Scientific Foundations of Health (SFH)

21SFH19/29 Page 1 of 153
ಶೆವ್ೕಶವ್ರಯಯ್ ತಾಂತಿರ್ಕ ಶವ್ ದಾಯ್ಲಯ

Visvesvaraya Technological University
=============================
University Module wise Notes, Material & Model Question
Papers and Activities sheets for Students & Faculties of VTU
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Scientific Foundations of Health (SFH)

(Health & Welness) - 21SFH19/29
Notes and Material Prepared by :

Dr. L Thimmesha
Assistant Professor & Head
Dept of English & Humanities,
Government Engineering College – Hassan.
Dr. Mahesh Lohith K S

Associate Professor & Head
Dept of Physics, ATME College of Engg – Mysore
For Any clarifications and Feedback Please contact : 9900832331
=====================================
1
Prepared by : Dr. L Thimmesha & Dr. Mahesh Lohith K S
21SFH19/29 Page 2 of 153
ಶೆವ್ೕಶವ್ರಯಯ್ ತಾಂತಿರ್ಕ ಶವ್ ದಾಯ್ಲಯ

Visvesvaraya Technological University
Scientific Foundations of Health

(Health & Welness) - 21SFH19/29
Course objectives:
The course 21SFH29 will enable the students :

· To know about Health and wellness (and its Beliefs)
· To acquire Good Health & It’s balance for positive mindset
· To Build the healthy lifestyles for good health for their better future
· To Create of Healthy and caring relationships to meet the requirements of MNC and
LPG world
· To learn about Avoiding risks and harmful habits in their campus and outside the
campus for their bright future
- To Prevent and fight against harmful diseases for good health through positive mindset
Module-1
Good Health and It’s balance for positive mindset:

What is Health, Why is Health Very Important Now? – What influences your Health?,
Health and Behaviour, Health beliefs and advertisements, Advantages of good health
(Short term and long term benefits), Health and Society, Health and family, Health and
Personality - Profession. Health and behaviour, Disparities of health in different
vulnerable groups. Health and psychology, Methods to improve good psychological health.
Psychological disorders (Stress and Health - Stress management), how to maintain good
health, Mindfulness for Spiritual and Intellectual health, Changing health habits for good
health. Health and personality.
2
21SFH19/29 Page 3 of 153
Module-2
Building of healthy lifestyles for better future:

Developing a healthy diet for good health, Food and health, Nutritional guidelines for good
health and well beingness, Obesity and overweight disorders and its management, Eating
disorders - proper exercises for its maintenance (Physical activities for health), Fitness
components for health, Wellness and physical function, How to avoid exercise injuries.
Module-3
Creation of Healthy and caring relationships :

Building communication skills (Listening and speaking), Friends and friendship -
education, the value of relationships and communication, Relationships for Better or
worsening of life, understanding of basic instincts of life (more than a biology), Changing
health behaviours through social engineering,
Module-4
Avoiding risks and harmful habits :

Characteristics of health compromising behaviors, Recognizing and avoiding of addictions,
How addiction develops and addictive behaviors, Types of addictions, influencing factors
for addictions, Differences between addictive people and non addictive people and their
behavior with society, Effects and health hazards from addictions Such as..., how to
recovery from addictions.
Module-5
Preventing and fighting against diseases for good health :

Process of infections and reasons for it, How to protect from different types of transmitted
infections such as…., Current trends of socio economic impact of reducing your risk of
disease, How to reduce risks for good health, Reducing risks and coping with chronic
3
SFH19/29 Page
21S P 4 of 1553
condittions, Management off chronic illlness for Quality

Q of life, Health aand Wellneess of youth
h:
a chaallenge for the
t upcomiing future Measuring
M g of health and
a wealth status.
Coourse outcoome (Coursse Skill Set))

Att the end off the coursee the studen
nt will be able
a :
CO 1: To un nderstand Health
H and wellness (aand its Belliefs)
CO 2: To accquire Good d Health & It’s balance for posittive mindseet
CO 3: To incculcate and d develop healthy
h lifesstyle habitss for good health.
h
CO 4: To Crreate of Heealthy and caring
c relationships to o meet the requiremeents of MNC C and
LPG world
w
CO 5: To ad dopt innovaative & possitive methoods to avoid d risks from
m harmful habits in thheir
campu us & outsidde the camp pus.
COO 6: To possitively figh
ht against harmful
h disseases for good
g health
h through a positive mindset.
m
Asssessment Details
D (botth CIE and
d SEE)
(m
methods of CIE need to t be defined topic wiise i.e.- MC CQ, Quizzzes, written
n test, Repo
orts writingg,
Seeminar andd activitiess). The CIIE needs to t be cond ducted forr 20 mark ks. The weeight age of o
Coontinuous Internal
I Evaluation (CIE)
( is 500% and foor Semesterr End Exaam (SEE) is i 50%. Th he
stu
udent has to
t obtain a minimum of 40% maarks indiviidually both h in CIE and 35% marks
m in SE
EE
to pass. MCQQ Pattern (Multiple
( C
Choice Questions) Sem mester End d Exam (SEEE) is condducted for 30
3
maarks (60 minutes duraation). Baseed on this grading
g willl be award
ded.
Coontinuous Internal
I Evvaluation (C
CIE) :
1. Continuoous internaal evaluatioon (CIE) needs
n to bee conducted d for 20 m
marks like Engineerin ng
courses - witthout any changes
c as per the Unniversity sccheme and regulation (Modificattions are noot
alllowed).
2. Method ds suggesteed: Quizzees, written quizzes and a tests, Reports wwriting, Seminar an nd
activities).
3. The class teacher haas to decidee the topic for the cloosed book test,
t Written Quiz, an nd Seminaar.
In the beginn ning, only the
t teacherr has to annnounce the methods of o CIE for tthe subject..
Seemester End d Examinaation (SEE)) :
MCQ Pattern (Multiplee Choice Questions)

Q Semester End
E Exam (SEE) is coonducted for
f 30 mark
ks
(600 minutes / 01 Hour duration).
d
4
pared by : Dr. L Thimmesha
Prep a & Dr. M
Mahesh Lohith
L KS
21SFH19/29 Page 5 of 153
Module-1
Good Health and It’s balance

for positive mindset:
5
21SFH19/29 Page 6 of 153
Module-1
Good Health and It’s balance for positive mindset:

What is Health, Why is Health Very Important Now? – What influences your Health?,
Health and Behaviour, Health beliefs and advertisements, Advantages of good health
(Short term and long term benefits), Health and Society, Health and family, Health and
Personality - Profession. Health and behaviour, Disparities of health in different
vulnerable groups. Health and psychology, Methods to improve good psychological health.
Psychological disorders (Stress and Health - Stress management), how to maintain good
health, Mindfulness for Spiritual and Intellectual health, Changing health habits for good
health. Health and personality.
Contents
I MODULE -1
1 Good Health and It’s balance for positive mindset:

Preamble ...........................................................................................................................
What is Health? ................................................................................................................
Health and Wellness .........................................................................................................
Health Vs Wellness ..........................................................................................................
Wellness ...........................................................................................................................
Well Being ........................................................................................................................
Risk Factors of Illness or Injury .......................................................................................
Dimensions of Wellness ...................................................................................................
Physical ..................................................................................................................
Intellectual .............................................................................................................
Emotional ...............................................................................................................
Environmental ........................................................................................................
Social .....................................................................................................................
WHO Principles - What is Health?...................................................................................
Types of Health .................................................................................................................
Physical Health ......................................................................................................
Mental Health ........................................................................................................
Summary ................................................................................................................
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21SFH19/29 Page 7 of 153
Why Health is So Important? ...........................................................................................

Why Health is So Important? ...........................................................................................
How to achieve good health and well being? ...................................................................
What influences your Health? ..........................................................................................
Health and Behaviour .......................................................................................................
Health beliefs ....................................................................................................................
How does advertising affect our health? ..........................................................................
Health and Society ............................................................................................................
Health and Family ............................................................................................................
Personality Traits ..............................................................................................................
Health and Personality - Profession .................................................................................
Disparities of health in different vulnerable groups .........................................................
Health and Psychology .....................................................................................................
Psychological disorders (Stress and Health - Stress management ...................................
Types of Stresses..............................................................................................................
Coping with Stresses .......................................................................................................
Mindfulness for Spiritual and Intellectual health personality ..........................................
7
Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29
Module – 1
Good Health and It’s balance for positive mindset
======================================================================
Preamble :
Physical fitness is not the sole basis of being healthy; being healthy means being mentally and
emotionally fit. Being healthy should be part of your overall lifestyle. Living a healthy lifestyle
can help prevent chronic diseases and long-term illnesses. Feeling good about yourself and
taking care of your health are important for your self-esteem and self-image. Maintain a healthy
lifestyle by doing what is right for your body.
Positive thinking and Good Health :

“One small positive thought can change your whole day”- Zig Ziglar.
Positivity is something that can change somebody’s way of thinking. It can revive someone full of
negativity. Positive thinking or an optimistic attitude, is the process of focusing on the positive side of
any situation. It plays an important role in an individual’s personality, It might affect your physical and
mental health. People who meditate daily are full of life as it upbeats them every day. It doesn’t mean
if you have positive thinking you would ignore your problems, it means facing those problems with a
positive attitude. People with a positive attitude are more liable to live a healthy lifestyle since they
have a more optimistic belief towards the future. Research has demonstrated that positive thinking
helps people to manage mental illness and eases depression, regardless of whether they are generally
optimistic or pessimistic.
The Benefits of Positive Thinking (for Good Health):

 Longer life span
 Less stress and anxiety
 Have better immunity
 Better Cardiovascular condition
 Better Physical and Psychological health
 Good Resistance to common cold
 Better skills to tackle panic causing situations
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The mental benefits may include:
 More creativity
 Greater problem-solving skill
 Clear thinking
 Better mood
 Better coping skills
 Less depression
How to maintain positive thinking for good health:-

1. Maintain a healthy lifestyle:-
Set a goal to work out at least for 30 minutes a day or go for a walk and or a jog. Consuming a healthy
diet will assist to maintain positive thinking.
2. Laugh often:-
When you laugh, you feel less stress even if you are in stressful situations. A little smile or laugh can
boost up your mood and make you feel relaxed. Pursue humor in your busy life.
3. Pen down your daily thoughts:-
Writing down your daily thoughts in journals can make you feel more relaxed and write down what
you are grateful for. Small gratitude towards life or everyday happenings can lead towards positivity.
4. Meditate:-
Meditate regularly because it boosts your concentration level and positivity. If you focus on positive
thinking then negativity will stay away from you.
5. Surround yourself with positive people:-
When you have positive people in your life you can depend upon them for helpful or positive direction.
Negative people fill your life with negativity and will talk in a way that will demotivate you.
6. Balance:-
Balance is very important in leading a healthy personal as well as a professional life. . People get
confused about how to balance both at the same time, and people with negativity lead nowhere. Filling
positive thinking in life is like fuel. hen you think positively, you balance your personal and
professional life perfectly which will reduce stress. This will result in better mental health. Being
optimistic is the key to a successful life. A pessimistic person cannot perform life tasks properly and is
unable to gain its rewards. A Balanced Positive Thinking is the process of establishing ambitions,
potency, stability, and positive thinking skills as a foundation to build physical and psychological
fitness: it takes attention, concentration, loyalty, and reproduction.
7. Mental health:-
9
People who acquire negativity in their lives are pessimistic and pessimistic people are more likely to
fall sick compared to optimistic people. Positive Thinking is the key to good mental health. When you
think positively you see your life full of possibilities and you are less depressed. Optimistic people
cultivate positive results in every situation. Focusing on positive thoughts rather than negative will help
one to be less predisposed to depression, distress, and other forms of mental distractions. . When
optimists do become depressed, they are more likely to recover more promptly than those who tend to
be pessimistic. Optimists convert challenges into opportunities that make them happy and full of life.
Health versus wellness :

While you cannot choose the state of health, you can consciously choose wellness by living your life
responsibly and taking proactive steps for your well-being.
 Health comprises the diagnosis of a disease/illness, predisposition to a disease, and any
unexpected injury.
 Wellness is an active process of growth and change to reach your fullest health and well-being.
It is associated with actively pursuing activities, making choices and lifestyle changes,
controlling risk factors that can harm a person, focusing on nutrition, having a balanced diet,
and following spiritual practices that lead to holistic health.
Risk factors are actions or conditions that increase a person’s risk of illness or injury. Some of the risk
factors that can be harmful to good health are as follows:
 Smoking: It is a major risk factor for lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
 Drinking alcohol: It can cause liver damage, stroke, heart diseases, and cancer.
 Unprotected sex: It spreads sexually transmitted diseases including human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV).
 Extreme physical activity/sports: This may lead to broken bones and other types of injuries.
Definitions :
• Emotion: Subjective state of Mind, Reaction to Internal or external stimuli.
• Intellect : A person’s Mental abilities. reasoning and understanding objectively.
• Psychological: Arising in mind. Related to mental and emotional State of a person.
• Physiological : Related to body, its parts and working
• Spiritual : Related to Soul or Human Spirit. No material or physical things.
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What is Health?
• Is a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well being.
• Is maintaining the body as much as possible.
• Is following daily advice and preventive measures to reduce the possibility of diseases.
What is the Definition of Health?

Health can be defined as a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well being, which
consists in maintaining the body as much as possible by following daily advice and preventive measures
to reduce the possibility of diseases.
Health has an important role in feeling happy, as there are many people who suffer from diseases, but
the health enables them to fight diseases, as a result, they achieve physical fitness and feel comfortable
or enjoy life like any normal person.
Health and Wellness

• Are two different concepts and the meanings are also different.
• The WHO defines health as ’a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’.
• WHO defines wellness as “the optimal state of health of individuals and groups,” and
wellness is expressed as “a positive approach to living.”
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• Health is a goal and wellness is the active process of achieving it. No health without wellness.
Health Vs Wellness
• One cannot choose the state of health, but can consciously choose wellness by living the
life with responsibly and taking proactive steps for the well-being.
• Health comprises the diagnosis of a disease/illness, predisposition to a disease, and any
unexpected injury.
• Wellness is an active process of growth and change to reach your fullest health and well-being.
• Wellness is associated with actively pursuing activities, lifestyle changes, controlling
risk factors, focusing on nutrition, having a balanced diet, and following spiritual
practices that lead to holistic health.
Wellness
• Wellness gets firmly associated with health and prevention.
• Wellness is the state or quality of being healthy.
Well Being
• Well-being becomes more associated with happiness.
• Well-being is the state of being healthy, happy, or successful.
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Risk Factors of Illness or Injury
• Risk factors are actions or conditions that increase a person’s risk of illness or injury.
• Tobacco, Smoking
• Boozing
• Drugs
• Non Hygienic
• Extreme Physical fitness activities.
• Negligence
• Adulterated Food
• Improper Diet and Nutrition
Dimensions of Wellness
Physical
• Physical wellness increases physical fitness; by being physically fit, a person would have
an enhanced ability to prevent illness and diseases.
• Exercise stimulates a healthy mind and body.
• A sedentary lifestyle can be avoided by increasing physical activity in everyday life such
as walking, cycling, walking the dog, taking the steps, and hiking.
• Having good nutrition, eating a balanced diet, drinking sufficient water (eight glasses per
day), and getting adequate sleep promotes a person’s physical wellness.
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Intellectual
• Mental exercise and engagement through learning, problem-solving, and creativity
support intellectual wellness and promote a better attitude.
• People who learn new things and challenge their mind can avoid mental health problems.
Emotional
• A person with emotional wellness can deal with stressful situations. A person who is
aware of their own feelings has good self-esteem, and has empathy toward others’
feelings would have emotional wellness.
Environmental
• Awareness of the role we play in improving our natural environment ratherthan
denigrating it and maintaining and living in a healthy physical environment free of
hazards promotes wellness.
Social
• Social circles and support networks are invaluable to the overall well-being of a person.
Relating, interact- ing, and contributing to a community, establishing good interpersonal

relations, and maintaining long-term relationships with family and friends keep a person
happier and healthier.
WHO Principles - What is Health?
• Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
• The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental
rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief,
economic or social condition.
• The health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is
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dependent on the fullest co-operation of individuals and States.
• The achievement of any State in the promotion and protection of health is of value to all.
• Unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health and control of
diseases, especially communicable disease, is a common danger.
• Healthy development of the child is of basic importance; the ability to live harmoniously
in a changing total environment is essential to such development.
• The extension to all peoples of the benefits of medical, psychological and related
knowledge is essential to the fullest attainment of health.
• Informed opinion and active co-operation on the part of the public are of the utmost
importance in the improvement of the health of the people.
• Governments have a responsibility for the health of their peoples which can be fulfilled
only by the provision of adequate health and social measures.
Types of Health
• Mental and physical health are probably the two most frequently discussed types of health.
• Spiritual, emotional, and financial health also contribute to overall health.
• Medical experts have linked these to lower stress levels and improved mental and physical well-
being.
Physical Health
• A person who has good physical health is likely to have bodily functions and processes
working at their peak and is due to the absence of disease.
• Regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and adequate rest contribute to good health.
• People receive medical treatment to maintain the balance, when necessary.
• Physical well-being is pursuing a healthful lifestyle to reduce the risk of disease.
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• Maintaining physical fitness, breathing and heart function, muscular strength, flexibility,
and body composition.
Looking after physical health and well-being also involves reducing the risk of an injury or health
as issue, such
:
• Minimizing hazards in the workplace
• Practising effective hygiene.
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Connection between Physical and Mental Health
• Good physical health can work in tandem with mental health to improve a person’s overall
quality of life.
• For example, mental illness, such as depression, may increase the risk of drug use
disorders, according to a 2008 study
• This can go on to adversely affect physical health.
Mental Health
• Mental health refers to a person’s emotional, social, and psychological well-being.
• Mental health is as important as physical health as part of a full, active lifestyle.
• It is harder to define mental health than physical health because many psychological
diagnoses depend on an individual’s perception of their experience.
• With improvements in testing, however, doctors are now able to identify some
physical signs of some types of mental illness in CT scans and genetic tests.
Good mental health is not only categorized by the absence of depression, anxiety, or another
disorder. It also depends on a person’s ability to :
• Enjoy life
• Bounce back after difficult experiences and adapt to adversity
• Balance different elements of life, such as family and finances
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• Feel safe and secure achieve their full potential
Connection between Mental and Physical Health
• A chronic illness affects a person’s ability to complete their regular tasks, it may lead
to depression and stress. These feelings could be due to financial problems or

mobility issues.
• A mental illness, such as depression or anorexia, can affect body weight and overall function.
Summary
• It is important to approach “health” as a whole, rather than as a series of separate factors.
• All types of health are linked, and people should aim for overall well-being and
balance as the keys to good health.
Why Health is So Important?
• Health is the body’s functional and metabolic efficiency, and its ability to adapt to the
physical, mental, and social changes that it is exposed to.
• Health is the opposite of disease, and also means the safety of the body from
physical, social, and mental disorders.
• Health is the factor that helps a person perform his daily life tasks in a correct and right way.
• A person’s physical health means that the body does not have any diseases in all
parts of his body, and the safety of all its membranes.
• While mental and social health is represented by the ability of a person to accomplish
social tasks entrusted to him without defect or error.
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Health is the body's functional and metabolic efficiency, and its ability to adapt to the
physical, mental, and social changes that it is exposed to.
Health is the opposite of disease, and also means the safety of the body from physical,
social, and mental disorders.
Health is the factor that helps a person perform his daily life tasks in a correct and right
way.
A person's physical health means that the body does not have any diseases in all parts of his
body, and the safety of all its membranes.
While mental and social health is represented by the ability of a person to accomplish social
tasks entrusted to him without defect or error.
The importance of good health in a person’s life is undoubtedly great.

How we can achieve good health and well-being. Let's start!
➤A healthy person is a person who is able to serve himself, his nation and his community.
An unhealthy person who suffers from illness sees him weak and meager, unable to
properly carry out the duties and responsibilities incumbent on him.
When the disease develops, the person becomes dependent on other people and cannot meet
his different needs in life, which affects his psyche as well due to his sense of helplessness
and weakness.
Society is also affected by the presence of the disease among its members, as the
productivity of these patients weakens and they become dependent on society.
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As for the presence of healthy individuals in society, this means the presence of productive
individuals who possess the power and the ability to give and serve.
➤The importance of health for a person is that it saves him the costs of treatment and the
hassle of going to hospitals.
A healthy person who is far from the disease sees him saving money that he would have
spent on the disease if he neglected his health, so it is always said that "an ounce of
prevention is worth a pound of cure".
You see many governments that are exposed to the spread of epidemics and diseases among
their members spend a large part of the money to buy medications to treat these cases.
You also see governments and societies that are concerned with the safety of their people
focusing on aspects of prevention and health guidance.
➤Psychologically healthy people feel comfortable and happy in their lives and enjoy life
well.
A person who suffers from mental illnesses always sees him as a gloomy and pessimist and
does not feel happy in his life and in his relationships with people.
While you see a healthy person enjoying happiness in his life, establishing his relationships
with people and showing love, kindness, and intimacy.
Finally, a person must consider many matters and behaviors in life in order to avoid
diseases that interfere with his life and to know that illness may be part of the many trials
that a person is exposed to.
Staying healthy has never been so important as the need to remain in good health can have a
positive effect on almost every aspect of our lives. Staying fit can be done in a variety of
ways, including eating lean and healthy meats along with plenty of fruits and vegetables.
Spending a little time each day exercising can help us all to become healthy and avoid the
modern blight of obesity.
Importance of good health in human life :

• A healthy person is a person who is able to serve himself, his nation and his community.
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• The importance of health for a person is that it saves him the costs of treatment and
the hassle of going to hospitals.
• Psychologically healthy people feel comfortable and happy in their lives and enjoy life well.
More on Importance of good health in human life :
• Helps you live longer
• Feel better about yourself
• Life insurance is cheaper
• Lower levels of stress and anxiety
• Limit the desire for the addictive substance
• Better vision by healthy diet and cardio-vascular exercise.
• Lower medical costs
• increase in fertility
• Satisfying life and good self esteem.
How to achieve good health and well being?

• Eating healthy meals
• More vegetables and Fruits in the diet
• Consuming appropriate amount of water
• Regular exercises
• Avoiding obesity and Loosing extra weight
• Maintaining good hygiene
• Good enough sleep
• Prevent substance abuse
• Making better life style choices
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• Realisstic and achiievable goal
• Enoug
gh money
Whatt influen
nces you
ur Heallth?
Healtth and Behavio

B our
1. Health
h behaviour refers to acctions that an
a individuaal engages inn that affectt their
health either posittively or negatively.
2. The ac
ctions may be
b intentionnal or uninteentional, and can prom
mote or detraact from the
health of the actorr or others.
3. Action
ns exampless - smoking, substance use, diet, ph
hysical activvity, sleep, risky sexuaal
activitties, health care
c seekingg behaviourrs, and adherence to preescribed meedical
treatm
ments.
4. Addre
essing healthh behaviourrs requires strategies
s to encourage individualss to engage
in heallthy behavioours and access nutritioous food, saafe spaces too be physically active,
and suupport to maake healthy choices.
Healtth belieffs
1. What people
p belieeve about thheir health
2. What they
t think constitutes
c t
their health
3. What they
t considder the causee of their illlness and ways to overccome it.
24
4. Beliefs are culturally determined, and all come together to form larger health belief systems.
5. The HBM attempts to predict health-related behavior in terms of certain belief patterns.
6. A person’s motivation to undertake a health behavior is categorized : individual
perceptions, modifying factors, and likelihood of action.
How does advertising affect our health?

1. Food industry advertising that targets children and youth has been linked to the increase of
childhood obesity.
2. Advertising by other industries often objectifies girls and women, contributing to body
dissatisfaction, eating disorders, low self-esteem and depression.
3. The concept of “good advertising makes us believe that something is better than
actually is” doesn’t have to do with buying things that we don’t like just because we
saw it on the internet
4. Advertisers think about what consumers want and need, and how they can meet those wants
and needs.
Health and Society
25
• Adults who are socially active live longer and are healthier than their more isolated
peers. Social relationships are vital to maintaining good health.
• Conversely, social isolation creates health risks. Studies have shown that for patients
with coronary artery disease, social isolation creates added risk of death.
• Good health is an important enabler of positive family and community life.
• It enables people to participate in, and contribute to, society in different ways.
Health and Family
26
• Umberson (1987) states that family members influence health behaviours through
indirect and direct control mechanisms.
• Family members may also directly regulate one’s health behaviour by physical
means and supportive behaviours.
• Every family member can influence another family member’s health attitudes and
behaviours through communication.
• Research reveals that critical comments from family members predicts the chance of
relapse in depression, eating disorders, and schizophrenia.
• Family members can support our decision to enact healthier behaviours.
Personality Traits
Health and Personality - Profession
• Through its influence on thoughts, emotions, behaviours, and environments,
personality is one of the best psychological predictors of physical health.
• Personality is measured using the Big Five framework made up of extroversion,
conscientiousness, openness, neuroticism, and agreeableness
• The disordered personality was significantly predictive of worse physical

functioning, role limitations, fatigue, and pain.
• In the workplace, your personality affects how you interact with your colleagues,
managers, and clients and it may also have an impact on your earnings potential, your
career trajectory, and job satisfaction.
Disparities of health in different vulnerable groups

27
• Health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have systematically
experienced greater obstacles to health based on their racial or ethnic group; religion;
socioeconomic status; gender; age; mental health; cognitive, sensory, or physical
disability; sexual orientation or gender identity; geographic location;
• In India the vulnerable groups that face discrimination include Women, Scheduled
Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Children, Aged, Disabled, Poor migrants, People
living with HIV/AIDS and Sexual Minorities.
Health and Psychology

• Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness,
and healthcare.
• It is concerned with understanding how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors
contribute to physical health and illness. Psychological factors can affect health
directly.
• Psychological factors can affect health directly.
• The goal of health psychology is to apply health education, information, prevention,
and control in ways that will alleviate patients’ physical symptoms and improve their
lives.
Psychological disorders (Stress and Health - Stress

management
• Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional, or psychological
strain.
• Stress is your body’s response to anything that requires attention or action.
• Signs: Psychological,Emotional, Physical & Behavioural.
Types of Stresses
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• Acute stress is a very short-term type of stress that can either be positive or more
distressing; this is the type of stress we most often encounter in day-to-day life.
• Chronic stress is stress that seems never-ending and inescapable, like the stress of a
bad marriage or an extremely taxing job.
• Episodic acute stress is acute stress that seems to run rampant and be a way of life,
creating a life of ongoing distress.
• Eustress is fun and exciting. It’s known as a positive type of stress that can keep you
energized. It’s associated with surges of adrenaline, such as when you are skiing or
racing to meet a deadline.
Coping with Stresses

• Learn to recognize the signs of burnout. High levels of stress may place you at a high
risk of burnout. Burnout can leave you feeling exhausted and apathetic about your
job.
• When you start to feel symptoms of emotional exhaustion, it’s a sign that you need to
find a way to get a handle on your stress.

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• Try to get regular exercise. Physical activity has a big impact on your brain and your
body. Exercise reduces stress and improves many symptoms associated with mental
illness
• Take care of yourself. Incorporating regular self-care activities into your daily life is
essential to stress management. Learn how to take care of your mind, body, and spirit
and discover how to equip yourself to live your best life.
• Practice mindfulness in your life. Mindfulness isn’t just something you practice for
10 minutes each day. It can also be a way of life. Discover how to live more
mindfully throughout your day so you can become more awake and conscious
throughout your life.
Mindfulness for Spiritual and Intellectual health

personality
• Mindfulness simply means paying attention to the present moment, on purpose, non-
judgmentally.
• Mindfulness can be cultivated through meditation
• It is the only one technique that can increase mental health and well-being.
• Several therapeutic techniques have been based on these practices, such as
mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
• One can be mindful, observing their surroundings in the present moment, without being
spiritual
Healthy Lifestyle Benefits:
A healthy lifestyle can help you feel better. Even better, you don’t have to overhaul your
entire life overnight. It’s pretty easy to make a couple of small changes that can steer you in
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the direction of improved well-being. And once you make one change, that success can
motivate you to continue to make more positive shifts.
You may find the below 5 benefits if your long term health is
pursued:
1. Decreased risk of disease. Dis-ease in the body occurs when it’s stressed,
nutritionally imbalanced, and/or neglected of self-care. Often times, these occur
simultaneously. To bring the body back into a state of balance, it’s essential we begin to
adopt more sustainable behaviors. These behaviors are by no means difficult, they’re just
different than the ones you currently subscribe to. Remember, life is a practice, not a
performance.
2. More life-force energy. It is physically impossible for the body to have

optimal energy when inundated with poor quality foods, chemicals, and long term
stress. Each of these respond negatively in the body and inhibit its ability to
sustain energy levels for extended periods of time. Give the body what it requires
and desires, such as wholesome nourishment, sunlight, clean water, and
movement, and you will experience a dramatic shift in your daily energy levels.
3. Increased happiness, less depression. The gut contains 100 million neurons
and is responsible for secreting major neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine,
glutamate, norepinephrine and nitric oxide. When we nurture the health of our
gut, we invite these feel-good chemicals to be secreted more easily and more
frequently, thus influencing the state of our mood.
4. Increased feelings of self-worth. As you begin to experience mood shifts

and desirable body changes, you will begin to make self-care a priority. Simple as
that.
5. Save money. Leading a lifestyle of healthy behaviors allows for more money
in your pocket by increasing work productivity, eradicating doctor visits, and
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decreasing missed work due to feeling ill and unwell. You’ll have extra funds to
do things you love with those you love!
Quite literally, there are infinite benefits one will receive by way of pursuing a
healthy lifestyle.
Other Important Benefits :

1. Helps You Live Longer
This is one of the most obvious benefits of living a healthy lifestyle and is one of the main
reasons why most people look to exercise and eat a healthy diet. For those determined to get
the most out of their body in terms of longevity, there is a whole host of evidence that links
staying healthy with longer life. One study went so far as to estimate the link between only
drinking alcohol in moderation, not smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet
can extend your life by up to 14 years.
2. Feel Better About Yourself

One of the main reasons why staying healthy can be of assistance to your life as you grow
older. One of the main benefits is that living a healthy lifestyle can make you feel more
confident than ever before. Exercising can release hormones to your brain that enhance your
mood and provide you with a sense of euphoria.
3. Life Insurance is Cheaper

One of the primary considerations you will have when you grow older is the need to
purchase life insurance to protect your family in the event of your death. You may be you
like term life insurance vs whole life insurance policies, but whichever you choose, you will
face lower premiums when you live a healthy lifestyle.
4. Control Your Stress

The modern world we live in is undoubtedly stressful, with the ability to switch off from
work being a significant problem. One of the issues facing us is how to handle stress with
exercise. Those who live a healthy lifestyle have been proven in clinical studies to have
lower levels of stress and anxiety.
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5. Avoid Addictions
No matter what kind of addiction you are affected by, a healthy lifestyle filled with exercise
can limit your desire for the addictive substance. Whether your vice of choice is food,
drugs, or alcohol, you will find a runner’s high just as addictive.
6. Protect your Sight

This may not be a well-known aspect of living a healthy lifestyle, but your eyesight can be
protected by a healthy diet and a proper diet. Better vision as we age can be obtained with
regular cardiovascular exercise.
7. Lower Medical Costs

This may seem like a no-brainer, but by staying healthy, your medical bills will be
significantly lower. Lower medical costs will often lead to fewer debts and a higher credit
score.
8. Increase your Fertility

If you are looking for a fertile future with lots of children, the gym is the place to go.
Studies conducted by Harvard University researchers showed a higher sperm level among
males who exercised regularly.
9. Consider your Self-Esteem

When you exercise regularly, you will usually find you look and feel better, leading to a rise
in your confidence. Higher self-esteem can lead to a more satisfying life.
10. Become a Good Example

Exercising regularly and living a healthy lifestyle will rub off on those around you. When
your children and grandchildren see you exercising and eating healthily, they will be more
likely to follow your example.
• A person's physical health means that the body does not have any diseases in
all parts of his body, and the safety of all its membranes.
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While mental and social health is represented by the ability of a person to
accomplish social tasks entrusted to him without defect or error.
• Psychologically healthy people feel comfortable and happy in their lives and
enjoy life well.
• A person who suffers from mental illnesses always sees him as a gloomy and
pessimist and does not feel happy in his life and in his relationships with
people.
While you see a healthy person enjoying happiness in his life, establishing his
relationships with people and showing love, kindness, and intimacy.
Health and Society :

• Health is essential to eradicating extreme poverty and promoting growth of
well-being
• The analysis show that over past decade, health improvements constitutes
24% of full income growth in low-and middle- income countries.
• Why are health factors important to society?
• People who fit into society are likely to be more content and healthier even in
the most affluent countries.
Improved mental Health clarity :

• Having a healthy body and mind would make you think clearer. Whenever
you’re experiencing a crisis and you need to find out a solution quickly, you’ll
tend to make a wise decision if you’re in good health. This is because being fit
– both physically and mentally, would let you concentrate better on certain
things and encourage clarity of thoughts. On the contrary, if you’re having a
poor health condition, your mind will become tired easily when you’re trying
to concentrate on things. Also, you’ll get distracted easily with the
discomforts associated with your health issues.
Increased capacity of fighting diseases :
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• Good health helps avert certain diseases including high blood pressure, stroke,
heart disease etc. When you maintain good health, you’ll be able to keep your
blood pressure and cholesterol within a safe range. This makes your blood
circulation smooth, lowering the risks of various cardiovascular diseases. In
addition, good health comprising of proper diet and regular physical activity
can also prevent or help you better manage health problems such as diabetes,
depression, metabolic syndrome, arthritis and certain kinds of cancer, among
others.
How to achieve wellbeing :

 Develop and maintain strong relationships with family and friends.
 Make regular time available for social contact.
 Try to find work that you find enjoyable and rewarding, rather than just working
for the best pay.
 Eat wholesome, nutritious foods.
 Do regular physical activity.
 Become involved in activities that interest you.
 Join local organisations or clubs that appeal to you.
 Set yourself achievable goals and work towards them.
 Try to be optimistic and enjoy each day.
Factors that influence wellbeing :

Every aspect of your life influences your state of wellbeing. Researchers investigating
happiness have found the following factors enhance a person's wellbeing:
 Happy intimate relationship with a partner.

 Network of close friends.
 Enjoyable and fulfilling career.
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 Enough money.
 Regular exercise.
 Nutritional diet.
 Enough sleep.
 Spiritual or religious beliefs.
 Fun hobbies and leisure pursuits.
 Healthy self-esteem.
 Optimistic outlook.
 Realistic and achievable goals.
 Sense of purpose and meaning.
 A sense of belonging.
 The ability to adapt to change.
 Living in a fair and democratic society.
How can You Achieve Good Health and Well Being?

The following ways can help you achieve good health and well-being:
Eat healthy meals:
What you eat is closely related to your health. Eating a healthy diet can help boost your immune
systems, help you maintain a healthy weight and can improve your overall health.
Add more fruits and vegetables to your diet:

Include fruits, vegetables, grain products, leafy greens, salmon, etc. in your diet. Adding fruits and
vegetables is an ideal basis to start a healthy routine.
Drink a lot of water:

Drinking a lot of water keeps muscles and joints working, increases the amount of water in your
blood, promotes healthy skin and cardiovascular health and helps cleanse toxins from your body.
You can save a lot of money and improve your health by drinking water all day.
Get regular exercise:

Do a moderate workout for at least 30 minutes a day, as exercise can help prevent heart disease,
stroke, colon cancer, and diabetes.
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Lose your extra weight:
Lose weight if you are overweight. If you want to lose extra weight, you have to reduce the number
of calories you consume, so you have to become a good record-keeper.
If you are obese, losing weight can mean "less heart disease, less cancer and less diabetes.
Wash your hands before eating a meal:

Hand washing before eating is a good habit and an effective way to prevent infection.
If you eat something without washing your hands, it is possible that the bacteria and germs that
remain on your fingers and palms can be moved into your mouth.
This can affect your overall health and cause diseases and infections.
Protect your skin:

Your skin is the first layer of defense in the body, and you need to protect it. In summer, a lot of
sunlight is very harmful to your skin cells because UV rays damage or even kill your skin cells.
In winter, fluctuations, redness, allergies and irritation are common skin diseases among many of
us.
Cold temperatures and low humidity levels create dry air that pulls moisture away from the skin.
Therefore, protect your skin in both seasons.
Get enough sleep:

Sleep plays an important role in good health and well-being throughout your life because it enables
the body to repair and be fit and ready for another day.
Getting enough sleep at the right times may help prevent physical health problems such as excess
weight gain, heart disease, protect your mental health issues and improve your quality of life and
safety.
Prevent substance abuse:

Avoid smoking, tobacco, alcohol, caffeine and sugary drinks. Smoking, alcohol, and tobacco
consumption are harmful to your health, so avoid such things as soon as possible.
When you quit, you will greatly reduce the risk of death from lung cancer and other life-threatening
diseases such as heart disease, stroke, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, etc.
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Make your lifestyle choices better:
You can understand what you should do to enjoy a healthy, happy life.
Poor lifestyle choices contribute significantly to the development and progression of preventable
chronic diseases.
Improve your lifestyle, adopt healthy lifestyle choices and create good and healthy habits so that
you can make healthy changes in your life.
Carve out time to exercise and find a way to ratchet down stress and depression.
Reference for further Materials :

1. Health Psychology- Biopsychosocial Factors in Health and Illness.
Authors: Larry C. Barnard & Edward Krupat. Harcourt Brace College

Publishers
2.Health Psychology. Ninth edition. Shelley E. Taylor . McGraw Hill

Edition. India Pvt. Ltd.
3. Health Psychology. By M. Robin Dimalleo. Leslie R. Martin.

Pearson Education Parling Kindersley (India)
Internet sources:
1) htps:// w.w.w Medical News today.com
2) The Scientific World Information.com
3) Importance of good health in out life: html
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MCQ Pattern Questions for Practice
==============================
Part – I
1. The World Health Day is celebrated on ________.
(a) 1st March
(b) 7th April
(c) 6th October
(d) 10th December
Sol: (b) 7th April.
2. Cleanliness, physical exercise, rest and sleep are a part of ________.
(a) Hygiene
(b) Social hygiene
(c) Personal hygiene
(d) None of the above
Sol: (c) Personal hygiene.
3. Which one of the following is an unhealthy habit?
(a) Sharing food
(b) Bathing twice a day
(c) Drinking boiled water
(d) Eating without washing one’s hand
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Sol: (d) Eating without washing one’s hand.
4. Which one of the following is not a bacterial disease?
(a) AIDS
(b) Dengue
(c) Measles
(d) All of the above
Sol: (d) All of the above.
5. Which of the following diseases is also called as “Salmonella enterica serotype

Typhi”?
(a) Typhoid
(b) Malaria
(c) Diarrhea
(d) Yellow fever
Sol: (a) Typhoid.
6. Which of the following is the main cause for transmission of the Hepatitis virus?
(a) The bite of a mosquito
(b) Sharing drug needles
(c) Drinking contaminated water
Sol: (b) Sharing drug needles.
7. Which of the following statements is true about contamination?
(a) Contamination is caused by the entry of germs by an insect bite

40
(b) Contamination is caused by the entry of germs by an animal bite
(c) Contamination is caused by the entry of germs into drinking water or edible foods.
Sol: (c) Contamination is caused by the entry of germs into drinking water or edible
foods.
8. Which of the following diseases is not caused by bacteria?
(a) Typhoid
(b) Poliomyelitis
(c) Tuberculosis
(d) All of the above.
Sol: (b) Poliomyelitis.
9. The main cause of contagious disease is _________.
(a) Contaminated Air
(b) Contaminated Food
(c) Poor hygienic conditions
10. Which of the following factors is necessary for a healthy person?
(a) Vaccination
(b) Balanced diet
(c) Personal hygiene
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Part : II
===============================
1. Which of the following components are major nutrients in our food?
(a) Carbohydrates
(b) Lipids and Proteins
(c) Vitamins and Minerals
2. Which of the following food components is required for the growth and
maintenance of the human body?
(a) Proteins
(b) Vitamins
(c) Minerals
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Sol: (d) Both (a) and (b)
3. Which of the following food components give energy to our body?
(a) Proteins
(b) Vitamins
(c) Minerals
(d) Carbohydrates
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Sol: (d) Carbohydrates.
4. Which of the following food items provides dietary fibre?
(a) Pulses
(b) Wholegrain
(c) Fruits and vegetables
5. Which of the following food products are the best sources of animal proteins?
(a) Milk
(b) Egg
(c) Cheese
(d) All of the above.
6. Which of the following mineral functions by building strong bones and teeth?
(a) Iodine
(b) Calcium
(c) Iron
(d) Sodium
Sol: (b) Calcium.
7. Egg is a rich source of _________.
(a) Proteins
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(b) Vitamins
(c) Minerals
8. Which of the following food components does not provide any nutrients?
(a) Milk
(b) Water
(c) Fruit Juice
(d) Vegetable soup
Sol: (b) Water.
9. Which of the following food items is the best source of plant proteins?
(a) Milk
(b) Egg
(c) Legumes
(d) Cheese
Sol: (c) Legumes.
10. Which of the following food components is rich in fat?
(a) Rice and Maize
(b) Milk, egg and beans
(c) Butter, cheese and oil
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Sol: (c) Butter, cheese and oil.
11. Which of the following statements is false about nutrients in milk?
(a) Milk is a good source of calcium
(b) Milk is a good source of protein
(c) Milk is a good source of vitamin C
(d) Milk is a good source of vitamin D
Sol: (c) Milk is a good source of vitamin C.
12. Guava, Lemon, Orange and Tomato are rich in ___________.
(a) vitamin A
(b) vitamin B
(c) vitamin C
(d) vitamin D
Sol: (c) vitamin C.
13. Potatoes, cereals, beans, pulses and oats are rich in ___________.
(a) Proteins
(b) Vitamins
(c) Minerals
(d) Carbohydrates
Sol: (d) Carbohydrates.
14. Which of the following is not a component of food?
(a) Fats
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(b) Fibres
(c) Water
Sol: (d) None of the above.
15. The most significant and essential mineral required for our body is ________.
(a) Iron
(b) Sodium
(c) Calcium
==============================================================
46
Part ; III
1. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Evidence from a variety of social surveys has confirmed the increasingly sedentary lifestyle
of modern society.
b. In 2008, the most common form of occupational and non-occupational physical activity in
England was walking.
c. The most common barriers to doing more physical activity identified by adults in England
were work commitments and a lack of leisure time.
d. all of these
Answer: D
2. Which of the following diseases have been associated with sedentary lifestyle?
a. colon cancer
b. stroke
c. cardiovascular disease
d. all of these
Answer: D
3. Environmental psychologists emphasize the importance of taking which of the following into
consideration when examining behaviour?
a. genetics
b. brain structure
c. physical and social context
d. none of these
Answer: C
4. Which of the following models propose that behaviour, such as physical activity and exercise, is
predicted by intention to engage in such behaviour, which in turn is predicted by the individual’s
attitude towards exercise and the perceived social norm?
a. health belief model
b. theory of reasoned action
c. transtheoretical model
d. none of these
Answer: B
5. Health compromising behaviors are commonly seen in Answer:people from
A. high class
47
B. middle class
C. low class
D. none of these
Answer:C. low class
6. Alcohol consumption has been linked to

A. liver cirrhosis
B. high blood pressure
C. stroke
D. all of the above
Answer: D. all of the above
7. When findings are difficult to generalize to the world outside of the laboratory, we say the
research is lacking in ______ validity.
a. ecological
b. economical
c. empirical
d. experimental
Answer: A
8. More research is necessary to confirm the assumption that ______ cause positive changes to
quality of life.
a. lifestyle changes
b. research findings
c. survey data
d. questionnaire responses
Answer: A
9. Which of the following processes are important in explaining obesity?
a. food environment
b. physical activity
c. individual psychology
d. all of these
Answer: D
10. Obesity is caused by an increase in ______.
a. adiposity
b. epidosity
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c. ediposity
d. apidosity
Answer: A
11. The formula for the body mass index is ______.
a. a person’s weight in kilograms squared divided by the square of his/her height in meters
(kg2/m2)
b. a person’s weight in kilograms squared divided by his/her height in meters (kg2/m)
c. a person’s weight in kilograms divided by his/her height in meters (kg/m)
d. a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of his/her height in meters (kg/m2)
Answer: D
12. Which of the following health communication style makes use of the patient’s knowledge and
experience?
a. doctor-centred communication
b. patient-centred communication
c. practitioner-centred communication
d. none of these
Answer: B
13. Which of the following charters defined health promotion as ‘the process of enabling people to
increase control over, and to improve, their health’.
a. Charter of the United Nations (1945)
b. Tokyo Charter (1946)
c. Ottawa Charter (1986)
d. none of these
Answer: C
14. This approach to health promotion aims to improve and promote health by addressing
socioeconomic and environmental determinants of health within the community.
a. behaviour change approach
b. community development approach
c. biomedical approach
d. none of these
Answer: B
15. This approach to health promotion is synonymous with health education as it aims to increase
individuals’ knowledge about the causes of health and illness.
49
d. none of these
Answer: A
16. Which of the following is a characteristic of the community development approach to health
promotion?
a. Improving individual attitudes and beliefs are key to successful health promotion.
b. There is a close relationship between individual health and its social and material contexts,
thus are relevant when developing initiatives for change.
c. Individuals need to change personal behaviour rather than to change the environment to
promote health.
d. all of these
Answer: B
17. Who proposed the biopsychosocial model?
a. Freud
b. Sontag
c. Engel
d. none of these
Answer: C
18. In H.J. Eysenck’s twentieth-century theory of personality, how did he reinterpret the classical
phlegmatic temperament?
a. stable extravert
b. stable introvert
c. unstable extravert
d. unstable introvert
Answer: B
19. HIV is a retrovirus that infects and colonizes cells in the ______.
a. immune system
b. immune system and the central nervous system
c. endocrine system
d. immune system and endocrine system
Answer: B
20. In 2015, the global prevalence of HIV infection was ______.
a. 0.2%
50
b. 0.4%
c. 0.6%
d. 0.8%
Answer: D
21. In ______, blood glucose homeostasis ceases to function because the beta cells of the
pancreatic islets are destroyed.
a. type 1 diabetes mellitus
b. type 2 diabetes mellitus
c. gestational diabetes
d. both type 2 diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes
Answer: A
22. Which year did the World Health Organization first express the right to health as a fundamental
human right?
a. 1946
b. 1952
c. 1987
d. 2000
Answer: A
23. The influence of families, schools and neighbourhoods in explaining social inequalities in
health can be categorised in which of the following systems?
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem
Answer: A
24. Which philosopher was central to the conceptualization of human beings as composed of mind
and body?
a. John Locke
b. Plato
c. Rene Descartes
d. Confucius
Answer: C
25. The WHO report in 2013 estimated that tobacco will kill as many as ______ people this century
if the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control is not implemented rapidly.
51
a. 2 billlion
b. 1 billlion
c. half a billion
d. quartter of a billiion
A
Answer: B
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Part II
Module - 2
53
Module-2
Building of healthy lifestyles for better future:

Developing a healthy diet for good health, Food and health, Nutritional guidelines for
good health and well beingness, Obesity and overweight disorders and its
management, Eating disorders - proper exercises for its maintenance (Physical
activities for health), Fitness components for health, Wellness and physical function,
How to avoid exercise injuries.
Chapter 2
Building Healthy Life Style for Better

Future
Developing Healthy Diet for Good Health
• Prepare most of your meals at home using whole or minimally processed foods.
• Choose from a variety of different proteins to keep things interesting.
• Make an eating plan each week.
• Choose recipes with plenty of vegetables and fruit. Your goal is to fill half your plate with vegetables and
fruit at every meal.
• Choose brightly colored fruits and vegetables each day, especially orange and dark green vegetables
• Avoid sugary drinks and instead drink water.
• Lower-fat, unsweetened milk is also a good way to stay hydrated.
• Eat smaller meals more often. Eat at least three meals a day with snacks in between.
• When you wait too long to eat you are more likely to make unhealthy food choices.
Healthy Diet
• Fruit and vegetables: A wide variety of fruit and vegetables should be eaten and preferably five or more
servings should be eaten per day.
• Bread, pasta, other cereals and potatoes: Plenty of complex carbohydrate foods should be eaten, preferably
those high in fibre.
• Meat, fish and alternatives: Moderate amounts of meat, fish and alternatives should be eaten and it is recom-
mended that the low fat varieties are chosen.
21
• Milk and dairy products: These should be eaten in moderation and the low fat alternatives should be chosen
where possible.
• Fatty and sugary foods: Food such as crisps, sweets and sugary drinks should be eaten infrequently and in
small amounts.
Food Pyramid
Tips - Healthy Diet for Good Health

• Eating lots of vegetables and fruit
– This is one of the most important diet habits. Vegetables and fruit are packed with nutrients (antioxi-
dants, vitamins, minerals and fibre) and help you maintain a healthy weight by keeping you full longer.
– Fill half your plate with vegetables and fruit at every meal and snack.
• Choosing whole grain foods
– Whole grain foods include whole grain bread and crackers, brown or wild rice, quinoa, oatmeal and
hulled barley. They are prepared using the entire grain. Whole grain foods have fibre, protein and B
vitamins to help you stay healthy and full longer.
– Choose whole grain options instead of processed or refined grains like white bread and pasta.
– Fill a quarter of your plate with whole grain foods.
• Eating protein foods - Every day

– Protein foods include legumes, nuts, seeds, tofu, fortified soy beverage, fish, shellfish, eggs, poultry,
lean red meats including wild game, lower fat milk, lower fat yogurts, lower fat kefir and cheeses lower
in fat and sodium.
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– Protein helps build and maintain bones, muscles and skin.

– Try to eat at least two servings of fish each week, and choose plant-based foods more often.
– Dairy products are a great source of protein. Choose lower fat, unflavoured options.
– Fill a quarter of your plate with protein foods.
– Limiting highly and ultra-processed foods
• Some minimally processed foods are okay
– These are foods that are slightly changed in some way but contain few industrially made additives.
– Minimally processed foods keep almost all of their essential nutrients.
– Some examples are: bagged salad, frozen vegetables and fruit, eggs, milk, cheese, flour, brown
rice, oil and dried herbs.
• Making water your drink of choice
– Water supports health and promotes hydration without adding calories to the diet.
– Sugary drinks including energy drinks, fruit drinks, 100% fruit juice, soft drinks and flavored coffees
have lots of sugar and little to no nutritional value. It leads to weight gain.
– Even though the fruit juice has vitamins and minerals, it has more sugar than the fruit and less fiber. It
is not alternative to fruits.
– When safe drinking water is not available, quench your thirst unsweetened lower-fat milk, and previ-
ously boiled water.
• A healthy diet helps to protect against malnutrition in all its forms, as well as non communicable diseases
(NCDs), including such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke and cancer.
• Unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity are leading global risks to health.
• Healthy dietary practices start early in life- fosters healthy growth and improves cognitive development, and
may have longer term health benefits such as reducing the risk of becoming overweight or obese.
• Energy intake (calories) should be in balance with energy expenditure.
Food and Health

Food
• FOOD is the means that nourishes the body.
• Food may also be defined as any substance eaten or drunk which meets the needs for energy, body building,
regulation and protection of the body.
• Food is the material from which our bodies are made.
• Eating right kind of food in right amounts ensures good nutrition and health.
Nutrition
• Nutrition - is food at work in the body. It includes everything that happens from eating food to its usage in
various functions of body.
• Nutrients are components of foods needed for body in adequate amounts for proper growth, reproduction
and leading normal life.
• The science of nutrition deals with what nutrients we need, in what quantity, how to get them and how the
body utilizes them.
• Adequate, optimum and good nutrition – indicates the right amount and proportion of nutrients for proper
utilization for achieving highest level of physical and mental health.
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Nutritional Status
• Nutritional status – state of the body as a result of foods consumed and their utilization by the body. Nutri-
tional status can be good, fair and poor.
• Good nutritional status – characterized by an alert, good natured personality, a well developed body with
normal weight for height, well developed and firm muscles, healthy skin, reddish pink colored eyelids and
membranes of mouth, good layer of subcutaneous fat, clear eyes, smooth and glossy hair, good appetite and
excellent general health which is recognized by stamina to work, regular meal time, sound sleep, normal
elimination and resistance to disease.
Malnutrition
• Malnutrition – undesirable kind of nutrition leading to ill health. It results from lack, excess or imbalance
of nutrients in the diet. It includes both under and over nutrition. Under nutrition is a state of insufficient
supply of essential nutrients.
• Malnutrition can be primarily due under nutrition or secondorily dut to error in metabolism. The interaction
between nutrients or nutrients and drugs used for treatment.
Over Nutrition and Diet

• Over nutrition refers to an excessive intake of one or more nutrients which creates a stress on bodily func-
tions.
• Diet – refers to what ever is eaten or drunk each day. It includes normal diet that is consumed either
individually or in groups. Diets may be modified for making it suitable for sick individuals as a part of
treatment – therapeutic diets
Functions of Food
Physiological
• Food provides energy. Body needs energy to sustain involuntary processes essential for continuing life. It is
also required for various activities like professional, household and recreational activities.
• Another important function is body building. Food eaten helps to maintain the body structure and helps in
repair of worn out tissues
24
• Food regulates the activities of the body including – heart beat, maintaining body temperature, muscle con-
traction, water balance, blood clotting and removal of waste products from the body.
• Food helps in improving the immune system and improves resistance power of the body.
Social
• Food has always been the central part of our existence, social cultural and religious life.
• Special foods are distributed during religious functions in homes, temples, churches etc.
• Feasts are given in different stages of life like birth, cradle ceremony, birthdays, marriages etc. many feasts
call for feeding specific segment of people.
• Certain menus are associated with specific foods in each region.
• Food has been used as expression of love friendship and social acceptance
• Food is also used to express happiness like success in exams, job, marriages, birth of a baby etc.
• Food for get togethers, meetings or functions should be planned in a proper manner to bring people together.
Psychological
• In addition to physical and social needs, food must satisfy certain emotional needs.
• It includes a sense of security, love and attention.
• Familiar foods usually make us feel secure.
• Sharing of food is a token of friendship and acceptance.
• In a friendly gathering we try unfamiliar foods and thus enlarge our food experiences.
• Anticipating needs and fulfilling these are expressions of love and attention.
• These sentiments are the basis of the normal attachment to mother’s cooking or home food.
• If the foods included are unfamiliar or not tasty, then even nutritionally balanced foods may not be satisfac-
tory.
• Planning meals must be such that it is nutritionally adequate and also enjoyable.
Nutritional Guidelnes for Good Health and Well beingness

Fruits and Vegetables (WHO)
Eating at least 400 g, or five portions, of fruit and vegetables per day reduces the risk of NCDs(Non Com-
municable Diseases) and helps to ensure an adequate daily intake of dietary fiber.
Fruit and vegetable intake can be improved by:
• Always including vegetables in meals;
• Eating fresh fruit and raw vegetables as snacks;
• Eating fresh fruit and vegetables that are in season; and
• Eating a variety of fruit and vegetables.
25
Fats (WHO)
Reducing the amount of total fat intake to less than 30% of total energy intake helps to prevent unhealthy
weight gain. The risk of developing NCDs is lowered by :
• Reducing saturated fats to less than 10% of total energy intake;
• Reducing trans-fats to less than 1% of total energy intake; and
• Replacing both saturated fats and trans-fats with unsaturated fats.
The Saturated fat and industrially-produced trans-fat intake, can be reduced by:
• Steaming or boiling instead of frying when cooking.
• Replacing butter and ghee with oils rich in polyunsaturated fats (soybean or sunflower oils).
• Eating reduced-fat dairy foods and lean meats, or trimming visible fat from meat.
• Limiting the consumption of baked and fried foods, and pre-packaged snacks and foods (e.g. doughnuts,
cakes, pies, cookies, biscuits and wafers) that contain industrially-produced trans-fats.
Salts (WHO)
Most people consume too much sodium through salt around 9–12g per day and not enough potassium (less
than 3.5 g). High sodium intake and insufficient potassium intake contribute to high blood pressure, which
in turn increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.
• Salt intake to the recommended level of less than 5 g per day.
• Not having salt or high-sodium sauces and condiments on the table.
• Limiting the consumption of salty snacks.
• Choosing products with lower sodium content.
• People should be encouraged to check nutrition labels to see how much sodium is in a product before
purchasing or consuming it.
• Potassium can mitigate the negative effects of elevated sodium consumption on blood pressure. Intake of
potassium can be increased by consuming fresh fruit and vegetables.
Sugars (WHO)
In both adults and children, the intake of free sugars should be reduced to less than 10% of total energy
intake. A reduction to less than 5% of total energy intake would provide additional health benefits
Consuming free sugars increases the risk of dental caries (tooth decay). Excess calories from foods and
drinks high in free sugars also contribute to unhealthy weight gain, which can lead to overweight and obesity.
• Limiting the consumption of foods and drinks containing high amounts of sugars, such as sugary snacks,
candies and sugar-sweetened beverages (i.e. all types of beverages containing free sugars – these include
carbonated or non-carbonated soft drinks, fruit or vegetable juices and drinks, liquid and powder concen-
trates, flavored water, energy and sports drinks, ready-to-drink tea, ready-to-drink coffee and flavored milk
drinks.
• Eating fresh fruit and raw vegetables as snacks instead of sugary snacks.
26
BMI Weight Status

Below 18.5 Under Weight
18.5 to 24.9 Normal Weight
25 to 29.9 Over Weight
30 to 35 Obese
Over 35 Morbid Obesity
Obesity and overweight disorders and its management

Being overweight or obese are both terms for having more body fat than what is considered healthy. These
terms are used to identify people who are at risk for health problems from having too much body fat. How-
ever, the term "obese" generally means a much higher amount of body fat than "overweight."
The more body fat one has, the greater the risk for diabetes, kidney disease, heart disease, and other
medical conditions. The signs of overweight and obesity are
• Very High Body Mass Index (BMI).
• Unhealthy body fat distribution.
• Not enough sleep.
• High amounts of stress.
Body Mass Index (BMI)

• BMI is calculated from your height and weight.
weigkı (kg)
• International System of Units (SI) : BMI = 2 .
(keigkıin ( N))
weigkı (lb)
• Imperial System : BMI = 2 × 703
(keigkı (inckex))
What causes obesity and overweight?

• The fundamental cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and
calories expended.
• An increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat and sugars.
• An increase in physical inactivity due to the increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of work, changing
modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization.
• Endocrinal abnormalities.
Complications
• Type 2 diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Sleep apnea
• Metabolic syndrome
• Fatty liver diseases
27
• Osteoarthritis
• Kidney disease
• Gallbladder disease
• Emotional and Social problems
Treatments
• Healthy eating plan and regular physical activity.
• Weight-management programs : lose weight or keep from regaining lost weight.
• Medication
• Weight-loss devices : Gastric Band, Gastric Balloon Systems,Gastric Emptying Systems.
• Weight-management devices : Oral Removable Palatal Space Occupying Device, Ingested, Transient, Space
Occupying Device.
• Bariatric surgery.
Eating Disorders
Disorder is An illness that disrupts normal physical or mental functions Eating disorders are a range of
psychological conditions that cause unhealthy eating habits to develop. They might start with an obsession
with food, body weight, or body shape. The types of Eating Disorders are
1. Anorexia Nervosa
2. Bulimia Nervosa
3. Binge eating disorder
4. Pica
5. Rumination disorder
6. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
7. Other disorders: Purging Disorder, Night Eating syndrome
28
Anorexia Nervosa
Common symptoms of anorexia nervosa include
• Being considerably underweight compared with people of similar age and height very restricted eating pat-
terns
• An intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behaviours to avoid gaining weight, despite being under-
weight
• A relentless pursuit of thinness and unwillingness to maintain a healthy weight
• A heavy influence of body weight or perceived body shape on self-esteem
• A distorted body image, including denial of being seriously underweight
• Serious weight loss: 15% below the normal weight (BMI is <= 17.5)
• The weight loss is induced by avoidance of fattening foods.
• Amenorrhea in women and loss of sexual interest in men

• Use excessive exercise or appetite suppressants.
Bulimia Nervosa
Common symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa include
• Alternating periods of starvation Use appetite suppressants
• There is a self-perception of being too fat with a fear of too fat.
• Recurrent episodes of overeating in which large amounts of food are consumed in short periods of time.
• Persistent preoccupation with eating, and a strong desire or a sense of compulsion to eat (craving)
• Counteract the “fattening effect’ perception by Self-induced vomiting and other Common purging behaviours
include fasting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas, and excessive exercise.
Binge Eating Disorder

Common symptoms of Binge Eating Disorder
• Eating large amounts of foods rapidly, in secret and until uncomfortably full, despite not feeling hungry
• Persistent preoccupation with eating, and a strong desire or a sense of compulsion to eat (craving)
• Counteract the “fattening effect’ perception by Self-induced vomiting and other Common purging behaviours
include fasting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas, and excessive exercise.
29
Scientific Fouundations of Health
H 21SFH19/299
• feeling a lack of conttrol during epiisodes of binge eating feelin

ngs of distress, such as sham
me, disgust, or guilt,
when thhinking about the binge eatiing behavior
• No use of purging behhaviours, suchh as calorie resstriction, vomiiting, excessivve exercise, orr laxative or diiuretic
use, to compensate for
fo the bingingg
Pica
Pica disorderr highlights
• Pica is another eatingg disorder thatt involves eatiing things that are not considered food.
• Individduals with picaa crave non-foood substancess, such as ice, dirt, soil, chaalk, soap, papeer, hair, cloth, wool,
pebbless, laundry deteergent, or cornnstarch.
• Pica caan occur in aduults, as well ass children andd adolescents. That said, this disorder is m
most frequentlly
observeed in children,, pregnant women, and indiividuals with mental
m disabillities
Rumination disord
der
Rumination disorder condition
• Ruminaation disorderr can affect people at all stagges of life. Peeople with the condition gennerally regurgiitate
the foodd they’ve receently swalloweed. Then, theyy chew it again n and either sw
wallow it or sppit it out.
Eating Disorders
D O
Occurance
Who suffers
s from
m eating diisorders?
• Eating disorders are most commonn in teenagers or young adu
ults, but can allso affect almoost anyone.
• Higher in females thaan males (malles almost hallf of females)
• People of all ages, baackgrounds, body

b weights, and ethnicity can be affecteed by eating ddisorders.
men, men and boys can also

• Althouggh common inn teenage wom o be vulnerable.
30
• People sometimes have eating disorders without their families or friends ever suspecting that they have a
problem.
• Aware that their behaviour is abnormal, people with eating disorders may withdraw from social contact, hide
their behaviour, and deny that their eating patterns are problematic.
Physical activity recommended by WHO Adults 18 to 65 years

• At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity
physical activity or an equivalent combination throughout the week.
• Physical activity includes leisure time physical activity (walking, dancing, gardening, hiking, swimming),
transportation (e.g. walking or cycling), occupational (work), household chores, play, games, sports or
planned exercise, in the context of daily, family, and community activities.
• For additional health benefits, adults should increase their moderate-intensity physical activity to 300 min-
utes per week, or at least 75 minutes of vigorous–intensity physical activity throughout the week or an
equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous- intensity activity.
• Muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week.
• Aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration.
Types of Physical Activities

Moderate intensity physical activity
Requires a moderate amount of efforts and accelerates the heart rate.
• Brisk walking
• Dancing
• Gardening
• House work and domestic chores
• Water aerobics
• Bicycling slower than 10 miles per hour
• General building tasks (roofing, thatching, painting)
• Active involvement in games/ sports with children/ walking domestic animals
• Carrying/ moving moderate loads (<20kg)
Vigorous-intensity Physical activity

Requires a large amount of efforts with rapid breathing and substantial increase in heart rate.
• Race walking, jogging, or running, Walking/ climbing briskly up a hill
• Fast swimming
• Aerobics
• Fast Bicycling
• Jumping rope
• Heavy gardening (continuous digging)
31
• Hiking uphill or with a heavy backpack

• Competitive sports and games (traditional games, football, volleyball, hockey, basketball)
• Carrying /shifting heavy loads (>20 kg)
Fitness Components of Health

A well-balanced exercise activities address all health-related components of fitness.
1. Body composition : It is the amount of fat mass compared to lean muscle mass, bone and organs.
2. Flexibility: is the ability of each joint to move through the available range of motion for a specific joint.
3. Muscular strength :It is the amount of force a muscle can produce. Examples would be the bench press, leg
press or bicep curl.
4. Muscular endurance :It is the ability of the muscles to perform continuous without fatiguing. Example:The
sit up test is most often used to test muscular endurance.
5. Cardio-respiratory endurance :It is the ability of the heart and lungs to work together to provide the needed
oxygen and fuel to the body during sustained workloads. Examples would be jogging, cycling and swim-
ming, Cooper Run.
Wellness and Physical Function

• Physical function is the ability to perform both basic and instrumental activities of daily living, and the ability
of older adults to reside in the community depends to a large extent on their level of physical function.
• Being active helps maintain healthy bones, muscles and joints. Physical activity decreases the risk of some
health problems such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Exercising helps reduce
feelings of anxiety and depression, helps prevent and manage stress, and promotes mental well-being.
• Physical wellness is the ability to maintain a healthy quality of life that allows us to get through our daily
activities without undue fatigue or physical stress.
• The physical component of wellness involves the ability to carry out daily tasks, develop cardio respiratory
and muscular fitness, maintain adequate nutrition and a healthy body fat level, get adequate sleep, and avoid
abusing alcohol and other drugs or using tobacco products.
MCQ Questions :
Part : I
1. What is the essential first step to a healthier lifestyle?
a. taking more vitamins
b. making the decision to be abstinent from street drugs
c. exercising regularly to the point of exhaustion
d. none of the above
32
2. If you don’t cope well with stress, it can:

a. increase your susceptibility to infection
b. increase your risk for heart disease
c. interfere with good decision making
d. all of the above
3. Even if the cause of what is stressing you is out of your control, you know that:
a. you always have control over your response to the stress
b. you can protect your health by doing relaxation exercises
c. you may be able to redefine it as something you can control
d. all of the above
4. To prevent food borne illnesses:

a. eat only raw meat, fish, and eggs
b. eat canned food even if the cans have bulges or dents
c. wash everything thoroughly—hands, utensils, cutting boards
d. always thaw frozen food at room temperature
5. Which of the following statements is included in the FDA Dietary Guidelines?

a. choose a variety of fruits and vegetables daily
b. choose a variety of grains daily, especially whole grains
c. choose a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol
d. all of the above
Part : II
1. How many minutes should an average person walk a day?
30 minutes
40 minutes
20 minutes
2. An apple a day ______
keeps the doctor away
33
keeps all the troubles away

keeps you awake whole day
3. Which vitamin is good for eyes?
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
4. What is the recommended daily water intake?
0.5 Liters
1 Litre
2 Liters
5. What are the general sleep requirements for an adult?
8 to 12 hours
12 to 14 hours
7 to 9 hours
6. Why do people have to use bath salts?
To heal wounds
To relax and sleep better
To soften the skin
7. What is usually recommended as a self care tip for depression?
Sleeping for less that 7 hours

Active lifestyle
Eating 100 extra calories
8. How do puzzles help you?
They help you learn numbers

They help exercise the brain
They are a time pass
9. When must you brush your teeth if you brush them only once a day?
Right after dinner

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H 21SFH19/299
A night beffore you sleeep

At
I the morniing
In
10. How
w often you must have a routine boody checkup
p?
O
Once in 10 years
y
O
Once a yearr
O
Once in 5 yeears
35
Part III
Module 3
33
Module-3
Creation of Healthy and caring relationships :

Building communication skills (Listening and speaking), Friends and
friendship - education, the value of relationships and communication,
Relationships for Better or worsening of life, understanding of basic
instincts of life (more than a biology), Changing health behaviours
through social engineering,
Chapter 3
Creation of Healthy and caring

relationships
Building communication skills (Listening and speaking)

Communication and its essence
• Communication is the art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from one person to another.
• Communication is the process of meaningful interaction among human beings.
• Personal process
• Occurs between people
• Involves change in behavior
• Means to Influence others
• Expression of thoughts and emotions throug words and actions.
• Tool for controlling and motivating people.
• It is a social and emotional process.
35
Communication Skills
• Sender: The person who conceptualized the idea and wants it delivered to the recipient.
• Encoding: The way the information is described or translated into a message.
• Message: The idea, fact or opinion that the sender wants to communicate.
• Communication channel: The method of delivering the message.
• Noise or Distraction: Hinders successful communication.Types : Psychological, Physical, Environmental

and Semantic.
• Receiver: The target audience of the message.
• Decoding: The interpretation of the message.
• Feedback: The response or action a receiver takes after decoding a message.
Goals of Communication
• To inform – you are providing information for use in decision making
• To persuade – to reinforce or change a belief about a topic
• To build relationships – some messages that you send may have the goal of building good will between you
and the other person.
• For Perfect/Effective - Communication
36
Barriers of Communication
• No interest in the conversation.
• Jumping to conclusions without waiting for the whole message.
• Inability to Listen to Others.
• Lack of Transparency & Trust.
• Communication Styles (when they differ).
• Fear of offending the other person by expressing your opinions.
• Cultural Differences & Language.
• One feels not comfortable sharing your feelings with the other person
Types of Barriers
1. Psychological Barriers
2. Physical Barriers
3. Emotional Barriers
4. Attitudinal Barriers
5. Cultural Barriers
6. Language Barriers
7. Gender Barriers
8. Interpersonal Barriers
37
How to improve Communication

• Understanding is the KEY to communication.
• Understanding requires ACTIVE LISTENING.
• Speak up about your thoughts and ideas
• Try not to make assumptions
• Practice self-awareness, especially during tough conversations
• Don’t be accusatory when raising an issue
• Be brief and clear
• Eye Contact
Friends and friendship - education

Friend
"a person with whom one has a bond of mutual affection, typically one exclusive of sexual or family rela-
tions"
• A person who has a strong liking for and trust in another person.
• A person who is not an enemy friend or foe.
• A a person who helps or supports something.
• Unconditional Relationship.
Friendship
"Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people. It is a stronger form of interpersonal bond
than an acquaintance or an association, such as a classmate, neighbour, or colleague. "
• It is a dyadic relationship, meaning that it involves a series of interactions between two individuals known
to each other.
• It is recognized by both members of the relationship and is characterized by a bond or tie of reciprocated
affection.
• It is not obligatory; two individuals choose to form a friendship with each other.
Characteristics of Friendship
• It is typically egalitarian (all are equal) in nature. Each individual in a friendship has about the same amount
of power or authority in the relationship.
• It is almost always characterized by companionship and shared activities.
• One of the primary goals and motivations of friendship is companionship.
• In addition, adolescent and adult friendships often perform other functions, such as serving as sources of
emotional support and providing opportunities for self-disclosure and intimacy.
38
Qualities Of A True Friend

• A faithful friend is a sure anchor
• Will always be honest with you.
• Loves you for yourself and unconditional
• Gives more than they take
• Compromises
• forgives you even without an apology.
• believe in you.
• Make time for you.
• Respectful to you.
• Thoughtful.
• Stick around you.
The Nature of Friendship

• Bellah et. al. (1996) suggest that the classical idea (Aristotle) of friendship has three components: ‘Friends
must enjoy each other’s company, they must be useful to one another, and they must share a common
commitment to the good’.
• Bell and Coleman 1999 : According to this view ‘friendship becomes a special relationship between two
equal individuals involved in a uniquely constituted dyad’.
• Pahl 2000 :Friendship is a relationship built upon the whole person and aims at a psychological intimacy,
which in this limited form makes it, in practice, a rare phenomenon, even though it may be more widely
desired. It is a relationship based on freedom and is, at the same time, a guarantor of freedom.
Friendship in Education
• They provide support and resources and can both encourage and discourage academic achievement.
• Contribute to a positive sense of mental well-being,
• Encourage learning and develop interpersonal skills
• play a significant role in promoting overall health.
• Development of Social Skills
• Better Cooperation
• Better Problem solving abilities
• Better Communication
• Better Academic outcomes
39
Why communication is key to healthy relationships

• Communication is important in any relationship, as it allows you to effectively share feel-
ings, opinions and expectations.
• GET TO KNOW EACH OTHER : The key to determining whether you’re compatible with
another person is to communicate with them from the offset.
• AVOID MISUNDERSTANDING : Another reason to communicate effectively is to avoid

any misunderstandings, which can lead to a breakdown of communication or the relation-
ship as a whole.
• SET CLEAR EXPECTATIONS : In any relationship, it’s important that these expectations
are made clear from the offset, to avoid one party upsetting the other without realizing.
Always be open and honest and never be afraid to stand by what you believe in.Thus
healthy, positive and satisfying relationship.
How to improve communication in a relationship?

• Always talk about important or sensitive issues face-to-face.
• Be open and honest.
• Find the right time for important conversations Don’t be abusive or verbally aggressive, even if it’s an
emotive issue.
• Approach conversations in a calm and relaxed way, in a quiet environment where both parties are comfort-
able.
• Use positive body language.
• Do not communicate via text.
• Choose your language carefully.
The value of relationships and communication

Examples of Bad communication in relationships
• Belittling each other
• Openly giving the cold shoulder
• Becoming defensive in heated discussions
• Assuming you know what the other person is thinking
• Arguments that are never resolved and brushed under the carpet
• Inability to compromise
• Few attempts to connect
40
Examples of good communication in relationships

• Giving your partner, friend or family member your full attention.
• Giving each other space when needed.
• Face-to-face communication.
• Honesty and openness.
• 24- hour rule – never sleep on an argument.
• Talk about the little things in life.
Relationships for Better or worsening of life

• Satisfying relationships not only make us happy, they also influence our long-term health as much as getting
enough sleep, eating healthy, and not smoking.
• Many research studies have shown that satisfying relationships are associated with better health, greater
happiness, and even longer life.
• Stronger Heart and Healthier Brain
• An unhealthy relationship will cause lot of stress, loneliness and will make us an irritable person which will
work as a retarding force in our way of achieving success.
• While in an unhealthy relationship we lose trust on each other and respect for each other decreases.
• A research shows that a healthy relationship have 5 to 1 ratio of positive to negative behaviours and a
unhealthy relationship have a much lower ratio of positive to negative behaviours.
Understanding of basic instincts of life (more than a biology)

Three Basis instincts of Human Life
• Self-Preservance
• Sexual Instinct
• Social Instinct.
41
Self-Preservance
• Self-Preservance : Focused on enhancing and protecting personal safety, security, and comfort.
• Priorities: Physical well-being, financial security, mental health
• Characteristics: This type tends to be self-sufficient, disciplined, and devoted to self-improvement. Exam-
ple:Investing in the future.
• Weaknesses: An unbalanced self-preservation instinct can lead to a preoccupation with financial and other
forms of security and an obsessive relationship with diet and exercise.
Sexual Instinct
• Sexual Instinct : Sexual instinct is the drive to extend into the environment and through generations to come.
• Priorities: Intimacy, connection, excitement
• Characteristics: The instinct drives them to create truly intimate connections with those they love and to
connect with love itself.
• Weaknesses: Sexual types practice an exploratory approach to life that can lead to a lack of focus, as well as
neediness and promiscuity.
Social Instinct
• Social Instinct : Focused on creating and maintaining relationships to build a sense of personal value, ac-
complishment, and community.
• Priorities: Interpersonal relationships, group participation.
• Characteristics: Healthy social types typically maintain many friendships, feel a strong sense of social re-
sponsibility, and work to protect the group.
• Weaknesses: Social types may develop an antisocial “us against them” attitude in an effort to determine
who’s on their side.
42
H 21SFH19/299
Changiing health
h behaviors througgh social engineerin
e ng
Role of social
s engin
neering in health
h behaavior chang
ges
• Social engineering
e innvolves modiffying the envirronment in waays that effectt people’s abillity to practicee a
particullar health behaviour.
• Much behaviour
b channge occurs noot through behhaviour changee programs buut through soccial engineerin
ng.
• These measures
m are called
c passivee because theyy do not requirre an individuaal to take perssonal action.
Examplees for Sociaal Engineerring

• Wearinng seat belts is an active meaasure that an individual
i mu
ust take to conttrol possible injury from an
n
automoobile accident,, whereas airbags, which infflate automatically on impaact, represent a passive meassure..
• Banninng the use of ceertain drugs, such
s as heroinn and cocaine, and regulatingg the disposall of toxic wasttes are
examplles of health measure
m that have
h been manndated by legisslation.
• Both sm mption are legaally restricted to particular circumstancess and age grou
moking and allcohol consum ups.
• Social engineering
e soolutions include providing purified
p waterr to people.
• Legislaations can be passed
p to make the environm
ment healthierr and help peoople lead moree healthy livess.
• The meedia can be used to influencce people towaards making healthier
h choicces especially children who are
suggesttible and vulnerable to adveertising.
• Informaation resourcees on health caan be made avvailable to all.
• Facilitaating developmment of healthh habits such as
a open spacess and parks that encourage ppeople to exerrcise,
relativeely cheap orgaanic fruits andd vegetables, minimal
m markeeting of tobacco and alcohool.
43
Part IV
Module-4
44
Module-4
Avoiding risks and harmful habits :

Characteristics of health compromising behaviors, Recognizing and
avoiding of addictions, How addiction develops and addictive behaviors,
Types of addictions, influencing factors for addictions, Differences
between addictive people and non addictive people and their behavior
with society, Effects and health hazards from addictions Such as..., how
to recovery from addictions.
45
Chapter 4
Avoiding risks and Harmful Habits
Characteristics of health compromising behaviors
behaviours that undermine or harm current or future health. Habitual in nature leading to addiction in
certain cases. Substantial contributors to global burden of disease.
• Produce pleasurable effects: sensory pleasure – alliesthesia (external stimulus perceived as pleasant if main-
tains or improves internal homeostasis, perceived as unpleasant if threatens internal homeostasis).
• Thrill-seeking behaviour.
• Stress reduction, coping mechanisms: avoidance – negative reinforcement.
• Acquired gradually over time: degree of engagement & experimentation
• Developmental state seen as window of vulnerability, risk-taking behaviour.
• Problematic family relationships.
• Developed Gradually.
Recognizing and avoiding of addictions

Recognizing and avoiding of Additions
• Someone with an addiction will crave a substance or other behavioral habits. They’ll often ignore other areas
of life to fulfill or support their desires.
47
• Lack of control, or inability to stay away from a substance or behavior
• Decreased socialization, like abandoning commitments or ignoring relationships
• Ignoring risk factors, like sharing needles despite potential consequences
• Physical effects, like withdrawal symptoms or needing higher dosage for effect
• Problems at school or work — frequently missing school or work, a sudden disinterest in school activities
or work, or a drop in grades or work performance.
• Physical health issues — lack of energy and motivation, weight loss or gain, or red eyes Neglected appear-
ance — lack of interest in clothing, grooming or looks.
• Changes in behavior — exaggerated efforts to bar family members from entering his or her room or being
secretive about where he or she goes with friends; or drastic changes in behavior and in relationships with
family and friends.
• Money issues — sudden requests for money without a reasonable explanation; or your discovery that money
is missing or has been stolen or that items have disappeared from your home, indicating maybe they’re being
sold to support drug use.
Recovering from addictions

• Admit There Is A Problem. The hardest part to recovery is admitting you have an addiction.
• Reflect On Your Addiction.
• Seek Professional Support.
• Appreciate The Benefits of Sobriety.
• Evidence-Based Care.
• Identify Your Triggers.
• Change Your Environment.
• Exercise.
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Addiction is Mental Disorder
How addiction develops and addictive behaviours

Substance Use Disorder
• Substance use disorder (SUD) is a complex condition in which there is uncontrolled use of a substance,
despite harmful consequences.
• People with SUD have an intense focus on using a
• certain substance(s) such as alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs, to the point where the person’s ability to
function in day to day life becomes impaired.
• People keep using the substance even when they know it is causing or will cause problems.
• The most severe SUDs are sometimes called addictions.
Types of addictions and influencing factors for addictions

Addictions
What is Addiction?
• Addictive behaviour: A behaviour based on the pathological need for the substance or activity, may involve
the abuse of substances, such as alcohol or tobacco/opium or the excessive ingestion of high caloric food,
resulting in extreme obesity
• Addiction is a chronic disorder with biological, psychological, social and environmental factors influencing
its development and maintenance.
• Addiction occurs when the act of using a substance takes over these circuits and increases the urge to con-
sume more and more of the substance in order to achieve the same rewarding effect.
Types of Addictions
• Alcoholism/Tobacco
• Drugs-Opium, Marijuana, Cocaine, Cannabis
• Internet/browsing addiction
• Cell phone addiction
49
50
• Video gaming
• Pornography
• Sedatives/Anxiolytics/inhalants
• Hyper obesity/Morbid obesity
More about Addiction

• About half the risk for addiction is genetic
• Genes affect the degree of reward that individuals experience when initially using a substance (e.g., drugs)
or engaging in certain behaviours (e.g., gambling), as well as the way the body processes alcohol or other
drugs.
• Heightened desire to re-experience use of the substance or behaviour, potentially influenced by psycho-
logical(e.g., stress, history of trauma), social (e.g., family or friends & use of a substance), and environ-
mental factors (e.g., accessibility of a substance, low cost) can lead to regular use/exposure, with chronic
use/exposure leading to brain changes
• All addictions are part of mental disorders!
Reasons for taking drugs

• To feel good — feeling of pleasure, “high” or "intoxication". Euphoria
• To feel better — relieve stress, forget problems, or feel numb
• To do better — improve performance or thinking
• Curiosity and peer pressure or experimenting
51
Symptoms of substance use disorder

• Impaired control: a craving or strong urge to use the substance; desire or failed attempts to cut down or
control substance use
• Social problems: substance use causes failure to complete major tasks at work, school or home; social, work
or leisure activities are given up or cut back because of substance use
• Risky use: substance is used in risky settings; continued use despite known problems
• Drug effects: Dependence: Involves physiological need for substance; tolerance (need for larger amounts to
get the same effect); withdrawal symptoms (different for each substance);
• Feeling that you have to use the drug regularly — daily or even several times a day.
• Having intense urges for the drug that block out any other thoughts.
• Over time, needing more of the drug to get the same effect.
• Failing in your attempts to stop using the drug.
• Taking larger amounts of the drug over a longer period of time than you intended
• Making certain that you maintain a supply of the drug Spending money on the drug, even though you can’t
afford it.
• Not meeting obligations and work responsibilities, or cutting back on social or recreational activities because
of drug use.
• Continuing to use the drug, even though you know
• it’s causing problems in your life or causing you physical or psychological harm.
• Doing things to get the drug that you normally wouldn’t do, such as stealing.
• Driving or doing other risky activities when you’re under the influence of the drug.
52
• Spending a good deal of time getting the drug, using the drug or recovering from the effects of the drug.
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms. when you attempt to stop taking the drug.
Consequences
• Brain changes include alterations in cortical (pre-frontal cortex) and sub-cortical (limbic system) regions
involving the neuro-circuitry of reward, motivation, memory, impulse control and judgment.
• This can lead to dramatic increases in cravings for a drug or activity, as well as impairments in the ability to
successfully regulate this impulse, despite the knowledge and experience of many consequences related to
the addictive behaviour.
Complications
• Getting a communicable disease.
• Other health problems. Drug addiction can lead to a range of both short-term and long-term mental and
physical health problems. These depend on what drug is taken.
• While driving more likely do other dangerous activities while under the influence causing accidents.
• People who are addicted to drugs die by suicide.
• Family problems . Behavioral changes may cause marital or family conflict.
• Work issues. Decline in performance at work, absenteeism and eventual loss of employment.
• Problems at school. Academic performance and motivation to excel in school.
• Legal issues.While buying or possessing illegal drugs, stealing to support the drug addiction, driving while
under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
• Financial problems.
Differences between addictive people and non addictive people and their
behavior with society
53
What other factors increase the risk of addiction?

• Early use: Although taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, research shows that the earlier people
begin to use drugs, the more likely they are to develop serious problems.
• This may be due to the harmful effect that drugs can have on the developing brain.
• It also may result from a mix of early social and biological risk factors, including lack of a stable home or
family, exposure to physical or sexual abuse, genes, or mental illness.
How to recover from addictions

Treating Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)
• The first step is recognition of the problem
• A formal assessment of symptoms: Medical professional
• Multiple types of treatment: A combination of medication and individual or group therapy is most effective.
• Treatment approaches that address an individual’s specific situation and any co-occurring medical, psychi-
atric, and social problems is optimal for leading to sustained recovery.
• Varies depending on substance and circumstances Treating substance use disorder is challenging and in-
cludes one or more of the following:
– Acute detoxification,
– Prevention and management of withdrawal
– Cessation (or rarely, reduction) of use
– Maintenance of abstinence
What works
• Cognitive-behavioural therapy: CBT can help addicted patients overcome substance abuse by teaching them
to recognize and avoid destructive thoughts and behaviours.
• Motivational interviewing: This therapy technique involves structured conversations that help patients in-
crease their motivation to overcome substance abuse.
• Contingency management. Provide tangible incentives to encourage patients to stay off drugs
• Psychodrama and group therapies
• Alcoholic Anonymous and Narcotic anonymous
• Rehab centers and Therapeutic Communities and other tertiary care centers
13 principles of effective drug addiction treatment

• Addiction is a complex, but treatable, disease that affects brain function and behavior
• No single treatment is appropriate for everyone.
• Treatment needs to be readily available.
• Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the individual, not just his or her drug abuse.
• Remaining in treatment for an adequate period of time is critical.
• Counselling: individual and/or group —and other behavioral therapies are the most commonly used forms
of drug abuse treatment.
54
H 21SFH19/299
• Medicaations are an im
mportant elem
ment of treatmeent for many patients,
p especcially when coombined with coun-
seling and
a other behaavioral therapies.
• An indiividual’s treatm ment and servvices plan mustt be assessed continually
c and modified as necessary to ensure
e
it meetss his or her chhanging needs.
• Many drug-addicted
d individuals allso have otherr mental disord
ders.
• Medicaally assisted detoxification
d is only the fiirst stage of addiction
a treattment and by itself does little to
change long-term druug abuse.
• Treatm
ment does not need
n to be voluntary to be effective.
e
• Drug use during treaatment must bee monitored continuously, as
a lapses durinng treatment ddo occur.
• Treatm
ment programs should assesss patients for the presence of HIV/AIDS S, hepatitis B and C, tubercculosis
and othher infectious diseases, as well
w as providee targeted risk k-reduction coounseling to hhelp patients modify
m
or channge behaviors that place theem at risk of coontracting or spreading
s infeectious diseasees.
Effects and heallth hazard

ds from addictions Such as....
Health Hazards
H
nt, strokes, HIIV/Aids, Canccer, Hepatitis B and
• Health issues: Cardioovascular, diggestive and rennal impairmen
C, Lunggs, Fetal Alcoohol Syndromees, etc.
• Mental health issues:: Anxiety, deppression, Schizzophrenias, orrganic mental disorders duee to substance abuse,
cognitivve dysfunctionn, personalityy disorder, etc
• Social health issues:: Stigma, disrrupted familiees, anti-social behaviours, higher
h crime records and law
l &
order problems.
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MODULE -V
56
MODULE –V
Module-5
Preventing and fighting against diseases for good health :

Process of infections and reasons for it, How to protect from different types of
transmitted infections such as…., Current trends of socio economic impact of reducing
your risk of disease, How to reduce risks for good health, Reducing risks and coping
with chronic conditions, Management of chronic illness for Quality of life, Health and
Wellness of youth: a challenge for the upcoming future Measuring of health and
wealth status.
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Preventing and fighting against diseases

for good health :
Content
1) Management of chronic illness for better quality of life
2) Health and Wellness of Youth- a challenge for upcoming future
3) Measuring of health and wellness
Process of Infections and the Reasons for it:
Disease Vs Illness:
58
According to this way of thinking, disease is something that needs to be cured, such as infection, injury,
toxic exposure, cell degeneration, etc.
Illness is something that needs to be managed such as feelings of pain, discomfort, distress, weakness,
fatigue, etc.
Germs according to CDC (CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL

AND PREVENTION)
Germs are a part of everyday life and are found in our air, soil, water, and in and on our bodies. Some
germs
are helpful, others are harmful. Many germs live in and on our bodies without causing harm and some even
help us to stay healthy. Only a small portion of germs are known to cause infection.
• An infection occurs when germs enter the body, increase in number, and cause a reaction of the body.
• Three things are necessary for an infection to occur:
1. Source: Places where infectious agents. (germs) live (e.g., sinks, surfaces, human skin)
2. Susceptible Person with a way for germs to enter the body.
3. Transmission: a way germs are moved to the susceptible person.
Sources of Infections
A Source is an infectious agent or germ and refers to a virus, bacteria, or other microbe. In healthcare
settings, germs are found in many places. People are one source of germs including:
• Patients
• Healthcare workers
• Visitors and household members
People can be sick with symptoms of an infection or colonized with germs (not have symptoms of an
infection but able to pass the germs to others).
Germs are also found in the healthcare environment. Examples of environmental sources of germs
59
Reasons for Infection from Sources
1. Dry surfaces in patient care areas (e.g., bed rails, medical equipment, countertops, and tables)
2. Wet surfaces, moist environments, and biofilms (e.g., cooling towers, faucets and sinks, and equipment
such as ventilators)
3. Indwelling medical devices (e.g., catheters and IV lines)
4. Dust or decaying debris (e.g., construction dust or wet materials from water leaks)
Susceptible People for infections
A susceptible person is someone who is not vaccinated or otherwise immune, or a person with a weakened
immune system who has a way for the germs to enter the body. For an infection to occur, germs must enter
a susceptible person’s body and invade tissues, multiply, and cause a reaction.
• Patients in healthcare who have underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and organ
transplantation are at increased risk for infection because often these illnesses decrease the immune
system’s ability to fight infection.
• Certain medications used to treat medical conditions, such as antibiotics, steroids, and certain cancer
fighting medications increase the risk of some types of infections.
• Lifesaving medical treatments and procedures used in healthcare such as urinary catheters, tubes, and
surgery increase the risk of infection by providing additional ways that germs can enter the body.
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Transmission of infection
Transmission refers to the way germs are moved to the susceptible person. Germs don’t move themselves.
Germs depend on people, the environment, and/or medical equipment to move in healthcare settings.
• Contact moves germs by touch. Touching the eye, nose, mouth or wounds after contact.
• Sprays and splashes occur when an infected person coughs or sneezes, creating droplets which carry
germs short distances (within approximately 6 feet). These germs can land on a susceptible person’s eyes,
nose, or mouth and can cause infection (example: pertussis or meningitis).
• Inhalation occurs when germs are aerosolized in tiny particles that survive on air currents over great
distances and time and reach a susceptible person. (example: Nontuberculous mycobacteria or aspergillus).
• Sharps injuries can lead to infections (example: HIV, HBV, HCV) when bloodborne pathogens enter a
person through a skin puncture by a used needle or sharp instrument.
Types of Infections
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Infectious agents come in many shapes and sizes. Categories

include
• Bacteria : Bacteria are one-celled organisms that can be seen only with a microscope.Strep throat,
Tuberculosis, Urinary tract infections
• Viruses: Viruses are much smaller than cells. AIDS Common cold, Ebola, Genital herpes, Influenza,
Measles Chickenpox and shingles, Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
• Fungi There are many varieties of fungi, and people eat several of them.
• Protozoans: Protozoans are single-celled organisms that behave like tiny animals — hunting and
gathering
other microbes for food. There are many varieties of fungi, and people eat several of them.Giardiasis,
Malaria, Toxoplasmosis
• Helminths : Helminths are among the larger parasites. Tapeworms and Roundworms.
How to protect from different types of transmitted infections
Preventing infections and avoid spreading infections through simple tactics:
• Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
• Cover coughs and sneezes.
• Avoid touching your face.
• Stay home if you’re sick.
• Clean and disinfect surfaces that are touched often.
• Avoid contaminated food and water.
• Prevent contaminated medical equipments.
• Avoiding the contact with the body fluids of infected.
• Hand-washing, Medicines and Vaccines.
• Prevent infections by sexual transmission
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Current trends of socio-economic impact of reducing your risk of

disease
• Reducing inconvenience as well as economic costs appropriate utilization of all healthcare professionals
and lay experts, as well as physicians.
• Reducing inappropriate and costly use of resources such as antibiotics and specialist time;
• Engagement of the public and providers in national dialogue about risk benefit decision making,
prioritization of use resources, and a focus on prevention rather than cure.
• Support economic evaluation of NCD programs, such as the HEARTS approachexternal icon for CVD
prevention in primary care
• Increase scientific research on the economics of NCDs
• Create tools to evaluate NCD costs
• Train global partners on economic analysis and evaluation
• Use evidence to inform NCD strategy development
• Low socioeconomic statushas significant consistent impact on mortality and morbidity.
How to reduce risks for good health
• Be a non-smoker and avoid second hand smoke. If one smokes need to get help to quit.
• Be physically active everyday.
• Eat healthy foods.
• Achieve a healthy weight.
• Control your blood pressure.
• Limit your intake of alcohol.
• Reduce your stress.
• Be screened or tested regularly.
• Practice Hygiene.
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• Remain Social
Reducing risks and coping with chronic conditions
Chronic illness
• What is chronic disease/illness?
• Chronic diseases are defined broadly as conditions that last for one year or more and
require ongoing medical attention, as well as limit activities of daily living.
• Example: heart disease, cancer, diabetes
• They are also leading drives of the nation’s large scale health care costs.
• Based on the latest data from C D C (centre for disease control), 10 most expensive
chronic diseases are:
• Cardio vascular diseases
• Smoking related health issues
• Alcohol related health issues
• Diabetes
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Cancer
• Obesity
• Arthritis
• Asthma
• Stoke
• At any given time 50% of the population has a chronic condition.
• The medical management of chronic disorders accounts for three quarters nation’s health
spending excluding nursing home care.
• The chronically sick account for 90% of home care visits

64
• 83%of prescription drug use
• 80% of the days spent in hospitals
• 66% of doctors visit
• 55% of visits to hospital emergency rooms
• These conditions are not confined to the elderly. More than one third young adults of ages
18 to 44 have at least one chronic disability.
• At time each one of us will hear a physician say that our condition is chronic and cannot be
cured. It can be managed.
Additional demands of chronic illness
• As well as needing to find ways to deal with the stress involved with chronic illness, you also need to:
– Understand the condition
– Know about the treatment and therapy
– Maintain trust and confidence in the doctors,
– Especially when recovery isn’t possible
– Know how to control the symptoms
– Maintain social relationships and a strong
– Support network when faced with an uncertain
– Medical future or when symptoms arise
– Avoid social isolation.
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Management of chronic illness for Quality of life
Quality of life
• “Quality of life is defined as an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context
of the culture and value systems, in which they live and in relation to their goals,
expectations, and standards”.
• (Standard indicators of life: wealth, employment, the environment, physical and mental
health, education, recreational and leisure time, social belonging, religious beliefs, safety,
security and freedom)
• Simply quality of life means the degree to which an individual is healthy, comfortable, and
able to participate in or enjoy life events.
• Quality of life has a wide range of contexts. It includes the field of international
development, health care, politics and employment
66
• Quality of life has several components: Specifically, physical functioning, psychological

status, disease or treatment, related symptomatology
• Health related quality of life is an evaluation of quality of life and its relationship with health.
In this field quality of life is often regarded in terms of how certain ailment affects a patient
on an individual level.
• Until recently quality of life was not considered an issue of psychological importance.
• F or many years it was measured only in terms of length of survival and signs of presence
of disease
• In addition there was no consideration of the psychological consequence of illness and

treatment.
Components of quality of life
Quality of life has several components. Specifically,
 Physical functioning
 Psychological status
 Social functioning
 Disease or treatment
Assessment of quality of life in chronic illness
• Till now the assessment of the quality of life of chronically ill was based on how
much the disease and treatment interferes with the activities of daily living such as
–
• Sleeping,
• Eating,
• Going to work and
• Engaging in recreational activities
67
• For patients with more advanced diseases, such assessments include whether the
patient is able to bathe, dress, use toilet, be mobile, be content, and eat without
assistance
• Essentially the quality of life assessment gauge the extent to which a patient’
normal life activities have been compromised by disease and treatment
Why we should study quality of life of chronically ill?
• Studying chronically ill patients and their quality of life is important for the following
• Documentation of exactly how illness affects vocational, social, and personal

activities. This provides an important basis for interventions designed to improve
quality of life.
• Quality of life measures can help pinpoint which problems are likely to emerge for
patients with diseases. Example: such measure might indicate that sexual
functioning is a problem for a patient. Such information would be helpful in
anticipating the intervention that are required
• Quality of life measures also assess the impact of treatments on quality of life of
the chronically ill
• Quality of life information can be used to compare therapies and their outcome
• Quality of life information can inform decision makers about care that will maximize
long term survival with the highest quality of life possible
• Information enables policy makers to compare the impact of different chronic

diseases on health care costs and to assess the cost effectiveness of different
interventions
• A chronic health condition is any condition lasting six months or longer. Example:
asthma, arthritis, cancer, obesity, diabetes, chronic pain or heart diseases
• Modern day treatments have made provision for people with chronic condition to
live longer with diseases that previously led to premature death.
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What causes chronic illness and associate conditions?
• They are caused by a number of different health factors resulting at simultaneously
• They take some time to develop
• They last for a long time and often lead to other health problems
How to maintain better quality of life in the chronically ill?
• Chronic conditions are not cured completely. So looking after our self about good
medical advice, living healthy life style, and having positive attitude help in
maintaining better quality of life
The measures adopted are:
• Finding reliable information about diseases, its treatment and management. This
will help the chronically ill patient to feel that he/she in taking positive step and give
a feeling of control over their illness
• Understanding the medication. This includes what it is specifically for. It provides

special instruction to be followed in taking medicine/ treatment and potential side
effects
• Setting the patient’s goal- short term goals will give a sense of how the person is
progressing
• Developing skills to manage the chronically ill patient’s pain and fatigue
• Getting emotional support. Speaking to others who are going through what the
patient is going through, and leaning on family and friends when there is need
• Planning for the future
• Here are 10 helpful strategies for coping with a chronic condition.
• Get a prescription for information.
• Make your doctor a partner in care.
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• Build a team.
• Coordinate your care.
• Make a healthy investment in yourself.
• Make it a family affair.
• Manage your medications.
• Beware of depression.
• Reach out. (Doctors, nurses)
• • Plan for end-of-life decisions.
Pain management:
• Taking pain relieving medicine. Medication includes both non-prescription

medication and prescription medication
• Under going physical therapies. There are many non-drug treatments. A

combination of treatments and therapies (Physio therapy) is some time more
effective. Non drug therapies include cognitive behavioral therapy (cognitive
behavioral therapy changes how a person thinks and in turn how he feels and
behave).
• Physical therapies also are found in stretching exercises, walking and other
exercises
• Relaxation and stress management techniques
• Transcutaneous electrical stimulation therapies
• Applying heat packs and cold packs and
• Acupuncture
Taking care of mental health:
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• Symptoms of chronic diseases – tiredness, aches and pains are not quite often
visible. It is not just physical symptoms that affect a chronically ill. They can affect
the limits on life styles and living with constant pain, it can impact mentally too.
• Worrying or thinking negatively adds to the patient’s anxiety or stress. They can
affect the overall health
What are the ways to reduce worrying?
• Write down the concerns and the possible consequences even if they are negative
• Find out the information about prognosis
• Talking to a friend, a supporting group or seek specialist help
• Focusing on a variety of things each day
Health and Wellness of youth:
71
A challenge for the upcoming
• Youth is the time of life when one is young and often means the time
between
childhood and adulthood.
• It is also defined as “the appearance, freshness, vigor, spirit, etc.,
• Its definitions of a specific age range varies, as youth is not defined

chronologically
as a stage that can be tied to specific age ranges, nor can its end
point be linked to specific activities
Good life style choices for better
quality of life
• Maintain a healthy life style can help the chronically ill
patient to feel well, while living with chronic illness and
its condition. This includes eating well, doing as much
physical activity as the patient’s condition will allow,
and getting good rest
• Trying to do some physical activity each day, even if it
is only a small amount, can help with managing pain
and lift your mood. Speak with the doctor or
physiotherapist about exercise that may help.
Sleep is also very important if there is a health
condition
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Dealing with multiple health condition
• To achieve this chronically ill person need to
deal with a number of health care
professionals. The most important thing to
remember about seeing multiple healthcare
professionals is to let each one know who else
the patient are seeing and for what health
condition.
Getting support from others for better
quality of life
• Social support can help chronically ill person to
maintain a good quality of life.
• When a chronically ill person has a long term
adverse health condition the person must plan to
catch up with family and friends and inform
about their condition and let them know how
they can help
• Consider new sources of support such as support
groups, clubs, interest group and volunteer
opportunities.
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Health and wellness of youth: a
challenge for upcoming future
• Youth is the time of life when one is young
and often means the time between childhood
and adulthood.
• It is also defined as “the appearance,
freshness, vigor, spirit, etc.,
• Its definitions of a specific age range varies, as
youth is not defined chronologically as a stage
that can be tied to specific age ranges, nor can
its end point be linked to specific activities
Health and wellness of youth: a
challenge for upcoming future
• Youth is the time of life when one is young
and often means the time between childhood
and adulthood.
• It is also defined as “the appearance,
freshness, vigor, spirit, etc.,
• Its definitions of a specific age range varies, as
youth is not defined chronologically as a stage
that can be tied to specific age ranges, nor can
its end point be linked to specific activities
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Health and wellness
• Health is a state of well‐being
• Wellness is the state of living a healthy life
styles
• Health refers to physical, mental and social
well=being
• Wellness aims to enhance well‐being. It can
affect physical, mental and social well‐being
Health and wellness in youth
• High levels of health and wellness in youth
help them flourish in life as well as act as a
protective factor against some of the
challenges that may arise during this period.
• Youth with strong mental well‐being are able
to manage their emotions, enjoy positive
relationships with friends and family
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Challenges facing youth
• In may 2014 W H O published a major report
called “Health for the world’s adolescent.”
• The report analyses what is known about
adolescents’ health
• It includes topic of what promotes or
undermines it, gaps in policies and services,
and draws together guidance and
recommendations
FACTS
• An estimated 1.3 million adolescents died in 2012,
mostly from preventable or treatable causes.
• Road traffic injuries were the leading cause of death in
2012, with some 330 adolescents dying every day.
• Other main causes of adolescent deaths include HIV,
suicide, lower respiratory infections and interpersonal
violence.
• Globally, there were 49 births per 1000 girls aged 15 to
19, according to 2010 figures.
• Half of all mental health disorders in adulthood appear
to start by age 14, but most cases are undetected and
untreated
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• Around 1 in 6 persons in the world is an
adolescent: that is 1.2 billion people aged 10 to
19
• Most are healthy, but there is still significant
death, illness and diseases among adolescents.
Illnesses can hinder their ability to grow and
develop to their full potential. Alcohol or tobacco
use, lack of physical activity, unprotected sex
and/or exposure to violence can jeopardize not
only their current health, but often their health
for years to come.
• Promoting healthy practices during
adolescence, and taking steps to better
protect young people from health risks are
critical for the prevention of health problems
in adulthood, and for countries’ future health
and social infrastructure
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Main health issue‐ Early pregnancy
and childbirth
• Complications linked to pregnancy and
childbirth are the second cause of death for
15‐19‐year‐old girls globally.
• One of the Millennium Development Goals, is
to achieve universal access to reproductive
health, for which one of the indicators is the
pregnancy rate among the 15 to 19 age group.
HIV
• More than 2 million adolescents are living
with HIV. Although the overall number of HIV‐
related deaths is down 30% since the peak 8
years ago, estimates suggest that HIV deaths
among adolescents are rising
• A second goal of the Millennium Development
is to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS
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Main health issue‐ Early pregnancy
and childbirth
• Complications linked to pregnancy and
childbirth are the second cause of death for
15‐19‐year‐old girls globally.
• One of the Millennium Development Goals, is
to achieve universal access to reproductive
health, for which one of the indicators is the
pregnancy rate among the 15 to 19 age group.
Other infectious diseases
• Improved childhood vaccination has resulted
in reducing death and disability from measles
• However diarrhea, lower respiratory tract
infections and meningitis are among the top
10 causes of death for 10 to 19 year olds.
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Mental health
• Depression is the top cause of illness and
disability among adolescents and suicide is the
third cause of death. Violence, poverty,
humiliation and feeling devalued can increase the
risk of developing mental health problems.
• Building life skills in children and adolescents and
providing them with psychosocial support in
schools and other community settings can help
promote good mental health. Programmes to
help strengthen ties between adolescents and
their families are also important. If problems
arise, they should be detected and managed by
competent and caring health workers.
Violence
• Violence is a leading cause of death. An
estimated 180 adolescents die every day as a
result of interpersonal violence. Around 1 of
every 3 deaths among adolescent males in the
low‐ and middle‐income countries is due to
violence
• Globally, some 30% of girls aged 15 to 19
experience violence by a partner.
80
• Promoting nurturing relationships between
parents and children early in life, providing
training in life skills, and reducing access to
alcohol and firearms can help to prevent
violence. Effective and empathetic care for
adolescent survivors of violence and ongoing
support can help deal with the physical and
the psychological consequences
Alcohol and drugs
• Harmful drinking among adolescents is a
major concern in many countries. It reduces
self‐control and increases risky behaviours,
such as unsafe sex. It is a primary cause of
injuries (including those due to road traffic
accidents), violence (especially by a partner)
and premature deaths. It also can lead to
health problems in later life and affect life
expectancy
81
• Setting a minimum age for buying and
consuming alcohol and regulating how
alcoholic drinks are targeted at the younger
market are among the strategies for reducing
harmful drinking. Drug use among 15 to 19
year olds is also a concern.
Injuries
• Unintentional injuries are a leading cause of
death and disability among adolescents. In 2012,
some 120 000 adolescents died as a result of
road traffic accidents.
• Young drivers need advice on driving safely
• laws that prohibit driving under the influence of
alcohol and drugs need to be strictly enforced.
Blood alcohol levels need to be set lower for
teenage drivers.
• Graduated licenses for novice drivers with zero‐
tolerance for drink‐driving are recommended
82
Malnutrition and obesity
Many boys and girls in developing countries
enter adolescence undernourished, making
them more vulnerable to disease and early
death.
The number of adolescents who are
overweight or obese is increasing in both low‐
and high‐income countries.
Exercise and nutrition
• Available survey data indicate that fewer than 1
in every 4 adolescents meets the recommended
guidelines for physical activity – 60 minutes of
moderate to vigorous physical activity daily.
• Anemia resulting from a lack of iron affects girls
and boys, and is the third cause of years lost to
death and disability. Iron and folic acid
supplements help to promote health before
adolescents become parents.
83
• Developing healthy eating and exercise habits
at this age are foundations for good health in
adulthood. Reducing the marketing of foods
high in saturated fats, trans‐fatty acids, free
sugars, or salt and providing access to healthy
foods and opportunities to engage in physical
activity are important for all but especially
children and adolescents.
Tobacco use
• The vast majority of people using tobacco today
began when they were adolescents. Prohibiting
the sale of tobacco products to minors and
increasing the price of tobacco products through
higher taxes, banning tobacco advertising and
ensuring smoke‐free environments are crucial.
Globally, at least 1 in 10 younger adolescents
(aged 13 to 15) uses tobacco, although there are
areas where this figure is much higher. Cigarette
smoking seems to be decreasing among younger
adolescents in some high‐income countries
84
Rights of youth
• The rights of children to survive, grow and
develop are enshrined in international legal
documents. The Committee on the Rights of
the Child (CRC), which oversees the child
rights convention, in 2013 published
guidelines on the right of children and
adolescents to the enjoyment of the highest
attainable standard of health
• In 2003, the CRC issued guidelines on states’
obligations to recognize the special health and
development needs and rights of adolescents
and young people. The Convention on the
Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW) also sets out the rights of women
and girls to health and adequate health care.
85
Health status
A general term for the state of health of an individual,
group, or population measured against defined standards
The W H O definition (2009):
The state of health of a person or population assessed
with reference to morbidity, impairments, anthropological
measurements, mortality, and indicators of functional
status and quality of life.
The WHO health indicators provide internationally
accepted standards for various aspects of health status
• WHO guides health policy in its Member
States toward priority health problems, the
use of solutions known to them, and relevant
directions for problem‐orientated research to
improve the effectiveness and efficiency of
investment for health development.
86
Types of health status
–includes
1) functional health
2) disability days
3) activity limitation
4) health expectancy and
5) disability free life expectancy
What is the best predictor of health status?
Earlier rising income and subsequent improved
standards of living were thought to be the
most important factors contributing to a long
and healthy life
New research has shown that the level of
education a person has is a much better
predictor of life expectancy
87
Measures of health status
• An individual’s health status is usually
measured by a health professional
• Measurement of population health status is
carried using statistics and data presented as a
set of measurement or indicators. It includes:
‐ Life expectancy; health adjusted life
expectancy; morbidity; under‐five mortality;
burden of disease; disability adjusted life year;
incidence; and prevalence
Wealth Status
• What Is Wealth?
Wealth measures the value of all the assets of
worth owned by a person, community,
company, or country. Wealth is determined by
taking the total market value of all physical
and intangible assets owned, then subtracting
all debts. Essentially, wealth is the
accumulation of scarce resources.
88
• Specific people, organizations, and nations are
said to be wealthy when they are able to
accumulate many valuable resources or
goods.
• Wealth can be contrasted to income in that
wealth is a stock and income is a flow, and it
can be seen in either absolute or relative
terms.
Understanding Wealth
• Wealth can be expressed in a variety of ways. In a
purely material sense, wealth consists of all the real
resources under one's control. Financially, net worth is
the most common expression of wealth.
• Definitions and measures of wealth have been
different over time among societies. In modern society,
money is the most common means of measuring
wealth. Measuring wealth in terms of money is an
example of money's function as a unit of account.
89
How to Measure Wealth
• Measuring wealth in terms of money overcomes
the problem of evaluating wealth in the form of
different kinds of goods. These values can then
be added or subtracted together. This, in turn,
permits the convenient use of net worth as a
measure of wealth. Net worth is equal to assets
minus liabilities. For businesses, net worth is also
known as shareholders’ equity or book value. In
common sense terms, net worth expresses
wealth as all the real resources under one's
control, excluding those that ultimately belong to
someone else.
• Research has consistently shown that people's
perception of their own wellbeing and
happiness depends much more on their
estimates of wealth relative to other people
than on absolute wealth. This is also part of
why the concept of wealth is usually applied
only to scarce economic goods; goods that are
abundant and free for everyone provide no
basis for relative comparisons across
individuals.
90
H 21SFH19/299
Refereence:
1. Health Psycchology 6 6th edn. SShelly E. Taylor.
MccGraw‐Hiill Publish hing commpany Ltss.
2. Health Psycchology. (2007) M M. Robin Dimalleo o.
Lesslie. R. M
Martin. Peearson Ed ducation. Darling
Kin
ndersley (India)
3. Health Psycchology 2 2nd Edn. DDavid F. M
Marks,
Michael Mu urray; Drriam Evan ns; Carla Willig; CC.
Wooodall; Caatherin M M.Sykes. Sage publication n
4. Heaalth Psych
hology –– Bio Psyccho Sociaal Factorss
in Health and Illness. Larry C.. Barnardd; Edward d
Kruppat. Harccourt Braace Collegge {ublishers
5. Cen
ntre for D
Disease CControl annd Preveention
(CDCC) reportt
6. Pallipedia.org
7. Action healtth inc.orgg.
91
Model Question Paper-I with effect from 2021

(CBCS Scheme)
First Semester Common to all BE, B.Tech, B.Plan, B.Arch, Bsc,

Degree Examination
Subject Title : Scientific Foundation of Health
Subject Code : 21SFH19 / 29
Examination: One Hour Maximum Marks:50
Instructions to the candidates

i)Answer all the 50 questions, each question carries one mark.
ii) Marking two answers for the same question makes the answer invalid.
Choose the correct option from those given in each of the sentences below.
1) A mentally sick person has

(A) Tendency to get upset with change of routine
(B) Feeling of friendship and trust for all
(C) Tendency to perform all the daily chores by oneself
(D) Tendency to solve all the problems without aid of others
2) A person is mentally sick if one is

(A) Worried
(B) With moods fluctuating between depression and elation
(C) Excessively happy
(D) Extra talkative
92
Q.3) Community health aims

(A) Care of the infants old
(B) Care of infirms
(C) Improvement of health of all
(D) Improvement of health of children
Q.4) Overweight in BMI is

a)>30
b)>25
c)<25
d)<30
5) Causes of Obesity and Overweight

a)Energy imbalance
b)Energy balance
c)Energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended
d)None of the above
Q.6) Is addiction a
a)Mental disorder
b)Physical disorder
c)Both (a) & (b)
d)None of the above
7). What are the reasons for taking drugs?

a)To feel good
b)To feel better
c)To do better
d)All of the above
Q.8) What states can do to avoid addiction

a) Adding higher tax on sweetened beverages
b)Benefits for organic fruits
c)Availability of healthy food
93
d)All of the above
Q.9) Social health hazards includes

a)Stigma
b) Anti social behavior
c)Higher crime records
d)All of the above
Q.10) What other factors increase the risk of addiction?

a)Mental illness
b)Early use
c) Both (a) and (b)
d)None of the above
Q.11) Why do some people become addicted to drugs, while others do not?
a)Aggressive behavior in childhood
b)Parental monitoring
c)Neighborhood
d)All of the above
Q.12) What is protective factors for addictions

a)Positive relationship b)Drug experimentation c)Community poverty d)All of the above
Q.13) Types of addictive behaviour

a) Alcoholism b) Drugs-Opium c) Video gaming d) All of the above
Q.14) Mental health hazards includes

a)Anxiety b)Depression c)Organic mental disorders due to substance use d)All of the above
Q.15) How is substance use disorder treated? a)Multiple types of treatment b)Recognition of
problem c)Alcohol drinking d)Both a and b
Q.16) Hyper obesity value in terms of BMI

a)>25 b)<25 c)>40 d)<40 Q.
94
17) In the future, which of the following will play a vital role in helping the gaming industry
demystify the nuances of gambling problems?
a) sustainability b) a code of conduct c) internet gaming d) experienced recreational gamblers
Q.18) Researchers, mental health professionals, problem gambling organizations, and the casino
industry have a responsibility to the problem gamblers themselves to
a) avoid bickering unnecessarily.
b) unite with a common goal of reducing the costs associated with gambling.
c) reach a consensus.
d) avoid unnecessary bickering and unite with the common goal of reducing the costs associated
with gambling only.
Q.19) What is the definition of overweight?

a) BMI > 25 kg/m2 b) BMI = 25 kg/m2 c) BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2 d) BMI 25-30 kg/m2
Q.20) Which of the following diseases does obesity increase the risk of developing?
a) Type 2 diabetes b) Cancer c) Cardiovascular disease d)None of the above
Q.21) Which of these factors is not required for communication growth?

a) Growth in size of organizations b) Negative atmosphere c) Globalisation d) Public relations
Q.22) Communication is a part of ---------- skills

a)Soft b)Hard c)Rough d)Short
Q.23) Communication barriers involves

a)Jumping into the conclusion b)Arguing and debating c)Fear of offending d)All of the above
Q.24) Ways to improve the communication skills are a)Active listening skills, b)Passive listening
skills c)Both a & b d)None of the above
Q.25) Goals of communication are

a)To inform, to persuade b)To inform, Fear of offending c)To persuade, Fear of offending d)None
of the above
95
Q.26) Objectives of communication skills are

a)Active listening skills b) Aware of own communication barrier c) Both a and b d)None of the
above
Q.27) What are the steps to increase the vocal clarity a)Keep your language simple b)Slow down
during conversation c) Feedback d) Both a and b
Q.28) How one can improve the communicate skills

a)Listen with willingness b)Respond appropriately c) Provide feedback d) All of the above
Q.29) Body language plays an important role in

a)Communication b)Judgment c)Both a and b d)None of the above
Q.30) Consumption of this causes increase in the fat synthesis, dilation of blood vessels, low blood
sugar and stomach-inflammation
(a) drug addiction and tobacco (b) alcohol (c) tobacco (d) drug addiction
Q.31) This causes tunnel vision

(a) Smoking (b) Alcohol (c) Barbiturates (d) Vitamin A deficiency
Q.32) After drinking alcohol, consumption of this leads to death

(a) Morphine (b) Opium (c) Barbiturate (d) All of these
Q.33)Constituent of alcoholic beverage is

(a) Propyl alcohol (b) Methyl alcohol (c) Ethyl alcohol (d) Mix of all of these
Q.34) This is a consequence of alcohol addiction

(a) psychosis, hypertension and fatty liver syndrome
(b) cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and fatty liver syndrome
(c) ulcers, all types of mental illness, vitamin deficiency, cardiovascular diseases
(d) all of these
Q.35)This causes the maximum accumulation of fat in the liver
(a) meat and egg (b) alcohol (c) saturated fat (d) starch
96
Q.36) What is defined to be a regular and excessive use of a substance in spite of dangers?
a)Use b)Abuse c)Substance d)Dependence
Q.37) What is defined to be a condition in which a person develops intense cravings for the
substance and the inability to control their behaviors in regards to obtaining and using it?
a)Use b)Abuse c)Substance d)Dependence
Q.38) What is the goal of social engineering?

a)Sabotage a person's social media
b)To gain vital personal information
c)To catfish someone
d)To build trust
Q.39) Using abbreviations in communication leads to which type of communication barrier
a) Language/ Linguistic b) Physical c) Cultural d) Organizational
Q.40) which can be used to overcome the communication barrier

a) Using a translator
b) By writing a letter
c) Not communicating at all
d) Using your own language
41) What is health?
a)Physical wellbeing b)Mental Wellbeing
c)Social Wellbeing d)All of the above
42) Important roles of health are

a)Fighting diseases b)Feeling happy
c)Enjoy life d)All of the above
43)As per WHO health is defined as a state of complete

a) physical wellbeing b) Mental wellbeing
c) Social wellbeing d) Physical, Mental and social Wellbeing
44)Wellness is
97
H 21SFH19/299
a))Positive appproach b)N

Negative appproach
c))Positive orr Negative approach
a d)Positive andd Negative approach
45)Risk factoors that incrreases a perrson’s illnesss or injury due to

a))Smoking b)Extreme
b p
physical actiivity
c))Alcohol drrinking d)A
All of the aboove
4.6) Wellnesss dimensionns are

a))4 b)2
c))6 d)8
47)Physical wellness inncludes

a))Enhancingg sedentary lifestyle
l b)A
Avoiding seedentary lifeestyle
c))Creativity d)None of the
t above
48)Intellectuual wellnesss includes

a))Eating balaanced diet
b)Drinking sufficient
s w
water
c))Having good nutritionn
d
d)Mental exeercise
49) Symptom
ms of substaance use dissorder is
a))Impaired control
c
b)Social Problems
c))Risky use
d
d)All of the above
a
50)Emotionaal wellbeingg includes

a))Stress situaation managgement
b)Smoking
c))Drinking alcohol
a
d
d)None of thhe above
98
Q.11)Environmental wellness includes

a)Good self-esteem b)Eating balanced diet
c)Can handle stressful situation d)None of the above
Q.12)Social Wellness includes

a)Problem solving b)Improving natural environment
c)Maintaining relationship with family and friends d)None of the above
Q.13)Spiritual wellness includes

a)Developing compassion, caring, forgiving b)Developing compassion, problem solving
c)Developing creativity d)None of the above
Q.14)Types of health are

a)Physical health, social health b)Physical health, Mental health
c)Physical health, environment health d)None of the above
Q.15)Physical health includes

a)Adequate rest b)Balanced diet
c)Both a and b d)None of the above
Q.16)Physical health enhances

a)Heart function b)Breathing
c)both a and b d)None of the above
Q.17)Mental health includes

a)Emotional,social,Psychological wellbeing b)Social wellbeing
c)Emotional wellbeing d)None of the above
Q.18)Health is
a) Opposite of disease b)It improves efficiency
Q.19)Psychological health means

a)Feeling comfortable b) Enjoying life
99
c)both a & b d)None of the above
Q.20) What are the ways which can help you to achieve good health and wellbeing?
a)Eating healthy meals, regular exercising, b)Drinking lot of water only
c) Regular exercising only d)None of the above
Q.21)Which are the ways can help oneself to achieve good health and wellbeing?
a)Eat healthy meals b)Drink lot of water
c)Protecting skin from sunlight d)All of the above
Q.22)Influencing factors of health are

a)Social, Economic, Political factors b)Social factor only
c)Economical factor only d)Political factor only
Q.23)Factors which influence health are

a)Individual behavior b)Individual factors
c)Public service and infrastructure d)All of the above
Q.24)Other factors which affecting health

a)Social exclusion, Housing, Education, b)Social exclusion only
c)Housing only d)Education only
Q.25)Health behavior refers to

a)Hand washing b)It is dynamic in nature
Q.26)Factors which influencing wellbeing are

a)Enough sleep, A sense of belongingness b)Regular exercise only
c)A sense of belongingness only d)None of the above
Q.27)Disease means
a)Discomfort b)Comfort
c) Disability d) Both a and c
10
Q.28)Psychological disorders are

a)Anxiety, depression, stress b)Stress, Anxiety
c) Depression, anxiety d) None of the above
Q.29)Wellness refers to
a)Individuals b)Group
c)Individuals or Group d)None of the above
Q.30)Physical health refers to

a)Drinking sufficient water b)Getting adequate sleep
c)Getting sleep d)Both a and b
Q.31)Intellectual health refers to

a)People who learn new things b)Good self esteem
c)Free of hazards d)None of the above
Q.32)Intellectual health refers to

a)learning new challenges b)Good self esteem
c)Maintaining good interpersonal relations d)Developing compassion
Q.33)Emotional health refers to

a)Good self esteem b)Exersise
c)Caring d)Forgiving
Q.34)Emotional health refers to

a)Empathy towards others feeling b)Problem solving
c)Having good nutrition d)Drinking lot of water
Q.35) Importance of health is helps a person to

a) perform his life tasks in a correct way b)Higher medical costs
c)Decreasing self esteem d)Life insurance is higher
Q.36)Influencing factors of health are at

a)Individual level b)Community level
10
Q.37)Factors influencing health are

a)Social inclusion b)Social exclusion
Q.38)Education helps in
a)Achieving their potential b)Poor quality of housing
c)Social excusion d)None of the above
Q.39)What is HIA
a)Health impact assessment b)Health impact assignment
c)Health index assessment d)Health index assignment
Q.40) Advantages of being healthy

a) Fighting diseases b) Decreases brain health
c) Decreases performance d) None of the above
Q.41) Advantages of being healthy

a) Building confidence b) Reduces stress
c) Optimizes performance d) All of the above
Q.42) Psychological disorders refers to

a) Mental illness b) Physical illness
c) Both a and b d) None of the above
Q.43) Social exclusion refers to

a) Poverty b) Old age
c) Mental ill health d) all of the above
Q.44) Planning refers to

a) Communities in which they live in b) Health services
c) Financial stability d) None of the above
10
H 21SFH19/299
Q
Q.45) WHO principles includes
i
a)) Developm
ment of childd b) Health is one of thhe fundamen
ntal right
c)) Promotionn and protecction of heaalth d) All of the above
Q
Q.46) Typess of health
a)) Mental heealth only b)) Physical health
h only
c)) Mental annd physical health
h d) None of the above
a
47). Financiaal health reffers to

a)) Physical activity
a b) Mental
M illnesss
c)) Good incoome d) Nonne of the aboove
Q
Q.48) Spirituual health reefers
a)) Mediationn b) Exercising
c)) Body com
mposition d)) All of the above
a
Q
Q.49) What influence your
y health
a))Heredity b)Environme
b ent
c))Physical ennvironmentt d)All of thhe above
Q
Q.50)Cultura
al environm
ment refers to
t
a))Collection of beliefs, behavior off group
b)Health carre facility
c))Both a andd b
d
=
=========
=========
=========
=========
=========
=========
=========
=========
=====
10
Model Question Paper-I I with effect from

2021 (CBCS Scheme)
First Semester Common to all BE, B.Tech, B.Plan, B.Arch, BSc,

Degree Examination
Subject Title : Scientific Foundation of Health
Subject Code : 21SFH19 / 29
Examination: One Hour Maximum Marks:50
Instructions to the candidates
i)Answer all the 50 questions, each question carries one mark.
ii) Marking two answers for the same question makes the answer invalid.
Choose the correct option from those given in each of the sentences below.
1) Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Health promotion can refer to any event, process or activity that facilitates the protection or
improvement of the health status of individuals, groups, communities or populations.
b. The objective of health promotion is to prolong life and to improve quality of life.
c. Health promotion practice is often shaped by how health is conceptualized.
d. all of these
2) This approach to health promotion is synonymous with health education as it aims to

increase individuals’ knowledge about the causes of health and illness.

d. none of these
10
3) Signs of mental illness are

(A) Abnormal changes in thinking, perception and judgement
(B) Abnormal changes in feeling and memory
(C) Both A and B
(D) Abnormal changes in behaviour towards others
4) Psychosis is characterised by
(A) Loss of touch with reality
(B) Prolonged emotional reaction to a given stress
(C) Anxiety, fear, sadness, vague aches and pains
(D) All the above
5) The percentage of population suffering from serious mental illness is

a) 1%
b) 5%
C) 8%
d) 10%
6) A thrust area in community health is

(A) Prevention and control of communicable diseases
(B) Prevention of blindness
(C) Maternal and child health
(D) School health services
7) People suffering from mental diseases in India number

a) 1 – 1.5 million
b) 6 – 7 million
c) 10 – 15 million
d) 60 – 70 million
8) What states can do to avoid addiction

a) Adding higher tax on sweetened beverages
b)Benefits for organic fruits
c)Availability of healthy food
10
d)All of the above
9) Social health hazards includes

a)Stigma
b) Anti social behavior
c)Higher crime records
d)All of the above
10) What other factors increase the risk of addiction?

a)Mental illness
b)Early use
c) Both (a) and (b)
d)None of the above
11) Why do some people become addicted to drugs, while others do not?
a)Aggressive behavior in childhood
b)Parental monitoring
c)Neighborhood
d)All of the above
12) What is protective factors for addictions

a)Positive relationship
b)Drug experimentation
c)Community poverty
d)All of the above
13) Types of addictive behaviour

a) Alcoholism
b) Drugs-Opium
c) Video gaming
d) All of the above
14) Mental health hazards includes

a)Anxiety
10
b)Depression
c)Organic mental disorders due to substance use
d)All of the above
15) How is substance use disorder treated?

a)Multiple types of treatment
b)Recognition of problem
c)Alcohol drinking
d)Both a and b
16) Hyper obesity value in terms of BMI

a)>25
b)<25
c)>40
d)<40
17) In the future, which of the following will play a vital role in helping the gaming industry
demystify the nuances of gambling problems?
a) sustainability
b) a code of conduct
c) internet gaming
d) experienced recreational gamblers
18) Researchers, mental health professionals, problem gambling organizations, and the casino
industry have a responsibility to the problem gamblers themselves to
a) avoid bickering unnecessarily.
b) unite with a common goal of reducing the costs associated with gambling.
c) reach a consensus.
d) avoid unnecessary bickering and unite with the common goal of reducing the costs associated
with gambling only.
19) What is the definition of overweight?

a) BMI > 25 kg/m2
b) BMI = 25 kg/m2
10
c) BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2

d) BMI 25-30 kg/m2
20) Which of the following diseases does obesity increase the risk of developing?
a) Type 2 diabetes
b) Cancer
c) Cardiovascular disease
d)None of the above
21) Which of these factors is not required for communication growth?

a) Growth in size of organizations
b) Negative atmosphere
c) Globalisation
d) Public relations
22) Communication is a part of ---------- skills

a)Soft
b)Hard
c)Rough
d)Short
23) Communication barriers involves

a)Jumping into the conclusion
b)Arguing and debating
c)Fear of offending
d)All of the above
24) Ways to improve the communication skills are

a)Active listening skills,
b)Passive listening skills
c)Both a & b
d)None of the above
25) Goals of communication are

10
a)To inform, to persuade

b)To inform, Fear of offending
c)To persuade, Fear of offending
d)None of the above
26) Objectives of communication skills are

a)Active listening skills
b) Aware of own communication barrier
c) Both a and b
d)None of the above
27) What are the steps to increase the vocal clarity

a)Keep your language simple b)Slow down during conversation
c) Feedback d) Both a and b
28) How one can improve the communicate skills

a)Listen with willingness b)Respond appropriately
c) Provide feedback d) All of the above
29) Body language plays an important role in

a)Communication b)Judgment
30) Consumption of this causes increase in the fat synthesis, dilation of blood vessels, low blood
sugar and stomach-inflammation
(a) drug addiction and tobacco (b) alcohol
(c) tobacco (d) drug addiction
31) This causes tunnel vision

(a) Smoking (b) Alcohol
(c) Barbiturates (d) Vitamin A deficiency
32) After drinking alcohol, consumption of this leads to death

(a) Morphine (b) Opium
10
(c) Barbiturate (d) All of these
33)Constituent of alcoholic beverage is

(a) Propyl alcohol (b) Methyl alcohol
(c) Ethyl alcohol (d) Mix of all of these
34) This is a consequence of alcohol addiction

(a) psychosis, hypertension and fatty liver syndrome
(b) cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and fatty liver syndrome
(c) ulcers, all types of mental illness, vitamin deficiency, cardiovascular diseases
(d) all of these
35)This causes the maximum accumulation of fat in the liver

(a) meat and egg (b) alcohol
(c) saturated fat (d) starch
.36) What is defined to be a regular and excessive use of a substance in spite of dangers?
a)Use b)Abuse
c)Substance d)Dependence
37) What is defined to be a condition in which a person develops intense cravings for the substance
and the inability to control their behaviors in regards to obtaining and using it?
a)Use
b)Abuse
c)Substance
d)Dependence
38) What is the goal of social engineering?
a)Sabotage a person's social media
b)To gain vital personal information
c)To catfish someone
d)To build trust
39) Using abbreviations in communication leads to which type of communication barrier
a) Language/ Linguistic
b) Physical
11
c) Cultural
d) Organizational
40) which can be used to overcome the communication barrier

a) Using a translator
b) By writing a letter
c) Not communicating at all
d) Using your own language
41) Community health aims at

a) Better health and family planning
b) Better hygiene and clean environment
c) Removing communicable diseases
d) All the above
42) Obesity occurs due to:

a) more consumption of calorie
b) more consumption of protein
c) more consumption of vitamins
d) None
43) Which are intimately related?
a) Disease and health
b) Body and health
c) Body and mind
d) Body and spiritual values
44) Mental health is a state of development of one’s
a) Personality
b) Emotional attitude
c) Both A and B
d) Intellect
45) Planning refers to

a) Communities in which they live in
b) Health services
11
H 21SFH19/299
c)) Financial stability

d None of thhe above
d)
46) WHO prrinciples inccludes

a)) Developm
ment of childd
b) Health is one
o of the fundamental
f l right
c)) Promotionn and protecction of heaalth
d All of the above
d)
47) Types off health

a)) Mental heealth only b)) Physical health
h only
c)) Mental annd physical health
h d) None of the above
a
48). Financiaal health reffers to

a)) Physical activity
a b) Mental
M illnesss
c)) Good incoome d) Nonne of the aboove
49) Spirituall health refeers

a)) Mediationn b) Exercising
c)) Body com
mposition d)) All of the above
a
50) What inffluence youur health

a))Heredity b)Environme
b ent
c))Physical ennvironmentt d)All of thhe above
50) Is addicttion a
a))Mental dissorder
b)Physical disorder
d
c))Both (a) & (b)
d
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Assessment Test Questions

==============================
1. Which of the following statements is correct?
e. Evidence from a variety of social surveys has confirmed the increasingly sedentary lifestyle
of modern society.
f. In 2008, the most common form of occupational and non-occupational physical activity in
England was walking.
g. The most common barriers to doing more physical activity identified by adults in England
were work commitments and a lack of leisure time.
h. all of these
Answer: D
2. Which of the following diseases have been associated with sedentary lifestyle?
e. colon cancer
f. stroke
g. cardiovascular disease
h. all of these
Answer: D
3. Environmental psychologists emphasize the importance of taking which of the following into
consideration when examining behaviour?
e. genetics
f. brain structure
g. physical and social context
h. none of these
Answer: C
4. Which of the following models propose that behaviour, such as physical activity and exercise, is
predicted by intention to engage in such behaviour, which in turn is predicted by the individual’s
attitude towards exercise and the perceived social norm?
e. health belief model
f. theory of reasoned action
g. transtheoretical model
11
h. none of these
Answer: B
5. Health compromising behaviors are commonly seen in Answer:people from
A. high class
B. middle class
C. low class
D. none of these
Answer:C. low class
6. Alcohol consumption has been linked to

A. liver cirrhosis
B. high blood pressure
C. stroke
D. all of the above
Answer: D. all of the above
7. When findings are difficult to generalize to the world outside of the laboratory, we say the
research is lacking in ______ validity.
e. ecological
f. economical
g. empirical
h. experimental
Answer: A
8. More research is necessary to confirm the assumption that ______ cause positive changes to
quality of life.
e. lifestyle changes
f. research findings
g. survey data
h. questionnaire responses
Answer: A
9. Which of the following processes are important in explaining obesity?
e. food environment
f. physical activity
g. individual psychology
h. all of these
11
Answer: D
10. Obesity is caused by an increase in ______.
e. adiposity
f. epidosity
g. ediposity
h. apidosity
Answer: A
11. The formula for the body mass index is ______.
e. a person’s weight in kilograms squared divided by the square of his/her height in meters
(kg2/m2)
f. a person’s weight in kilograms squared divided by his/her height in meters (kg2/m)
g. a person’s weight in kilograms divided by his/her height in meters (kg/m)
h. a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of his/her height in meters (kg/m2)
Answer: D
12. Which of the following health communication style makes use of the patient’s knowledge and
experience?
e. doctor-centred communication
f. patient-centred communication
g. practitioner-centred communication
h. none of these
Answer: B
13. Which of the following charters defined health promotion as ‘the process of enabling people to
increase control over, and to improve, their health’.
e. Charter of the United Nations (1945)
f. Tokyo Charter (1946)
g. Ottawa Charter (1986)
h. none of these
Answer: C
14. This approach to health promotion aims to improve and promote health by addressing
socioeconomic and environmental determinants of health within the community.
e. behaviour change approach
f. community development approach
g. biomedical approach
h. none of these
11
Answer: B
15. This approach to health promotion is synonymous with health education as it aims to increase
individuals’ knowledge about the causes of health and illness.
e. behaviour change approach
f. community development approach
g. biomedical approach
h. none of these
Answer: A
16. Which of the following is a characteristic of the community development approach to health
promotion?
e. Improving individual attitudes and beliefs are key to successful health promotion.
f. There is a close relationship between individual health and its social and material contexts,
thus are relevant when developing initiatives for change.
g. Individuals need to change personal behaviour rather than to change the environment to
promote health.
h. all of these
Answer: B
17. Who proposed the biopsychosocial model?
e. Freud
f. Sontag
g. Engel
h. none of these
Answer: C
18. In H.J. Eysenck’s twentieth-century theory of personality, how did he reinterpret the classical
phlegmatic temperament?
e. stable extravert
f. stable introvert
g. unstable extravert
h. unstable introvert
Answer: B
19. HIV is a retrovirus that infects and colonizes cells in the ______.
e. immune system
f. immune system and the central nervous system
g. endocrine system
11
h. immune system and endocrine system

Answer: B
20. In 2015, the global prevalence of HIV infection was ______.
e. 0.2%
f. 0.4%
g. 0.6%
h. 0.8%
Answer: D
21. In ______, blood glucose homeostasis ceases to function because the beta cells of the
pancreatic islets are destroyed.
e. type 1 diabetes mellitus
f. type 2 diabetes mellitus
g. gestational diabetes
h. both type 2 diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes
Answer: A
22. Which year did the World Health Organization first express the right to health as a fundamental
human right?
e. 1946
f. 1952
g. 1987
h. 2000
Answer: A
23. The influence of families, schools and neighbourhoods in explaining social inequalities in
health can be categorised in which of the following systems?
e. microsystem
f. mesosystem
g. exosystem
h. macrosystem
Answer: A
24. Which philosopher was central to the conceptualization of human beings as composed of mind
and body?
e. John Locke
f. Plato
g. Rene Descartes
11
H 21SFH19/299
h. Conffucius
A
Answer: C
25. The WHO report in 2013 estim
mated that toobacco will kill
k as manyy as _______ people this century
iff the WHO Frameworkk Conventioon on Tobaccco Control is not impleemented rappidly.
e. 2 billlion
f. 1 billlion
g. half a billion
h. quartter of a billiion
A
Answer: B
11
H 21SFH19/299
ಶೆವ್ೕಶವ್ರಯಯ್ ತಾ
ಾಂತಿರ್ಕ ಶವ್ವ್ ದಾಯ್
ಾಯ್ಲಯ
ಯ
Visvesvarayya Teechno
V ologiccal Un
niverssity
===
============== ========= ===========
University Module
M w Nootes, Ma
wise aterial & Modeel Questtion
Papers and Acctivitiess sheets for Stu
udents & Facullties of VTU
V
====
====
=====
=====
====
=====
=====
====
===
Scien
ntificc Fou
undattions of Health
H h (SF
FH)
(He
ealth
h & Weln
W ness)) - 21
1SFH
H19/2
29
N s and
Notes d Materia
al Preepareed by
y:
Dr. L Thimm
D T esha
Assiistant Professo
P or & Hea
ad
Dept of
o English & Humanities,
Governmentt Engine eering College
C – Hass
san.
Dr. Mahes sh Lohhith K S

Assoociate Professo
P or & Head
D
Dept of Physics
s, ATMEE Colleg
ge of En
ngg – M
Mysore
For Any
A clariffications
s and Fee
edback Please
P ontact : 9
co 9900832
2331
11

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21SFH19/29 Page 1 of 153

ಶೆವ್ೕಶವ್ರಯಯ್ ತಾಂತಿರ್ಕ ಶವ್ ದಾಯ್ಲಯ

Scientific Foundations of Health (SFH)

Notes and Material Prepared by :

Dr. Mahesh Lohith K S

For Any clarifications and Feedback Please contact : 9900832331

ಶೆವ್ೕಶವ್ರಯಯ್ ತಾಂತಿರ್ಕ ಶವ್ ದಾಯ್ಲಯ

Scientific Foundations of Health

The course 21SFH29 will enable the students :

Good Health and It’s balance for positive mindset:

Building of healthy lifestyles for better future:

Creation of Healthy and caring relationships :

Avoiding risks and harmful habits :

Preventing and fighting against diseases for good health :

condittions, Management off chronic illlness for Quality

Coourse outcoome (Coursse Skill Set))

MCQ Pattern (Multiplee Choice Questions)

Good Health and It’s balance

Good Health and It’s balance for positive mindset:

1 Good Health and It’s balance for positive mindset:

Why Health is So Important? ...........................................................................................

Good Health and It’s balance for positive mindset

Positive thinking and Good Health :

The Benefits of Positive Thinking (for Good Health):

How to maintain positive thinking for good health:-

3. Pen down your daily thoughts:-

5. Surround yourself with positive people:-

Health versus wellness :

• Intellect : A person’s Mental abilities. reasoning and understanding objectively.

• Psychological: Arising in mind. Related to mental and emotional State of a person.

• Physiological : Related to body, its parts and working

• Spiritual : Related to Soul or Human Spirit. No material or physical things.

• Is maintaining the body as much as possible.

What is the Definition of Health?

Health and Wellness

and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’.

wellness is expressed as “a positive approach to living.”

• Health comprises the diagnosis of a disease/illness, predisposition to a disease, and any

• Wellness is associated with actively pursuing activities, lifestyle changes, controlling

• Wellness is the state or quality of being healthy.

• Well-being becomes more associated with happiness.

• Well-being is the state of being healthy, happy, or successful.

Risk Factors of Illness or Injury

• Extreme Physical fitness activities.

• Improper Diet and Nutrition

an enhanced ability to prevent illness and diseases.

• Exercise stimulates a healthy mind and body.

day), and getting adequate sleep promotes a person’s physical wellness.

• Mental exercise and engagement through learning, problem-solving, and creativity

support intellectual well- ness and promote a better attitude.

• Awareness of the role we play in improving our natural environment ratherthan

Relating, interact- ing, and contributing to a community, establishing good interpersonal

WHO Principles - What is Health?

absence of disease or infirmity.

• Unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health and control of

diseases, especially communicable disease, is a common danger.

in a changing total environment is essential to such development.

knowledge is essential to the fullest attainment of health.