Radio Propagation Models Comparison and Tuning For LTE Based On Experimental Data in Tripoli-Libya
Radio Propagation Models Comparison and Tuning For LTE Based On Experimental Data in Tripoli-Libya
Radio Propagation Models Comparison and Tuning For LTE Based On Experimental Data in Tripoli-Libya
2021 IEEE 1st International Maghreb Meeting of the Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering MI-STA | 978-1-6654-1856-0/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/MI-STA52233.2021.9464490
Abstract— The mobile operators in Libya, like many other presented work was done on the city of Tripoli to select the
operators, use some propagation models to predict the strength best possible model and aimed to improve.
of the signal at the receiver, but without analyzing which model
is the best for the Tripoli region. This paper presents a B. Comman propagation models
comparison of four radio propagation empirical-type models Among the propagation models, empirical-type models
(COST 231, Okumura, Okumura-Hata, and Ericson 9999) being based on measuring efforts are adopted in the current
based on LTE technology to be applied at different locations work. Here are some of the well-known outdoor implemented
within Tripoli environment. The field measurements analysis models.
shows that the Okumura has the lowest RMSE value, which is
being tuned using real data collected from the local • COST 231 model
environment.
The valid frequency range of COST231 is extended to
Keywords-propagation models; LTE technology; cell [1500MHz, 2000MHz] in compare with Hata, which was
planning. [150MHz to 1500MHz] [2].
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;:
G h: = 20 log (4) • EPRE
!
;< EPRE indicates the power for one resource element (RE).
G h< = 20 log h< <= 3m (5)
= This can be used for any channel (Reference Signal, PDSCH)
>?@A? is the type of environment gain
[2].
EPRE = total Tx power - 10Log(number of resource block
• Okumura-Hata Model (RB) x 12)
Okumura model has been modified where the effects of
city structures (scattering, diffraction, and reflection) has been • Antenna Gain:
considered. The frequency range is [150MHz, 1500MHz] and Antenna gain is function of type and size of antenna and
mobile Station Antenna Height in range of [1m,10m]. The the frequency used as carrier. Gain in cell tower antenna is
height of base station Antenna is [20m, 200m] and link typically 15-18dBi [2].
distance is up to 20km. The path loss of Okumura Hata model
is calculated using Eq.6: • Losses
= 69.55 + 26.16 − 13.82 ℎ − B
Losses involve losses on both sides of cables and body
+ C44.9 − 6.55 ℎ D 6 (cell tower antenna and phone). The cable length and type and
frequency have a major effect on the cable losses. The loss in
For medium-sized or even small or city: the cable of the cell tower antenna varies from 1dB to 6dB. In
B = 0.8 + 1.1 − 0.7 ℎE planning, the phone lose is considered to be 0dB.
− 1.56 7 • Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)
Where: EIRP define the value of transmitted power radiated in the
: G (ℎ ** ) # $ C .D desired direction including the gain of the transmitter antenna
and the losses [2]:
: Frequency [MHz]
EIRP (dBm) = Pt (dBm) + Ga (dBi) – Cable losses (9)
ℎ : Height of base station [meters]
Where:
ℎ : Height of mobile station [meters]
Pt(dBm): transmitting power of cell tower
B : Correction factor of antenna height
Ga(dBi): Gain of Antenna in comparison to isotropic
d : link distance in [Km] antenna.
• Ericson 9999 Model • RX Level
The Ericsson 9999 Model is a software tool for wireless The RX level is a received signal level considering the
network planners provided by the Ericsson Company. This signal strength obtained from the cell tower antenna by the
model was developed to use in different propagation mobile phone. It is importing factor which determines whether
environments [2]. Ericsson propagation model equation the reception was good or not [3]. The mathematical formula
illustrated in Eq.8, where the parameters k0, k1, k2, and k3 to calculate the RX level is:
depends on the environment type as shown in table I.
RxLev(dBm)=EIRP-Pl – L + G (10)
= H + H + H! ℎ + H= ℎ .
− 3.2C 11.75 ! D + 44.49 Where:.
− 478C D! 8 Pl(dB) = path loss in propagation model.
C. Radio Link Budget Calculation L(dB) = margin of (low fading, Interference) and loss
The calculation of link budget is based on farthest point (body, penetration)
from the cell tower [2]. The minimum signal strength received G(dB) = other gain (pilot boosting gain, MIMO gain,
by the receiver must be considered in determine the maximum Handoff. Gain, HARQ gain and coding gain) [3].
coverage. The important parameters of the budget calculation
are discussed in the following definition: The reference signal receiver power (RSRP) has been
measured to represent experimental receiver power, which is
• Transmitter Power an averaged value for all the resource elements for reference
signal within a symbol. Since this is the averaged value, the
Typical value of the total transmission power from cell
value would be similar to the energy per resource element
towers antenna is from 36dBm to 46dBm [2]. (EPRE) value that was set for the reference signal [4].
TABLE I: ERICSON MODELS PARAMETERS III. MODEL ASSESSMENT METHOD
Environment Type IJ IK IL IM Well regression model offers the possibility to minimize
Rural 45.95 100.6 12 0.1 the difference between predicted and observed data values.
Suburban 43.20 68.63 12 0.1
Urban 36.20 30.20 12 0.1
The Root Mean Square Error ((RMSE)) was used in this work
to measure the accuracy of the propagation models.
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A. The RMSE
The RMSE is a method frequently used for error analysis.
It precisely shows the magnitude of deviations and estimated
(measured or calculated) value from an actual value. RMSE is
analytically given by Eq.11 [5]:
X ∑ UVWU< X
RMSE = RS Z (11)
YW
Where:
Pm: PL (Measured [dB])
Pr: PL from the models (calculated [dB])
N: Number of data points (measured).
IV. MODEL TUNING METHOD
Regression analysis is one of the most common statistical
techniques practically used in various applications such as
engineering and others [6]. Simple linear regression has been
used for the current model tuning which is a model with a
single independent variable x1,x2,…xn that has a straight-line
relationship with another dependent variable y. Apply the
values of x in the relation to estimating the value of variable
y. To make the causal relationship more effective and accurate
in the calculations, cover variables x1, x2, … xn to
characterize the response variable y. This will allow finding
which independent variables x1,x2,…xn are more useful than
others. The detailed procedures for performing the regression
analysis are shown in Fig. 1.
It is useful to display x as determined by the data analyzer
and measured with little error, while the y response is a
random variable. That is, there is more than one value of y at
each possible value of x. This distribution means:
y=β0+β1x (12) Fig. 1: Procedures for performing the regression analysis
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION TABLE II: LOCATIONS OF THE CELL TOWERS
Experimental measurements of radio propagation models
Cell name Long. Lat.
are done for three different locations. Practically, the strength
of the signal is measured by a three cells drive test in Tripoli NT16 13.132925 32.871725
city from Almadar Aljadid network Libya. These cells have NT500 13.122151 32.849007
been chosen in a building environment with a maximum tall
of 10m available in Tripoli. Table II shows the locations of the NT179 13.130207 32.858314
cell towers (urban), which is used for driving test. The
parameters, which are used to run the investigated models, are TABLE III: PROPAGATION MODEL PARAMETERS
illustrated in table III.
Parameter Value
Furthermore, the following software are used to achieve Frequency (MHz) 1855
the proposed work and present the obtained results: Total Tx Power (dBm) 43
EPRE using eq.(7) (dBm) 12.2
i. Matlab was used in all calculations and plots of EIRP using eq. 28.7
the utilized formulas. Allocated RB 100
ii. TEMS discovery releases 20.3.0 has been used to Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) 17
Tx Cable Loss (dB) 0.5
perform drive tests [7]. Tx Body loss (dB) 0
A. Receiver signal strength calculation Rx Antenna Gain (dBi) 0
Interference Margin (dB) 3.67
Using Eq. 10 with input data from table 3, the strength of Penetration Loss (dB) 18
the signal for each model can be computed using the following Tx Antenna Height (m) 22
equation: UE Antenna Height (m) 1.5
[\ . = 11.03 − G
Slow Fading Margin (dB) 7
(13) Coding Gain 0
Multi-Antenna Combining Gain 3
Table 4 presents rreceiver ssignal strength (RSS) Pilot Power Boosting 3
equations using propagation loss equations illustrated before HARQ gain 3
and with input data from table III.
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Now using the propagation model to draw signal strength TABLE VI: MODIFIED OKUMURA MODEL PREDICATION VALUES
prediction in comparison with real measurement in range up ^ Value
to 600m as shown in Fig. 2. ^J -27.978580693942
^K 0.615528733540788
B. Models assessment using RMSE
y=β0+β1x (14)
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