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JOPHAS- Khaya stem bark aphrodisiac

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 Journal of
Pharmaceutical and
Allied Sciences
JOPHAS
COMPARATIVE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO APHRODISIAC ACTIVITIES OF KHAYA
GRANDIFOLIOLA C. DC. (MELIACEAE) STEM BARK IN MALE RAT MODEL

GBOLADE, A. A.+, ADEDOKUN, O. A., AND EZEDIMBU, V. M.

PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH GROUP, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY, COLLEGE
OF PHARMACY, IGBINEDION UNIVERSITY OKADA, EDO STATE, NIGERIA
+
Corresponding author: email: [email protected], Tel: +234 (0) 803 470 9137

ABSTRACT
Khaya grandifoliola C. DC. (Meliaceae), is a large tree exploited for timber purpose, for treating various
illnesses and to enhance libido in Nigerian indigenous traditional medicine. Therefore, this study evaluates the
aphrodisiac potential of K. grandifoliola stem bark in male Wistar rats. Aphrodisiac potential was determined following
the oral administration of graded doses: 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of crude MeOH extract of K. grandifoliola stem bark,
and 100 and 200 mg/kg each of aqueous (AQ) and dichloromethane (DCM) fractions. Sildenafil citrate and distilled water
served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Sexual behavioural parameters like mount, intromission and
ejaculatory frequencies and latencies were recorded on day 7. Serum testosterone concentrations and haematological
parameters were also monitored. The findings from the sexual behavioural study indicated that methanol extract of K.
grandifoliola was active and significantly increased mount and intromission frequencies, and intromission and mount
latencies in a dose- dependent manner, but had no effect on ejaculatory frequency and ejaculatory latency. Both AQ and
DCM fractions were more active than the extract but comparable to Sildenafil citrate, with the DCM fraction being
comparatively more active. Testosterone concentrations were also increased dose-dependently by all tested agents, but
DCM fraction was the most active and comparable to Sildenafil citrate. Improvement in some haematological indices, HB
and PCV was evident with DCM fraction. From all indications, methanol extract of K. grandifoliola stem bark which
increased serum testosterone and sexual behavioural indices has potential for improving sexual dysfunction in males, and
the more active DCM fraction qualifies for further phytochemical investigation to isolate active compounds. These
findings therefore justify the acclaimed local use of K. grandifoliola stem bark as an aphrodisiac in males.

Keywords: Khaya grandifoliola, stem bark, aphrodisiac activity, in vivo model, in vitro model, rats

INTRODUCTION A review of 206 plant aphrodisiacs in sub-

Erectile dysfunction is an increasing Saharan Africa by Ajao et al. (2) listed 28
sexual problem which encompasses Nigerian plants, but only a small
delayed ejaculation, frigidity, impotence proportion, 47 (22.8%) have been
anorgasmia, sexual aversion, dyspareunia and investigated for aphrodisiac activities,
premature ejaculation (1). According to global thereby justifying continuous research in
estimates, sexual dysfunction is more prevalent this field. Furthermore, the importance of
in women (25 - 63%) than in men (10 - 50%) aphrodisiac research is evidenced in the
(1). In the male population, a prevalence of 0 to over 700 relevant plants covered in a
3% for orgasmic dysfunctions, 0 to 5% for
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences
erectile dysfunctions and 0 to 3% for Vol. 19 No. 1 (2022)
dysfunctions of male hypoactive sexual desire ISSN: 1596-8499
have been documented in a ten-year review Websites: http://ajol.info/index.php/jophas
http://www. facebook.com/jophas2003
from 1999 to 2009 by these authors.
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global review by Sin et al. (3). According the management of increasing male sexual
to Ajao et al. (2), Nigeria ranks third in plants dysfunction.
investigated for aphrodisiac activity in sub-
Saharan Africa, which is suggestive of high MATERIALS AND METHODS
prevalence of sexual dysfunction as
corroborated by Oyelade et al. (4) in a hospital Plant material and extraction
survey involving male population. Folkloric Stem bark of K. grandifoliola was collected
usage of aphrodisiac plants in Katsina State (5), from Okeigbo in Ondo State, Nigeria in
Bauchi Local Government Area (6) and Akwa December 2019 and authenticated (voucher no.
Ibom State (7) in Nigeria, and elsewhere in FHI 107644) at FRIN herbarium, Ibadan,
Africa, Mali (8) and DR Congo (1), have been Nigeria. Bark samples were cut into small
documented. In all these instances, only a small pieces, air-dried and mechanically powdered
proportion of the plants have been scientifically into a coarse state. Powder (1600 g), was
validated. Furthermore, Sabo et al. (6) and exhaustively extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus
Yusuf et al. (5) have published with methanol (MeOH) to produce a crude
ethnobotanical inventories of aphrodisiac extract. This was concentrated on a water bath
medicinal plants in northern Nigeria (40oC) to give a residue which was fractionated
which did not include K. grandifoliola. with dichloromethane (DCM) to yield DCM
However, the plant is used traditionally and aqueous (AQ) fractions. Dried crude
for erectile dysfunction in south western extract and fractions were weighed and
Nigeria (personal communication). refrigerated until required.

African mahogany, Khaya grandifoliola C. DC. Animals

(Meliaceae), is a large tree growing in West Wister rats of both sexes (male 150-300 g and
Africa, Sudan and Uganda, up to 40 m in females 120-160 g), and 48 mice (20-25 g)
height, with a straight trunk and dark brown were used. Male and female rats were kept
bark reaching a girth exceeding 1 m (9). Apart separately for two weeks in cages in the animal
from being exploited for its timber for house of Department of Pharmacology,
commercial purposes, the plant is valuable in Igbinedion University Okada at 28-35°C under
indigenous traditional medicine in West artificial (12 h light/12 h dark) lighting system,
Africa, where its bitter stem bark and maintained on grower mash feed (Bendel
decoction is mostly used to treat illnesses Foods and Flower Meal, Edo State, Nigeria)
like malaria fever, lumbago, cough, and water ad libitum.
rheumatism, stomach complaints, gastric
pains, and as remedy against worm Inducement of oestrus phase in female rats
infestation (9). A review of the Following the procedure of Yakubu and Akanji
phytochemistry, pharmacological and (10), acclimatized female Wister rats were
toxicological properties of K. weighed on the 5th day, and then artificially
grandifoliola was recently published (9). brought into oestrus phase (heat) by oral
Although literature is lacking on information administration of Tween 80 solutions of
on aphrodisiac potential of K. grandifoliola, a estradiol benzoate (10 µg/100 g) daily for 48 h
related species, K. senegalensis is listed in the and progesterone (0.5 mg/100 g) 4 h prior to
recent Malian ethnobotanical survey of physical study of sexual behaviour. The
traditional remedies for erectile dysfunction experiment was conducted between 19:00 and
(8). We therefore investigated K. grandifoliola 22:00 h at the Postgraduate Research
using both in vitro and in vivo models in the Laboratory of the College of Pharmacy.
search for potent plant-based aphrodisiacs for
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Determination of male rat sexual behaviour Intromission latency (IL, the time interval from
This experiment, performed as described by the time of introduction of the female to the
Yakubu and Akanji (10), was initiated after the first intromission by the male), Ejaculation
approval of the Animal Ethics Committee of Latency (EL, the time interval between the first
College of Pharmacy, Igbinedion University intromission and ejaculation). This is usually
Okada. characterized by pelvic thrusting and springing
dismount.
Male Wister rats were fasted for 3 h prior to
study, initial weights determined and they were Estimation of testosterone concentration
divided into five groups of five animals each. The animals were anaesthetized in a jar
Positive control group A received Sidenafil containing cotton wool soaked in diethyl ether.
citrate (100 mg/kg) orally, negative control When rats became unconscious, their neck
group B received distilled water (1 mL/kg), region was quickly cleared of fur and skin to
while groups C - E received 250, 500 and 1000 expose their internal jugular veins (10). The
mg/kg of crude MeOH extract, respectively for veins were slightly displaced (to prevent
7 days. The experiment was repeated separately contamination of the blood with interstitial
with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of AQ and fluid) after which they were cut sharply with a
DCM fractions each. The Guide for the Care sterile blade. The rats were then held head
and Use of Laboratory Animals published by downwards, and allowed to bleed into clean,
the National Academies Press (11) was dry centrifuge tubes. Blood samples were
conformed with, in this study. allowed to clot for 10 min at room temperature
and subsequently centrifuged at 22 × g for
Measurement of sexual parameters 10 min with Uniscope Laboratory Centrifuge
Receptive female animals were introduced into (model SM800B, Surgifriend Medicals, Essex,
the cages of male animals in the ratio 1 female England). The sera were aspirated with Pasteur
to 1 male thrice daily for 4 days after a 30 min pipette and used for the determination of
adaptation period. The observation for mating testosterone concentration within 12 h of
behaviour (proceptive and precopulatory) preparation (10).
commenced immediately and continued for one
hour, and on days 1, 3 and 7 afterward (10). Haematological analysis
Occurrence of events and phases of mating was Full hematological parameters were evaluated
recorded using digital video recorder, and on day 7 after the formaldehyde experiment
frequency determined from video according to Adeneye et al. (13) including
transcriptions. Various male sexual behaviour haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell (WBC)
indices were assessed according to the count, neutrophil, lymphocytes and packed cell
technique of Tang et al. (12) as follows: Mount volume (PCV) and were assayed using Roche
frequency (MF, the number of mounts at a and Cobas commercial test kits and
specified period of time without intromission Roche/Hitachi 904 Automated Analyzer.
from the time of introduction of the female),
Intromission frequency (IF, the number of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
intromissions from the time of introduction of Results of the study revealed the presence of
the female until ejaculation), Ejaculation saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinone glycosides,
frequency (EF, the number of ejaculations from steroids and terpenoids in the crude extract of
the time of introduction of the female rats to the K. grandifoliola (Table 1). MeOH extract, at
male within a given time frame), Mount latency tested doses of 250 -1000 mg/kg, and DCM
(ML, the time interval between the introduction fraction produced dose-dependent increase in
of the female and the first mount by the male), mount latency, with the active extract being

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comparable (128 sec) to the standard drug at of the mechanism of penile erection. Other
500 mg/kg (Table 2). This is in tandem with the mechanisms of aphrodisiac action of plant
report of Tang et al. (12) on Allium tuberosum. extracts have been published (15 - 17).
Only the AQ fraction gave the expected Literature indicates that most of the
decrease (229-188 sec) in this sexual scientifically validated plants displayed their
parameter, and was comparable to the standard aphrodisiac activities by improving or
drug at 200 mg/kg. Apart from DCM fraction enhancing sexual performance or androgenic
that gave a decrease in intromission latency activities through increased testosterone levels,
(4.1-3.0 sec), both AQ fraction and extract index of libido, prolonged ejaculation latency,
produced dose-dependent increase. Active sperm motility, and viability erection, quick
DCM fraction and extract were comparable to flips, long flips, penile reflexes, and relaxation
standard drug at 200 mg/kg and at lower doses, of carvenosal penile smooth muscle in test
respectively. These observations are in animals (18- 20). MF and IF are useful indices
agreement with the inverse relationship of ML of vigour, libido and potency, and the increases
and IL to sexual motivation proposed by some observed by both fractions in this study,
workers (10, 14). The observed decrease in the suggest enhanced libido (10, 21). Saponins and
mount and intromission latencies in this study, alkaloids were detected in the crude extract.
might imply stimulation of sexual motivation These phytochemicals have been reported to
and arousability (10) leading to enhanced affect penile erection by different mechanisms
sexual appetitive behaviour in the male rats. (12). Recently, Adedokun et al. (22) reported
the isolation of aphrodisiac compound, 13, 14-
Of the tested agents, only DCM fraction gave epoxyoleanan-3-ol-acetate from hexane
dose-dependent decrease in ejaculation latency fraction of Momordica charantia. Bioactive
(4.4-2.4 sec) and was comparable to the aphrodisiac compounds from plants are not
standard drug at 200 mg/kg (Table 2). While frequently reported as corroborated by Sin et
AQ fraction gave decrease in ejaculation al. (3) who documented bioactive compounds
frequency, DCM fraction was comparable in for less than half of the aphrodisiac plants
activity (16-17 ejaculations) at both doses. reviewed.
With reference to all sexual indices, both
fractions were more active than the extract and From Table 3, serum testosterone level in rats
qualify for further phytochemical investigation treated with all tested agents was dose-
to isolate bioactive constituents. Both fractions dependent. DCM fraction was the most active
gave the expected increase in MF, were agent (6.65-7.18 nM/L), almost twice as active
equipotent (15-19 mounts/h) and more active as the standard drug at 200 mg/kg and 2.5
than the extract and standard drug. Moreover, times as active as AQ fraction. This suggests
the extract exhibited dose-dependent increase better aphrodisiac potential for this fraction.
and was comparable to standard drug at 500 The AQ fraction was incomparable to standard
mg/kg. All tested agents increased IF at tested drug in boosting testosterone concentration.
doses, with DCM fraction (82.9-86.6 Increases in testosterone concentrations in
intromissions) being the most active agent. AQ sexually impaired animals following treatment
fraction was comparable to standard drug at with plant extracts have been suggested as one
200 mg/kg. Behaviour of extract and fractions of the mechanisms of aphrodisiac action (10,
of K. grandifoliola stem bark agreed with those 12, 21, 23). It has been earlier reported that
of other workers (10, 12, 14), and is a pointer to androgens (including testosterone), acting at
its aphrodisiac potential. Yakubu and Akanji the central and peripheral nervous system
(10) postulated that the increase in IF as levels, are important modulators of male sexual
observed in the study, may be due to activation behaviour including erection and libido (12).
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Table 1. Phytochemical constituents of crude methanol extract of

Khaya grandifoliola

Phytometabolites Result

Alkaloids +
Anthraquinone glycosides +
Cardiac glycosides -
Flavonoids -
Terpenoids +
Tannins +
Steroids +
Saponins +
+ Present, - Absent

Table 2: Effect of crude extract and fractions of Khaya grandifoliola stem bark on
sexual behaviour in rats after 7 days

Treatment Latency of No. of Latency of Latency of No. of Inter

First Mounts first first ejaculations Intromission
Mount [MF, intromission ejaculation [EF] interval [IF]
(sec) mounts/h] (sec) (sec)
[ML] [IL] [EL]

Negative 161.0±8.0 n.d 3.1±4.4 4.1±2.8 9.8±2.7 n.d

Control
(Distilled
water, 1
mL/kg)
Positive 120.0±8.5 9.2±0.4 2.6±0.6 2.8±0.8 7.4±2.8 55.1±2.6
Control
(Sildenafil
citrate) 100
mg/kg
Crude 96.2±25.6* 6.2±3.1 2.3±0.7 3.4±0.6 7.4±2.1 62.0±11.2
MeOH
extract, 250
mg/kg
Crude 128.0±17 10.8±1.2 2.8±0.1 3.4±0.6 7.4±2.1 69.8±9.4
MeOH
extract, 500
mg/kg
Crude 185.0±6.8 14.0±2.6 4.5±0.2* 3.8±0.6 12.8±3.5 75.0±13.4
MeOH

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extract, 1000
mg/kg
AQ fraction, 229.0±14* 15.0±1.4 3.8±0.7 3.6±0.1 17.0±4.6* 44.3±1.4
100 mg/kg
AQ fraction 188.0±44.3 19.0±9.5 4.2±0.8 4.3±0.7 12.8±3.1 50.0±3.5
200 mg/kg
DCM 209.0±22.1 16.6±2.8 4.1±0.5* 4.4±0.0 17.0±6.4* 82.9±4.2
fraction, 100
mg/kg
DCM 300.0±23* 18.0±3 3.0±0.1 2.4±7.0* 16.0±5.1* 86.6±5.0
fraction, 200
mg/kg
Values above are mean of six replicates. n=6 (±SEM). Values with superscripts * indicate significant difference at P<0.05
when compared to negative control, using ordinary One –way analysis (ANOVA). n. d: not determined

Table 3. Effect of extract and fractions of Khaya grandifoliola

stem bark on blood testosterone level
Tested agent Serum testosterone
(nM/L)
Distilled water, 10 mL/kg 2.46±0.28
Sildenafil citrate, 100 mg/kg 3.80±0.31
Crude MeOH extract, 250 mg/kg 3.48±0.39
Crude MeOH extract, 500 mg/kg 4.74±0.42*
Crude MeOH extract, 1000 mg/kg 6.39±0.34*
DCM fraction, 100 mg/kg 6.65±0.51*
DCM fraction, 200 mg/kg 7.18±0.30*
AQ fraction, 100 mg/kg 2.66±0.28
AQ fraction, 200 mg/kg 2.75±0.31

Values above are mean of six replicates. n=6 (±SEM). Values with superscripts * indicate significant
difference at P<0.05 when compared to negative control, using ordinary One –way analysis (ANOVA).

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 Gbolade et al /Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 19 (1) (2022) 3585 - 3593

Table 4: Effect of Khaya grandifoliola stem bark extract and fractions on haematological
parameters
Tested Haematological parameters
agents HB PCV WBC NEUT LYMPH
3
(g/dL) (%) (cells /µL) (cells/mm ) (cells/ mm3)
Negative 14.08±1.06 42.25±3.17 5000±1096.00 56.75±3.50 38.00±3.14
control
(Distilled
Water)
Positive 14.93±2.09 44.75±6.30 3675±711.10 58.25±8.53 37.50±8.29
control
(Sildenafil
citrate, 100
mg/kg)
Crude 13.35±1.52 40.00±4.53 7250±1665.00 64.75±5.34 30.25±4.33
Extract, 250
mg/kg
Crude 15.68±2.92 47.00±8.76 6875±1897.00 60.75±8.98 37.25±10.31
Extract, 500
mg/kg
Crude 14.43±0.94 43.33±2.85 8400±2458.00* 76.00±6.66 32.00±16.17
Extract, 1000
mg/kg
AQ Fraction, 14.33±0.94 43.00±3.61 6933±1727.00 64.67±7.54 28.50±3.84
100 mg/kg
AQ Fraction, 14.65±1.53 44.00±4.60 6425±702.80 62.00±4.97 33.50±4.48
200 mg/kg
DCM 15.10±1.99 45.33±5.93 5167±1475.00 70.00±5.77 26.00±6.42
Fraction, 100
mg/kg
DCM 16.00±0.71 48.00±2.16 3600±452.80* 56.50±1.44 43.25±2.68
Fraction, 200
mg/kg

Values above are mean of six replicates. n=6 (±SEM). Values with superscripts * indicate significant difference at P<0.05
when compared to negative control, using ordinary One –way analysis (ANOVA). HB: haemoglobin, WBC: white blood
cells, PCV: packed cell volume, LYMPH: lymphocytes, NEUT: neutrophils

Further phytochemical work on this active unchanged significantly in all animals treated
DCM fraction may unravel bioactive with all tested agents except DCM at 200
compounds for development into dosage forms mg/kg (Table 4). Contrariwise, levels of WBC
for the management of sexual dysfunctions in and neutrophils exceeded that of standard drug
male subjects. in all treated animals except DCM at 200
mg/kg. In the case of lymphocytes, apart from
With reference to Sildenafil citrate tested at 100 AQ and DCM fractions tested at 100 mg/kg
mg/kg, haemoglobin and PCV levels remained which gave lower serum levels (26 – 28.5 cells/

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 Gbolade et al /Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 19 (1) (2022) 3585 - 3593

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