
Join BA2 and draw a line through A3 parallel to BA2 to intersect extended line segment AB at point B'.
Step 6
Draw a line through B' parallel to BC intersecting the extended line segment AC at C'. ΔAB'C' is the required triangle.
Justification
… (1)
⇒
This justifies the construction.
Q5 :
Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 6 cm, AB = 5 cm and ∠ABC = 60°. Then construct a triangle whose sides
Answer :
A ΔA'BC' whose sides are of the corresponding sides of ΔABC can be drawn as follows.
Step 1
Step 2
Draw a ray BX making an acute angle with BC on the opposite side of vertex A.
Step 3
Locate 4 points (as 4 is greater in 3 and 4), B1, B2, B3, B4, on line segment BX.
Step 4
Join B4C and draw a line through B3, parallel to B4C intersecting BC at C'.
Step 5
Draw a line through C' parallel to AC intersecting AB at A'. ΔA'BC' is the required triangle.
Justification
… (1)
Q6 :
Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 7 cm, ∠B = 45°, ∠A = 105°. Then, construct a triangle whose sides are
times the corresponding side of ΔABC. Give the justification of the construction.
Answer :
∠B = 45°, ∠A = 105°
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∠C = 180° - 150°
∠C = 30°
Step 2
Draw a ray BX making an acute angle with BC on the opposite side of vertex A.
Step 3
Locate 4 points (as 4 is greater in 4 and 3), B1, B2, B3, B4, on BX.
Step 4
Join B3C. Draw a line through B4 parallel to B3C intersecting extended BC at C'.
Step 5
Through C', draw a line parallel to AC intersecting extended line segment at C'. ΔA'BC' is the required triangle.
Justification
… (1)
Q7 :
Draw a right triangle in which the sides (other than hypotenuse) are of lengths 4 cm and 3 cm. the construct
another triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of the given triangle. Give the justification
of the construction.
Answer :
It is given that sides other than hypotenuse are of lengths 4 cm and 3 cm. Clearly, these will be perpendicular to each
other.
Step 1
Draw a line segment AB = 4 cm. Draw a ray SA making 90° with it.
Step 2
Draw an arc of 3 cm radius while taking A as its centre to intersect SA at C. Join BC. ΔABC is the required triangle.
Step 3
Step 4
Locate 5 points (as 5 is greater in 5 and 3), A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, on line segment AX such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 = A3A4 =
A4A5.
Step 5
Join A3B. Draw a line through A5 parallel to A3B intersecting extended line segment AB at B'.
Step 6
Through B', draw a line parallel to BC intersecting extended line segment AC at C'. ΔAB'C' is the required triangle.
Justification
… (1)
Draw a circle of radius 6 cm. From a point 10 cm away from its centre, construct the pair of tangents to the
circle and measure their lengths. Give the justification of the construction.
Answer :
Step 1
Taking any point O of the given plane as centre, draw a circle of 6 cm radius. Locate a point P, 10 cm away from O.
Join OP.
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Justification
The construction can be justified by proving that PQ and PR are the tangents to the circle (whose centre is O and
radius is 6 cm). For this, join OQ and OR.
∠ PQO is an angle in the semi-circle. We know that angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
∴ ∠ PQO = 90°
⇒ OQ ⊥ PQ
Since OQ is the radius of the circle, PQ has to be a tangent of the circle. Similarly, PR is a tangent of the circle.
Q2 :
Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric circle of radius 6 cm and
measure its length. Also verify the measurement by actual calculation. Give the justification of the
construction.
Answer :
Step 1
Step 2
Draw a circle of 6 cm radius taking O as its centre. Locate a point P on this circle and join OP.
Step 3
Step 4
Taking M as its centre and MO as its radius, draw a circle. Let it intersect the given circle at the points Q and R.
Step 5
In ΔPQO,
Since PQ is a tangent,
∠PQO = 90°
PO = 6 cm
QO = 4 cm
PQ2 + 16 = 36
PQ2 = 36 - 16
PQ2 = 20
PQ
PQ = 4.47 cm
Justification
The construction can be justified by proving that PQ and PR are the tangents to the circle (whose centre is O and
radius is 4 cm). For this, let us join OQ and OR.
∠PQO is an angle in the semi-circle. We know that angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
∴ ∠PQO = 90°
⇒ OQ ⊥ PQ
Since OQ is the radius of the circle, PQ has to be a tangent of the circle. Similarly, PR is a tangent of the circle.
Q3 :
Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. Take two points P and Q on one of its extended diameter each at a distance of 7
cm from its centre. Draw tangents to the circle from these two points P and Q. Give the justification of the
construction.
Answer :
Step 1
Taking any point O on the given plane as centre, draw a circle of 3 cm radius.
Step 2
Take one of its diameters, PQ, and extend it on both sides. Locate two points on this diameter such that OR = OS = 7
cm
Step 3
Step 4
Taking T and U as its centre and with TO and UO as radius, draw two circles. These two circles will intersect the
circle at point V, W, X, Y respectively. Join RV, RW, SX, and SY. These are the required tangents.
Justification
The construction can be justified by proving that RV, RW, SY, and SX are the tangents to the circle (whose centre is
O and radius is 3 cm). For this, join OV, OW, OX, and OY.
∠ RVO is an angle in the semi-circle. We know that angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
∴ ∠ RVO = 90°
⇒ OV ⊥ RV
Q4 :
Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 5 cm which are inclined to each other at an angle of 60°. Give the
justification of the construction.
Answer :
Step 1
Step 2
Take a point A on the circumference of the circle and join OA. Draw a perpendicular to OA at point A.
Step 3
Draw a radius OB, making an angle of 120° (180° - 60°) with OA.
Step 4
Draw a perpendicular to OB at point B. Let both the perpendiculars intersect at point P. PA and PB are the required
tangents at an angle of 60°.
Justification
By our construction
∠ OAP = 90°
∠ OBP = 90°
∠ APB = 60°
Q5 :
Draw a line segment AB of length 8 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius 4 cm and taking B as
centre, draw another circle of radius 3 cm. Construct tangents to each circle from the centre of the other
circle. Give the justification of the construction.
Answer :
Step 1
Draw a line segment AB of 8 cm. Taking A and B as centre, draw two circles of 4 cm and 3 cm radius.
Step 2
Bisect the line AB. Let the mid-point of AB be C. Taking C as centre, draw a circle of AC radius which will intersect
the circles at points P, Q, R, and S. Join BP, BQ, AS, and AR. These are the required tangents.
Justification
The construction can be justified by proving that AS and AR are the tangents of the circle (whose centre is B and
radius is 3 cm) and BP and BQ are the tangents of the circle (whose centre is A and radius is 4 cm). For this, join AP,
AQ, BS, and BR.
∠ ASB is an angle in the semi-circle. We know that an angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
∴ ∠ ASB = 90°
⇒ BS ⊥ AS
Since BS is the radius of the circle, AS has to be a tangent of the circle. Similarly, AR, BP, and BQ are the tangents.
Q6 :
Draw a circle with the help of a bangle. Take a point outside the circle. Construct the pair of tangents from
this point to the circles. Give the justification of the construction.
Answer :
Step 1
Step 2
Take a point P outside this circle and take two chords QR and ST.
Step 3
Draw perpendicular bisectors of these chords. Let them intersect each other at point O.
Step 4
Join PO and bisect it. Let U be the mid-point of PO. Taking U as centre, draw a circle of radius OU, which will
intersect the circle at V and W. Join PV and PW.
Justification
The construction can be justified by proving that PV and PW are the tangents to the circle. For this, first of all, it has
to be proved that O is the centre of the circle. Let us join OV and OW.
We know that perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre. Therefore, the perpendicular bisector of
chords QR and ST pass through the centre. It is clear that the intersection point of these perpendicular bisectors is
the centre of the circle. ∠ PVO is an angle in the semi-circle. We know that an angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
∴ ∠ PVO = 90°
⇒ OV ⊥ PV
Since OV is the radius of the circle, PV has to be a tangent of the circle. Similarly, PW is a tangent of the circle.
Q7 :
Let ABC be a right triangle in which AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm and ∠ B = 90°. BD is the perpendicular from B on
AC. The circle through B, C, and D is drawn. Construct the tangents from A to this circle. Give the
justification of the construction.
Answer :
Consider the following situation. If a circle is drawn through B, D, and C, BC will be its diameter as ∠ BDC is of
measure 90°. The centre E of this circle will be the mid-point of BC.
The required tangents can be constructed on the given circle as follows.
Step 1
Step 2
Taking F as centre and FE as its radius, draw a circle which will intersect the circle at point B and G. Join AG.
Justification
The construction can be justified by proving that AG and AB are the tangents to the circle. For this, join EG.
∠ AGE is an angle in the semi-circle. We know that an angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
∴ ∠ AGE = 90°
⇒ EG ⊥ AG
⇒ AB ⊥ BE
The radii of two circles are 19 cm and 9 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle which has
circumference equal to the sum of the circumferences of the two circles.
Answer :
Given that,
Therefore, the radius of the circle which has circumference equal to the sum of the circumference of the given two
circles is 28 cm.
Q2 :
The radii of two circles are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle having area equal to the
sum of the areas of the two circles.
Answer :
However, the radius cannot be negative. Therefore, the radius of the circle having area equal to the sum of the areas
of the two circles is 10 cm.
Q3 :
Given figure depicts an archery target marked with its five scoring areas from the centre outwards as Gold,
Red, Blue, Black and White. The diameter of the region representing Gold score is 21 cm and each of the
other bands is 10.5 cm wide. Find the area of each of the five scoring regions.
Answer :
21 cm
= 31.5 cm
= 42 cm
= 52.5 cm
Therefore, areas of gold, red, blue, black, and white regions are 346.5 cm2, 1039.5 cm2, 1732.5 cm2, 2425.5 cm2, and
3118.5 cm2 respectively.
Q4 :
The wheels of a car are of diameter 80 cm each. How many complete revolutions does each wheel make in 10
Answer :
= 2π (40) = 80π cm
= 110000 × 10 = 1100000 cm
Q5 :
Tick the correct answer in the following and justify your choice: If the perimeter and the area of a circle are
numerically equal, then the radius of the circle is
Answer :
Given that, the circumference of the circle and the area of the circle are equal.
2=r
Find the area of a sector of a circle with radius 6 cm if angle of the sector is 60°.
Answer :
Let OACB be a sector of the circle making 60° angle at centre O of the circle.
Therefore, the area of the sector of the circle making 60° at the centre of the circle is
Q2 :
Circumference = 22 cm
2πr = 22
Quadrant of circle will subtend 90° angle at the centre of the circle.
Q3 :
The length of the minute hand of a clock is 14 cm. Find the area swept by the minute hand in 5
minutes.
Answer :
We know that in 1 hour (i.e., 60 minutes), the minute hand rotates 360°.
In 5 minutes, minute hand will rotate =
Therefore, the area swept by the minute hand in 5 minutes will be the area of a sector of 30° in a circle of 14 cm
radius.
Q4 :
A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm subtends a right angle at the centre. Find the area of the corresponding:
[Use π = 3.14]
Answer :
Let AB be the chord of the circle subtending 90° angle at centre O of the circle.
Area of ΔOAB =
= 50 cm2
Q5 :
In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Find:
Answer :
= 22 cm
In ΔOAB,
∠OAB = 60°
Area of ΔOAB =
Q6 :
A chord of a circle of radius 15 cm subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Find the areas of the
corresponding minor and major segments of the circle.
Answer :
Radius (r) of circle = 15 cm
In ΔOPQ,
2 ∠OPQ = 120°
∠OPQ = 60°
Area of ΔOPQ =
= 117.75 - 97.3125
= 20.4375 cm2
Q7 :
A chord of a circle of radius 12 cm subtends an angle of 120° at the centre. Find the area of the
corresponding segment of the circle.
Answer :
Let us draw a perpendicular OV on chord ST. It will bisect the chord ST.
SV = VT
In ΔOVS,
Area of ΔOST =
= 150.72 - 62.28
= 88.44 cm2
Q8 :
A horse is tied to a peg at one corner of a square shaped grass field of side 15 m by means of a 5 m long
rope (see the given figure). Find
(i) The area of that part of the field in which the horse can graze.
(ii) The increase in the grazing area of the rope were 10 m long instead of 5 m.
Answer :
From the figure, it can be observed that the horse can graze a sector of 90° in a circle of 5 m radius.
Area that can be grazed by the horse when length of rope is 10 m long
Increase in grazing area = (78.5 - 19.625) m2
= 58.875 m2
Q9 :
A brooch is made with silver wire in the form of a circle with diameter 35 mm. The wire is also used in making
5 diameters which divide the circle into 10 equal sectors as shown in figure. Find.
Answer :
Total length of wire required will be the length of 5 diameters and the circumference of the brooch.
Radius of circle =
= 110 mm
It can be observed from the figure that each of 10 sectors of the circle is subtending 36° at the centre of the circle.
Therefore, area of each sector =
Q10 :
An umbrella has 8 ribs which are equally spaced (see figure). Assuming umbrella to be a flat circle of radius
45 cm, find the area between the two consecutive ribs of the umbrella.
Answer :
There are 8 ribs in an umbrella. The area between two consecutive ribs is subtending at the centre of
the assumed flat circle.
A car has two wipers which do not overlap. Each wiper has blade of length 25 cm sweeping through an angle
of 115°. Find the total area cleaned at each sweep of the blades.
Answer :
It can be observed from the figure that each blade of wiper will sweep an area of a sector of 115° in a circle of 25 cm
radius.
Q12 :
To warn ships for underwater rocks, a lighthouse spreads a red coloured light over a sector of angle 80° to a
distance of 16.5 km. Find the area of the sea over which the ships warned. [Use π = 3.14]
Answer :
It can be observed from the figure that the lighthouse spreads light across a
Q13 :
A round table cover has six equal designs as shown in figure. If the radius of the cover is 28 cm, find the cost
Answer :
Consider segment APB. Chord AB is a side of the hexagon. Each chord will substitute at the centre of
the circle.
In ΔOAB,
∠AOB = 60°
∠OAB = 60°
Area of ΔOAB =
= 333.2 cm2
Q14 :
Q15 :
Answer :
Find the area of the shaded region in the given figure, if radii of the two concentric circles with centre O are 7
Answer :
=40°360°×π(14)2 - 40°
Q2 :
Find the area of the shaded region in the given figure, if ABCD is a square of side 14 cm and APD and BPC
are semicircles.
Answer :
It can be observed from the figure that the radius of each semi-circle is 7 cm.
Q3 :
Find the area of the shaded region in the given figure, where a circular arc of radius 6 cm has been drawn
Answer :
Area of
Area of shaded region = Area of ΔOAB + Area of circle - Area of sector OCDE
Q4 :
From each corner of a square of side 4 cm a quadrant of a circle of radius 1 cm is cut and also a circle of
diameter 2 cm is cut as shown in the given figure. Find the area of the remaining portion of the
square.
Answer :
Area of the shaded region = Area of square - Area of circle - 4 × Area of quadrant
Q5 :
In a circular table cover of radius 32 cm, a design is formed leaving an equilateral triangle ABC in the middle
as shown in the given figure. Find the area of the design (Shaded region).
Answer :
Radius (r) of circle = 32 cm
AD = 48 cm
In ΔABD,
Q6 :
In the given figure, ABCD is a square of side 14 cm. With centres A, B, C and D, four circles are drawn such
that each circle touches externally two of the remaining three circles. Find the area of the shaded
region.
Answer :
Area of each of the 4 sectors is equal to each other and is a sector of 90° in a circle of 7 cm radius.
Area of each sector
Q7 :
Thegivenfigure depicts a racing track whose left and right ends are semicircular.
The distance between the two inner parallel line segments is 60 m and they are each 106 m long. If the track
is 10 m wide, find:
(i) The distance around the track along its inner edge
Answer :
Distance around the track along its inner edge = AB + arc BEC + CD + arc DFA
Area of the track = (Area of GHIJ - Area of ABCD) + (Area of semi-circle HKI - Area of semi-circle BEC) + (Area of
semi-circle GLJ - Area of semi-circle
AFD)
Q8 :
In the given figure, AB and CD are two diameters of a circle (with centre O) perpendicular to each other and
OD is the diameter of the smaller circle. If OA = 7 cm, find the area of the shaded region.
Answer :
Q9 :
The area of an equilateral triangle ABC is 17320.5 cm2. With each vertex of the triangle as centre, a circle is
drawn with radius equal to half the length of the side of the triangle (See the given figure). Find the area of
Answer :
Q10 :
On a square handkerchief, nine circular designs each of radius 7 cm are made (see the given figure). Find the
From the figure, it can be observed that the side of the square is 42 cm.
Area of the remaining portion of the handkerchief = 1764 - 1386 = 378 cm2
Q11 :
In the given figure, OACB is a quadrant of circle with centre O and radius 3.5 cm. If OD = 2 cm, find the area
of the
Answer :
Q12 :
In the given figure, a square OABC is inscribed in a quadrant OPBQ. If OA = 20 cm, find the area of the
shaded region. [Use À = 3.14]
Answer :
In ΔOAB,
= (20)2 + (20)2
= 228 cm2
Q13 :
AB and CD are respectively arcs of two concentric circles of radii 21 cm and 7 cm and centre O (see the
given figure). If ∠AOB = 30°, find the area of the shaded region.
Answer :
Area of the shaded region = Area of sector OAEB - Area of sector OCFD
Q14 :
In the given figure, ABC is a quadrant of a circle of radius 14 cm and a semicircle is drawn with BC as
Answer :
In ΔABC,
= (14)2 + (14)2
Area of
Area of sector
= 154 - (154
- 98)
= 98 cm2
Q15 :
Calculate the area of the designed region in the given figure common between the two quadrants of circles of
radius 8 cm each.
Answer :
The designed area is the common region between two sectors BAEC and DAFC.
Area of sector
Area of ΔBAC
Q16 :
Calculate the area of the designed region in the given figure common between the two quadrants of circles of
radius 8 cm each.
Answer :
The designed area is the common region between two sectors BAEC and DAFC.
Area of sector
Area of ΔBAC
2 cubes each of volume 64 cm3 are joined end to end. Find the surface area of the
resulting cuboids.
Answer:
Given that,
(Edge) 3 = 64
Edge = 4 cm
If cubes are joined end to end, the dimensions of the resulting cuboid will be 4 cm, 4 cm,
8 cm.
Question 2:
A vessel is in the form of a hollow hemisphere mounted by a hollow cylinder. The
diameter of the hemisphere is 14 cm and the total height of the vessel is 13 cm. Find
Answer:
It can be observed that radius (r) of the cylindrical part and the hemispherical part is the
same (i.e., 7 cm).
Inner surface area of the vessel = CSA of cylindrical part + CSA of hemispherical part
Question 3:
A toy is in the form of a cone of radius 3.5 cm mounted on a hemisphere of same
radius. The total height of the toy is 15.5 cm. Find the total surface area of the toy.
Answer:
It can be observed that the radius of the conical part and the hemispherical part is same
(i.e., 3.5 cm).
Total surface area of toy = CSA of conical part + CSA of hemispherical part
Question 4:
A cubical block of side 7 cm is surmounted by a hemisphere. What is the greatest
diameter the hemisphere can have? Find the surface area of the solid.
Answer:
From the figure, it can be observed that the greatest diameter possible for such
hemisphere is equal to the cube’s edge, i.e., 7cm.
Total surface area of solid = Surface area of cubical part + CSA of hemispherical part
= 6 (Edge)2 − = 6 (Edge)2 +
Question 5:
A hemispherical depression is cut out from one face of a cubical wooden block such
that the diameter l of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the cube. Determine the
surface area of the remaining solid.
Answer:
Total surface area of solid = Surface area of cubical part + CSA of hemispherical part
= 6 (Edge)2 − = 6 (Edge)2 +
Question 6:
A medicine capsule is in the shape of cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of
its ends (see the given figure). The length of the entire capsule is 14 mm and the
Answer:
Question 7:
A tent is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a conical top. If the height and
diameter of the cylindrical part are 2.1 m and 4 m respectively, and the slant height of
the top is 2.8 m, find the area of the canvas used for making the tent. Also, find the
cost of the canvas of the tent at the rate of Rs 500 per m2. (Note that the base of the
Answer:
Given that,
Question 8:
From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm, a conical cavity of
the same height and same diameter is hollowed out. Find the total surface area of the
Answer:
Given that,
Height (h) of the conical part = Height (h) of the cylindrical part = 2.4 cm
The total surface area of the remaining solid to the nearest cm2 is 18 cm2.
Question 9:
A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each end of a solid
cylinder, as shown in given figure. If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm, and its base is
of radius 3.5 cm, find the total surface area of the article.
Answer:
Given that,
Radius (r) of cylindrical part = Radius (r) of hemispherical part = 3.5 cm
Exercise 13.2
Question 1:
A solid is in the shape of a cone standing on a hemisphere with both their radii being
equal to 1 cm and the height of the cone is equal to its radius. Find the volume of the
solid in terms of π.
Answer:
Given that,
Question 2:
Rachel, an engineering student, was asked to make a model shaped like a cylinder with
two cones attached at its two ends by using a thin aluminum sheet. The diameter of the
model is 3 cm and its length is 12 cm. if each cone has a height of 2 cm, find the
volume of air contained in the model that Rachel made. (Assume the outer and inner
Answer:
= 12 − 2 ×2 = 8 cm
Question 3:
A gulab jamun, contains sugar syrup up to about 30% of its volume. Find approximately
how much syrup would be found in 45 gulab jamuns, each shaped like a cylinder with
two hemispherical ends with length 5 cm and diameter 2.8 cm (see the given figure).
Answer:
Volume of one gulab jamun = Vol. of cylindrical part + 2 × Vol. of hemispherical part
Question 4:
A pen stand made of wood is in the shape of a cuboid with four conical depressions to
hold pens. The dimensions of the cuboids are 15 cm by 10 cm by 3.5 cm. The radius of
each of the depressions is 0.5 cm and the depth is 1.4 cm. Find the volume of wood in
Answer:
Question 5:
A vessel is in the form of an inverted cone. Its height is 8 cm and the radius of its top,
which is open, is 5 cm. It is filled with water up to the brim. When lead shots, each of
which is a sphere of radius 0.5 cm are dropped into the vessel, one-fourth of the water
flows out. Find the number of lead shots dropped in the vessel.
Answer:
Question 6:
A solid iron pole consists of a cylinder of height 220 cm and base diameter 24 cm,
which is surmounted by another cylinder of height 60 cm and radius 8 cm. Find the
mass of the pole, given that 1 cm3 of iron has approximately 8 g mass. [Use π = 3.14]
Answer:
Mass of 1 iron = 8 g
Question 7:
A solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 120 cm and radius 60 cm standing
on a hemisphere of radius 60 cm is placed upright in a right circular cylinder full of
water such that it touches the bottom. Find the volume of water left in the cylinder, if
Answer:
Question 8:
A spherical glass vessel has a cylindrical neck 8 cm long, 2 cm in diameter; the
diameter o the spherical part is 8.5 cm. By measuring the amount of water it holds, a
child finds its volume to be 345 cm3. Check whether she is correct, taking the above as
the inside measurements, and π = 3.14.
Answer:
Exercise 13.3
Question 1:
A metallic sphere of radius 4.2 cm is melted and recast into the shape of a cylinder of
radius 6 cm. Find the height of the cylinder.
Answer:
The object formed by recasting the hemisphere will be the same in volume.
Question 2:
Metallic spheres of radii 6 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm, respectively, are melted to form a
single solid sphere. Find the radius of the resulting sphere.
Answer:
The object formed by recasting these spheres will be same in volume as the sum of the
volumes of these spheres.
Question 3:
A 20 m deep well with diameter 7 m is dug and the earth from digging is evenly spread
Volume of soil dug from the well will be equal to the volume of soil scattered on the
platform.
Volume of soil from well = Volume of soil used to make such platform
Question 4:
A well of diameter 3 m is dug 14 m deep. The earth taken out of it has been spread
evenly all around it in the shape of a circular ring of width 4 m to form an embankment.
Find the height of the embankment.
Answer:
Width of embankment = 4 m
From the figure, it can be observed that our embankment will be in a cylindrical shape
Volume of soil dug from well = Volume of earth used to form embankment
Question 5:
A container shaped like a right circular cylinder having diameter 12 cm and height 15
cm is full of ice cream. The ice cream is to be filled into cones of height 12 cm and
diameter 6 cm, having a hemispherical shape on the top. Find the number of such
cones which can be filled with ice cream.
Answer:
Therefore, 10 ice-cream cones can be filled with the ice-cream in the container.
Question 6:
How many silver coins, 1.75 cm in diameter and of thickness 2 mm, must be melted to
Answer:
Question 7:
A cylindrical bucket, 32 cm high and with radius of base 18 cm, is filled with sand. This
bucket is emptied on the ground and a conical heap of sand is formed. If the height of
the conical heap is 24 cm. Find the radius and slant height of the heap.
Answer:
The volume of sand in the cylindrical bucket will be equal to the volume of sand in the
conical heap.
r2 = = 36 cm
Slant height =
Therefore, the radius and slant height of the conical heap are 36 cm and
respectively.
Question 8:
Water in canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing with a speed of 10 km/h. how much
area will it irrigate in 30 minutes, if 8 cm of standing water is needed?
Answer:
Volume of water that flows in 30 minutes from canal = 30 × 1500 = 45000 m3
Let the irrigated area be A. Volume of water irrigating the required area will be equal to
the volume of water that flowed in 30 minutes from the canal.
Vol. of water flowing in 30 minutes from canal = Vol. of water irrigating the reqd. area
A = 562500 m2
Question 9:
A farmer connects a pipe of internal diameter 20 cm form a canal into a cylindrical tank
in her field, which is 10 m in diameter and 2 m deep. If water flows through the pipe at
the rate of 3 km/h, in how much time will the tank be filled?
Answer:
Volume of water filled in tank in t minutes is equal to the volume of water flowed in t
minutes from the pipe.
Volume of water that flows in t minutes from pipe = Volume of water in tank
t × 0.5 = 52 ×2
t = 100
Exercise 13.4
Question 1:
A drinking glass is in the shape of a frustum of a cone of height 14 cm. The diameters
of its two circular ends are 4 cm and 2 cm. Find the capacity of the glass.
Answer:
Radius (r1) of
Radius (r2) of
Question 2:
The slant height of a frustum of a cone is 4 cm and the perimeters (circumference) of
its circular ends are 18 cm and 6 cm. find the curved surface area of the frustum.
Answer:
2Ï€r1 =18
2Ï€r2 = 6
Slant height (l) of frustum = 4 cm
Question 3:
A fez, the cap used by the Turks, is shaped like the frustum of a cone (see the figure
given below). If its radius on the open side is 10 cm, radius at the upper base is 4 cm
and its slant height is 15 cm, find the area of material use for making it.
Answer:
= π (10 + 4) 15 + π (4)2
= π (14) 15 + 16 π
Question 4:
A container, opened from the top and made up of a metal sheet, is in the form of a
frustum of a cone of height 16 cm with radii of its lower and upper ends as 8 cm and 20
cm respectively. Find the cost of the milk which can completely fill the container, at the
rate of Rs.20 per litre. Also find the cost of metal sheet used to make the container, if it
costs Rs.8 per 100 cm2. [Take π = 3.14]
Answer:
= Rs 209
= π (20 + 8) 20 + π (8)2
Therefore, the cost of the milk which can completely fill the container is
Rs 209 and the cost of metal sheet used to make the container is Rs 156.75.
Question 5:
A metallic right circular cone 20 cm high and whose vertical angle is 60° is cut into two
parts at the middle of its height by a plane parallel to its base. If the frustum so
obtained is drawn into a wire of diameter cm, find the length of the wire.
Answer:
In ΔAEG,
In ΔABD,
Volume of frustum
= (πr2) (l)
Exercise 13.5
Question 1:
A copper wire, 3 mm in diameter, is wound about a cylinder whose length is 12 cm, and
diameter 10 cm, so as to cover the curved surface of the cylinder. Find the length and
mass of the wire, assuming the density of copper to be 8.88 g per cm3.
Answer:
= 2πr = 2π × 5 = 10π
= 1257.14 cm = 12.57 m
Radius of wire
Volume of wire = Area of cross-section of wire × Length of wire
= π(0.15)2 × 1257.14
= 88.898 cm3
= 88.898 × 8.88
= 789.41 gm
Question 2:
A right triangle whose sides are 3 cm and 4 cm (other than hypotenuse) is made to
revolve about its hypotenuse. Find the volume and surface area of the double cone so
formed. (Choose value of π as found appropriate.)
Answer:
The double cone so formed by revolving this right-angled triangle ABC about its
hypotenuse is shown in the figure.
Hypotenuse
= 5 cm
Area of ΔABC
= 30.14 cm3
Surface area of double cone = Surface area of cone 1 + Surface area of cone 2
= πrl1 + πrl2
= 52.75 cm2
Question 3:
A cistern, internally measuring 150 cm × 120 cm × 110 cm, has 129600 cm3 of water in
it. Porous bricks are placed in the water until the cistern is full to the brim. Each brick
absorbs one-seventeenth of its own volume of water. How many bricks can be put in
without overflowing the water, each brick being 22.5 cm × 7.5 cm × 6.5 cm?
Answer:
= 1980000 cm3
Volume to be filled in cistern = 1980000 − 129600
= 1850400 cm3
= 1096.875n
As each brick absorbs one-seventeenth of its volume, therefore, volume absorbed by
these bricks
n = 1792.41
Question 4:
In one fortnight of a given month, there was a rainfall of 10 cm in a river valley. If the
area of the valley is 7280 km2, show that the total rainfall was approximately equivalent
to the addition to the normal water of three rivers each 1072 km long, 75 m wide and 3
m deep.
Answer:
If there was a rainfall of 10 cm in the valley then amount of rainfall in the valley = Area of
the valley × 10 cm
2
Amount of rainfall in the valley = 7280 km × 10 cm
=7280×1000m2×10100m=7280×105m3=7.28×108m3
= 1072000 × 75 × 3 m3
= 2.412 × 108 m3
= 3 × 2.412 × 108 m3
= 7.236 × 108 m3
Thus, the total rainfall is approximately same as the volume of the three rivers.
Question 5:
An oil funnel made of tin sheet consists of a 10 cm long cylindrical portion attached to
a frustum of a cone. If the total height is 22 cm, diameter of the cylindrical portion is 8
cm and the diameter of the top of the funnel is 18 cm, find the area of the tin sheet
required to make the funnel (see the given figure).
Answer:
part
Area of tin sheet required = CSA of frustum part + CSA of cylindrical part
Question 6:
Derive the formula for the curved surface area and total surface area of the frustum of
cone.
Answer:
Let ABC be a cone. A frustum DECB is cut by a plane parallel to its base. Let r1 and r2 be
the radii of the ends of the frustum of the cone and h be the height of the frustum of the
cone.
∴ ΔABG ∼ ΔADF
CSA of frustum =
Question 7:
Derive the formula for the volume of the frustum of a cone.
Answer:
Let ABC be a cone. A frustum DECB is cut by a plane parallel to its base.
Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the ends of the frustum of the cone and h be the height of the
frustum of the cone.
∴ ΔABG ∼ ΔADF
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Unit 14
Statistics Class 10
Unit 14 Statistics Exercise 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4 Solutions
A survey was conducted by a group of students as a part of their environment awareness programme, in
which they collected the following data regarding the number of plants in 20 houses in a locality. Find the
mean number of plants per house.
Number of houses 1 2 1 5 6 2 3
Which method did you use for finding the mean, and why?
Answer :
To find the class mark (xi) for each interval, the following relation is used.
(f )i
0-2 1 1 1×1=1
2-4 2 3 2×3=6
4-6 1 5 1×5=5
6-8 5 7 5 × 7 = 35
8 - 10 6 9 6 × 9 = 54
10 - 12 2 11 2 ×11 = 22
12 - 14 3 13 3 × 13 = 39
Total 20 162
From the table, it can be observed that
Mean,
Here, direct method has been used as the values of class marks (xi) and fi are small.
Q2 :
Daily wages (in Rs) 100 - 120 120 - 140 140 - 1 60 160 - 180 180 - 200
Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10
Find the mean daily wages of the workers of the factory by using an appropriate method.
Answer :
To find the class mark for each interval, the following relation is used.
Taking 150 as assured mean (a), di, ui, and fiui can be calculated as follows.
Daily wages
Number of workers (f ) i x i d = x - 150
i i fu
i i
(in Rs)
100 - 120 12 110 - 40 -2 - 24
120 - 140 14 130 - 20 -1 - 14
140 - 160 8 150 0 0 0
160 - 180 6 170 20 1 6
180 - 200 10 190 40 2 20
Total 50 - 12
From the table, it can be observed that
Therefore, the mean daily wage of the workers of the factory is Rs 145.20.
Q3 :
The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a locality. The mean pocket
allowance is Rs.18. Find the missing frequency f.
Number of workers 7 6 9 13 f 5 4
Answer :
To find the class mark (xi) for each interval, the following relation is used.
11 - 13 7 12 -6 - 42
13 - 15 6 14 -4 - 24
15 - 17 9 16 -2 - 18
17 - 19 13 18 0 0
19 - 21 f 20 2 2f
21 - 23 5 22 4 20
23 - 25 4 24 6 24
Total 2f - 40
Q4 :
Thirty women were examined in a hospital by a doctor and the number of heart beats per minute were
recorded and summarized as follows. Fine the mean heart beats per minute for these women, choosing a
suitable method.
Number of women 2 4 3 8 7 4 2
Answer :
To find the class mark of each interval (xi), the following relation is used.
Taking 75.5 as assumed mean (a), di, ui, fiui are calculated as follows.
Number of women
Number of heart beats per minute x i d = x - 75.5
i i fu
i i
f i
65 - 68 2 66.5 -9 -3 -6
68 - 71 4 69.5 -6 -2 -8
71 - 74 3 72.5 -3 -1 -3
74 - 77 8 75.5 0 0 0
77 - 80 7 78.5 3 1 7
80 - 83 4 81.5 6 2 8
83 - 86 2 84.5 9 3 6
Total 30 4
From the table, we obtain
Therefore, mean hear beats per minute for these women are 75.9 beats per minute.
Q5 :
In a retail market, fruit vendors were selling mangoes kept in packing boxes. These boxes contained varying
number of mangoes. The following was the distribution of mangoes according to the number of boxes.
Number of mangoes 50 - 52 53 - 55 56 - 58 59 - 61 62 - 64
Answer :
has to be added to the upper class limit and has to be subtracted from the lower class limit of each interval.
Taking 57 as assumed mean (a), di, ui, fiui are calculated as follows.
Class interval f i x i d = x - 57
i i fu
i i
49.5 - 52.5 15 51 -6 -2 - 30
52.5 - 55.5 110 54 -3 -1 - 110
55.5 - 58.5 135 57 0 0 0
58.5 - 61.5 115 60 3 1 115
61.5 - 64.5 25 63 6 2 50
Total 400 25
It can be observed that
Mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box is 57.19.
Step deviation method is used here as the values of fi, di are big and also, there is a common
Q6 :
The table below shows the daily expenditure on food of 25 households in a locality.
Daily expenditure (in Rs) 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300 300 - 350
Number of households 4 5 12 2 2
Find the mean daily expenditure on food by a suitable method.
Answer :
To find the class mark (xi) for each interval, the following relation is used.
Class size = 50
Taking 225 as assumed mean (a), di, ui, fiui are calculated as follows.
Q7 :
To find out the concentration of SO2 in the air (in parts per million, i.e., ppm), the data was collected for 30
localities in a certain city and is presented below:
Answer :
To find the class marks for each interval, the following relation is used.
Taking 0.14 as assumed mean (a), di, ui,fiui are calculated as follows.
f i x i
Q8 :
A class teacher has the following absentee record of 40 students of a class for the whole term. Find the mean
number of days a student was absent.
Number of students 11 10 7 4 4 3 1
Answer :
To find the class mark of each interval, the following relation is used.
f i
0-6 11 3 - 14 - 154
6 - 10 10 8 -9 - 90
10 - 14 7 12 -5 - 35
14 - 20 4 17 0 0
20 - 28 4 24 7 28
28 - 38 3 33 16 48
38 - 40 1 39 22 22
Total 40 - 181
From the table, we obtain
Therefore, the mean number of days is 12.48 days for which a student was absent.
Q9 :
The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities. Find the mean literacy rate.
Number of cities 3 10 11 8 3
Answer :
Taking 70 as assumed mean (a), di, ui, and fiui are calculated as follows.
f i
45 - 55 3 50 - 20 -2 -6
55 - 65 10 60 - 10 -1 - 10
65 - 75 11 70 0 0 0
75 - 85 8 80 10 1 8
85 - 95 3 90 20 2 6
Total 35 -2
From the table, we obtain
The following table shows the ages of the patients admitted in a hospital during a year:
Number of patients 6 11 21 23 14 5
Find the mode and the mean of the data given above. Compare and interpret the two measures of central
tendency.
Answer :
f i x i
5 - 15 6 10 - 20 - 120
15 - 25 11 20 - 10 - 110
25 - 35 21 30 0 0
35 - 45 23 40 10 230
45 - 55 14 50 20 280
55 - 65 5 60 30 150
Total 80 430
From the table, we obtain
Mean of this data is 35.38. It represents that on an average, the age of a patient admitted to hospital was 35.38
years.
It can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 23 belonging to class interval 35 - 45.
Modal class = 35 - 45
Mode =
Mode is 36.8. It represents that the age of maximum number of patients admitted in hospital was 36.8 years.
Q2 :
The following data gives the information on the observed lifetimes (in hours) of 225 electrical components:
Frequency 10 35 52 61 38 29
Determine the modal lifetimes of the components.
Answer :
From the data given above, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 61, belonging to class interval 60
- 80.
Q3 :
The following data gives the distribution of total monthly household expenditure of 200 families of a village.
Find the modal monthly expenditure of the families. Also, find the mean monthly expenditure.
Answer :
It can be observed from the given data that the maximum class frequency is 40, belonging to 1500 - 2000 intervals.
Taking 2750 as assumed mean (a), di, ui, and fiuiare calculated as follows.
f i
Q4 :
The following distribution gives the state-wise teacher-student ratio in higher secondary schools of India.
Find the mode and mean of this data. Interpret the two measures.
Answer :
It can be observed from the given data that the maximum class frequency is 10 belonging to class interval 30 - 35.
(f )
i
15 - 20 3 17.5 - 15 -3 -9
20 - 25 8 22.5 - 10 -2 - 16
25 - 30 9 27.5 -5 -1 -9
30 - 35 10 32.5 0 0 0
35 - 40 3 37.5 5 1 3
40 - 45 0 42.5 10 2 0
45 - 50 0 47.5 15 3 0
50 - 55 2 52.5 20 4 8
Total 35 - 23
It repre
Q5 :
The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by some top batsmen of the world in one-day
international cricket matches.
Answer :
From the given data, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 18, belonging to class interval 4000 -
5000.
Q6 :
A student noted the number of cars passing through a spot on a road for 100 periods each of 3 minutes and
summarised it in the table given below. Find the mode of the data:
Number of cars 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80
Frequency 7 14 13 12 20 11 15 8
Answer :
From the given data, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 20, belonging to 40 - 50 class intervals.
Therefore, modal class = 40 - 50
Class size = 10
The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of electricity of 68 consumers of a
locality. Find the median, mean and mode of the data and compare them.
Answer :
To find the class marks, the following relation is used.
Taking 135 as assumed mean (a), di, ui,fiui are calculated according to step deviation method as follows.
65 - 85 4 75 - 60 -3 - 12
85 - 105 5 95 - 40 -2 - 10
105 - 125 13 115 - 20 -1 - 13
125 - 145 20 135 0 0 0
145 - 165 14 155 20 1 14
165 - 185 8 175 40 2 16
185 - 205 4 195 60 3 12
Total 68 7
From the table, we obtain
From the table, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 20, belonging to class interval 125 - 145.
If the median of the distribution is given below is 28.5, find the values of x and y.
Answer :
45 + x + y = 60
x + y = 15 (1)
8 + y = 15
y=7
Q3 :
A life insurance agent found the following data for distribution of ages of 100 policy holders. Calculate the
median age, if policies are given only to persons having age 18 years onwards but less than 60 year.
Here, class width is not the same. There is no requirement of adjusting the frequencies according to class intervals.
The given frequency table is of less than type represented with upper class limits. The policies were given only to
persons with age 18 years onwards but less than 60 years. Therefore, class intervals with their respective cumulative
frequency can be defined as below.
Cumulative frequency (cf) just greater than is 78, belonging to interval 35 - 40.
Q4 :
The lengths of 40 leaves of a plant are measured correct to the nearest millimeter, and the data obtained is
represented in the following table:
118 - 126 3
127 - 135 5
136 - 144 9
145 - 153 12
154 - 162 5
163 - 171 4
172 - 180 2
Find the median length of the leaves.
(Hint: The data needs to be converted to continuous classes for finding the median, since the formula
assumes continuous classes. The classes then change to 117.5 - 126.5, 126.5 - 135.5… 171.5 - 180.5)
Answer :
The given data does not have continuous class intervals. It can be observed that the difference between two class
intervals is 1. Therefore, has to be added and subtracted to upper class limits and lower class limits
respectively.
Continuous class intervals with respective cumulative frequencies can be represented as follows.
From the table, it can be observed that the cumulative frequency just greater than is 29,
belonging to class interval 144.5 - 153.5.
Median
Q5 :
Find the following table gives the distribution of the life time of 400 neon lamps:
Answer :
It can be observed that the cumulative frequency just greater than is 216, belonging to class
interval 3000 - 3500.
Median
= 3406.976
Q6 :
100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directory and the frequency distribution of
the number of letters in the English alphabets in the surnames was obtained as follows:
Number of surnames 6 30 40 6 4 4
Determine the median number of letters in the surnames. Find the mean number of letters in the surnames?
Also, find the modal size of the surnames.
Answer :
The cumulative frequencies with their respective class intervals are as follows.
It can be observed that the cumulative frequency just greater than is 76, belonging to class
interval 7 - 10.
Median class = 7 - 10
Median
= 8.05
To find the class marks of the given class intervals, the following relation is used.
Taking 11.5 as assumed mean (a), di, ui, and fiui are calculated according to step deviation method as follows.
f i
1-4 6 2.5 -9 -3 - 18
4-7 30 5.5 -6 -2 - 60
7 - 10 40 8.5 -3 -1 - 40
10 - 13 16
Q7 :
The distribution below gives the weights of 30 students of a class. Find the median weight of the students.
Number of students 2 3 8 6 6 3 2
Answer :
The cumulative frequencies with their respective class intervals are as follows.
Cumulative frequency just greater than is 19, belonging to class interval 55 - 60.
Median class = 55 - 60
Median
= 56.67
Daily income (in Rs) 100 - 120 120 - 140 140 - 160 160 - 180 180 - 200
Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10
Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution, and draw its ogive.
Answer :
The frequency distribution table of less than type is as follows.
Q2 :
During the medical check-up of 35 students of a class, their weights were recorded as follows:
Answer :
Here, n = 35
So, = 17.5
Mark the point A whose ordinate is 17.5 and its x-coordinate is 46.5. Therefore, median of this data is 46.5.
It can be observed that the difference between two consecutive upper class limits is 2. The class marks with their
respective frequencies are obtained as below.
The cumulative frequency just greater than is 28, belonging to class interval 46 - 48.
Median class = 46 - 48
The following table gives production yield per hectare of wheat of 100 farms of a village.
Number of farms 2 8 12 24 38 16
Change the distribution to a more than type distribution and draw ogive.
Answer :
The cumulative frequency distribution of more than type can be obtained as follows.
Answer:
(i) 1
(iv) 1
(v) 0, 1
Question 2:
Which of the following experiments have equally likely outcomes? Explain.
(i) A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts or does not start.
(ii) A player attempts to shoot a basketball. She/he shoots or misses the shot.
(iii) A trial is made to answer a true-false question. The answer is right or wrong.
(iv) A baby is born. It is a boy or a girl.
Answer:
(i) It is not an equally likely event, as it depends on various factors such as whether the
car will start or not. And factors for both the conditions are not the same.
(ii) It is not an equally likely event, as it depends on the player’s ability and there is no
information given about that.
Question 3:
Why is tossing a coin considered to be a fair way of deciding which team should get the
ball at the beginning of a football game?
Answer:
When we toss a coin, the possible outcomes are only two, head or tail, which are equally
likely outcomes. Therefore, the result of an individual toss is completely unpredictable.
Question 4:
Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?
Answer:
Probability of an event (E) is always greater than or equal to 0. Also, it is always less than
or equal to one. This implies that the probability of an event cannot be negative or
greater than 1. Therefore, out of these alternatives, −1.5 cannot be a probability of an
event.
Hence, (B)
Question 5:
If P(E) = 0.05, what is the probability of ‘not E’?
Answer:
We know that,
Question 6:
A bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without
looking into the bag. What is the probability that she takes out
(i) an orange flavoured candy?
(ii) a lemon flavoured candy?
Answer:
(i) The bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. It does not contain any orange
flavoured candies. This implies that every time, she will take out only lemon flavoured
candies. Therefore, event that Malini will take out an orange flavoured candy is an
impossible event.
(ii)As the bag has lemon flavoured candies, Malini will take out only lemon flavoured
candies. Therefore, event that Malini will take out a lemon flavoured candy is a sure
event.
Question 7:
It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the
same birthday is 0.992. What is the probability that the 2 students have the same
birthday?
Answer:
Probability that two students are not having same birthday P ( ) = 0.992
= 0.008
Question 8:
A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag.
What is the probability that the ball drawn is (i) red? (ii) not red?
Answer:
Question 9:
A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is
taken out of the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be
(i) red? (ii) white? (iii) not green?
Answer:
= 17
Question 10:
A piggy bank contains hundred 50 p coins, fifty Rs 1 coins, twenty Rs 2 coins and ten
Rs 5 coins. If it is equally likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is
turned upside down, what is the probability that the coin
(i) Will be a 50 p coin?
(ii) Will not be a Rs.5 coin?
Answer:
= 180
Question 11:
Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out one fish at
random from a tank containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish (see the given figure).
What is the probability that the fish taken out is a male fish?
Answer:
= 5 + 8 = 13
Question 12:
A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of
the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see the given figure), and these are equally likely
outcomes. What is the probability that it will point at
(i) 8?
(ii) an odd number?
(iii) a number greater than 2?
(iv) a number less than 9?
Answer:
(i)
Question 13:
A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting
(i) a prime number;
(ii) a number lying between 2 and 6;
(iii) an odd number.
Answer:
Question 14:
One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
(i) a king of red colour
(ii) a face card
(iii) a red face card
(iv) the jack of hearts
(v) a spade
(vi) the queen of diamonds
Answer:
Question 15:
Five cards−−the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their
face downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card
picked up is (a) an ace? (b) a queen?
Answer:
(i) Total number of cards = 5
P (getting a queen)
(ii) When the queen is drawn and put aside, the total number of remaining cards will be 4.
P (getting an ace)
will be 0.
P (getting a queen) = 0
Question 16:
12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just
look at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random
from this lot. Determine the probability that the pen taken out is a good one.
Answer:
Question 17:
(i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot.
What is the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is
drawn at random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective?
Answer:
Question 18:
A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at
random from the box, find the probability that it bears
(i) a two-digit number
(ii) a perfect square number
(iii) a number divisible by 5.
Answer:
Total number of discs = 90
(ii) Perfect squares between 1 and 90 are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, and 81. Therefore,
total number of perfect squares between 1 and 90 is 9.
(iii) Numbers that are between 1 and 90 and divisible by 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,
45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, and 90. Therefore, total numbers divisible by 5 = 18
Question 19:
A child has a die whose six faces shows the letters as given below:
The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting (i) A? (ii) D?
Answer:
P (getting A)
P (getting D)
Question 20:
Suppose you drop a die at random on the rectangular region shown in the given figure.
What is the probability that it will land inside the circle with diameter 1 m?
Answer:
Question 21:
A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good. Nuri
will buy a pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one
pen at random and gives it to her. What is the probability that
(i) She will buy it?
(ii) She will not buy it?
Answer:
Question 22:
Two dice, one blue and one grey, are thrown at the same time.
(i) Write down all the possible outcomes and complete the following table:
Event:
1 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12
Sum of two dice 0 1
Probability
(ii) A student argues that ‘there are 11 possible outcomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
and 12. Therefore, each of them has a probability . Do you agree with this argument?
Answer:
To get the sum as 4, possible outcomes = (3, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2)
To get the sum as 5, possible outcomes = (4, 1), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2)
To get the sum as 6, possible outcomes = (5, 1), (1, 5), (2, 4), (4, 2),
(3, 3)
To get the sum as 7, possible outcomes = (6, 1), (1, 6), (2, 5), (5, 2),
(4, 4)
To get the sum as 9, possible outcomes = (3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 5), (5, 4)
To get the sum as 10, possible outcomes = (4, 6), (6, 4), (5, 5)
To get the sum as 11, possible outcomes = (5, 6), (6, 5)
Event:
1 1 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2
Sum of two dice
Probability
(ii)Probability of each of these sums will not be as these sums are not equally likely.
Question 23:
A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time.
Hanif wins if all the tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails, and
loses otherwise. Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game.
Answer:
Question 24:
A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that
(i) 5 will not come up either time?
(ii) 5 will come up at least once?
[Hint: Throwing a die twice and throwing two dice simultaneously are treated as the
same experiment].
Answer:
= 36
(i)Total number of outcomes when 5 comes up on either time are (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5,
4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (6, 5)
Question 25:
Which of the following arguments are correct and which are not correct? Give reasons
for your answer.
(i) If two coins are tossed simultaneously there are three possible outcomes−−two
heads, two tails or one of each. Therefore, for each of these outcomes, the probability
is .
(ii) If a die is thrown, there are two possible outcomes−−an odd number or an even
Answer:
(i) Incorrect
When two coins are tossed, the possible outcomes are (H, H), (H, T), (T, H), and (T, T). It
can be observed that there can be one of each in two possible ways − (H, T), (T, H).
Therefore, the probability of getting two heads is , the probability of getting two tails is
(ii) Correct
When a dice is thrown, the possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Out of these, 1, 3, 5
are odd and 2, 4, 6 are even numbers.
Exercise 15.2
Question 1:
Two customers Shyam and Ekta are visiting a particular shop in the same week
(Tuesday to Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on another
day. What is the probability that both will visit the shop on
(i) the same day? (ii) consecutive days? (iii) different days?
Answer:
There are a total of 5 days. Shyam can go to the shop in 5 ways and Ekta can go to the
shop in 5 ways.
i.e., (t, t), (w, w), (th, th), (f, f), (s, s)
(ii) They can reach on consecutive days in these 8 ways – (t, w), (w, th), (th, f), (f, s), (w, t),
(th, w), (f, th), (s, f).
Question 2:
A die is numbered in such a way that its faces show the number 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6. It is
thrown two times and the total score in two throws is noted. Complete the following
table which gives a few values of the total score on the two throws:
What is the probability that the total score is
(i) even? (ii) 6? (iii) at least 6?
Answer:
+ 1 2 2 3 3 6
1 2 3 3 4 4 7
2 3 4 4 5 5 8
2 3 4 4 5 5 8
3 4 5 5 6 6 9
3 4 5 5 6 6 9
6 7 8 8 9 9 12
Total number of possible outcomes when two dice are thrown = 6 × 6 = 36
P (getting sum as 6)
(iii) Total times when the sum is at least 6 (i.e., greater than 5) = 15
Question 3:
A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball
is double that of a red ball, determine the number of blue balls in the bag.
Answer:
Given that,
However, the number of balls cannot be negative.
Question 4:
A box contains 12 balls out of which x are black. If one ball is drawn at random from the
box, what is the probability that it will be a black ball?
If 6 more black balls are put in the box, the probability of drawing a black ball is now
double of what it was before. Find x.
Answer:
Question 5:
A jar contains 24 marbles, some are green and others are blue. If a marble is drawn at
random from the jar, the probability that it is green is . Find the number of blue balls
in the jar.
Answer: