INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING ASSIGNMENT 2

Assignment 2
COMPUTER SCIENCE 4 - REGULAR

Name : Tayubah Evans

Index : 6841816

An organization with 13 branches scattered across Ghana acquired the IP

address 176.184.238.73/16

a. What class is the IP address? 

Answer: Class B Address

Explanation : Since it is in the range of 128.0.0.0 and 191.255.255.255

b. What subnet is the address on?

Answer: 176.184.0.0

Explanation : /16 indicates the network mask or subnet mask , which

means first 16 consecutive bits of ones.

/ 16 = 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 in decimal notation is

= 255.255.0.0

c. What is the NetID?

Answer: 176.184

Explanation :
Since is a Class B address, the NetID is determined by the first 16 bits.

Step 1 To get the NetID convert all the host portion of the address into binary and fill
them with binary Zero’s

IP address given decimal notation => 176.184.238.73/16

In binary => 10110000.10111000.11101110.1001001

Since the subnet mask is /16 , it means the first 16 bits from your left
represents the network portion and the last 16 bits represent the host portion

Network Portion Host Portion

10110000.10111000. 11101110.01001001
Step 2 Fill the host portion with binary Zero’s
Network Portion Host Portion
10110000.10111000. 00000000.00000000

NetID in binary => 10110000.10111000.00000000.00000000

In Decimal Notation => 176.184.0.0

d. What is the HostID?

Answer: 238.73

Hostid range = 176.184.0.1 – 176.184.255.254

Explanation :

Since is a Class B address with a default mask, the HostId is the last 16 bits of
the IP address given.

Network ID Host ID
10110000.10111000. 11101110.01001001

Host ID in binary => 00000000.00000000.11101110.01001001

HostID in decimal => 0.0.238.73

e. What is the SubnetID?

Answer: 176.184.0.0

Explanation :

`Step 1 To get the subnet address convert all the host portion of the address
into binary and fill them with binary Zero’s

IP address given decimal notation => 176.184.238.73/16

In binary => 10110000.10111000.11101110.01001001

Since the subnet mask is /16 , it means the first 16 bits represents the
network portion and the last 16 bits represent the host portion .

Network Portion Host Portion

10110000.10111000. 11101110.01001001
Step 2 Fill the host portion with binary Zero’s

Network Portion Host Portion

10110000.10111000. 00000000.00000000

Subnet Address => 10110000.10111000.00000000.00000000

In Decimal Notation => 176.184.0.0

f. What is the site address? 

Answer: 176.184.238.73

g. Give the address in its BITWISE notation.

Answer: 10110000.10111000.11101110.01001001

Explanation :
Decima 128 64 32 1 8 4 2 1 Binary
l 6
176 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 10110000
184 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 10111000
238 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 11101110
73 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 01001001

Therefore 176.184.238.73 in binary => 10110000.10111000.11101110.01001001

h. What is the name of the /16 notation

Answer : Classless Inter - Domain Routing – CIDR

i. Give the dotted decimal notation of the /16 and also give bitwise notation equivalent.

Answer: Decimal Notation : 255.255.0.0

Bitwise Notation : 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Explanation:

Decima 128 64 32 1 8 4 2 1 Binary

l 6
255 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 11111111
255 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 11111111
 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 00000000
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 00000000

j. Design a suitable network for the organization ensuring most efficient usage of
addresses.

Answer:

1. A star bus or tree topology will be used for the physical layout of the network.
2. Each branch will be given a router which will allow it to connect to the internet
and also communicate with other branches.
3. An ISP or WAN service provider is used to link the headquarters with all the
branches.
4. A single Subnet addresses will be allocated to each branch by subnetting the
organisation allocated address of 176.184.238.73/16 into 16 subnets where each
can support a host of 4094.
5. At the various branches, the subnet address allocated will be further subdivided to
cater for the various departments and group of hosts
6. Each department or host with common needs will be connected to a switch which
will be linked to the branch router.
7. At the various branches a segment of network provided for special host such as
servers, printers and network devices.
8. Links to servers and hosts from network devices will be high speed.
9. Workstations will be connected to their own full duplex interface on a switch. \
10. Servers, printers and other network devices will be connected to their own full
duplex interface with a switch.

Subnetting the Allocated Address block

Since the headquarters is assigned an address block of 176.184.0.0/16 . we will have

to subnet to at least 16 subnets to support all the branches. Where the first subnet will
be used for the network and the last for broadcast address.

Since we are subnetting based on the number of subnets required, we shall use the
formula 2n to find the number of networks, where the n is the number of bits which
will be taken from the host side of the address to create a 2n networks.

Step 1
Work out the number of bits required to support 16 subnets

2n = 16
2n = 24
n=4
 Therefore to support 16 subnets we require 4 bits in binary from the host portion to
append to the network portion.

Step 2

Convert the host portion of the Subnet Address into binary.

Network Host
10110000.10111000. 00000000.00000000

Step 3
Since we require 4 bits from the host side , we counts 4 bits from the left to
right in the host portion and allocate it to the network portion.

Network Subnet Host

10110000.10111000 0000 0000.00000000
.

Step 4
Calculate for the network mask

Network Host
10110000.10111000.0000 0000.00000000

Total bits = 32
Host bits = 12
Network mask bits = Total bits – Host bits
= 32 – 12
= 20

Therefore our Network Mask = /20 or 255.255.240.0

Step 5
Work outs our new subnets by going through all the various binary
combinations for the subnet portion of the address.
 Networ Network ID Subne Host ID Subnet Address
k t
1 10110000.10111000. 0000 0000.00000000 176.184.0.0/20
2 10110000.10111000. 0001 0000.00000000 176.184.16.0/20
3 10110000.10111000. 0010 0000.00000000 176.184.32.0/20
4 10110000.10111000. 0011 0000.00000000 176.184.48.0/20
5 10110000.10111000. 0100 0000.00000000 176.184.64.0/20
6 10110000.10111000. 0101 0000.00000000 176.184.80.0/20
7 10110000.10111000. 0110 0000.00000000 176.184.96.0/20
8 10110000.10111000. 0111 0000.00000000 176.184.112.0/20
9 10110000.10111000. 1000 0000.00000000 176.184.128.0/20
10 10110000.10111000. 1001 0000.00000000 176.184.144.0/20
11 10110000.10111000. 1010 0000.00000000 176.184.160.0/20
12 10110000.10111000. 1011 0000.00000000 176.184.176.0/20
13 10110000.10111000. 1100 0000.00000000 176.184.192.0/20
14 10110000.10111000. 1101 0000.00000000 176.184.208.0/20
15 10110000.10111000. 1110 0000.00000000 176.184.224.0/20
16 10110000.10111000. 1111 0000.00000000 176.184.240.0/20
Number of networks supported = 2n
= 24
= 16

Number of host supported by each subnet = 212 = 4096

Actual host supported excluding the network and broadcast address = 4096 – 2 = 4094

Step 6
To get the host range addresses for each subnet

To get the first host, fill the host portion of an address with binary Zero’s except for
the last bit which is set to 1.

Using the first Subnet Address 176.184.0.0/20

Network ID Host ID In decimal

10110000.10111000.0000 0000.00000001 176.184.0.1

To get the last host, fill the host portion of the address with binary One’s except for
the last bit which is set to 0

Using the first Subnet Address 176.184.0.0/20

Network ID Host ID In decimal

10110000.10111000.0000 1111.11111110 176.184.15.254
 Therefore the host range for 176.184.0.0/20 is 176.184.0.1 to 176.184.15.254

k. List all the subnet addresses 

Ans :

Networ Subnet Address Host Address Range

k
1 176.184.0.0/20 176.184.0.1 - 176.184.15.254
2 176.184.16.0/20 176.184.16.1 - 176.184.31.254
3 176.184.32.0/20 176.184.32.1 - 176.184.47.254
4 176.184.48.0/20 176.184.48.1 - 176.184.63.254
5 176.184.64.0/20 176.184.64.1 - 176.184.79.254
6 176.184.80.0/20 176.184.80.1 - 176.184.95.254
7 176.184.96.0/20 176.184.96.1 - 176.184.111.254
8 176.184.112.0/20 176.184.112.1 - 176.184.127.254
9 176.184.128.0/20 176.184.128.1 - 176.184.143.254
10 176.184.144.0/20 176.184.144.1 - 176.184.159.254
11 176.184.160.0/20 176.184.160.1 - 176.184.175.254
12 176.184.176.0/20 176.184.176.1 - 176.184.191.254
13 176.184.192.0/20 176.184.192.1 - 176.184.207.254
14 176.184.208.0/20 176.184.208.1 - 176.184.223.254
15 176.184.224.0/20 176.184.224.1 - 176.184.239.254
16 176.184.240.0/20 176.184.240.1 - 176.184.255.254

l. Give the subnet address that this IP address resides on 176.184.238.73 255.255.240.0

Answer: Since is in the host range of 176.184.224.1 - 176.184.239.254 in network

Number 15, its corresponding subnet Address is 176.184.224.0/20

Or by Calculation

Given a subnet mask of 255.255.240.0 in binary

11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 or /20

To get the subnet address convert all the host portion of the address into
binary and fill them with binary Zero’s

IP address given decimal notation => 176.184.238.73/20

In binary => Since the subnet mask is /20 , it means the first 20 bits
represents the subnet address.

Network Portion Host Portion

 10110000.10111000.1110 1110.01001001

Fill the host portion with binary Zero’s

Network Portion Host Portion
10110000.10111000.1110 0000.00000000

Subnet Address => 10110000.10111000.11100000.00000000

In Decimal Notation => 176.184.224.0

m. What is the site address for the given address in 'l' above

Answer: 176.184.238.73/20

n. What is the NetID for the given address in 'l' above

Answer: 176.184.224

o. What is the HostID for the given address in 'l' above

Answer: 14.73

Explanation

Network Portion Host Portion

10110000.10111000.1110 1110.01001001

Fill the network portion with zero’s

Network Portion Host Portion
00000000.0000000.0000 1110.01001001

Host Address => 00000000.0000000.00001110.01001001

In Decimal Notation : 176.184.238.73
0.0.14.73

p. What is the SubnetID for the given address in 'l' above

Answer: 176.184.224.0/20
q. Draw the network diagram that can be used for the implementation of the organisation
network
r. Explain the functionality of each if the devices in your network diagram and justify
their purpose in your diag.

Answer:

 Switch: A network device that connects multiple devices together and filters

packets based on their destination within the connected devices. It is used as part
of the networking diagram to receive incoming data packets and redirects them to
their destination on the Local Area Network (LAN).

 Router: A device that receives and analyzes packets and then routes them towards
their destination. In some cases, a router will send a packet to another router; in
other cases, it will send it directly to its destination. It is used as part of the
network diagram to connect the different networks in Local Area Network (LAN)
and Wide Area Network (WAN) and also to act as a firewall to to protect one
network from the other.

 Host Devices: Laptop,Desktop,printer etc to interact with each other.

 Cables: Use to connect Networking devices and host devices

s. How will you ensure Internet connectivity for host at each branch.

Answer: By connecting the routers at the various branches to an Internet Service

provider.

t. Explain type(s) of connections in your network diagram.

Answer:
LAN: Communication between switches and Host devices in the diagram is based on LAN
Local area network (LAN) is a computer network that overlaps with a small area. Usually, a
LAN is tied to a single room, building or cluster, but one LAN can be connected to other
LANs over any distance via telephone wires and radio waves.The system of LANs connected
in this way is called a broadband network (WAN). The difference between LAN and WAN is
that the wider area network scans the larger geographically. Usually, a WAN consists of two
or more local networks (LANs) and is always connected by public networks.

WAN: Communication between routers to connect two or more networks.

WAN is a network that uses multiple links - Private Lines, Multiprotocol Label Switching
(MPLS), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Wireless (Cellular), Internet - connects small
metropolitan and campus networks in one place. The sites they connect to may be a few
miles or half across the globe. In an organization, WAN's goals may include linking branch
offices or individual remote workers to headquarters or data centers to share corporate offices
and communications.
u. Explain the protocols for devices communication in your network diagram

Answer:

SNTP

Transmission control Protocol – TCP

TCP provides reliable delivery of data, therefore it supports – segmentation,
multiplexing, sequencing and flow control. The disadvantages of using TCP is
that, due to its complexity, it can introduce unwanted delays between
communicating devices.

User Datagram Protocol – UDP

UDP provides rapid delivery of data, but without reliability. UDP only provides
segmenting and multiplexing of data received from the application layer. Data
from communication programs using voice and video are typically intolerant of
delay and therefore use UDP

SIMPLE NETWORK TIME PROTOCOL - SNTP

Is a time synchronization protocol of TCP – IP protocol family. It is based on the
connectionless user datagram protocol and can be used on all supporting
devices to synchronize system time in IP

v. Explain protocol for 3 applications communication on your network 

Answer :

Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)

Used by email programs when they need to receive emails.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Used by web browsers such as Edge and Firefox to request and transfer webpages
from the WWW.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Often used by file sharing programs in order to send and receive files between users
across the Internet.

w. Explain the addressing mechanism in the movement of packets from one branch to the
other.
Since the destination host is present in different network the packet will be delivered to the
default gateway first which in turn delivers the packet to the destination host.

Here we have a router with two interfaces: e1/1/1 (which I'll refer to as E1)

and e1/1/2 (which I'll refer to as E2).

The router's two interfaces are in separate subnets, separate collision domain as well as
broadcast domain. When data arrives from one of the segment the router decides
according to its routing table to which network to forward the data

E1 is connected to subnet: 10.128.200.0/21

E2 is connected to subnet: 10.128.208.0/21

Now, suppose Pc1 (with IP address 10.128.200.1/21 and therefore in subnet

10.128.200.0/21) sends a message to Pc4 (with IP address 10.128.208.4/21 and therefore
in subnet 10.128.208.0/21)

1. Once that packet arrives at the router, the following happens:

i. Packet arrives on interface E1with subnet 10.128.200.0/21

ii. Router determines the destination address is 10.128.208.4/21
iii. Router examines its routing table to determine where the packet should go
based on the NetId
iv. The routing table indicates interface E2 is connected to subnet
10.128.208.0/21
v. The router prepares the packet for transmission on interface E2.
vi. The new packet is transmitted on interface E2

Once the packet is sent to the network segment connected to router interface E2 it is
received by the switch which is then forwarded to the host.

x. Assuming each branch has 58 workstations and a printer, how many collision domains
has your network diagram

Answer :

819

y. As follow-up question to 'x', how many broadcast domains has your network diagram
Answer:
26

z. Write a convincing summary statement to convince management of why they should

invest money to deploy your network diagram. Your statement must clearly spell out the
advantages of the network that the organization stands to gain if they implement it.

Answer:

The advantage of using this is that additional segments of network can easily be added in
several places. Segments can be attached to a router for expansion in a given department
or building or even a branch and if a segment needs to be secured, if the router has access
list configured on them they can act as a firewall for network. Since each branch will be
given one single block of address it can further be subnetted to create additional networks
at each branch. Subnetworks can be created for host with common user needs.

Also since the Wide Area Network (WAN) operates over a much larger area, they are
required to interconnect LANs at various branches to communicate and exchange data. It
also allows the branches to connect to the internet. The reason for the company to rent a
WAN service from an established service provider is due to the distance that WANs
operate over, setting one up would cost a substantial amount of money as the company
would need to purchase the necessary cabling, fibre and satellite systems. Setting up a
WAN would therefore prove to be extremely expensive and time-consuming.

The star bus hybrid topology or tree topology used in the diagram enables the firm to
economically connect all network computers. Is also popular and the components are
easy to obtain and relatively easy to support. The tree topology will allow network
administrators to easily manage and maintain the network and also offers easiest method
for error detection and troubleshooting. It is scalable so you can increase your network
size as the company grows in size.
Local Area Networks at the branch level are connected using cable instead of wireless
connectivity due to sources of radio wave interference in the building, so using cable
ensures that network communication will be reliable. Using a switch to join the links on
the network satisfies the need for fast communication, as each host will have the full
bandwidth available to use.