General Education

Borrowed Phrases (words na hindi nagagamit sa English language, either French or Latin):
 ENGLISH 
◦ alter ego - close and inseparable friend, someone who knows you very well
Sample Question:
- trusted friend, other self
How is original and primary forest commonly referred to?
◦ soiree - evening party
a. Green forest
b. Rain forest ◦ connoisseur - expert judge in matters of taste (e.g. wine tasting)
c. Virgin forest ◦ chauffeur - driver
d. Verdant forest - luscious green ◦ mesdames - plural of madame
original and primary forest - untouched ◦ renaissance - rebirth
◦ caveat emptor - let the buyer beware, let the buyer decide
vocabulary: ◦ ad nauseam - sickening to an excessive degree, nausea, nakakasuka
◦ composure - aplomb, calmness, relax ◦ coup de grace - death blow, form of penalty/punishment
◦ loquacious - verbose, talkative
◦ pulchritude - beauty, loveliness Idiomatic Expressions (phrases that has beyond meaning):
◦ abase - demoted, bumaba ang rank ◦ red letter day - holiday, special day
◦ despotic - cruel ◦ a sixes and seven - state of confusion
◦ dexterity - something to do with your hand, manual skill, manipulation of the hand ◦ green thumb - good at gardening
◦ amorphous - shapeless ◦ finger in the pie - make an active part in something
◦ penchant - fondness, hilig ◦ white lies - excusable, lies that has valid reason
◦ transmuted - change ◦ first rate - excellent
◦ rancor - bitterness ◦ making both ends meet - limited
◦ mundane - ordinary ◦ man’s inhumanity to man - cruel behavior
◦ profanity - obscenity, kalaswaan ◦ a snowball chance in hell - no chance at all
◦ apocalyptic - prophetic ◦ the face that launched a thousand ships - Helen of Troy
◦ apocalypse - prophecy
◦ impertinent - irrelevant literature - derives from the word “litera“ which means letters, could be presented orally,
◦ voracious - very eager written or visual
main types:
◦ conflagration - large fire
◦ prose - formal approach, kailangan tama ang grammar, follows strict structure of grammar kasi
◦ queue - line of people waiting for something
kapag hindi, mag-iiba ang meaning
◦ euphoria - state/sense of well-being, sobrang saya
examples of prose:
◦ erudite - learned, intelligent, smart
◦ novel - mahabang story divided into chapters
◦ acapella - w/o accompaniment, instruments
◦ short story - you can read it in just one setting, has one plot
◦ play - mahaba, divided into acts or scenes
Tips for vocabulary:
1. Hanapin ang unfamiliar na word, that is the correct answer. ◦ legends - story that talks the origin, kuwento ng pinagmulan, alamat
2. Maghanap ng word na antonyms, automatically, one of them is the correct answer. ◦ myth - paniniwala sa mga gods and goddesses, mythology
3. Add one out. Do the positive, negative. Kung ano naiiba, that is the correct answer. ◦ fables - stories of animals, teaches moral lesson
◦ folktales - traditional narrative na orally pass from one generation to the next
- kwentong-bayan
◦ anecdotes - story of a real person’s life however it has only one incident/pangyayari
(example: Ang Gamu Gamo at Ang Gasera sa buhay ni Jose Rizal)
 ◦ biography - a complete story of real person’s life ◦ John Milton - Paradise Lost
- kinuwento ang buong pangyayari ng buhay mo ◦ Antoine de Saint-Exupery - The Little Prince (rose is his special flower)
(example: Rizal’s Life Writings) ◦ Edgar Allan Poe - Annabel Lee
◦ news - current events, latest happenings, could be national or local - shows grief over the death of the woman that he loved
◦ oration - public speech, speech delivered in front of an audience ◦ Guy de Maupassant - The Necklace
◦ essay - giving your idea or opinion - story of social climbing
◦ poetry - artistic and pagkasulat, okay lang mali-mali ang grammar ◦ Dante Alighieri - Purgatory (a part of Divine Comedy)
- malaya ang writer, walang sinusunod na strict structure of grammar kasi ang mahalaga, parts:
ma-express ng writer ang kaniyang feelings, masarap basahin, maganda pakinggan ◦ Paradiso - story of heaven
types of poetry: ◦ Porgatorio - story of purgatory
◦ narrative - tells a story ◦ Inferno - story of hell
◦ lyric - intended to the song ◦ Omar Khayyam - Rubaiyat (grasp pleasure while you can)
◦ dramatic - intended to be performed - eat, drink and to marry for tomorrow you will die
◦ Rabindranath Tagore - Gitanjali (his winning piece when he won the novel price for literature)
Master Works of the World (World Literature): - talks about the harmony of life, love, faith in humanity
◦ Christopher Marlowe - father of English tragedy (drama na ang ending ay sad) ◦ Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom’s Cabin
◦ William Shakespeare - greatest English writer
- greatest sonnet writer Works of Shakespeare:
- Bard of Avon ◦ Macbeth - overwhelming ambition for power is the cause of downfall of man
◦ Geoffrey Chaucer - father of English literature ◦ Hamlet - To be, or not to be (opening statement of Hamlet’s soliloquy)
- Morning Star of English literature ◦ Merchant of Venice - mercy shall be spontaneous and freely given
◦ Edgar Allan Poe - father of horror stories ◦ Romeo and Juliet - story of warring families
- father of detective stories
- ang story niya mga mystery Phantom of the Opera - not a work of Shakespeare
◦ Guy de Maupassant - foremost French short story writer
◦ Homer - mythical geographer that was recognized due to his vivid description and Famous Writings that has impact in our World Literature:
geographical landmarks and the people encountered by his hero Ulysses ◦ didactic - literary piece that has moral lessons
- isa lang siyang myth, hindi proven ang kaniyang existence - purpose is to entertain but at the same time teaches a moral lesson
- Iliad and Odyssey (example: fables)
◦ The Psalms of King David - greatest lyric poem poem of the world ◦ epistolary - exchange of letters, journals, diaries
◦ Rabindranath Tagore - Indian national poet (example: Urbana at Feliza by Padre Modesto de Castro)
- first awardee of the novel price for literature - all about kabutihan ng asal
◦ Kalidasa - greatest Sanskrit poet, Indian Shakespeare/writer ◦ Elizabethan - era of Shakespeare
◦ Virgin Queen - ang tawag ni Queen Elizabeth
influential books of the world - bases of religions and history, nagpalaya sa mga colonizers ◦ Epic of Gilgamesh - first epic ever written in the world
Romeo and Juliet - not included in the 12 most influential books of the world ◦ Mahabharata - longest epic of India
◦ Nibelungenlied - medieval German epic
Authors of the Books: ◦ Panchatantra - collection of Indian fables
◦ Louisa May Alcott - wrote Little Women (true story ng magkakapatid) ◦ Aesopes - world’s famous collection of fables
◦ Abraham Lincoln - delivered Gettysburg Address
◦ Boris Pasternak - Doctor Zhivago (Russian literature) Systems of Writings:
- talks about totalitarianism rule in Russia ◦ cuneiform - Sumerians in Mesopotamia ◦ calligraphy - Chinese
◦ Nathaniel Hawthorne - Scarlet Letter ◦ hieroglyphs - Egyptians ◦ alphabet - Greek
◦ J.K. Rowling - Harry Potter - draw pictures sa walls or pyramid ◦ Sanskrit - India
pen names (to hide their real identity from the public): ◦ on - specific
◦ Mark Langhorne Twain - Samuel Clemens - pinag-usapan ay daanan (streets, boulevard, avenue)
- The Adventure of Tom Sawyer (examples: Roxas Blvd., Ayala Avenue, Eagle Street)
- Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - days, birthday (examples: weekends (Saturday and Sunday), Monday)
◦ George Eliot - Mary Ann Evans, Marian Evans - majority can freely walk and stand (examples: jet plane, airplane, train, bus)
- Silas Marner - electronic devices (examples: computer, email, fax machine, telephone, cellphone)
◦ Robert Galbraith - J.K. Rowling ◦ at - very specific
- kapag ang daanan nilagyan na nag number (examples: 533 Eagle Street, house address)
Nelson Mandela - father of democracy in South Africa, likes peaceful talks - hours, less than one day (examples: 9 o’clock in the morning, 5pm, noon)
paragraphs:
◦ dream - democracy Rules in Subject-Verb Agreement:
◦ trait - forgiving ◦ 1st Rule: number agreement (In a sentence, between the subject and the verb, dapat isa lang
◦ method - non-violence - if the subject is singular, the verb is also singular ang dapat may letter “s“)
- if the subject is plural, the verb is also plural
other paragraphs: (examples: frog - jumps, frogs - jump)
◦ retired school teacher - cleanliness ◦ 2nd Rule: there or here (Kapag nagsisimula sa “here or there“, hahanapin ang subject. The subject
◦ Stephen Crane - Stephen’s Writings, (examples: here is the paper, here are the papers) is always placed after the verb.)
- Stephen’s Family and Boyhood ◦ 3rd Rule: joined by and (singular), separated by and (plural)
◦ extended family - grandmother (Tignan lang ang word na “and“. If “and“ is followed by another noun, it means magkasama sila, so
◦ Luis Dato’s spouse - house wife “is“ ang sagot. If “and“ is followed by “a, an and the“, it means magkahiwalay sila, so “are“ ang
◦ shaking and sweating - stage fright sagot.) (examples: bread and butter - is, the bread and the butter - are
◦ find strength in what remains behind - hope fish and rice - is, a fish and a cup of rice - are)
◦ sunrise - hopeful ◦ 4th Rule: indefinite pronouns (most indefinite pronouns is singular form of the verb)
◦ to be, or not to be - indecision (examples: everybody, each, everyone, somebody, nobody - is
◦ far the city light - isolation and loneliness few, many, several - are)
◦ grand design - destiny ◦ 5th Rule: singular or plural subjects connected by conjunctions (subject is the one closest to the
(examples: neither the teacher nor the students - were present verb)
parts of speech: neither the teachers nor the student - was present)
◦ noun - names of person, places, things (examples: flower, dog) ◦ 6th Rule: units of measure (singular form of the verb)
◦ pronoun - replacement of noun (examples: He, She, They) (examples: 10 minutes, 20 seconds, 20 miles, 20 pesos - is)
◦ adjective - describes the noun or pronoun (example: beautiful) ◦ 6th Rule: nouns ending in “s“ but singular in form or meaning
◦ verb - action words (example: listen) (examples: Mathematics, Physics, measles, news, Statistics - is)
◦ adverb - describes the verb or adjective, has “ly“ (examples: beautifully, quickly, slowly)
communication:
◦ preposition - shows relative position (examples: in, on, at)
◦ verbal - involved words
◦ conjunctions - joins words or phrases (examples: and, or, but)
◦ non-verbal - doesn’t involved words
◦ interjection - expresses strong feelings or emotions (examples: Oh my!, Yepey!, Yehey!)

types of non-verbal communication:

preposition:
◦ facial expressions - the most expressive part of our body is the “face“
◦ in - something big, broad, general
- mas malawak sa daanan (city, municipality, province, region, country, world) ◦ posture - how you hold your self, something to do with position
(examples: Philippines, Visayas, Cebu, Mandaue, Manila) - paano mo ni hino-hold and katawan mo, position ng katawan
- month, year, decades, century (examples: 21st century, 2022, January) (examples: nakaupo na naka-straight or naka-curve ang back)
- majority cannot freely walk and stand (examples: jeepney, tricycle, van) ◦ poise - how you carry your self, confidence
- printed media (examples: letters, journals, diaries, newspaper) - paano mo dinadala ang katawan mo
◦ platform presence - stage presence ◦ Tokyo in Japan - largest city in the world
◦ gesture - body movements ◦ Greenland - largest island in the world
◦ eye contact - the way you look at someone ◦ Luzon - largest island in the Philippines
◦ space - physical or literal na space habang may kausap ka ◦ Mindanao - 2nd largest island in the Philippines
◦ voice - how you say it, tone of your voice ◦ Mt. Everest - highest elevation on Earth
- way ng pagsasalita ◦ Death Valley in California - hottest place on Earth, pinakamataas na recorded temperature
◦ McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica - driest place on Earth, zero rainfall
 SOCIAL SCIENCE  ◦ Africa - oldest continent in the world, mother continent
- unang tinirhan ng mga hayop at halaman, dito nanggaling ang unang species
Messiah of the following religions: ◦ Hinduism - oldest religion
◦ Islam - Muhammad ◦ Wuhan, China - where COVID-19 originated
◦ Christianity - Jesus Christ ◦ vaccination (kung wala sa choices, social/physical distancing ang sagot)
◦ Judaism - wala pa kasi noong dumating si Jesus Christ sila lang ang hindi naniniwala na si Jesus - preventive measure of COVID-19 disease
na ang Messiah kaya hanggang ngayon hinihintay pa rin nila ang pagdating ng kanilang ◦ Sahara - largest desert
Messiah
Philippine History:
General Information: ◦ Pre-colonial period - panahon na wala pang mga mananakop/colonizers
◦ 7,641 - islands in the Philippines - tatlong grupo ng tao na dumating sa Pilipinas (Negrito, Indones, Malays)
◦ Philippines - the only Christian nation in Asia ◦ Negritos - first aboriginal settlers in the Philippines
◦ Philippine monkey-eating eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) ◦ barangay - smallest political unit, derived from a word “balangay“ (bangka or boat)
- largest eagle in the world found only in the Philippines - headed by a chieftain or king called “datu“
- endangered species because their reproduction is special social economic status:
◦ Mt. Apo - highest peak in the Philippines located in Mindanao ◦ Maharlika - mayayaman, noble family, datu
- highest elevation, landmass, mountain ◦ Timawa - hindi ganon kayaman pero free and independent
◦ Rio Grande de Cagayan (Cagayan River) ◦ Alipin - slaves
- longest river in the Philippines located in Cagayan Valley uri ng alipin:
◦ San Juan City - smallest city in terms of land area, less than 1%of the entire NCR ◦ aliping namamahay - kasambahay na stay-out
◦ Davao City - largest city in terms of land area - pagkatapos niya magsilbi, uuwi siya sa sariling bahay
◦ Mindanao - land of promise because rich in natural resources (agricultural lands and biodiversity) niya
- where Durian originated ◦ aliping sagigilid - stay-in, doon nakatira sa kanyang amo mismo
◦ Coron, Palawan - best scuba diving the Philippines ◦ Imam - religious leader during rituals and ceremony
- rich in marine life that’s why suited for underwater activities ◦ Umalohokan - barangay crier or announcer that announces the laws evaluated by the
◦ Pagadian City - little Hongkong of the Philippines kasi kahit nasa bundok ay very progressive datu, iikutin niya ang buong barangay at e-explain niya ang batas ng datu
◦ Diwata 1 - first microsatellite flash by the Philippines ◦ Trial by Ordeal (pagsubok) - paraan ng trial nila
◦ Diwata 2 - second microsatellite flash by the Philippines, current ◦ Sultanate of Sulu - kaunaunahang sultanato na itinatag sa Pilipinas ni Abu Bakar
◦ Aeta - indigenous people in Tarlac, Pampanga and Zambales ◦ sultan - leader ng Sultanato
◦ Mangyan - indigenous people in Mindoro
◦ Mt. Pinatubo - volcano found in Zambales persons involved during the Spanish occupation:
◦ Asia - largest continent that comprises 30.1%of the earth’s landmass ◦ Ferdinand Magellan - the first to plan a successful expedition that prove that the world is
◦ China - largest country in Asia, largest in population, implemented one child policy round yun nga lang hindi niya natapos ang kaniyang rota kasi napatay siya
◦ Russia - largest country in the world sa Pilipinas (Mactan)
- Portuguese explorer who chance upon the Philippines in 1521
◦ India - 2nd to the largest in population
- hindi natapos ang kaniyang rota kasi napatay siya sa Mactan
◦ Hong Kong - not part of the ASEAN
◦ Singapore - financial hub in Southeast Asia, center of trading in the Philippines
◦ Antonio Pigafetta - nagkuwento sa lahat ng nangyayari sa expedition ni Magellan ◦ Galleon Trade (Kalakalang Galyon)
◦ Chronicles of Pigafetta - sa loob ng 333 years, ito ang source of income ng mga Filipino at Spaniards na nasa
- contains the happenings during the expedition of Magellan Pilipinas
◦ Sebastian Elcano - first man to circumnavigate the world ◦ Mexico - during the Galleon Trade, Philippines extended contacts with this country
- siya ang kapitan ng barkong Concepcion noong nag start ang expedition
ni Magellan Spanish Governor Generals:
- siya lang ang nakabalik sakay ang barkong Victoria ◦ Miguel Lopez de Legazpi - first Spanish governor general
barkong ginamit ni Magellan during his expedition: ◦ Diego de los Rios - last Spanish governor general
◦ Trinidad ◦ Santiago ◦ Concepcion ◦ Jose Basco (Blanco - safest nearest answer)
◦ San Antonio ◦ Victoria - nakabalik successfully sa Spain - governor general during the monopoly of tobacco
◦ Sikatuna - nakipag blood compact (sanduguan, brotherhood) si Legaspi ◦ Narciso Claveria - suggested Spanish surnames to the Filipinos because the Filipino surnames are
◦ Rajah Hu,mabon - first baptized by a Rajah of Cebu, Don Carlos confusing and crude (simple, irrational, not systematized)
- his wife is Juana ◦ Carlos Maria de la Torre - best Spanish governor general
◦ Rajah Lakandula - unang nag revolt or nag aklas laban sa mga Espanyol ◦ Rafael de Izquierdo - pumalit kay Carlos Maria de la Torre and one of the worst governor
- cause ng kaniyang revolution ay siningil ang kaniyang pamilya ng taxes general
◦ Rajah Sulayman - last Rajah of Manila - ordered execution of GOMBORZA

terms to remember: newspapers:

◦ pueblo - town (bayan) ◦ Kalayaan - official newspaper ng Katipunan (Bonifacio)
◦ cabecera - town center (andito na yung church, hospital, market, school, cemetery at lahat ◦ La Solidaridad - official newspaper ng Propaganda Movement (Rizal, Jaena, del Pilar)
◦ reduccion - resettlement of Filipinos in town center kailangan mo sa isang community) - founder, creator and first editor (Graciano Lopez Jaena)
or cabecera - second editor (Marcelo H. del Pilar)
◦ Governor General - national, pinakamataas na position sa government sa buong bansa - managing editor (Mariano Ponce)
- representative ng hari ng Espanya ◦ La Independencia - independence or kalayaan (Antonio Luna)
- makukuha mo ang position na ito kung ikaw ay pure Spaniard ◦ Diariong Tagalog - published in two languages: Tagalog and Spanish
- equivalent to president - isa sa may mga pinakamaiksi na circulation (Marcelo H. del Pilar)
◦ gobernadorcillo - local, pinakamataas na position sa government in municipal or local level ◦ La Liga Filipina - unite people, fight violence and injustice pero sa peaceful na paraan (Jose Rizal)
- hanggang ito lang ang position na makuha noon kung ikaw ay Filipino or Chinese- ◦ National Socio-Civic Organization - we can compare to “La Liga Filipina“ at present (Jose Rizal)
Mestizo, equivalent to mayor
◦ sanctorum - form of tribute na kailangan bayaran sa officials ng community Philippine Heroes and Heroines:
(e.g. Nag-harvest ka, so part ng harvest mo iaalay mo sa officials ng community.) ◦ Rizal, Jaena, del Pilar - sila ang triumvirate ng Kilusang Propaganda
◦ cedula personal - tax individual roles sa propaganda:
◦ Polo y Servicios - force labor ◦ Rizal - great writer of the Reform Movement
- kapag ikaw ay 16 to 60 yrs. old, kailangan mo mag render ng 40 days na - siya ang may pinakamaraming sinulat doon sa “La Solidaridad“
labor ◦ Jaena - great orator (mananalumpati)
◦ falla - exemption fee, very high and unreasonable price kaya hindi afford ng ordinaryong Filipino ◦ del Pilar - dakilang political analyst
- kapag ayaw magtrabaho sa forced labor, need magbayad nito ◦ Andres Bonifacio - father of revolution/himagsikan, katipunan
- only rich can afford ◦ Gregoria de Jesus - asawa ni Bonifacio, lakambini ng Katipunan
◦ frailocracia - abuso ng mga prayle - noong namatay si Bonifacio, inasawa niya si Julio Nakpil
- dumating yung point na super aggressive ng mga Spaniards kaya ginawa ito ni ◦ Emilio Jacinto - utak ng Katipunan
Marcelo H. del Pilar to describe the hidden control and domination of the ◦ Kartilla ng Katipunan - Code of Ethics ng mga Katipuneros kasi dumating ang time na nag-
friars (Spanish priest) share sila ng asawa, nag-away sila at nawalan ng morality kaya
◦ 333 years - number of years na na-colonized ng Spain ginawa ni Jacinto ito
◦ Apolinario Mabini - utak ng revolution/himagsikan
◦ Francisco Dagohoy - leader of longest revolt na tumagal ng 85 years na nangyari sa Bohol na ang ◦ Fidel V. Ramos - Pilipinas 2000
cause ay hindi pinayagan ang pagpapalibing sa kaniyang kapatid ◦ Joseph Estrada - father of the masses (Ama ng Masa), Erap para sa mahirap
◦ Macario Sakay - president supremo ng Tagalog Republic ◦ Gloria Arroyo - Strong Republic (Matatag na Republika)
- refused to surrender even after General Malvar and declared himself President ◦ Benigno Sr. Aquino III - matuwid na daan, wang-wang
and the Commander-in-chief of the Supreme Tagalong Archipelago ◦ Rodrigo Duterte - Build! Build! Build! (BBB) Program (AmBisyon Natin 2040)
◦ Pedro Pelaez - siya ang nag lead ng Native Secular Clergy or Secularization (separation) ◦ Ferdinand Marcos Jr.
- ang gusto niya noon ang magkaroon ng separate church para sa mga Filipino na
ang leader ay Filipino priest kasi abusive na ang mga Spanish priests Political Science:
◦ Gregorio Aglipay - did not accept the offer na magkaroon ng separate church para sa mga Filipino ◦ constitutional rights - rights na provided sa mga tao by the constitution
so walang naitatag na church hanggang dumating si Isabelo de Los Reyes ◦ civil rights - right to enjoy life or the right to life, liberty and genuine happiness
◦ Isabelo de Los Reyes - nagtatag ng labor union na tinawag din na “Union Obrera Democratica“ ◦ political rights - right to participate in governance
◦ Union Obrera Democratica - mga members nila ay laborers, workers (examples: suffrage - right to vote and right to seek public office
◦ Philippine Independent Church (Iglesia Filipina Independiente) - karapatang bumuto at karapatang maiboto)
- church para sa mga Filipino ◦ franchise - given the right to vote
- naitatag ito nang dumami na ang members ng “Union Obrera Democratica“ ◦ disenfranchise - removal of the right to vote
- only living remnant of the Philippine Revolution today ◦ exile - if you are thrown to another country or away from home as a form of political
◦ Gregorio Aglipay - inoffer ulit sa kaniya ang pagiging bishop punishment
- first bishop ng Philippine Independent Church (Iglesia Filipina ◦ execution/executed - sentenced to death
◦ Ramon Magsaysay - “Those who have less in life should have more in law.“ Independiente)
- karapatan ng mahihirap ang kaniyang pinaglalaban Dapitan - where Rizal was exiled
Hongkong - where Aguinaldo was exiled
Philippine Presidents (AgQueLaOsRoQuiMagGarMaMarAquiRaEsArAquiDu30BBM):
◦ Emilio Aguinaldo - president of the First Republic and during the colonization of Spain Political Concepts:
- the only president not elected by the people ◦ barangay - smallest political unit
◦ Manuel L. Quezon - president ng Commonwealth Government ◦ election precinct - smallest electoral unit
- father of national language and social justice ◦ electoral - involve sa election
◦ Jose P. Laurel - president ng Second Republic and the Puppet Republic ◦ Aquilino Pimentel - father of Local Government Code
- during the Japanese occupation - nag-strengthen sa LGU (Local Government Unit)
◦ Sergio Osmena - first Visayan president and first speaker of Philippine Assembly ◦ bicameralism - division of the legislative department into upper house (Senate) and lower house
◦ Philippine Assembly - equivalent sa highest speaker of the House of Representative ◦ 3 terms - maximum number of consecutive terms of a (House of Representatives)
◦ Manuel Roxas - president ng Third Republic House of Representatives
◦ Elpidio Quirino - first president ng Ilocos ◦ 3 years - number of years in one term of a House of Representatives
◦ Ramon Magsaysay - man of the masses and signed the Rizal Law ◦ 9 years - pinakamahabang number of years ng House of Representatives
◦ Carlos P. Garcia - implemented the “Filipino First“ policy ◦ Julius Caesar - nagsabing “mind is right“, more of a political realist than an idealist
◦ “Filipino First“ policy - austerity program (pagtitipid)
- Filipino muna, ipa-patronage natin sa ating sariling products elements of state:
◦ Diosdado Macapagal - mandated that major certificates must be in Filipino ◦ people/population - inhabitants of the state (nakatira)
- changed the Philippine Independence noong July 4 to June 12 ◦ territory - fixed portion and the surface of the Earth
- nilinis ang corruption, no bribery, malinis ang kaniyang governance ◦ terrestrial territory - lupa
- abolished tenancy to the Philippine Tenancy Act ◦ fluvial territory - dagat
◦ Ferdinand Marcos Sr. - longest reigning president ◦ aerial territory - himpapawid
- who promised to made this country great again ◦ government - working agency of the state
◦ Corazon Aquino - most number of coup d’etat during her administration ◦ sovereignty - freedom from external control
◦ coup d’etat - attempts na tatanggalin ang isang government official sa position - independence
powers of state: ◦ parliamentary - kapag ang power ng president ay executive and legislative
◦ police power - the government that regulate laws and polices for the general welfare of the - with the Batasang Pambansa performing the executive and legislative function
public during the Marcos regime of form of government
◦ power of eminent domain (power of expropriation) ◦ presidential - kapag ang power ng president ay executive
- the government can take a private property for public use provided that the owner - present form ng government sa Pilipinas
will be given a just compensation
- dating pagmamay-ari mo, ngayon hind na concepts during the American regime:
◦ power of taxation - imposing a charge of burden ◦ Benevolent Assimilation Policy
- stage of the intention from the Americans to stay in the Philippines
branches of the government (equal ang kanilang power): - after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, ang sabi ng mga Americans wala naman silang
◦ executive - implementing body intention to stay in the Philippines yun nga lang, alam natin na hindi na yun natupad kasi
- president, vice-president tumira parin sila sa Pilipinas at colony pa rin tayo ng America
◦ legislative - law making body ◦ Preamble of the Jones Law
- senate, senators, congress, congressman, house of representatives - Philippines will be granted sovereignty as long as a stable government is established
◦ judicial/judiciary - interpreting body ◦ Tydings-McDuffie (apilyedo ng mga senador, Si Tydings at Mc-Duffie)
- sila ang mag-iinterpret kung meron kang ginagawang unconstitutional - the Philippines will be granted a 10-year transition in preparation for democracy kaya tayo
- supreme court, associate justices, chief justice nagkaroon ng Commonwealth Government
- trained first in a self-governance or mag-handle ng sariling government bago bibigyan ng
principle of check and balance sovereignty
- constitutional safeguard that reverse one branch of the government from becoming ◦ Treaty of General Relations
abusive or too powerful - declaration ng Philippine Independence mula sa kamay ng mga Americans on July 4, 1946
- pwedeng e-check ng branches of government ang isa’t-isa kung mayroong ginagawang ◦ June 12, 1898 - declared the first independence in the Philippines by Emilio Aguinaldo sa
unconstitutional Kawit, Cavite
◦ Bell Trade - nag open ng trade between the Philippines and the U.S.
types of government: ◦ Payne-Aldrich Act - partial trade
◦ democracy - government of the people for the people by the people ◦ Underwood-Simmons Act - full free foreign trade
- nasa tao ang power, lahat pwedeng bumoto
◦ republican - emanates from the people but exercise by our chosen representative Malthusian Principle (Thomas Robert Malthus)
- partial, indirect or representative democracy ang Pilipinas - masyadong mabilis ang paglobo ng population pero hindi sumasabay ang supply ng pagkain so
- democratic pero may government officials ang ending, nagkukulang sa pagkain
◦ monarchy - one man rule, ruled by either a king or queen
- government of England terms in economics:
◦ oligarchy - ruled by selected few ◦ tingnan lang ang scope
◦ aristocracy (kung wala sa choices, oligarchy ang sagot) ◦ microeconomics - pinag-usapan ang economy ng isang business lang
- rule of elites in the society ◦ macroeconomics - pinag-usapan ang economy ng buong bansa
◦ anarchy - no government at all ◦ tingnan lang ang production na ginawa at anong bansa
◦ communism - no private property ◦ Gross National Product (GNP)
- everything is under the government so there is equal distribution of wealth - tinotal ang production ng mga Filipino sa Pilipinas at pati yung mga nasa ibang
◦ meritocracy - leadership of people by talent bansa
- yung mga educated at may ambag sa lipunan, sila lang ang pwedeng bumoto (examples: OFW, Seaman)
- government of Singapore ◦ Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
◦ federalism - national affairs sa national level - tinotal ang production na ginawa ng mga Filipino dito sa Pilipinas
- local affair sa local level
◦ pinag-usapan ang kita or income communism - system where private capitalism does not exist or not allowed
◦ national income - itotal ang lahat ng income tapos e-divide sa time kung gaano katagal - pantay-pantay or equal ang distribution of wealth
pinagtrabahoan, income over time - kahit sobrang yaman ka, e-distribute parin ang yaman mo sa mga tao
◦ per capita income - ang income, e-divide sa number of workers kung ilan ang nagtrabaho - everything is under the government so there is equal distribution of wealth
- inaalam per person kung magkano ang kinikita
- income over number of workers arts appreciation and humanities:
◦ demand - kailangan mo (examples: needs, desires) ◦ Carlos “Botong“ Francisco - national artist for painting
◦ supply - nai-provide sa iyo (examples: products, goods and services) - genre of his paintings are fisher folks and farmers in his small town
◦ trade - exchange of goods that involves money in Angono, Rizal
(example: product ko, pinagpalit sa pera mo) - ang kaniyang paintings ay all about rural life or areas
◦ barter - exchange of goods na walang involve na money ◦ Lucio San Pedro - national artist for music
(example: product ko, pinagpalit sa product mo) - famous composer from Angona, Rizal
◦ pinag-usapan kung sino ang nag-control ◦ Lea Salonga - Filipino singer and has international recognition
◦ monopoly - isa lang ang nag produce ng product ◦ Cecile Licad - Filipino renowned pianist
◦ oligopoly - marami ang nag produce ng similar products ◦ Lisa Macuja-Elizalde - prima ballerina
◦ pinag-uusapan ang presyo ◦ Napoleon Abueva - recently awarded sculpture, last awardee
◦ inflation - continuous price increase (tumaas ang presyo) - father of modern Filipino sculpture awarded in 1976
◦ deflation - continuous price decrease (bumaba ang presyo) ◦ Eduardo Castrillo - sculpture of landmarks
◦ pinag-uusapan ang value or halaga - gumawa ng landmarks sa NCR
◦ appreciation - tumaas ang value or halaga
proponents of theater:
◦ depreciation - bumaba ang value or halaga
◦ Severino Montano - arena theater (open field)
◦ tingnan ang direction ng flow of goods
◦ Naty Crame Rogers - sala theater
◦ import - ang goods ay papasok ng bansa
◦ Rolando Tinio - experimental theater
◦ export - ang good ay palabas ng bansa
◦ pinag-usapan ang nature of job na ginawa mo at literal na kulay ng damit ang pwedeng isuot
Juan Luna - painter of Spoliarium (symbolism ng estado ng Pilipinas during the Spanish occupation)
◦ white collar - nagtatrabaho buong araw pero hindi nadudumihan
- greatest painter of his time
- nangangailangan ng professional skills
Fabian de la Rosa - mentor of Fernando Amorsolo
(example: pumapasok sa office)
- national artist for painting
◦ blue collar - nagtatrabaho buong araw at nadudumihan
- ang kaniyang paintings ay all about rural life from Paco, Manila
- nangangailangan ng technical-vocational skills
Gilopez Kabayao - brought classical violin music to the masses kasi ang violin para lang sa
(examples: pumapasok sa factory, mechanics, mason, plumbers)
mayayaman na e-perform sa elite venues like cinema, theaters, opera house
◦ brain drain - phenomenal number of professionals spend to leave the country to look for a
higher wage of salary
terms to remember:
- nangingibang bansa kasi mas maraming opportunity na nahanap ng greener pasture
◦ mysticism and spiritualism
- nakikinabang ng professionals sa Pilipinas ay ang ibang bansa
- predominant characteristic of Eastern religion (Asia)
- naniniwala na may God kahit hindi pa nahahawakan or nakikita
capitalism - namumuhunan, may private companies, businessmen
- naniniwala sa someone na mysterious or hindi na perceive sa senses kasi may faith tayo
- oppressive kasi mas yumayaman ang may puhunan or mga boss kaysa mga workers at
◦ optimism - predominant characteristic of Western religion
ang mga workers din ang mas pagod
◦ philosophy - ultimate causes or reason
working class (proletariat)
◦ Confucius (K’ung Fu-tzu) - Confucianism
- they are the oppressed according to Karl Marx
- not a religious leader kasi he is more of a teacher or philosopher
- laborers, laborers, wagers
- ang tinuturo niya ay morality and human values
- sa kaniya ina-attribute ang Analects (Analects of Confucius)
◦ Analects of Confucius - compilation ng kaniyang teachings
◦ Lao Tzu - Taoism  ICT 
◦ fanaticism - naging danger ang religion sa society
- most reason ng violent crimes ◦ tiling - this means the graphics will be displayed more than once
- super fanatic sa iyong belief ◦ byte - equivalent to one character
◦ terrorism - hindi naniniwala or nag-accept ng idea mula sa ibang religion
elements of a computer system:
terms in sociology (study ng tao kapag siya ay nasa isang grupo): ◦ hardware - tangible components (examples: keyboard, printer, monitor)
◦ culture shock - nangyayari ito kapag nasa isang lugar ka na hindi mo nakasanayan ang kanilang ◦ software - intangible components (examples: music, games, application)
pinanggagawa ◦ people ware - operates the computer (examples: programmer, data encoder, analyzer)
- awkwardness and unpleasant feeling
◦ culture relativism - may mga practices tayo na acceptable sa isang lugar pero sa ibang lugar hindi direction ng data:
- nagbabago ang what is right and wrong depending on the place ◦ input - nagpapasok ng info or data
- hindi pwedeng e-judge kung sino ang mas tama o mali, we just have to (examples: keyboard, monitor (kapag touch screen), joystick, mouse)
respect each other ◦ output - nag-display ng data
(example: Ang pag-aasawa ng marami ay acceptable sa mga Muslim pero sa Christians hindi.) (examples: speaker, projector, monitor)
◦ ethnocentrism - yan ang superior feeling, superiority
- feeling mo na ang culture mo ang mas maganda at magaling compared sa ibang shortcut keys:
culture ◦ select all - Ctrl + A ◦ paste - Ctrl + V
◦ xenocentrism - inferiority feeling ◦ bold - Ctrl + B ◦ cut - Ctrl + X
- feeling mo na ang foreign culture ay mas maganda kaysa sa local na culture ◦ underline - Ctrl + U ◦ save - Ctrl + S
- feeling mo na mas maganda ang culture ng iba kaysa sa sarili mong culture ◦ italicized - Ctrl + I ◦ new file/document - Ctrl + N
(example: pagkahilig sa imported goods) ◦ copy - Ctrl + C ◦ open the file/document - Ctrl + O
◦ prejudice - negative thinking, negative feeling ◦ print - Ctrl + P ◦ control command about font - Ctrl + D
- negative ang tingin sa iyo, negative ang na feel niya towards you kahit wala ka pang
ginagawa sa kaniya or kahit hindi pa kayo magkakilala abbreviations and acronyms:
◦ discrimination - negative action ◦ control key - ctrl
- may ginawa ka na talaga, nang-bully ka na, sinaktan mo or inagawan mo
◦ alter key - alt
◦ URL - Uniform Resource Locator
◦ USB - Universal Serial Bus
◦ HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language
◦ CPU - Central Processing Unit
- brains of the computer
◦ DICT - Department of Information and Communications Technology

terms to remember:
◦ technology - application of the specific concepts and principles
◦ motherboard - board that serves the foundation of the computer
◦ email - messages are easily transported
◦ keyboard - letters, numbers
◦ internet - information super highways
◦ Operating system - software that helps run the computer system
  BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE  Carolus Linnaeus - father of taxonomy
- able to name 11,000 species of plants and animals
◦ hydrophobic - water fearing (example: lipids) process of taxonomy:
◦ hydrophilic - water loving (example: carbohydrates) ◦ identification - identify ang mga bagong organism na hindi pa na-discover
◦ classification - alamin kung ano ang phylogeny
macromolecules (needed from the body in large amount, kailangan ng ating katawan): ◦ naming organisms - bigyan ng scientific name ang mga organism
◦ carbohydrates - direct or immediate source of energy
- dito kukuha ang body ng source of energy kapag may gagawin kang activity system of taxonomy or classifying organisms:
- building block (bumubuo sa kaniya) ay monosaccharide (one sugar unit) ◦ phylogeny - it’s like a family tree
(source of carbohydrates: rice, bread, pasta, root crops, fruits) - classifying organisms based on evolution
◦ disaccharide - two sugar unit - magkasabay nag-evolve (kamag-anak)
◦ oligosaccharide - three or more sugar unit - hindi magkasabay nag-evolve (magkaibang species)
◦ polysaccharide - repeating sugar unit ◦ Linnaean system - introduced by Carolus Linnaeus
◦ sugar - most of them ends in “ose“ - walang pakialam sa evolution
(examples: glucose, sucrose (table sugar), fructose (sweetest sugar, - hinahanap lang niya ang kaniyang level of classification
derived from fruits), lactose, maltose, galactose, libose, dextrose) - sa ngayon, ito ang ginagamit na system
◦ glycogen - ito ang source of energy kapag naubos ang carbohydrates levels:
- sa isang araw kapag hindi mo naubos lahat ng carbohydrate na tinake mo, e ◦ domain ◦ kingdom ◦ phylum ◦ class ◦ order ◦ family ◦ genus ◦ species
discharge siya ng ating body sa liver in the form of this
◦ fats - ito ay mabuo kapag naubos ang glycogen domains of kingdom:
- long term source of energy ◦ bacteria - microorganism (maliit), unicellular (isang cell, buong organism), prokaryotic (walang
◦ proteins - building block ay amino acid (9 essential, 11 non-essential) totoong nucleus)
- most of them ends with “in“ - mga totoong bacteria na alam natin
(source of proteins: nuts, meat, fish) (examples: streptococcus, staphylococcus, lactobacillus)
(examples: keratin & collagen (nag-form ng structure ng ating body), insulin, pepsin, thiamine, ◦ archaea - microorganism, unicellular, prokaryotic, not a bacteria
oxytocin, all hormones) - extremophiles (nakatira sa extreme environment)
◦ butter - not a source of protein because it is lipids ◦ eukarya - complex organisms, may totoong nucleus
◦ lipids - building block ay fatty acids (triglyceride) - larger organism (examples: plants, animals, fungi, protis)
types:
◦ fats - derived from animals kingdom system:
- solid at normal room temperature ◦ Kingdom Monera - the only prokaryotic kingdom
◦ oil - derived from plants - an example of phylogeny
- liquid at normal room temperature (example: mosquito)
- naging solid lang ito kapag malamig ◦ Kingdom Protista - organisms na literally nag-protista talaga sila kasi magulo ang kanilang
◦ phospholipids classification
◦ steroids (cholesterol) - lahat ng magugulo, dito nag sama-sama
- parang plants pero hindi capable of photosynthesis, plant-like
◦ nucleic acid - genetic material (DNA & RNA)
(example: algae - seaweeds sa dagat)
- building block ay nucleotides
- parang animals pero hindi, animal-like
(examples: plasmodium, amoeba, protozoa)
entamoeba histolytica - protist that can cause dysentery (dugo ng tae)
- parang fungi pero hindi, fungus-like
plasmodium (isang protist na hindi nakakagalaw that’s why kailangan niya ng carrier which is the
(example: slime molds)
mosquito) vivax - causes malaria
gorilla beringei - mountain or eastern gorillas ◦ Kingdom Fungi - organisms that feeds on necrotic matter (kumakain ng patay at bulok)
streptococcus - mga bacteria (example: lactobacillus) (examples: yeast (fungus), mushroom, molds, microsporidia)
◦ Kingdom Plantae (example: narra) ◦ birds - mayroon silang thick structure, may feather, has an ability to fly
characteristics of a plant: - has hallow and strong bones
◦ can move birds than cannot fly:
◦ cannot locomote (transfer from one place to another) (examples: ostrich, penguin, flappy bird)
◦ can create their own food ◦ mammals - has hair, fur (balahibo), boobs (suso)
◦ producers - mammary gland (capability to produce milk)
◦ Kingdom Animalia
characteristics of an animal: Antarctica (kung wala sa option, Sahara ang sagot)
◦ can move - world’s largest ecosystem
◦ capable of locomotion desert - defined as no inhabitants or organisms
◦ cannot create their own food - hindi kailangan mainit, pwede din malamig
◦ dependent on plants kinds:
◦ consumers ◦ hot (non-polar) - (example: Sahara - part ng isang bansa)
◦ cold (polar) - (example: Antarctica - entire continent)
invertebrates - no backbone
(examples: jelly fish, worms, insects) ecosystem:
vertebrates - has backbone, spinal column levels of organization:
classes: ◦ cells - dito nag-start
◦ fishes ◦ tissue - pinag-sama ang cell
classes: ◦ organ - pinag-sama ang tissue
◦ jawless - no jaw (panga), mukhang snake ang body, pouty mouth ◦ system - pinag-sama ang organ
- hindi niya kayang mag-chew ◦ organism - pinag-sama ang system
- e-attach lang niya ang mouth niya sa body ng fish para mag-absorb ng ◦ population - is a group of organism of the same species living together at a specific
nutrients through sucking place and time
- can be seen on the deepest part of the ocean, they are primitive ◦ community - is a group of population (aso, pusa, halaman, tao, etc.) living together
(examples: hagfish, lampreys) (sinauna) ◦ ecosystem - temperature, water, air
◦ bony - may tinik, hasang at kaliskis - living and non-living components that interact with each other
(examples: bangus, tilapia, galunggong, sapsap) ◦ biosphere - malakihang ecosystem
◦ cartilaginous - giants of the sea - pinagsama ang everything that sustains life on Earth (air, land, water)
- dahil sa sobrang laki, hindi enough ang tinik lang, ang kailangan niya (examples: forest, grassland, tundra, desert)
ay bones that are made of cartilage
(examples: sharks, stingray) food chain - series of eating events wherein there is a transfer of energy
◦ whales and dolphins - not an example of cartilaginous fishes because (example: lettuce - caterpillar - bird - lion)
they are mammals food web - interconnected na food chain
◦ amphibians - organisms that spends their early life in water, adult life in land and - feeding connections between life form
returns to the water to mate because they are under external energy pyramid/ecological pyramid
fertilization - laging nasa base ang producers like the plants and cyanobacteria because they are
- has thin, wet and moist skin (malamig na manipis, na madulas na basa-basa) capable of manufacturing their own food tapos kakainin siya
- may specific time sa buhay nila kung kailan sila nasa water and land - habang umaakyat, yun yung kumakain sa producers (trophic level)
(examples: frogs, salamanders, toads, caecilians, newts) - habang umaakyat sa energy pyramid, hindi po yan 100%na energy efficiency, as a matter
◦ reptile - ang skin nila ay thick, dry, scaly (makapal, magaspang, tuyo, may kaliskis) of fact, only 10%lang ang pinapasa
(examples: crocodile, snake, turtle, tortoise, alligator, iguana, lizard) ◦ producers ◦ primary consumers ◦ secondary consumers ◦ tertiary consumers ◦ Quaternary
types of animals: ◦ structural development - body parts na evidence ng evolution
◦ herbivore - plants (example: koala bear) (example: vestigial structure)
◦ carnivore - meat (example: polar bear) ◦ embryological development - kapag titignan ang embryo ng chicken at human, pare-pareho lang
◦ omnivore - both plants and animals (example: rat) - first few stages ng ating embryo ay pare-pareho, nangangaling sa
iisang ancestor na ganon din ang stages of development na
specie interaction (uri ng relasyon): pinagdaanan
◦ commensalism - one is benefited, the other is unaffected
- pinakinabangan ka na pero hindi ka pa rin naapektuhan Vestigial structure - part of the large intestine but has no digestive function
(example: orchid and tree) - body parts that remains in the body but serves no specific function
◦ parasitism - one organism is benefited, the other is harmed - isa sa evidence ng evolution
- may isang nakinabang (parasite), may isang nasaktan (host) (examples: wisdom tooth, appendix, coccyx (tailbone), arrector pili muscle)
(examples: worm, kuto, garapata, linta)
◦ mutualism - you both benefit from each other, give and take relationship concepts of evolution:
- parehong nakinabang, rare lang ito ◦ theory of use and disuse (Jean-Baptiste Lamarck)
◦ amensalism - one is unaffected, the other is harmed - ang body part na laging ginagamit, lumalaki, humahaba, mas mag-dedevelop
- walang nakuhang benefit, pero piniling manakit - ang body part na hindi laging ginagamit, either lumiit, umiksi or eventually mawawala
(example: kinagat ka ng langgam pero wala siyang napala sayo pero nasugatan ka) ◦ Survival of the fittest (Charles Darwin)
◦ neutralism - you both exist but there is no specific relationship - hindi daw ang pinakamalaki, pinakamatalino, pinakamalakas or pinakamabilis ang
(example: puno ng santol at mangga, pareho silang nandiyan sa nag-susurvive sa environment kung hindi ang pinakamagaling mag-adapt sa changes
ecosystem pero wala naman silang effect sa isa’t-isa) - the more adapted you are to the environment, the more you will survive
◦ competition - playing the same ecological role ◦ natural selection (Herbert Spencer)
- pareho kayo ng kailangan or gusto ◦ homologous organ - human arms, bat’s wings, seal’s flipper
(example: puno ng santol ilipat sa tabi ng puno ng mangga, - the same ang kanilang function
mag compete sila sa sunlight, sources of nutrients, water)
◦ predation - a relationship between a larger (predator) and a smaller (prey) organism genetics (mag-explain kung bakit ganito ang itsura natin, paano minamana ang isang trait at kung
- nagkainan, may kumain, may kinain bakit magkakaiba ang ating itsura):
◦ blending theory - kalahati ng trait manggagaling sa tatay, kalahati sa nanay tapos mag-blend sila
evidences of evolution: - hindi totoo ang theory na ito kasi may mga anak na sobrang kamukha ng tatay
◦ fossils - nalaman na nag-exist ang dinosaurs before at sobrang kamukha din ng nanay
◦ cockroach - living fossil
◦ introduction of new organisms law that explains paano minana ang isang trait kung bakit ganito ang itsura natin:
- from time to time, may na-discover na bagong species ng mga organism ◦ law of segregation - ang mga traits ay separated from each other during cell division
◦ mutation - damages in the genes which were not corrected so it was manifested and resulted (example: hair - pwedeng kulot, pwedeng straight)
in a genetic disorder - during cell division, maghihiwalay ang trait mo para sa kulot at para kay straight
- abnormality sa genes na hindi agad na correct kaya lumabas siya at isa lang ang pwede makuha sa’yo and it happens by chance. Ito ang reason
- hindi sa lahat ng pagkakataon negative ito, may abnormality lang pero hindi big deal kung bakit ipinanganak kang straight or kulot ang buhok.
(examples: may blue-tooth sa tenga (accessory auricle), cleft chin, anim ang daliri sa kamay ◦ law of independent assortment
or paa (polydactyly), dimple) - ang mga traits ay inherited independently from each other
◦ backward evolution - babalik sa dating anyo - hindi magkasabay na minamana at hindi nakadepende sa isa’t-isa
(example: kapag nagkaroon ng backward evolution ang tao, babalikan ang angyong unggoy - no specific combination that’s why iba’t-ibang combination ang pwedeng mabuo at hindi
kasi according to evolution, the closest relative of man is Chimpanzee, tayo magkakamukha, it only happens by chance
99.9%amino acid sequence ng Chimpanzee) - hindi nakadepende ang height mo sa color ng skin, color ng skin sa color ng hair, etc.
◦ Uner Tan syndrome - hindi sila nakakatayo, buong buhay nila nakatuwad sila
- naglalakad kasama ang kamay like monkey
◦ law of complete dominance  PHYSICAL SCIENCE 
- masyadong ginalingan ang genes kaya may dominant trait phase change:
- kapag may parents ka na magkaiba exactly ang trait nila, tapos nagmana ka ng todo ◦ melting - solid naging liquid ◦ deionization - plasma naging gas
sa isa (example: ang tatay ay maitim, ang nanay sobrang puti at
◦ freezing - liquid naging solid ◦ sublimation - solid naging gas
noong ipinanganak ka, sobra mong itim)
◦ evaporation - liquid naging gas (example: naphthalene balls)
◦ law of incomplete dominance
◦ condensation - gas naging liquid ◦ deposition - gas naging solid
- hindi ginalingan pareho ang genes kaya wala kang pinagmanahan
◦ ionization - gas naging plasma
- kapag nag-combine ang dalawang genes at nagkaroon ng intermediate trait ang gitna nila
- kapag may parents ka na magkaiba exactly ang trait nila, tapos hindi ka nagmana kahit
concepts of light and sound:
isa sa kanila, ang gitnang trait nila ang namana mo
◦ solid - sound will travel fastest ◦ air or gas - sound will travel more slowly
(example: ang tatay ay maitim, ang nanay sobrang puti at noong ipinanganak ka, gray ka)
- light will travel most slowly - light will travel slowly
◦ law of co-dominance
◦ liquid - sound will travel slowly ◦ vacuum (empty space; no matter, no particles)
- ginalingan pareho ang genes kaya pareho silang dominant
- light will travel more slowly - sound will travel most slowly
- madalas lang ito mangyari sa hayop, hindi sa tao
- light will travel fastest
(example: ang tatay ay maitim, ang nanay sobrang puti at noong ipinanganak ka,
concepts of thunder and lightning:
may color ka na black and white)
◦ sabay silang ini-release ng atmosphere
◦ una nakikita ang lightning bago ang thunder kasi mas mabilis mag travel si light kapag sa air or
concepts to differentiate:
gas compared to sound
◦ heredity - inheritance
◦ lightning strikes the tallest object
- ito ang nag-explain paano minana or pinasa yung trait from parent to
the offspring
MnF3 - Manganese (III) fluoride (rule: baliktarin ang radicals)
◦ variation - nag-explain ng individual differences kung bakit magkakaiba ang itsura ng tao
◦ genotype - genetic make-up
concepts of chemistry:
- ito ang nag describe kung anong genes ang meron ka kung homozygous or
◦ Ca - Calcium
heterozygous, dominant or recessive
◦ Te - Tellurium
◦ phenotype - physical appearance (example: tall or short)
◦ ionic bond - transfer of electrons whether nag gain or nag loss
◦ dominant - superior trait (traits na na-eexpress)
- ang isang atom, para maging stable, kailangan niya ng 8 electrons
(examples: parehong malaki na letter, isang malaking letter at isang maliit na letter
- group number is equal to number of electrons
as long as present ang malaki na letter, dominant pa rin)
(example: sodium has 1 electron while chlorine has 7 electrons, meaning e-donate ni
◦ recessive - inferior trait (hindi lumalabas na trait)
sodium ang nag-iisang electron niya kay chlorine para maging stable si chlorine)
(example: parehong maliit na letter)
◦ covalent bond - sharing of electrons
◦ homozygous - the same characteristics
(example: carbon has 4 electrons while the other element has 4 electrons, meaning they
(example: parehong malaki or maliit na letter)
have to share their electrons para maging stable sila)
◦ heterozygous - different characteristics
◦ metalloid - has properties of both metals and non-metals, in between metals and non-metals
(example: isang malaking letter at isang maliit na letter)
◦ ambivalent - elements na pwede maging dalawa ang kaniyang charge (positive and negative)
(example: hydrogen ion)
nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) - molecule that contains the organisms genetic make-up
◦ esters - organic compound present in perfume
trisomy 21 - down syndrome
- nagbibigay ng mabangong amoy sa pineapple and mango
- extra copy of chromosome number 21
- kahit hindi sila magkakamag-anak, iisa lang ang feature ng mukha nila ◦ bright green - color ng boron sa flame test
- either sobrang baba or sobrang taas ang mata sa tenga
- magkapareha sila ng ugali (super sweet, appreciative, malambing) states of matter:
normal person - has 46 chromosomes; 23 from the father, 23 from the mother ◦ solid ◦ plasma - very hot gas of nuclei and
◦ liquid electrons na makikita sa stars
◦ gas at fluorescent lamp
  EARTH SCIENCE  circle - not a polygon
terms to remember: polygon (close figure with sides):
◦ Midnight Sun - hindi lumubog ang araw, 24 hours maliwanag sa isang lugar ◦ triangle - three ◦ dodecagon - twelve
- sun shines all the time both day and night ◦ quadrilateral - four ◦ triskaidecagon - thirteen
◦ Norway - it is where you can observe the Midnight Sun ◦ pentagon - five ◦ tetradecagon - fourteen
◦ tilting of the Earth on its axis ◦ hexagon - six ◦ pentadecagon - fifteen
- causes season kasi hindi equal ang amount of rainfall ◦ heptagon - seven ◦ hexadecagon - sixteen
◦ mesosphere - part or layer ng ating atmosphere na-burn ang mga meteors kaya hindi siya umabot ◦ octagon - eight ◦ heptadecagon - seventeen
sa Earth ◦ nonagon - nine ◦ octadecagon - eighteen
◦ typhoon - storm in the Pacific ◦ decagon - ten ◦ enneadecagon - nineteen
◦ hurricane - storm in the Atlantic Ocean ◦ undecagon, hendecagon ◦ icosagon - twenty
◦ cyclone - storm in the Indian Ocean - eleven
◦ Pacific Ring of Fire
formula:
- where the Philippines lie in which there are many active volcanoes
I = Prt
- everyday may volcanic activities kaya lang hindi natin namamalayan
where:
I - interest (tinubo ng pera)
 MATHEMATICS  P - principal amount (amount borrowed)
r - rate (percent)
terms to remember:
t - time (month or year)
◦ rectangular solid - approximate shape of a brick (hollow blocks)
◦ oblate spheroid - approximate shape of the Earth water meter:
◦ square - shape or polygon that all sides are equal present reading (big amount) - previous reading (small amount) x cost per kiloliter + basic charge
◦ rectangle - opposite sides are equal
◦ parallelogram - opposite angles are equal
 FILIPINO 
◦ 9m2 - area of a circle inscribed in a square having a side of 63 meters
◦ 25 - prime numbers between 1 and 100 parts of speech:
◦ prime numbers - walang ibang factor maliban sa kaniyang sarili at one ◦ noun - pangngalan ◦ adverb - pang-abay
- starts with number 2
◦ pronoun - panghalip ◦ adjective - pang-uri
◦ one - special number
◦ preposition - pang-ukol ◦ conjunction - pangatnig
◦ 20 - number of times will a digit appears between 1 and 100
◦ verb - pandiwa ◦ interjection - pandamdam
◦ perimeter - the sum of the sides of a polygon
◦ 12 - number of edges of a cube terms to remember:
◦ 24cm - basta about cube ang tanong (formula: 12z) ◦ laban - PINAGLABANAN
◦ 12cm - basta about triangle ang tanong (formula: Pythagorean theorem) ◦ suko - SINUKUAN
◦ 30 days in a month + 1 day ◦ saliksik - SINALIKSIK
- June, April, November, September ◦ ingay - mortal na kaaway ng pakikinig
◦ 31 days in a month + 2 days ◦ pagyayabang - hindi mahalagang salik ng pagtatalumpati
- January, March, May, July, August, October, December
◦ 28 days (if leap year + 1 day, year that is divisible by 4) gamit ng wika:
- February ◦ komunikasyon - pakikipag-ugnayan
◦ ratio and proportion - basta about rice and viand ◦ sumasalamin sa kultura at henerasyon
◦ pagpapalaganap ng kaalaman
teorya ng pinagmulan ng wika: pagbabagong morpoponemiko:
◦ Tore ng Babel - ang wika ay nagmula sa bibliya ◦ asimilasyon - nagpapalit ng isang ponema
◦ Bow-wow (tulad ng aso at ang hayop ay parte ng kalikasan) (examples: pangbansa - pambansa, madumi - marumi)
- ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng kalikasan ◦ pagpapalit ng ponema - nagpalit lang ng ponema pero the same pa rin ang meaning
◦ Ding-dong (tulad ng doorbell at ito ay isang bagay) (example: lalaki - lalake)
- ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng bagay ◦ metatesis - pagpapalit ng posisyon ng ponema
◦ Yo-he-ho - ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng pwersang pisikal (examples: nilipad - lipadin, niyakap - yinakap)
◦ Pooh-pooh - ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng masidhing damdamin ng tao ◦ pagkakaltas - tinanggalan ng isang tunog
◦ Yum-yum - ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng dila (examples: labahan - labhan, sarahan - sarhan, dalahin - dalhin)
◦ Ta-ta - ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng kumpas og galaw ng kamay ◦ paglilipat-diin - pagpapalit-diin
◦ Ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay - ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng ritwal (examples: laro - nasa “ro“ ang diin, laroan - nasa “an“ ang diin)

antas ng wika (anong level naiintindihan): aspeto ng pandiwa (tenses of the verb):
◦ pambansa - ang wika ay naiintindihan sa buong bansa ◦ perperktibo - ito yung naganap na, na-perfect na ang action (tapos na)
◦ lalawiganin - ang wika ay naiintindihan sa isang lugar or lalawigan (example: pumasok)
◦ pampanitikan - ang wika ay ginagamit sa akda or sulatin ◦ imperperktibo - hindi pa tapos, ginagawa pa lang
◦ kolokyal - ginagamit sa pakikipag-usap araw-araw (example: pumapasok)
◦ balbal - salitang kalye or kanto, salitang pinaikli or pinahaba ◦ kontemplatibo - pinag-iisipan pa kung gagawin ang action or hindi
- impormal na nilikha at nabuo, street language - gagawin pa lang, magaganap pa lamang
◦ jargon - ginagamit base sa profession (example: papasok)
◦ pangnagdaan - actions na kakatapos mo lang gawin or kagaganap pa lamang
barayte ng wika (may “ek“ sa dulo): (example: kapapasok)
◦ dayalek - sinasalita sa isang lugar, rehiyon, pangkat
◦ sosyolek - sinasalita base sa estado ng lipunan idiomatic expressions (beyond meaning):
◦ idyolek - pansariling wika ◦ imposible - ang kanyang mungkahi ay suntok sa buwan at di matutupad
◦ etnolek - nanggaling sa pangkat etniko ◦ duwag - pinagmamalaki ko siya, bahag naman pala ang kanyang buntot
◦ ekolek - sinasalita sa bahay ◦ traydor - siya ay buwaya sa katihan
◦ minalas - ang mga magsasaka ay inalat
struktura ng wikang Filipino: ◦ mahal ni daddy si Neneng, paborito ni daddy si Neneng
◦ ponolohiya - pag-aaral ng makabuluhang tunog ng mga ponema - Neneng is the apple of daddy’s eye.
◦ morpolohiya - pag-aaral ng makabuluhang unit ng salita ng mga morpema ◦ maagap - a stitch in time saves nine
◦ semantika - pag-aaral ng kahulugan ng salita - kapag may sira ang isang bagay, na-fix mo agad kaya hindi na siya mas lalaki
◦ sentaksis - pag-aaral ng salita sa isang pangungusap ◦ maaasahan mo ako - you can count on me
◦ ortograpiya - pag-aaral ng pagbabaybay or spelling ◦ balewala - the present problem was a storm in a tea cup (maliit na bagay)
◦ magtipid - waste not, want not
uri ng morpema: - kapag walang sinasayang, wala ka nang gugustuhin pa
◦ morpemang ponema - tunog lang, isang letter lang pero may sariling kahulugan ◦ exaggerated - creating among them out of a hole
- nagdagdag lang isang letter sa isang salita, naiba na ang kahulugan ◦ limited - di-mapagkasya, making both ends meet
(examples: doktor - lalaki, doktora - babae)
◦ morpemang salitang-ugat - pinakapayak na anyo ng salita na wala pang halong panlapi (root word)
◦ morpemang panlapi - dinagdag sa salitang-ugat
anyo ng panitikan: tayutay (figures of speech):
◦ tuluyan (prose) ◦ pagtutulad - simile
examples: ◦ pagwawangis - metaphor
◦ alamat - legends ◦ parabula - parables ◦ pagsasatao - personification, portray human attribute
◦ kwentong bayan - folktale ◦ maikling kuwento - short story ◦ pagmamalabis - hyperbole
◦ awiting bayan - folk song ◦ dula - play ◦ pag-uyam - irony, sarcasm
◦ karunungang bayan - folklore ◦ sanaysay - essay ◦ pagpapalit/paglilipat-saklaw - synecdoche
◦ anekdota - anecdote ◦ talambuhay - biography ◦ pagpapalit-tawag - metonymy
◦ novel - nobela ◦ talumpati - oration ◦ pagtawag - apostrophe, talking to someone na hindi nag-exist or hindi kaya sumagot
◦ fables - pabula ◦ balita - news (examples: kapalaran! huwag ka sanang mailap)
◦ patula (poetry) ◦ paghihimig - onomatopoeia
examples:
◦ awit - song, 12 ang sukat ◦ tanaga - maikling tula ng katutubo uri ng panlapi:
(example: Florante at Laura) ◦ bugtong - riddles (palaisipan) ◦ unlapi - ang panlapi ay nasa unahan
◦ koredo - 8 ang sukat ◦ pastoral - buhay ng kabukiran (rural) ◦ gitlapi - ang panlapi ay nasa gitna
(example: Ibong Adarna) ◦ elehiya - song of the dead ◦ hulapi - ang panlapi ay nasa dulo
◦ epiko - epic ◦ oda - tulang papuri sa isang tao ◦ kabilaan - ang panlapi ay nasa unahan at dulo
◦ balad - ballad ◦ bulong - binubulong habang sinusumpa ◦ laguhan - ang panlapi ay nasa dulo at unahan, gitna at dulo
◦ sawikain - idioms ang isang tao
◦ salawikain - sayings ◦ panunudyo - mang-iinis, mang-aasar

uri ng talumpati:
◦ impromptu - binigay ang topic on the spot
◦ extemporaneous - binigay ang topic na may 2 minutes nalang para mag-prepare
- konti nalang ang oras to prepare
◦ prepared - binigay in advance ang topic kahit next week pa ang presentation

pangungusap na walang paksa:

◦ eksistensiyal - describing the existence kung meron or wala
- sentence na nagsisimula sa “may“, “mayroon“ or “wala“
(examples: walang tubig kahapon, may pasok kanina)
◦ pormulasyong panlipunan
- batian sa society
(examples: magandang umaga, magandang hapon, magandang gabi)
◦ sambitla - pangungusap na nasambit mo lang bigla
(examples: aray!, naku!)
◦ penomenal - pangyayari sa kalikasan or kapaligiran
(examples: umuulan, lumilindol)
◦ temporal - pamanahon
(examples: hapon na, mag-gagabi na)
◦ modal - sinasabi ang kagustuhan or nais
(example: gusto kita)