Volume 7, Issue 5, May – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

A Literature Review: Agriculture & IoT Technology

and Land Analysis in our College Campus through
LoRaWAN Line-Up
Shweta Singh, Vipin Kumar Upaddhyay, S.K. Soni
Electronic and Communcation Engineering
Madan Mohan MalaviyaUniversity of Technology
Gorakhpur, India

Abstract:- Witht gainingt high. Acceptance., quick. LPWAN aims to providet long-ranget communicationst,
expansion and. increases in the Internet of Things (IoT) connecting devices which are distributed over a large
applications have expanded too many fields. One of the geographical area. It is an alternative option to M2M
trending fields for IoT growth is agriculture. In newest (Machine-to-Machine) communication using cellular mobile
years, a new agricultural information. and technologies. Most of the LPWAN operates in the ISM
communication. Technology. (ICT), called intelligent. (Industrialt, Scientifict, and Medicalt), unlicensed frequency
agriculturet, whicho meetso theo needso of farmers for band. The different frequencies are 169 MHz, 433MHz,
informationt collectiont, signalt processing, data analysis, 868/915 MHz, and 2.4 GHz which depend on the operating
and equipment control, has been developed. This work region. Its latency is high, therefore, it is not suitable for the
proposes an intelligent agricultural service platform that application in which delays are not tolerated or a high rate of
is based on a wireless sensor network and LoRa data transfer is required.
communicationt technologyt. This work uses LoRa as a
network transmission interface to solve the problem of LoRa stands for “Long Range”, is a long-range wireless
communications. failures and saves energys. An communication system that features low power operation i.e.
agriculturalt intelligent. agriculture. service platform is around 10 years of batteryt lifetimet, low data rate i.e. 27
developed to supporto environmental monitoring and kb/s, and long communicationt ranget (2-5 km in urbant areas
improve agricultural management efficiency. This paper and 15 km in rural areas). Its spreading factor is 7. It is
presents a organized literature review of IoT technologies promoted by LoRa Alliance.
and their current utilization in different application
domains of the agriculture sector. There will be a small LoRa features include- Long Range, robustness,
analysis of the land of our college campus using LoRa multipath resistance, Doppler resistance, low power
Technology in terms of agriculture perspective as just a consumption, and forward error correction (FEC). LoRa can
trial before working on a large scale. have two distinct layers-
 Physical Layer
Keywords:- Lora-based, Agriculture, Internet of Things,  MAC layer protocol (LoRaWAN)
Wireless Sensor, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN),
 Physical layer: LoRa is a physical layer radio modulation
I. INTRODUCTION technique that is based on CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum). It
uses frequency chirps which vary linearly with time to
encode data.
 MAC (Medium Access Control) Layer Protocol: LoRa-
based communication protocol, since 2015 is called
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) MAC
protocol. It is standardized by the LoRa Alliance, which is
an open-source protocol. It is placed after LoRa physical
layer. LoRa defines the link-layer layer whereas
LoRaWAN defines network architecture and
communication protocol.

This paper discusses all about IoT technology in

Agriculture field i.e. its advantages, disadvantages, protocols,
its alternative option, etc. We will also discuss small work on
land analysis in our college campus. Rest of the paper is
organised as follows – Section I briefs introduction about
Agriculture & IoT Technology. Section II talks about how
Literature Review. Section III discussed about IoT
agricultural Sensor and its working protocol. In Section IV
we discuss about interference between LoRa, IoT
Technology and agriculture. In Section V we discuss about

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Volume 7, Issue 5, May – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
advantages of Smart Agriculture. Section VI discussed about Application Domain of IoT agriculture is shown in
Open issues and challenges. In Section VII explains our work Fig.2. The major domain or primary focus of IoT Application
in our college campus. Section VIII is followed by is shown in the Fig.3.
conclusion.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Recent researches shows that then frequencys off

pproaches relateds too Agriculture IoT increases overs
times. There are multiples research approaches in the fields
of IoT agricultures. Some of the approaches are investigated.
in this following sections.
 Proposedt system or result: Theres may be singles or
many systems andt results have been suggested to probe the
phenomenon within its factual environment.
 Reviews: A system that collects quantitatives data
applicable to IoT farming. Authorss presenteds a review on Fig. 2: Application Domain of IoT agriculture
multiples IoT agrarian operations and communications
protocolst[1]. In[2], a review has been presented on IoT-
grounded perfection sowing and irrigation.
 Platforms: Differents IoT- grounded platformss haved
beens developedt unders then controlledd terrain to
examine its effect on husbandry.
 Architectures: Multiples IoT agriculturals frameworks
designedd to collects then datas from devices/sensors and
keep the collected data for correct analysist[3].
 Application: Mobile apps give a connection for numerous
IoT bias and grease the cultivator having better control over
different agrarian operations. Several operations have been
evolved to cover the crop productivity and complaint Fig. 2: Major domain or primary focus of IoT
findings at early stages[4]. In[5], a cloud- based IoT Application
operation has been evolved to measure the farm variables
such as light, moisture, water, and fungicides. III. IOT-BASED DEVICES/SENSORS IN
AGRICULTURE AND IOT COMMUNICATION
Different Research Approaches in IoT Agriculture is PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS IN
shown in Fig. 1. AGRICULTURE

The most essential device used for IoT is Sensors.

Sensors are devices that re-collect meaningful data which is
employed to pick up the required analysis. For farming,
sensors are substantially used to get readings used to measure
temperature, discover conditions & humidity content in the
soil. Generally used sensors are temperature detectors,
moisture detector, soil pattern covering detector, tailwind
detector, a position detector, CO2 detector, pressure detector
and humidity detector. The significant characteristics of IoT
devices/ sensors that make them suitable for farming are
their( 1) portability;( 2) dependability;( 3) memory;( 4)
continuity;( 5) power and computational effectiveness; and(
6) coverage.Some of the IoT-based Sensors in Agriculture
Fig. 1: Different Research Approaches in IoT Agriculture with operation are shown in Table I.

IoT farming results correspond of multiples A considerable number of IoT communication

monitorings, checking, and trackings that measures severals technologies are being employed within IoT operations due
typess of variabless such as air monitorings, temperatures to their low cost, wide content range, and low energy
monitorings, moisture monitorings, soil monitoring, water conditions as compared to other long- range communication
monitoring, fertilization, pest controller, clarification control, technologies. All the communication technologies that have
and position tracking. been linked are shown in Fig. 4.

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 Volume 7, Issue 5, May – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
IV. IoT, AGRICULTURE AND LORA TECHNOLOGY

A. IoT smart farming framework

An IoT smart agriculture agrarian framework has been
suggested are consists of five main factors, which are data
accession, common platform, data processing, data B. Agriculture and LoRa Technology –
visualization, and system management. The flow chart of
smart IoT farming Framework is shown in Fig. 5.

C. Advantages of Smart Agriculture

 Smart Agriculture enhances the productivity of farming.
 It prevents soil degradation and also minimizes the risk
of groundwater degradation.
 It allows efficient use of water and fertilisers.
 It increases the opportunities for skilled employment.

Table 1: IoT-based Sensors in Agriculture with operation

Fig. 6: Smart Agricultural platform with LoRa

Fig. 4: Communication technologies in IoT

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Volume 7, Issue 5, May – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
V. OPEN ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

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Volume 7, Issue 5, May – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

IJISRT22MAY1618 Fig. 5: Flow chart ofwww.ijisrt.com

smart IoT farming Framework 1524
Volume 7, Issue 5, May – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
VI. OUR WORK ON LAND ANALYSIS IN OUR regulates photosynthesis rate or transipirational water loss.
COLLEGE CAMPUS THROUGH LORAWAN LINE- Lower humidity, reduces the photosynthesis rate. Similarly,
UP soil moisture also vegetation directly. This is the only
prerequisite land analysis which gives complete information
This is just the small work or beforehand work in order for crops which will be most suitable for cultivation.
to work on the large scale. Similarly we can analyse different places before cultivation
in order to obtain maximum profit with less investment.
In this project, we analyses the different land area of the
college in terms of land quality such as temperature, VII. CONCLUSIONS
humidity, soil moisture in order to check how it is beneficial
for crops. In this paper, we presented the literature review along
with small analysis on LoRaWAN line-up in our campus
For this we have created one node which consists of through Land Analysis. It includes all relevant research paper
agricultural sensor temperature and humidity sensor, soil regarding IoT and LoRa technology. Its all aspects such
moisture sensor, whose function is discussed in section 2 of implementation, limitation, future scope, etc. all things are
this paper and one gateway via LoRa Technology, whose mentioned in a sequential order. After reading this complete
creation is discussed in[6]. article all of us will get complete clarity and satisfactory
information about Agriculture, IoT & LoRa technology.
For the land analysis we selected 3 positions of the Firstly, detailed discussion on IoT Technology in agriculture
college campuss and placed node from where we receive field and its protocol. Then it is followed by its
maximum and continuous packet and then we compare all implementation. Further we talked about its advantages,
this parameter with each other. limitations, applications , recent works and its future scope.
Finally this paper ends with the land Analysis through
LoRaWAN line-up.

REFERENCES

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Graphical comparison is shown in Fig. 7. 2020, doi: 10.3390/electronics9020319.
[3.] O. Postolache, J. D. Pereira, and P. S. Girão, “Wireless
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[4.] A. Siddique, B. Prabhu, A. Chaskar, and R. Pathak, “a
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2542, 2019.
[5.] E. Kokten, B. C. Caliskan, S. Karamzadeh, and E. G.
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10.1109/MTTW51045.2020.9244927.
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[6.] S. Singh, V. K. Upaddhyay, and S. K. Soni, “A
Literature Review : LoRa Technology and Packet Loss
From above all observation we can conclude that- Analysis in LoRaWAN Line-up in our College
Campus,” Int. Conf. Intell. Syst. Smart Infrastruct.
As we know that natural vegetation is adversely (ICISSI- 2022), SIET, Pray. (UP), India, 2022.
affected by increased temperature, so the land area with high
temperature is not good for natural vegetation. Humidity

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