Orhhl pridurhghlt, stjfhmibchrsjtks`jdtkil jlc iphrjtkiljbphr`irgjldh
Muj Tilo
Tdmiib i` Ausklhss, Qhgkl Xlkvhrskty i` Dmklj, Ahknklo, Dmklj
Fjlofjlo [u
Tdmiib i` Jorkdubturjb Hdiligkds jlc Qurjb Chvhbipghlt, Qhlgkl Xlkvhrskty i` Dmklj, Ahknklo, Dmklj, jlc
Tiloai ^mjlo
Dibbhoh i` Ausklhss Jcgklkstrjtkil, Tdmiib i` Ausklhss,Djpktjb Xlkvhrskty i` Hdiligkds jlc Ausklhss, Ahknklo, Dmklj
Jastrjdt
Uurpish
—
Ajshc il ljturjb-rhsiurdh-ajshc vkhw (LQAP), tmh purpish i` tmks pjphr ks ti dbjrk`y tmhckghlskils i` orhhl pridurhghlt jlc tmh ghdmjlksgs klvibvhc kl tmh rhbjtkilsmkp ahtwhhl orhhlpridurhghlt jlc `krg phr`irgjldh.
Chskol/ghtmicibioy/jpprijdm
—
Thdilcjry cjtj whrh ti ghjsurh jbb tmh vjrkjabhs kl 150 DmklhshJ-smjrh digpjlkhs
‛
jllujb rhpirts, sidkjb rhspilskakbkty rhpirts, hlvkrilghltjb rhpirts, jlc sustjkljakbktyrhpirts, wmkdm whrh puabksmhc ay Ouitjk Nuljl Thdurktkhs Di., Btc jlc _klc Kl`irgjtkil Di., Btc.
@klcklos
—
Smh rhsubts klckdjth tmjt jbtmiuom aitm pricudt-ajshc jlc pridhss-ajshc orhhl pridurhghlt mjvhj pisktkvh h``hdt il `krg phr`irgjldh, tmhsh Dmklhsh digpjlkhs `idus il tmh kgpjdt i` pricudt-ajshc orhhlpridurhghlt il tmhkr iphrjtkiljb h``kdkhldy js whbb js tmh gichrjtklo ribh pbjyhc ay stjfhmibchr sjtks`jdtkil.
Irkokljbkty/vjbuh
—
Jbtmiuom stuckhs il orhhl pridurhghlt mjvh kldrhjshc kl rhdhlt yhjrs, kssuhs sudm jsmiw ti ghjsurh orhhl purdmjsklo ahmjvkirs jlc miw orhhl pridurhghlt j``hdts `krgs
‛
iphrjtkiljb jlc`kljldkjb phr`irgjldh jrh stkbb ulhxpbirhc. Ajshc il prhvkius bkthrjturh, twi ckghlskils mjvh ahhl ch`klhc`ir orhhl pridurhghlt kl tmks stucy ti chvhbip dirrhspilcklo ghjsurhghlts, ljghby, pricudt-ajshc orhhlpridurhghltjlcpridhss-ajshcorhhlpridurhghlt.Ahskchs,tmksstucydilskchrsiphrjtkiljbh``kdkhldyjstmhghckjtir jlc stjfhmibchr sjtks`jdtkil js tmh gichrjtir wmhl dilstrudtklo j lhw dildhptujb gichb tikbbustrjth tmh rhbjtkilsmkp ahtwhhl orhhl pridurhghlt jlc `krg phr`irgjldh.
Fhywircs
Ttjfhmibchrs, Iphrjtkiljb phr`irgjldh, Orhhl pridurhghlt, Ljturjb-rhsiurdh-ajshc vkhw
Ujphr typh
Qhshjrdm pjphr
Kltricudtkil
Jstmhstjrtklopiklti`rhcudklohlvkrilghltjbpibbutkil,orhhlpridurhghltksjdrktkdjbpridhss`ir gjljohghlt ivhr orhhl suppby dmjkl (Dmkl
ht jb.
, 15:8). Orhhl pridurhghlt ks ch`klhc js jshrkhs i` jdtkvktkhs wktm hlvkrilghltjb dildhrls ti hlsurh tmjt tmh pricudts ir rjw gjthrkjbspurdmjshc wiubc lit mjvh j lhojtkvh h``hdt il tmh hlvkrilghlt6 sudm js rhsiurdh wjsthrhcudtkil, dydbkdjb utkbkzjtkil i` rhsiurdhs, rhdydbklo i` rhsiurdhs, rhpbjdhghlt i` rjw gjthrkjbsjlc si il (Djrthr jlc Djrthr, :;;=6 Gkl jlc Ojbbh, 155:6 ^skckskl jlc Tk`hrc, 155:). Ay rhcudklotmhdisti`hlhroyklput,diltribbklotmhpibbutkiljlcjvikcklorhghcy,orhhlpridurhghltdiubchlmjldh tmh h``kdkhldy i` rhsiurdh utkbkzjtkil jlc iphrjtkil, wmkdm kl turl, wiubc kgprivh `krgs
‛
`kljldkjb phr`irgjldh. Gjly digpjlkhs mjvh klthorjthc hlvkrilghltjb stjlcjrcs klti tmhkrpurdmjsklopibkdkhsjlcpridhsshstikgpbhghltorhhlpridurhghlt6miwhvhr,gisti`tmhgmjvh
Smh Klthrljtkiljb Niurljb i` Biokstkds GjljohghltPib. 1= Li. 3, 15:?pp. :583-:5??© Hghrjbc Uuabksmklo Bkgkthc5;8?-35;4CIK :5.::5=/KNBG-:1-15:8-5143
Qhdhkvhc := Chdhgahr 15:8Qhvkshc ? Nulh 15:00 Idtiahr 15:013 Idtiahr 15:0Jddhpthc 13 Idtiahr 15:0
Smh durrhlt kssuh jlc `ubb thxt jrdmkvh i` tmks niurljb ks jvjkbjabh il Hghrjbc Klskomt jt>
www.hghrjbcklskomt.dig
/
5;8?-35;4.mtg
Smh jutmirs jdfliwbhcoh tmjt tmh rhshjrdm ulchrbyklo tmks pjphr wjs suppirthc ay tmh LjtkiljbLjturjb Tdkhldh @iulcjtkil i` Dmklj (Lis ?:1?1:886 ?:1415::6 ?:451:8;6 ?:0?1:=;) jlc tmh@ulcjghltjb Qhshjrdm @ulcs `ir tmh Dhltrjb Xlkvhrsktkhs, jlc tmh Qhshjrdm @ulcs i` QhlgklXlkvhrskty i` Dmklj (Lis ::]LK5516 :3]LF55;).
:583
KNBG 1=,3
lhktmhr jcipthc j systhgjtkd ghtmic ti chjb wktm tmh phr`irgjldh iutdighs i` orhhlpridurhghlt lir dillhdthc orhhl pridurhghlt wktm tmhkr ohlhrjb strjthoy.Girh bkthrjturhs il orhhl pridurhghlt `idus il tmh ch`klktkil i` orhhl pridurhghlt(h.o. Djrthr jlc Djrthr, :;;=), tmh gitkvjtkil jlc prhssurhs ti hlojoh kl orhhl pridurhghlt(h.o. Abihgmi`-Quwjjrc
ht jb.
, :;;8), tmh h``hdt i` `krgs
‛
rhsiurdhs jlc djpjakbktkhs il orhhlpridurhghlt (h.o. Aiwhl
ht jb.
, 15506 Orhhl
ht jb.
, :;;06 Orhhl
ht jb.
, 15:1), jlc tmh rhbjtkilsmkpahtwhhl orhhl pridurhghlt jlc `krg phr`irgjldh, wmhrh tmhrh jrh gjly kldilsksthldkhs.Gist stuckhs klckdjth tmjt orhhl pridurhghlt diubc kgprivh tmh `krg
‛
s phr`irgjldh(h.o. ^skckskl jlc Mhlcrkdf, :;;=6 Djrthr
ht jb.
, 1555), aut ilby j `hw suoohst tmjt tmh h``hdt kslhojtkvh ir klskolk`kdjlt. @ir hxjgpbh, ^mu jlc Tjrfks (1553) dbjssk`y tmjt gjljohghltprjdtkdhs il orhhl suppby dmjkl pricudh aitm pisktkvh hdiligkd phr`irgjldh(h.o. chdrhjsklo i` dist `ir gjthrkjbs purdmjsklo) jlc lhojtkvh hdiligkd phr`irgjldh(h.o. kldrhjsklo i` dists `ir purdmjsklo hlvkrilghlt-`rkhlcby gjthrkjbs). Tkgkbjrby, Bku jlc^mji (155=) klvhstkojth tmh h``hdt i` orhhl pridurhghlt kl Dmklhsh gjlu`jdturklo klcustryjlc `klc tmjt tmh prjdtkdhs i` orhhl pridurhghlt mjvh pisktkvh h``hdts il jbgist jbb i` tmhphr`irgjldh iutdighs jlc ilby twi `jdtirs jrh hxdbuchc.Smh rhjsils `ir tmh kldilsksthlt rhsubts diubc ah suggjrkzhc js `ibbiws. @krst, tmhrh jrhshvhrjb ckghlskils i` orhhl pridurhghlt, si tmhkr h``hdts il `krg phr`irgjldh gjy ah ck``hrhlt(h.o. Bku jlc ^mji, 155=). Thdilc, prhvkius stuckhs mjvh ilby klvhstkojthc tmh h``hdt i` orhhlpridurhghlt il `krgs
‛
hdiligkd phr`irgjldh, aut tmhsh h``hdts gjy lit ah ckrhdt, jlc gjy ahghckjthcaysighsphdk`kdphr`irgjldhiutdighsbkfhiphrjtkiljbphr`irgjldh(h.o.Nh``hrs,15:56Orhhl
ht jb.
, 15:1). Smkrc, js ghgahrs i` j sidkjb lhtwirf, digpjlkhs wiubc ah kl`buhldhc ay jbbfklcs i` stjfhmibchrs, jlc hjdm stjfhmibchr gjy pbjy j ckstkldtkvh ribh il orhhl pridurhghltjlc phr`irgjldh. Gjly rhshjrdmhrs mjvh klvhstkojthc stjfhmibchrs
‛
h``hdt il orhhlpridurhghlt (h.o. Mhlrkquhs jlc Tjcirsfy, :;;06 Tmjrgj jlc Mhlrkquhs, 15586 Hbknkci-Shljlc Biuksh, 15:5). Smhy suoohst tmjt stjfhmibchrs djl hxhrt jl kgpirtjlt kgpjdt il orhhlpridurhghlt, wmkdm djl kgprivh tmh `krg
‛
s phr`irgjldh, aut ilby j `hw i` rhdhlt stuckhs mjvhhxpbirhc tmh diltklohlt ribh pbjyhc ay stjfhmibchrs (h.o. _ilo
ht jb.
, 15:16 Fmir
ht jb.
, 15:0). Ayrhvksktklo Mjrt
‛
s ljturjb-rhsiurdh-ajshc vkhw (LQAP), Mjrt jlc Ciwhbb (15::) hgpmjskzh tmjttmh orhjthst pithltkjb `ir `uturh rhshjrdm bkhs kl diltkluklo ti kchltk`y tmh diltklohldkhs tmjtj``hdt tmh hlvkrilghltjb-`kljldkjb phr`irgjldh rhbjtkilsmkp.Ajshc il LQAP, tmks stucy privkchs rhdhlt stuckhs il orhhl pridurhghlt wktmsuppbhghltjry dilthlts kl tmrhh wjys. @krst, usklo dilthlt jljbysks, tmks stucy ckstklouksmhstwi ckghlskils i` orhhl pridurhghlt> pricudt-ajshc orhhl pridurhghlt, iatjklklo jlcpridhssklo orhhl gjthrkjbs ajshc il j sphdk`kd djpjakbkty ajshc il tmh prhshlt strjthokdrhsiurdhs i` tmh `krg6 pridhss-ajshc orhhl pridurhghlt, rhbjthc ti tmh gjljohghlt i` orhhlsuppby pridhsshs ay usklo j cyljgkd djpjakbkty ti klthorjth, aukbc jlc rhdil`kourh klthrljbjlc hxthrljb digphthldhs. Thdilc, tmks stucy tjfhs klti jddiult lit ilby tmh ohlhrjbphr`irgjldh aut jbsi tmh sphdk`kd phr`irgjldh iutdighs i` orhhl pridurhghlt jlc jrouhstmjt iphrjtkiljb h``kdkhldy js tmh rjth i` usklo rhsiurdhs ghckjths tmh h``hdt i` orhhlpridurhghlt il `krg phr`irgjldh. Smkrc, kl irchr ti hxpbjkl tmh kldilsksthlt rhsubts i` tmhrhbjtkilsmkp ahtwhhl orhhl pridurhghlt jlc kts phr`irgjldh iutdighs, tmks stucy `urtmhrarklos kl tmh diltklohlt `jdtirs ajshc il stjfhmibchr tmhiry. Kt kldbuchs tmh rhbjtkilsmkp wktmaitm rhdkpridjtirs wmi thlc ti ush nustkdh ghtmic jlc shb`-rhojrcklo stjfhmibchrs wmi `idusil tmhkr iwl pjyi``s. Aitm i``hr hxthrljb rhsiurdhs ti `jdkbktjth ir iastrudt tmh h``hdt i` orhhlpridurhghlt. Smh wmibh tmhirhtkdjb `rjghwirf wjs thsthc ay shdilcjry cjtj kl Dmklj.
Bkthrjturh rhvkhw jlc tmhirhtkdjb mypitmhsks
Qhsiurdh-ajshc vkhw jlc LQAP
QAPmjsahdighjdrktkdjbtmhirhtkdjb`iulcjtkilushcti bklfsuppbydmjklgjljohghltjlcirojlkzjtkiljb phr`irgjldh (Pjdmil jlc Fbjsshl, 155=). Smh fhy pripisktkil i` QAP ks tmjt
:588
Orhhlpridurhghlt
`krgs wkbb chvhbip j digphtktkvh jcvjltjoh ay jddugubjtklo rhsiurdhs tmjt jrh rjrh,vjbujabh, lil-suastktutjabh, jlc ck``kdubt ti kgktjth (Ajrlhy, :;;:6 Qughbt, :;;?6_hrlhr`hbt, :;=3). Smh vjbuh i` QAP bkhs kl jccrhssklo wmkdm djpjakbktkhs mhbp `krgsjppby tmh aulcbhs i` rhsiurdhs ti jdmkhvh jlc sustjkl digphtktkvh jcvjltjoh (Tkrgil
ht jb.
,155?6 Pjlpiudfh
ht jb.
, 15:3). Smus, kt ks drktkdjb ti ckstklouksm ck``hrhlt fklcs i` rhsiurdhstmjt hgaicy jcvjltjoh-ahjrklo djpjakbktkhs (Shhdh
ht jb.
, :;;?6 Buzzklk
ht jb.
, 15:8).Miwhvhr, QAP ks klthrljbby `idushc il tmh irojlkzjtkil
‛
s rhsiurdhs jlc djpjakbktkhs jlcsysthgjtkdjbby kolirhs dilstrjkls kgpishc ay tmh ljturjb hlvkrilghlt (Mjrt, :;;8).Mjrt (:;;8) `krst klshrts tmh ljturjb hlvkrilghlt klti QAP ti chvhbip j LQAP i` tmh `krg.LQAP diubc ah dilskchrhc js jl jcjptjtkil i` QAP. Kt ks j tmhiry `idusklo il djpjakbktkhstmjt `jdkbktjth hlvkrilghltjbby sustjkljabh jdtkvkty `ir digphtktkvh jcvjltjoh ajshc il tmh`krg
‛
s rhbjtkilsmkp ti tmh ljturjb hlvkrilghlt (Mjrt, :;;86 Njdfsil
ht jb.
, 15:0). Kl itmhrwircs, j `krg djl jdmkhvh suphrkir phr`irgjldh k` kt mjs tmh djpjakbkty ti hxpbikt jlcprhshrvh ljturjb rhsiurdhs kl kts iphrjtklo hlvkrilghlt (_ilo
ht jb.
, 15:1)._ktm rhdhlt chvhbipghlt i` LQAP, Mjrt jlc Ciwhbb (15::) ahokl ti dilskchr miw LQAPdjl ahlh`kt `rig rhdhlt wirf kl cyljgkd djpjakbktkhs. Js QAP cihs lit jccrhss miw `krgsdjl rhlhw tmhkr siurdhs i` digphtktkvhlhss, Shhdh
ht jb.
(:;;?) hgpmjskzh tmh lhhc `ir `krgsti
‒
klthorjth, aukbc, jlc rhdil`kourh klthrljb jlc hxthrljb digphthldhs ti jccrhss rjpkcbydmjloklo hlvkrilghlts
‗
(p. 8:0). Mjrt jlc Ciwhbb (15::) suoohst tmjt LQAP smjbb ahhxthlchc jlc suppbhghlthc ti drhjth j girh tmiriuom ulchrstjlcklo i` tmh pridhss aywmkdm `krgs ulchrtjfh sustjkljabh chvhbipghlt strjthokhs. K` `krgs jrh iphl ti jddhss tidrktkdjb rhsiurdhs `rig tmhkr hlojoklo stjfhmibchrs, tmhy wiubc ah girh bkfhby ti drhjthcyljgkd djpjakbktkhs (Mjrt jlc Ciwhbb, 15::).
LQAP jlc tmh ckrhdt phr`irgjldh i` orhhl pridurhghlt
Jddircklo ti LQAP, orhhl pridurhghlt ks j fklc i` djpjakbkty i` jccrhssklo tmhrhbjtkilsmkp ahtwhhl irojlkzjtkil jlc ljturjb hlvkrilghlt. Js hxpbjklhc hjrbkhr, tmhdjpjakbkty ti hxpbikt jlc prhshrvh ljturjb rhsiurdhs diubc arklo kl suphrkir phr`irgjldh titmh `krg. Mjrt (:;;8) jrouhs tmjt sudm djpjakbkty ks hktmhr djsujbby jgakouius ir sidkjbbydigpbhx. Ilh phrsphdtkvh i` ch`klklo orhhl pridurhghlt ks djsujbby jgakoukty, wmkdmsuoohsts tmjt `krgs djl ojkl hxphrkhldh jlc bhjrl sfkbbs tmriuom rhphjthc prjdtkdhs irchvhbipklo digpbhghltjry jsshts wktm orhhl pridurhghlt (_ilo
ht jb.
, 15:1). @ir hxjgpbh,Djthr ch`klhs orhhl pridurhghlt js tmh purdmjsh i` rhlhwjabh jlc rhdydbjabh gjthrkjbs,wmkdm rhbjths ti hlvkrilghlt-`rkhlcby pricudts. Smh itmhr phrsphdtkvh `idushs sidkjbbydigpbhxkty, wmkdmghjlstmjt orhhlpridurhghlt wkbb chvhbip wmhrhpjrtlhr`krg djpjakbktyjbbiws `krgs ti jddhss tmh rhsiurdhs i` tmhkr pjrtlhrs (_ilo
ht jb.
, 15:1).@ir hxjgpbh, Djrthr jlc Djrthr (:;;=) pripish tmjt tmh purpish i` orhhl pridurhghlt ksti rhdydbh, rhush, jlc rhcudh tmh ush i` rhsiurdhs, curklo wmkdm tmh pridurhghlt chpjrtghltpjrtkdkpjths kl jbb fklcs i` jdtkvktkhs i` suppby dmjkl gjljohghlt. ^skckskl jlc Tk`hrc (155:)gjkltjkl tmjt orhhl pridurhghlt wkbb hstjabksm j systhg i` purdmjsklo prkldkpbhs, ghtmicsjlc pridhsshs wktm `ubb dilskchrjtkil i` tmh h``hdt il hlvkrilghlt, kldbucklo shbhdtklo jlchvjbujtklo suppbkhrs, aukbcklo j bilo-thrg rhbjtkilsmkp wktm tmhg, jciptklo orhhl pjdfjohs,rhdydbklo rhsiurdhs, rhcudklo hlhroy wjsths jlc si il.Ajshc il tmh twi phrsphdtkvhs, tmks stucy suoohsts tmjt orhhl pridurhghlt ks j fklc i` systhgjtkd djpjakbkty i` pridhssklo rhsiurdhs klktkjthc `rig orhhl chskol `ir pridurhghltpbjllklo wktm suppbkhrs, orhhl pricudtkil, jlc `kljbby tmh orhhl ckstrkautkil. Gjlyhgpkrkdjb rhsubts smiw tmjt orhhl pridurhghlt djl kgprivh lit ilby hlvkrilghltjbphr`irgjldh (Orhhl
ht jb.
, :;;=6 ^skckskl jlc Mhlcrkdf, :;;=), aut jbsi ausklhss phr`irgjldh(Djrthr
ht jb.
, 15556 Bku jlc ^mji, 155=). Smus, wh pripish tmh `krst oriup i` mypitmhshs>
M:.
Orhhl pridurhghlt mjs j pisktkvh h``hdt il `krg phr`irgjldh.
:580
KNBG 1=,3
Ajshc il LQAP, _ilo
ht jb.
(15:1) ckvkch sustjkljabh orhhl iphrjtkils klti twi ckghlskils>pricudt sthwjrcsmkp dildhrlhc wktm bhss ush i` mjzjrcius jlc lilrhlhwjabh gjthrkjbs klpricudtchvhbipghlt6jlcpridhsssthwjrcsmkpwmkdmhgpmjskzhskgpbhghltklosudmpridhsshsjsrhdydbklojlcrhhloklhhrklo.Itmhrrhshjrdmhrsjbsidbjssk`khcorhhlpridurhghltahmjvkirsklj skgkbjr wjy klti pricudt-ajshc orhhl pridurhghlt jlc pridhss-ajshc orhhl pridurhghlt(Aiwhl
ht jb.
, 15506 Bk
ht jb.
, 15:86 Bku jlc ^mji, 155=).@ibbiwklo prhvkius stuckhs, tmks stucy ckvkchs orhhl pridurhghlt klti twi ckghlskils.Smh `krst ks pricudt-ajshc orhhl pridurhghlt, wmkdm dildhrls iatjklklo jlc pridhsskloorhhl gjthrkjbs jlc kgpisklo bhjst kgpjdt il tmh hlvkrilghlt. Kt ks j sphdk`kd djpjakbktyajshc il tmh prhshlt strjthokd rhsiurdhs iwlhc ay tmh `krg. Js j fhy pridhss i` orhhlsuppby dmjkl, pricudt-ajshc orhhl pridurhghlt puts hlvkrilghlt-`rkhlcby gjthrkjbs irpricudts klti suppby dmjkl iphrjtkils jddircklo ti dhrtjkl hlvkrilghltjb stjlcjrcs irahmjvkirs (_haa, :;;3). Smh purpish ks ti oujrjlthh tmjt tmh gjthrkjbs purdmjshc ghht tmhhlvkrilghlt-`rkhlcby, biw-hlhroy jlc rhdydbjabh stjlcjrcs. Kl itmhr wircs, pricudt-ajshcorhhl pridurhghlt hgpmjskzhs hxthrljb jlc hxpbkdkt gjljohghlt jlc jkgs jt pmyskdjbjdtkvktkhs. Jddircklo ti LQAP, rhbyklo il tmh pjsskvh rhspilshs ti tmh hxthrljb hlvkrilghltks lhdhssjry `ir tmh digpjly ti iatjkl sustjkljabh digphtktkvh jcvjltjohs. Smus>
M:j.
Uricudt-ajshc orhhl pridurhghlt mjs j pisktkvh h``hdt il `krg phr`irgjldh.Orhhlpridurhghltlitilbyhltjkbsklvhstkojtklojlcgilktirkloautjbsi`irgklojbilo-thrgrhbjtkilsmkp wktm tmhg wktm dirrhspilcklo trjklklo jlc suppirt kl `jvir i` gjfklo pri-hlvkrilghltjb pbjls jlc chdkskils (Aiwhl
ht jb.
, 15506 Kojrjsmk
ht jb.
, 15:86 Pjdmil jlcFbjsshl, 15506 ^mu
ht jb.
, 155?, 155=). Smus, orhhl pridurhghlt ks jbsi rhbjthc ti tmhgjljohghlt i` orhhl suppby pridhsshs, sudm js hvjbujtklo suppbkhrs
‛
djpjakbkty ti gjljohtmh hlvkrilghlt, kgpbhghltklo pri-hlvkrilghltjb prinhdts jlc si il. Smh shdilc ckghlskili` orhhl pridurhghlt, pridhss-irkhlthc strjthoy, ks j cyljgkd djpjakbkty ti klthorjth, aukbc,jlcrhdil`kourh klthrljb jlchxthrljb digphthldhs tijccrhss rjpkcby dmjloklohlvkrilghlts(Shhdh
ht jb.
, :;;?). Smh jkg ks ti hlsurh tmh sustjkljakbkty i` pridurhghlt tmriuom orhhlpridhsshs jlc gjljohrkjb ahmjvkirs. Digpjrhc wktm pricudt-ajshc orhhl pridurhghlt, tmhpridhss-ajshcorhhlpridurhghltksajshcilkgpbkdktirsi`tgjljohrkjbjdtkvktkhs,sudmjstmhgjljohghlt systhg, klstktutkils, dildhpts jlc chvhbipghlt. Smh wmibh pridhss i` suppbkhrgjljohghlt lit ilby kldbuchs tmh orhhl dildhpt, aut jbsi tmh klvhstkojtkil, shbhdtkil,trjklklo, jlc hvjbujtkil `ir suppbkhrs. Tudm j dbish rhbjtkilsmkp djl kldrhjsh trust, rhcudhtrjlsjdtkil dists, prithdt `krgs `rig suppbkhrs
‛
ippirtulksg jlc prigith tmh chvhbipghlt i` aitm skchs. Kl tmhkr djsh stucy il orhhl suppby dmjkl gjljohghlt i` Ouk Sjlo OriupDigpjly, ^mu jlc Dith (1553) `klc tmjt tmh digpjly prigiths tmh chvhbipghlt i` tmhkrsuppbkhrs ay i``hrklo thdmlkquhs, oivhrlghltjb suppirt, jlc irojlkd jsskstjldh htd., wmkdm klturl, hlmjldhs tmhkr iwl pricudt qujbkty, hlvkrilghltjb phr`irgjldh, jlc dist jcvjltjohs.Smhrh`irh, tmh fhy piklt i` orhhl suppby dmjkl gjljohghlt ks ti hstjabksm j bilo-thrgrhbjtkilsmkp wktm suppbkhrs (^mu
ht jb.
, 155?, 155=), wmkdm djl kgprivh `krgs
‛
hdiligkd jlchlvkrilghltjb phr`irgjldh. Smus>
M:a.
Uridhss-ajshc orhhl pridurhghlt mjs j pisktkvh h``hdt il `krg phr`irgjldh.
LQAP jlc tmh klckrhdt phr`irgjldh i` orhhl pridurhghlt
Js orhhl pridurhghlt ch`klhc js j djpjakbkty i` pridhssklo rhsiurdhs ajshc il LQAP,orhhl pridurhghlt diubc hlmjldh tmh rjth i` rhsiurdh utkbkzjtkil, wmkdm kl turl, rhcudhs jbbfklcs i` iphrjtkiljb dists jlc kgprivhs iphrjtkiljb h``kdkhldy (_jlo jlc Tilo, 15:1).Iphrjtkiljb h``kdkhldy rhprhshlts tmh pricudtkvkty i` j `krg
‛
s iphrjtkil gjljohghlt, wmkdmghjls tmjt iatjklklo tmh bjrohst pri`kts ajshc il tmh bkgkthc rhsiurdhs (Dihbbk
ht jb.
, 1558).Bku jlc ^mji (155=) klvhstkojth tmh h``hdts i` orhhl pridurhghlt kl tmh Dmklhsh
:58?
Orhhlpridurhghlt