See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/344444672

Fourth Industrial Revolution in Bangladesh: Prospects and Challenges

Article · October 2020

DOI: 10.34104/ajssls.020.01040114

CITATIONS READS
5 23,273

4 authors:

Maruf Hasan Rumi Nesur Uddin Nahid

University of Dhaka University of Dhaka
10 PUBLICATIONS   7 CITATIONS    1 PUBLICATION   5 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Niaz Makhdum Md. Harunur Rashid

Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University
8 PUBLICATIONS   5 CITATIONS    9 PUBLICATIONS   15 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Youths' Outlook on Tomorrow's Bangladesh View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Niaz Makhdum on 01 October 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 2(5), 104-114, 2020

Publisher homepage: www.universepg.com, ISSN: 2707-4668 (Online) & 2707-465X (Print)

https://doi.org/10.34104/ajssls.020.01040114

Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies

Journal homepage: www.universepg.com/journal/ajssls

Fourth Industrial Revolution in Bangladesh: Prospects and Challenges

Maruf Hasan Rumi1, Md. Harunur Rashid2*, Niaz Makhdum1, and Nesur Uddin Nahid1
1
Department of Public Administration, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 2Department of Public Administration
and Governance Studies, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
*Correspondence: [email protected] (Md. Harunur Rashid, Lecturer, Department of Public Administration
and Governance Studies, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh).

ABSTRACT
The stream of globalization is impelling Bangladesh to adopt the technologies of the Fourth Industrial
Revolution (FIR). This study examined the opportunities and problems created by the adoption of FIR in
Bangladesh. Findings show that the adaptation of FIR can create enormous difficulties for the country with
some new opportunities. Sustainable ICT development, increase in productivity, women, and citizen
empowerment will bring positive effects. However, social inequality, colossal unemployment, a threat to social
security, the domination of MNCs will increase that can harm the economy badly. FIR will also influence the
political system. Hence, a comprehensive plan and sound policymaking can help to exploit the opportunity of
FIR. Professional development training for human resources, job-based educational system, sensitive labor
policies, alternative employment sector with updated technologies, investment in SMEs is expected to tackle
the challenges of FIR in Bangladesh. Furthermore, the findings may be used to take the anticipatory role in the
future for becoming a beneficiary of the FIR.

Keywords: Industrial revolution, Automation, ICT, Technology, LDC, Challenge, and Policy challenge.

1. INTRODUCTION: the FIR (Ghobakhloo & Fathi, 2019; Zhong et al.,

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (FIR) has now 2017). The volumes of works and jobs will have been
become a buzzword, but still, most of the people are expanded with the invention and development of
not much aware of how this new digital landscape will various new technologies such as robotics, nanotech-
have a significant impact on their daily life. Techno- nology, and the automation process. However, there
logies like Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Virtual are also some risks to automation.
Reality, Biotechnology, Blockchain, 3D printing, and
A recent study found that automation will substitute
the Internet of things are taking the place of humans in
800 million unskilled workers worldwide by 2030
different sectors (Park, 2018). However, the successful
(World Economic Forum, 2020). To cope with the
implementation of these modern technologies in a
technologies of the FIR, both developed and deve-
particular country depends on the cultures, norms,
loping countries will face serious challenges. The
value systems, political and economic capacity of the
developed nations perhaps face less risk than
country. Many scholars have predicted that the quality
developing nations because of their advanced techno-
and productivity of industry products are enhanced by
logies and skilled human resources.
the successful transformation of the automation under
UniversePG l www.universepg.com 104
Rumi et al., / Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 2(5), 104-114, 2020

But due to lack of skilled human resources, large scale western hemisphere. The second industrial revolution
investment, modern infrastructure, unstable political was known as a technological revolution that emerged
culture, and ineffective public policy, developing from the late 19th century to the early 20th century due
countries are lagging in the global market. South Asian to natural resources, firm government policy, and
developing countries such as India, Pakistan, Nepal, abundant labor supply (Frey & Osborne, 2017; Smil,
and Sri Lanka are also moving towards FIR. They are 2005).
trying to adopt innovations of the FIR to upgrade their
Entrepreneurs and businessmen applied technology to
local industries (Adhikari, 2020; Rashid, 2020).
manufacturing ends, and the period saw a boom with
Gradually Bangladesh is emerging as one of the
products that were the direct results with science and
fastest-growing economic power in South Asia with
engineering themselves (Hughes, 2004). At that time,
notable progress in many fields.
new technologies were introduced and developed
If Bangladesh can sustain this development rate, it is (steamship, telephone, gas turbine, artificial fertiliser,
expected that Bangladesh will leave the Least railroads, electric light, and typewriter, etc.) led to
Developed Country (LDC) category by 2024 (Kim, mass industrial production, maintaining standard-
2018). Innovations of FIR can be a vital force that can ization of products, development of large-scale
help Bangladesh to achieve its goal. But the journey technological infrastructure, accuracy manufacturing
towards institutionalisation of FIR is a humongous task and the emergence of public transportation based on
for the government. The government needs to take combustion engine (Philbeck & Davis, 2018).
appropriate policies to cope with the technological Although the Third Industrial Revolution emerged in
advancement of the FIR. Otherwise, the FIR will be a 1960, it had started in earnest after the Second World
curse instead of a blessing for us. This study will War (Frey & Osborne, 2017). This revolution had
forecast the political-economic condition under the introduced and developed the personal computer, and
FIR and will identify the opportunities and problems the internet led to the democratisation of information,
created by the adoption of FIR in Bangladesh. price reduction, and rapid quality improvement,
presented as a new era of capitalism; reform the
2. Study Objective: economic structure for a war-torn world, making
The main focus of the paper was – calculation easier for business and governments
o To forecast the prospects and challenges created (Philbeck & Davis, 2018). Moving on in the work
by the adoption of FIR in Bangladesh. environment of the world is often portrayed as the FIR
or 4.0, which is defined by introducing new
3. Literature Review technologies like genetics, artificial intelligence,
Industrial revolutions lead to economic, political, and wireless technologies advancement, cyber-physical
societal changes over a few centuries by developing system, cloud computing, internet of thing,
and introducing new technologies. These technological nanotechnology, biotechnology, and 3-D printing
changes also represent the three major phases of (Schwab, 2017).
revolutions. The first industrial revolution refers to Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2014) mentioned this
mechanical production, which emerged in the United revolution as the second machine age through their
Kingdom in the late 18th century (Frey & Osborne, widely famous book and argued that the main distinct
2017). At that time, the workplace culture was from previous industrial revolutions is the current
dominated by men, and women were forced out of technologies at replacing cognitive labor and human
production positions (Philbeck& Davis, 2018). employees altogether. Besides, the FIR refers to the
Macpherson (1962) stated that this revolution has digitisation and automation of work, which will
rapidly increased capacity in production, which leads dramatically change working nature, business styles,
to urbanisation, the development of local and global and cultural phenomenon in the upcoming decades
market economies, the importance of democratic (Arntz, Gregory, & Zierahn, 2016; Brynjolfsson &
governments, and an increasing middle income in the McAfee, 2014; Ford,2015; Frey & Osborne, 2017).
UniversePG l www.universepg.com 105
Rumi et al., / Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 2(5), 104-114, 2020

This literature also will cover different perspectives and challenged structurally over the FIR concept. It
like politics, economics, and business, etc. From has therefore taken time to apply and incorporate the
economics & business perspective, the FIR will bring a essential elements of FIR and to gain advantage from it
radical improvement in the economy and business. (Drath & Horch, 2014; Schläpfer et al., 2015;
However, 800 million unskilled workers over the Gilchrist, 2016; Ludwig et al., 2018; Lasi et al., 2014).
world will lose their job by 2030 (World Economic
Forum, 2020). On the contrary, FIR transforms the Emerging and developing countries, such as India,
existing production system into a better manufacturing Pakistan, Indonesia, Brazil, Malaysia, Nigeria, and
process that will add a new dimension to the future Thailand, have tried to adapt the FIR (Bahrin et al.,
industry by developing cyber-physical systems and 2016; Iyer, 2018; Ezenwa et al., 2018; Berawi, 2018).
incorporating advanced technology (Schwab 2017 & Bangladesh is a little far away from the facilities of
Zhou et al., 2016). FIR. Still, it is not hard for the country if it
concentrates on infrastructure development and
Mokyr et al. (2015) also have explained that industrial technology integration because of the availability of
automation can increase efficiency and productivity, technological imports and new settings (Gilchrist,
which helps to decrease the prices of the goods, and 2016; Walcott, 2017). Experts predicted that if the
can increase the demand for that commodity, resulting government can increase the support for the integration
in new labor demand for jobs in those industries. On of FIR, the economic progress of the country will
the other hand, mass unemployment over the next few contribute to a more robust economy in South Asia.
decades is unlikely to pose a big problem due to the Islam et al. (2018) identified poor infrastructure,
widespread practice of automation processes in availability of cheaper and unskilled labor, expensive
industries (Arntz et al., 2016; Autor, 2015; Furman, installation of new technologies, lack of government
2016). The World Bank estimated in 2019 that support & knowledge as the critical challenges for
approximately 57 percent of jobs in OECD countries, Bangladesh in this regard. From the above literature, it
77 percent jobs in China, and 47 percent of jobs in the can be summarised that most of the studies related to
USA would be at risk due to the increase of the overall impact of FIR in the world, and very few
automation. The government has to need reforming the have been discussed on FIR in Bangladesh. Even so,
existing policies and plans to cope with the these few studies predict the possible outcome of the
technologies of FIR. Zervoudihas conducted a study FIR on particular sectors, but no comprehensive study
about FIR in 2019. He argued that as FIR is wholly was found on this topic.
related to socioeconomic growth, the government will
act to minimise the risk of workers being subjected to 4. METHODOLOGY:
automation by investing in learning and skills for This study reported findings through a qualitative
unskilled labors so that they can respond better to investigation. Qualitative data was collected to explain
emerging technology and digitisation. complex phenomena on the economic and political
He also further added that governments should support impact of FIR in the Bangladesh context. This study
the practical education and training in new employs an explorative case study and a traditional
technologies, build a strong link between education qualitative approach that focuses on FIR. These data
and the labor market, emphasise STEM (Science, collection methods were essential to visualise the
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) training myriad information about the impacts of FIR on the
of young people to adapt 4.0. Besides, FIR led to a political sector to adopt the new economic system of
wide gap of income inequality where only 8 percent of upcoming years. To conduct this paper, primary and
the total population of the world earns half of the entire secondary data were used. Secondary data was
world’s income, and the remaining other half income gathered from different journals, books, and inter-
is earned by 92 percent of the world’s population national as well as government reports on this
(Arntz et al., 2016). Some analysts have said that particular issue through inductive content analysis.
people from developing countries would feel confused Content analysis is the methodical explanation of the
UniversePG l www.universepg.com 106
Rumi et al., / Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 2(5), 104-114, 2020

context by presenting the answer of ‘who’, ‘what’, 5.1 Governance system in the upcoming decade -
‘where’, and ‘how ‘questions following the defined FIR will create an opportunity to adopt innovations in
rules to avoid any biases (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2008; political systems. The pattern of vote casting, election
Islam, 2013). time violence, as well as the political manifesto of the
political parties, will be changed. Digital platforms
A multi-dimensional data collection method was used will be used for election campaigning, and intelligent
for this study. Here semi-structured interviews and voting systems will be introduced. The country will
documentation surveys were conducted for collecting move into a new administrative paradigm called the
data from respondents. The multi-method research future digital e-governance system. According to Md.
protocol is especially useful when approaching topics Atique Rahman, Department of International Rela-
in which intercultural interaction is obscured by tions, University of Dhaka (personal communication,
phenomena grounded for a deep understanding of the January 20, 2020), “The manifesto of the government
political-economic impact of FIR. will be centralised to digital development, and there
We had selected three categories of participant’s will be a paradigm shift of the administrative system
academicians, experts, and businessmen. These from New Public Service to the future e-governance.”
persons have more accurate knowledge to predict the Democracy will face a lot of challenges in the
future condition of FIR in Bangladesh. So, we choose upcoming decade. The demand of the people will be
purposively 30 participants to get more meaningful changed, and political leaders will need new ideologies
information in a limited time. As similar information to tackle the modern social complexities under the
was coming from the interviews, therefore we stopped FIR. Political polarisation will be so evident in
taking further interviews after taking 15 interviews. national politics, which will create an extreme
The main themes of the report were identified based on environment in the political arena. Due to the
the transcription of all the interviews. A triangulation domination of capitalists in the political system, anti-
approach was used for data procedure. The researcher government populism will rise, and that will drive the
(s) use a triangulation approach to avoid the limitations mass population towards movement against capitalist
of a single method, which helps to increase the systems. As per an interview with a senior professor of
reliability and validity of data. For analysing data, a Dhaka University, “Acute social and economic
thematic approach was employed, which helps to inequality will force people to raise their voice to
expand the already established horizons of knowledge. fulfill their demand, leading to resurrect socialism in
For preparing this paper, all sorts of data were Bangladesh” (M. Nuruzzaman, personal communi-
managed carefully; ethical issues were considered cation, January 22, 2020).
strictly and followed the ethical guidelines of Miles
and Humberman (1995). Automation in the service delivery system will make
the public service more available for the citizens and
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: ensure transparency in the working procedure of the
Bangladesh is trying to raise awareness among the government. Massive public sector reform will take
stakeholders about the FIR concept and encourage place, and maintaining this transformation will be a
entrepreneurs to incorporate new technologies to get tremendous challenge for the political leaders. Hence
benefits from it. However, this transformation process some radical change is brought under the govern-
towards FIR will create both positive and negative ment’s flagship A2I program to make the government
impacts in different sectors. Experts predicted five sector versatile, efficient, and competitive. For
crucial sectors that needed to be focused by the example, 4,554 Union Digital Centers, more than 100
government to take adaptation policies while going streamlined public services, e-procurement, and smart
through this transformation. These sectors are briefly health cards are moving Bangladesh along the FIR
discussed below- track (World Economic Forum, 2018, Rashid, 2020).
According to the prediction of a Professor of political
science, FIR will help citizens to participate in
UniversePG l www.universepg.com 107
Rumi et al., / Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 2(5), 104-114, 2020

governments’ policymaking and reduce the techniques, causing dehumanisation in the production
communication gap between the government and line (Sun, 2018). In this matter, the president of the
citizens (N. Parvin, personal communication, January Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry said
20, 2020). (Kabir, 2019), “Due to automation, labor market
trends will show a gradual shift to jobs that require
5.2 Inequality forced by this new production system higher skill levels. New technology does not simply
- Under the new production system, through make people redundant; instead, it reduces the labor
automation and artificial intelligence, the time and cost required for a given level of production.”A lot of
of production will reduce, and the benefits of people will be jobless. Concurrently, income inequality
industrialists will increase. However, the labor-based will rise drastically.
production system will alter with capital-based
Risk of Automation in job sectors by 2041

60 60
Possible number of

60
jobs at risk (%)

50 40
35
40
30 20
20
10
0
RMG & Furniture Agro food Leather tourism
Textile sector processing sector sector
sector sector

Fig 1: Risk of Automation in job sectors by 2041. Adapted from Finding Emerging Occupations to Tackle the
Challenges of Automation in Bangladesh, by a2i, august 2019.

According to the Executive Director of RK group of effective gender-sensitive policy in our country to
industries (AJ Chowdhury, personal communication, upskill the women workforce.”
January 20, 2020), “We witnessed a “Digital Divide”
As the FIR created social inequality, the general
during the Third Industrial Revolution, which is about
people possess a negative impression about this, where
the epoch of ICT. The privileged people who have
the industrialists are positive because they are the
sagacity in the digital landscape could take on the new
beneficiaries of the FIR. The government is in a policy
jobs. So if the technology is in the hands of a few
dilemma as industrialists are the source of finance, and
wealthy people, then the state of injustice worsens.”
the mass people are considered as vote banks (Gordon,
Most of the respondents reflected the same and
1981).
supported that statement in their discussion.

As women possess poor knowledge on the technical 5.3 Security concerns under the Fourth Industrial
side, they will face difficulties in the era of FIR revolution- FIR will have a crucial impact on state and
(Moktadir, 2018). So, it can be predicted that this private security. The security system of the country
revolution will also increase gender discrimination in will be updated with the introduction of robotics in the
our country. According to S. Noman (personal security forces. The military force will be equipped
communication, January 23, 2020), “Automation will with AI soldiers. The efficacy of risky operations will
increase gender discrimination, but there is no be increased by employing bomb disposing of robots,
surveillance, and attack drones. According to an

UniversePG l www.universepg.com 108

Rumi et al., / Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 2(5), 104-114, 2020

associate professor of Jagannath University, “Because different method to prepare the future generation
of reserving citizens’ information on the public server, ready for combating the challenge of the 4th industrial
the crime rate will be reduced by using digital revolution.” (A. Ehsan, personal commu-nication,
fabrication that helps the government to identify any January 18, 2020).
criminals easily” (N. Mahfuz, personal communi-
To cope with this situation, about 43000 people are
cation, January 25, 2020).
given training under the Access to Information (A2I)
On the contrary, information is said to be the most project (A2I, 2020), and almost four lakhs people get
powerful weapon if they are in the hand of evil people. training under the Skills For Employment Investment
Misuse of technological Knowledge will create risk for Program (SEIP) program (Skills for Employment
national security. Moreover, we lack technical experts Investment Program, 2020). Moreover, the government
that force us to hire external experts from abroad, has to focus on different issues to lead the FIR, such as
which will decrease the control of the state authority personalisation of education (designing for an indi-
over some sectors. In this issue, an AD of NILG vidual’s changing needs, unique talents, and interests,
(National Institute of Local Government) opined, “The an engine for rapid growth, lower costs, and greater
confidentiality of state policy will be confronted, and profits), specialisation of education (advance techno-
the government will lose control in the market because logical knowledge). About this issue, a lecturer of
of cryptocurrencies” (M. Imran, personal communi- Independent University, Bangladesh, said, “To
cation, January 28, 2020). facilitate the FIR, skilled workforce and developed
infrastructure are needed which can be ensured by
Domination of Multinational Companies (MNCs) will proper educational systems. But our country’s
also be a key concern for the government. MNCs educational system is quite inverse to the job sectors”
collect the personal information of the employees & (A.Hossain, personal communication, January 18,
clients by introducing a biometric registration system 2020).
and NID card information. In this issue, a Professor of
Dhaka University opined, “Technologically developed 5.5 Global trade structure and future of business in
countries are trying to dominate our economy through Bangladesh - The international community acknow-
MNCs by using our low-cost labor and information” ledges the FIR positively, and they agree that
(S. Ahmed, personal communication, January 22, numerous tech companies will dominate the global
2020). market in the upcoming period for their intellectual
advancement in the field of international trade. At that
5.4 Education and ICT sector change in future - time, the demand for software will rise. Former VC of
The FIR will bring a major challenge for the education Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
sector as Bangladesh promotes education to its opined, “The FIR will create new business oppor-
students through didactic pedagogy. A Large scale tunities like a software business. Bangladesh ranked
vocational and practical training program is needed to 2nd in exporting software and expected to expand this
be integrated with the existing education system. A business.” (M.U.Ahmed, personal communication,
recent study report shows that 60% in low education, January 15, 2020).
48% in medium, and 19% in higher education jobs will
be displaced by automation (Price water house Besides this, our indigenous company will have an
Coopers, 2018). A lecturer of Jagannath University opportunity to compete with the MNC. Technical
said, “The education system in Bangladesh is quan- capacity and innovation will help them to establish a
titative rather than qualitative. More focus should be strong position in their market (Abdin, 2019). As per a
given on STEM to conduct MOOC, Life-long Learning, senior professor of philosophy, University of Dhaka,
and Blended instruction, optimisation of flipped and “FIR will facilitate the SMEs in online business using
online courses, as well as to confer degrees through new digital landscape, and also they will have to face
online. Concurrently, teachers have to focus on flip the domination of MNC as they have more capital.” (F.
learning where they teach their students following a Uddin, personal communication, January 26, 2020).
UniversePG l www.universepg.com 109
Rumi et al., / Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 2(5), 104-114, 2020

However, many countries are using technological The policies for accepting FIR in our country require it
assistance instead of unskilled labor in their industries. to be based on proper research, and for this purpose,
The demand for labor will decrease, and the capital- integration of universities in research activities is
oriented countries will adopt a protectionist policy in emergent. This will help to take the appropriate policy
importing labor. Moreover, it will create an adverse and plan for any dramatic situation. In our country, the
impact in a country like Bangladesh, where foreign government takes jumping systems without any
currencies by technologically unskilled labor contri- research to serve the interest of their political allies,
bute 35% of export earnings (Hasan et al., 2018). and as a result, this creates difficulties for us. The
government should make policies to transfer know-
6. CONCLUSION & POLICY IMPLICATION: ledge and information to the local industries and to
The FIR is adding significant dimensions in all spheres collaborate with educational institutions. To achieve
of the world. It is expected that the stream of the FIR is this goal, the private sector should also work along
going to take the top place in Bangladesh in the with the government. The private sector should take
upcoming decade. This flow will drop a significant initiatives to develop and mobilise the skills of human
impact on national politics and economics. This study resources according to the demand of the job market of
has presented that Bangladesh is a little bit prepared to both Bangladesh and other countries. They should also
face the changes and challenges of the revolution. The invest in infrastructural development and make a
challenges of FIR for a Graduating LDC like us are proper strike balance. Finally, it can be concluded that
lack of talented resources, expertise, and better cloud planning should be made in the adjustment or talking
networking, poor infrastructure, huge unskilled period, and the government needs to be anticipatory
population, lack of legal and proper policy support, about the future of the country for becoming a
etc. Alternatively, FIR will bring some positive beneficiary of the FIR.
implications also, with the increase in productivity, 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
sustainable ICT development, women empowerment,
Authors would like to thank Department of Public
citizen empowerment, etc. The adoption of FIR will
Administration for providing continuous support and
create significant complexities in our country. This
also grateful to Md Minhajul Abedin, A.M.M
study has revealed that inequality, gender discri-
Mubassher Shah, Shukti Bala, and Md Shakil Hossain
mination, unemployment, cyber-crime, the dominance
who contributed in data collection and processing
of MNC over SMEs will increase. The most important
them.
thing is that the Political system of our country will be
influenced in the next decade by the stream of FIR. To 8. CONFLICT OF INTERESTS:
minimise the problems and to get benefits from FIR,
There is no conflict of interest from the authors’ end.
the government should take effective policies with
defined plans at the current period. Despite revealing 9. REFERENCES:
these results, this study has some limitations like every 1) A2I, (2020). Skills for Decent Employment.
other research that created a barrier from getting a https://a2i.gov.bd/skills/
neutral, practical, and qualitative outcome. The main 2) Abdin, M. (2019). 4th Industrial Revolution
drawback of this research is that it was time-consu- and Reality of Industrialisation in Bangladesh.
ming, and the verification of the result was difficult. It Available at SSRN 3319582. Retrieved from -
was a labor-intensive study, and the analysis was https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract
complex. On the contrary, the findings of this study _id=3319582
couldn’t be extended to a broader population with the 3) Adhikari, R. (2020). Harnessing the Potential
same degree of certainty. Despite these limitations, this of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in South
study brought a more-clear picture about the impact of Asia. In Trade and Regional Integration in
the FIR in Bangladesh. South Asia. Springer, Singapore, p. 295-319.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-
981-15-3932-9_16
UniversePG l www.universepg.com 110
Rumi et al., / Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 2(5), 104-114, 2020

4) Arntz, M., Gregory, T., & Zierahn, U. (2016). 13) Easton, D. (1965). A framework for political
The risk of automation for jobs in OECD analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
countries.Retrieved from - https://www.oecd- https://www.amazon.com/Framework-Polit
ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/the- ical-Analysis-Prentice-Hall-Contemporary/
risk-of-automation-for-jobs-in-oecd- dp/0133301834
countries_5jlz9h56dvq7-en 14) ECONOMY, I. F. T. B. A. (2017). SKILLS
5) Autor, D. H. (2015). The paradox of 2030.
abundance: Automation anxiety returns. 15) Ezenwa, O., Stella, A., &Agu, A.O. (2018).
Performance and progress: Essays on capita- Effect of competitive intelligence on compe-
lism, business, and society, 237-260. titive advantage in innoson technical and
6) Aziz, A. (2018). ICT Policy Challenges for industry limited, Enugu State, Nigeria. Inter-
Digital Inclusion in Bangladesh (Doctoral national Journal of Business, Economics &
dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Brussel). Management, 1(1), 28-39.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332171 https://doi.org/10.31295/ijbem.v1n1.25
057_ICT_Policy_Challenges_for_Digital_Inclusi 16) Ford, M. (2015). Rise of the Robots:
on_in_Bangladesh_Evaluating_Policy_and_Prac Technology and the Threat of a Jobless
tice Future. Basic Books. Retrieved from –
7) Bahrin, M.A.K., Othman, M.F., Azli, N.N., & https://www.amazon.com/Rise-Robots-Tech
Talib, M.F. (2016). Industry 4.0: A review on nology-Threat-Jobless-ebook/dp/B00PWX7
industrial automation and robotics. Jurnal RPG
Teknologi, 78(6-13), 137-143. 17) Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304614 future of employment: How susceptible are
356_Industry_40_A_review_on_industrial_auto
jobs to computerisation? Technological fore-
mation_and_robotic
casting and social change, 114, 254-280.
8) Bangladesh. Ministry of Education. (2011).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
National skills development policy: 2011.
abs/pii/S0040162516302244
9) BDI. (2016). What is industry 4.0.
18) Furman, J. (2016). Is this time different? The
https://english.bdi.eu/article/news/what-is-
opportunities and challenges of artificial
industry-40/.
intelligence. presentation, AI Now: The Social
10) Berawi, M.A. (2018). Utilising big data in
and Economic Implications of Artificial
industry 4.0: Managing competitive advan-
Intelligence Technologies in the Near Term,
tages and business ethics. International
New York, NY. Retrieved from -
Journal of Technology, 3(1), 430-433.
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/de
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324831
345_Utilizing_Big_Data_in_Industry_40_Manag
fault/files/page/files/20160707_cea_ai_furman
ing_Competitive_Advantages_and_Business_Et .pdf
hics 19) Ghobakhloo, M., & Fathi, M. (2019). Cor-
11) Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The porate survival in Industry 4.0 era: the
second machine age: Work, progress, and enabling role of lean-digitised manufacturing.
prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. J.of Manufacturing Technology Mana-gement.
WW Norton & Company. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338204
https://www.amazon.com/Second-Machine-Age- 494_Industry_40_Digitization_and_Opportunitie
Prosperity-Technologies-ebook/dp/B00D97H s_for_Sustainability
PQI 20) Gilboy, G.J. (2016). The Myth behind China’s
12) Drath, R., &Horch, A. (2014). Industrie 4.0: miracle. In seeking changes: The Economic
Hit or hype? IEEE Industrial Electronics development in contemporary China, pp. 1-16.
Magazine, 8(2), 56-58. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/200
4-07-01/myth-behind-chinas-miracle
UniversePG l www.universepg.com 111
Rumi et al., / Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 2(5), 104-114, 2020

21) Gilchrist, A. (2016). Introducing Industry 4.0. 30) Joveda, N., Khan, M. T., Pathak, A.,
Apress, Berkeley, CA. Retrieved from - &Chattogram, B. (2019). Cyber Laundering: A
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1- Threat to Banking Industries in Bangladesh: In
4842-2047-4_13 Quest of Effective Legal Framework and
22) Gilchrist, A. (2016). Industry 4.0: The Cyber Security of Financial Information.
industrial internet of things. Retrieved from - International Journal of Economics and
https://www.amazon.com/Industry-4-0-Indust- Finance, 11(10), 54-65.
rial-Internet-Things/dp/1484220463 https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n10p54
23) Gordon, A. (1981). The Iron Triangle: The 31) Kabir, N. (2019, August). Future Skills:
Politics of Defense Contracting. New York. Finding Emerging Occupationsto Tackle the
Retrieved from - Challenges of Automation In Bangladesh. In
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule- N.M. Alam, National Consultation on i4.0 and
review/1982-03-01/iron-triangle-politics-defe- Future of Work. Organised by UNIDO and
nse-contracting a2i, Dhaka. Retrieved from -
24) Haller, S., Karnouskos, S., & Schroth, C. https://a2i.gov.bd/publication/automation-in-
(2008). The internet of things in an enterprise bangladesh
context. In Future Internet Symposium (pp. 32) Kim, N. (2018). Prospects of Least Developed
14-28). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Countries meeting the graduation criteria by
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00985-3_2 2030. UN CDP Policy Review, (8).
25) Hasan, S. B., Akhter, R., &Saha, S. (2019). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract
Impact of Remittance on Economic Growth in _id=3299977
Bangladesh. American Journal of Trade and 33) Lasi, H., Fettke, P., Kemper, H., Feld, T., &
Policy, 6(1), 41-48. Hoffmann, M. (2014). Industry 4.0. Business
26) Hofmann, E., &Rüsch, M. (2017). Industry 4.0 & Information Systems Engineering, 6(1),
and the current status as well as future 239-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-014-
prospects on logistics. Computers in Industry, 0334-4
89(1), 23-34. 34) Lee, J., Kao, H.A., & Yang, S. (2014). Service
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2017.04.002 innovation and smart analytics for industry 4.0
27) Hughes, T. P. (2004). A Century of Invention and big data environment. Procedia Cirp,
and Technological Enthusiasm. Retrieved 16(1), 3-8.
from - https://www.amazon.com/Thomas-Hug https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract
hes-Invention-Technological-Enthusiasm/dp/ _id=3417813
B008VQVM66 35) Lotti, G., Villani, V., Battilani, N., & Fantuzzi,
28) Islam, M. A., Jantan, A. H., Hashim, H., C. (2018). Towards an integrated approach for
Chong, C. W., & Abdullah, M. M. (2018). supporting the workers in Industry 4.0. In
Fourth Industrial Revolution in Developing IEEE Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems
Countries: A Case on Bangladesh. Journal of (ICPS), pp. 609-614.
Management Information and Decision https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPHYS.2018.8390775
Sciences (JMIDS), 21(1). 36) Ludwig, T., Kotthaus, C., Stein, M., Pipek, V.,
https://doi.org/1532-5806-2 &Wulf, V. (2018). Revive old discussions!
29) Iyer, V. G. (2018). Strategic Environmental Socio-technical challenges for small and
Assessment (SEA) Process for Sustainable medium enterprises within industry 4.0. In
Industrial Automation, Electrical, Mechanical Proceedings of 16th European Conference on
and Robotics Systems Sustainabilty Excell- Computer-Supported Cooperative Work-
ence Achievements. DEStech Transactions on Exploratory Papers. European Society for
Engineering and Technology Research, (ecae). Socially Embedded Technologies (EUSSET).
https://doi.org/10.18420/ecscw2018_15

UniversePG l www.universepg.com 112

Rumi et al., / Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 2(5), 104-114, 2020

37) Macpherson, C. B. (1962). The Unfinished 45) Rashid MH. (2020). Prospects of digital
Revolution: An Essay on the Sources of financial services in Bangladesh in the context
Influence of Marxism and Communism. of fourth industrial revolution, Asian J. Soc.
Retrieved from - Sci. Leg. Stud., 2(5), 88-95.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2146334?seq=1#met https://doi.org/10.34104/ajssls.020.088095
adata_info_tab_contents 46) Rüßmann, M., Lorenz, M., Gerbert, P.,
38) Moktadir, M. A., Ali, S. M., Kusi-Sarpong, S., Waldner, M., Justus, J., Engel, P., & Harnisch,
& Shaikh, M. A. A. (2018). Assessing M. (2015). Industry 4.0: The future of
challenges for implementing Industry 4.0: productivity and growth in manufacturing
Implications for process safety and industries. Boston Consulting Group, 9(1), 54-
environmental protection. Process Safety and 89.
Environmental Protection, 117, 730-741. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2015/engineer
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.04.020 ed_products_project_business_industry_4_future
39) Mokyr, J., Vickers, C., & Ziebarth, N. L. _productivity_growth_manufacturing_industries
(2015). The history of technological anxiety 47) Schläpfer, R.C., Koch, M., & Merkhofer, P.
and the future of economic growth: Is this time (2015). Industry 4.0 challenges and solutions
different? Journal of economic perspectives, for the digital transformation and use of
29(3), 31-50. exponential technologies. Deloitte, Zurique.
https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep. Retrieved from -
29.3.31 https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/
40) Moving from industry 2.0 to industry 4.0: A ch/Documents/manufacturing/ch-en-manufac
case study from India on leapfrogging in smart turing-industry-4-0-24102014.pdf
manufacturing. Procedia Manufacturing, 48) Schwab, K. (2017). The fourth industrial
21(1), 663-670. revolution. Currency. Retrieved from -
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.02.169 https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/55
41) Nazneen, S., Hossain, N., & Sultan, M. (2011). 1710/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-by-klaus-
National discourses on women’s empower- schwab/
ment in Bangladesh: continuities and change. 49) SEIP (2020). Skills for Employment
IDS Working Papers, 2011(368), 1-41. Investment Program. https://seip-fd.gov.bd/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j 50) Smil, V. (2005). Creating the twentieth
.2040-0209.2011.00368_2.x century: Technical innovations of 1867-1914
42) Park, S. C. (2018). The Fourth Industrial and their lasting impact. Oxford University
Revolution and implications for innovative Press. Retrieved from -
cluster policies. AI & SOCIETY, 33(3), 433- https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061298?seq=1#m
445. etadata_info_tab_contents
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00146- 51) Sun, M. (2018). The Impacts of the Fourth
017-0777-5 Industrial Revolution on Jobs and the Future
43) Philbeck, T., & Davis, N. (2018). The Fourth of the Third Sector. Retrieved from -
Industrial Revolution. Journal of International https://www.nicva.org/sites/default/files/d7conte
Affairs, 72(1), 17-22. nt/attachments-articles/the_impact_of_the_4th_
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26588335?seq=1#m industrial_revolution_on_jobs_and_the_sector.pdf
etadata_info_tab_contents 52) Trappey, A.J., Trappey, C.V., Govindarajan,
44) PricewaterhouseCoopers, (2018). Industry 4.0- U.H., Chuang, A.C., & Sun, J.J. (2017). A
Opportunities and Challenges of the Industrial review of essential standards and patent
Internet. Retrieved from - landscapes for the Internet of Things: A key
https://www.pwc.nl/en/assets/documents/pwc- enabler for industry 4.0. Advanced Engin-
industrie-4-0.pdf eering Informatics, 33(1), 208-229.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2016.11.007
UniversePG l www.universepg.com 113
 Rumi et al., / Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 2(5), 104-114, 2020

53) Walcott, S. M. (2017). Chinese Science and 56) World Economic Forum. (2017). The global
Technology Industrial Parks. Routledge. competitiveness report 2016-2017.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315198170 https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-
54) Witkowski, K. (2017). Internet of things, big competitiveness-report-2016-2017-1
data, industry 4.0-Innovative solutions in 57) Zhong, R. Y., Xu, X., Klotz, E., & Newman,
logistics and supply chains management. S. T. (2017). Intelligent manufacturing in the
Procedia Engineering, 182(1), 763-769. context of industry 4.0: a review. Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.197 3(5), 616-630.
55) World Economic Forum, (2020). Bend, don’t https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii
break: how to thrive in the Fourth Industrial /S2095809917307130
Revolution. Retrieved from - 58) Zhou, G. B., Wu, J., Zhang, C. L., & Zhou, Z.
https://www.weforuhttps//www.weforum.org/ag H. (2016). Minimal gated unit for recurrent
enda/2020/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-is- neural networks. International Journal of
changing Automation and Computing, 13(3), 226-234.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11633-
016-1006-2

Citation: Rumi MH, Rashid MH, Makhdum N, and Nahid NU. (2020). Fourth industrial revolution in
Bangladesh: prospects and challenges, Asian J. Soc. Sci. Leg. Stud., 2(5), 104-114.
https://doi.org/10.34104/ajssls.020.01040114

UniversePG l www.universepg.com 114

View publication stats