Process Equipment Design (CHE2002) : Dr. K. Sivagami, Associate Professor, School of Chemical Engineering, VIT Vellore
Process Equipment Design (CHE2002) : Dr. K. Sivagami, Associate Professor, School of Chemical Engineering, VIT Vellore
Process Equipment Design (CHE2002) : Dr. K. Sivagami, Associate Professor, School of Chemical Engineering, VIT Vellore
Module-1
Dr. K. Sivagami,
Associate Professor ,
School of Chemical
Engineering,
VIT Vellore
Valve selection
Shut off valves Control valves
No flow regulation Flow regulation can be
• Gate valves done either manually or
automatic.
• Plug valves
• Globe valves
• Ball valves
• Butterfly valves
Ball Valve
Gate Valve
Butterfly Valve
P 4 f (L Li) u 2
2 * Di
Equivalent pipe diameter:
The extra length of pipe that will account for the minor losses.
• A pipe line connecting two tanks contains has 4 standard elbows, a globe
valve that is fully open and a gate valve that is half open. The line is
commercial steel pipe 25mm ID and length 120m. The properties of the fluid
are viscosity=0.99mN-s/m2, density=998 kg/m^3. Calculate the total
pressure drop due to friction when the mass flow rate is 3500kgs/hr
Soln:
Mass flow rate: 3500 kgs/hr
Volumetric flow rate: 3500/998 = 3.5 m3/hr Cross
sectional area of pipe: π/4*d2 = 4.908*10-4 m2.
Velocity in pipe = 1.98 m/sec.
Where,
∆P = difference in pressure. P1-P2.
∆Pf = pressure losses in pipelines due to friction as well as miscellaneous
losses and losses in process equipments. N / m2
ρ = density of liquid
g = accerlation.
∆Z = Z1-Z2
• The storage tank has a floating roof, which exerts a pressure of 1.1 bar on the
liquid. The ship must unload 1000 tonne within 5 hours to avoid demurrage
charges. Estimate the power required by the pump. Take the pump efficiency as
70 per cent. Physical properties of toluene: density 874 kg/m3, viscosity 0.62
mNm2 s.
• A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the discharge port . As the area of the
cross-section increases, the volute reduces the speed of the liquid and
increases the pressure of the liquid.
• Circular casing have stationary diffusion vanes surrounding the impeller
periphery that convert velocity energy to pressure energy. Conventionally,
the diffusers are applied to multi-stage pumps.
• Capacity: Capacity means the flow rate with which liquid is moved or pushed
by the pump to the desired point in the process.
Q =A* V
V=n*d n = impeller speed
d = impeller diameter
• Head : The head term is used to measure the kinetic energy created by the
pump.
• In other words, head is a measurement of the height of a liquid column that
the pump could create from the kinetic energy imparted to the liquid.
Imagine a pipe shooting a jet of water straight up into the air, the height the
water goes up would be the head.
• Pump characteristic curves
Head vs. capacity:
Schedule number: The wall thickness of the pipe is indicated by the schedule no.
Which increases with increase in wall thickness.
• Available nos. 5, 5S, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS and
XXS. The most common ones used are schedules 40 and 80
• Ten schedule numbers, 10,20,30,40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160, are in use, but with pipe less
than 8 in. in diameter only numbers 40, 80, 120, and 160 are common.
N
Schedule no. = Ps*1000/σs Ps = Safe working pressure mm2
• Wall thickness
P = internal pressure (bar)
d = pipe OD (mm)
σd = design stress (N/mm2)
• What does Nominal Pipe Size or NPS mean?
• In 1927 the American Standard Association replaced the previously used
Iron Pipe Sizing (IPS) with Nominal Pipe Sizing (NPS). This North
American standard is used on pipes for high or low pressures and
temperatures. The NPS size represents the approximate inside diameter
(not outside) of the pipe; if the schedule number on a set size is changed, it
does effect the inside diameter (ID) but not the outside diameter
(OD). Example:
• All pipes are specified using the NPS and schedule numbers. It is the
schedule number that determines the approximate inside diameter.
• http://ds.arcelormittal.com/repo/Projects%20Oil%20and%20
Gas/Pipe%20Schedule.pdf
• Pipe size selection :
• Economic pipe diameter:
• The capital cost of a pipe run increases with diameter, whereas the pumping
costs decrease with increasing diameter. The most economic pipe diameter
will be the one which gives the lowest annual operating cost.
Cost equations are developed by considering 1 meter length of pipe
Bd n
• Purchase cost: $/m
where, ‘B’ and ‘n’ are constants depends on pipe material and schedule.
Bd n (1 F )
• Installed cost =
where, the factor ‘F’ includes the cost of valves, fittings and erection, fo a
typical run of pipe.
• The capital cost can be included in the operating cost as an annual capital
charge. There will also be an annual charge for mantainence based on the
capital cost,
Bd n (1 F )(a b)
Cc =
Where,
Cc = annualized capital cost of the piping, $/m.yr a = capital
annualization factor, 1/yr
b = maintainence cost as fraction of installed capital, 1/yr
d
• Optimal diameter : (Ct ) 0
ddi
1/ 4.84n
21011 ApG2.840.162
dopt
EB(1 F)(a b)
Solution:
Using ideal gas equation , P=(ρ/M)*RT
1 weight Mol.Wt.
36.5 / 22.4
Where, volum e m olarvolume
• Substituting,
Density at operating conditions, = (36.5/22.4)*(5/1)*(273/288)
= 7.72 kg/m3
Optimum diameter, =
7000
0.52