GENERAL ENGLISH-STUDY MATERIAL

SEMESTER-VI
BEFORE BREAKFAST

By
Eugene Gladstone O'Neill

Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953) was an American playwright
and Nobel laureate in literature. His poetically titled plays were among the first to introduce into the U.S.
the drama techniques of realism, earlier associated with Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, Norwegian
playwright Henrik Ibsen, and Swedish playwright August Strindberg. The tragedy Long Day's Journey into
Night is often numbered on the short list of the finest U.S. plays in the 20th century, alongside Tennessee
Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire and Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman.

The drama ' Before Breakfast ' by Eugene O'Neill is a monodrama which depicts the strain and
mutual incompatibility in the life of Mrs Rowland and her husband, Alfred. Once Mr. Rowland was a
millionaire. He was father of Mr. Alfred Rowland. The lady, Mrs. Rowland, married Mr. Alfred
Rowland willingly due to the riches he would inherit after his father. But, all the tables turned when
Mr. Rowland died. He owed money to many people and so Mr. Alfred Rowland got nothing from his
father. Mrs. Rowland would have gone to her parent's house leaving her husband in normal
conditions. But, there was a problem. She married Mr. Alfred Rowland wontedly for money. All her
dreams were shattered. Now, her parents and others would look down her. So, Mrs. Rowland did not
leave her husband and go back to her parents.

Mr. Alfred Rowland did not have a profession. He was a poet. Due to having no work, he would visit
many places with his writings, but no one would buy them. It seems that he was not dynamic by
nature. Otherwise, he would have got a job as he was a graduate from a prestigious university. His
father was a rich man while he was alive and so Alfred did not feel the necessity of working
somewhere. So, Mrs. Rowland had no sympathy or love for her husband. Mrs. Rowland was about
twenty. She was stout. Besides she was a short - tempered and vulgar. She was sewing somewhere to
make the both ends meet. There was no proper food and nourishment at home. She was mentally
troubled as her husband was doing nothing. All those things made her look older than her age.
Through her words, Mr. Alfred was not a strong man physically. But, he was taken to drinking. He
pawned his watch and brought drinks. Mrs. Rowland checked her husband's pocket probably, she
would get some money and found some various things, but among them, there was a letter written by
a lady named Helen. After some time, she heard some sound of a chair and something crashed heavily
to the floor. She looked into the room, shrieked and ran out. By this, we can understand that
Mr.Alfred Rowland committed suicide. Thus, the writer depicts how tragedy can ruin.

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 INDIA THROUGH A TRAVELLER’S EYES
By

Pearl S Buck
Pearl Sydenstricker Buck (June 26, 1892 – March 6, 1973), also known by her Chinese name Sai
Zhengzhou, was an American writer and novelist.

As the daughter of missionaries, Buck spent most of her life before 1934 in Zhenjiang, China. He won
the Pulitzer Prize in 1932. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for her rich and truly epic
descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces. In 1935, she continued
writing prolifically, became a prominent advocate of the rights of women and minority groups, and
wrote widely on Chinese and Asian cultures, becoming particularly well known for her efforts on
behalf of Asian and mixed-race adoption.

Works:

◦ East Wind: West Wind

◦ The Good Earth

◦ A House Divided

◦ The House of Earth

◦ The Mother

◦ She was very an active in American civil rights and women’s rights activities.

"Indian through a Traveller's Eyes' is an extract from the novel 'Come, my Beloved. It was written by
Pearl S. Buck. In this novel she wrote about her experiences in India. She liked the way of life of
Indians. India had always been in her mind, but she had never seen the country whole. But the stories
that her Indian family doctor and his wife told her when she was a child grew along with her. Thus,
India had always been a part of the background of her.

According to Pearl S. Buck, Indian people are cultured. She came to India to see and listen to two
groups of people, the young intellectuals in the cities and towns and the peasants in the villages. She
found poverty in both. The impact of the colonialism was clearly seen in Indian villages. When she
travelled from Bombay to Madras, she saw the dry lands. There were fruitless lands and villages with
huts. The farmers had no water to grow crops and the educated people had no jobs. She found
thousands of unhappy young men who were in search of jobs. But the British government did not
provide jobs. She felt that Indian peasants were poorer than Chinese peasants and were rich in
civilization.

When the World War I broke, Indians demanded freedom. The British said that they would give
freedom to India soon after the First World War. The Indians did not have any other alternative. So
they joined hands with the British during the First World War. Indian leaders and people believed that
the British would declare freedom to India after the war. But, they were shocked when the British said
that it had not any intension to declare freedom to India. British said that there were no capable
leaders to rule India. When Gandhi took the reins of freedom struggle into his hands, there was a great
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change in India. He took non-violence and non-cooperation as his weapons to fight freedom struggle.
As the freedom struggle intensified, the British had no other way and so they declared freedom to
India.

III. A MISSING PERSON

BY

Jayanta Mahapatra

Jayanta Mahapatra (born 22 October 1928) is an Indian English poet. He is the first Indian poet to
win a Sahitya Akademi award for English poetry. He is the author of poems such as Indian
summer and Hunger, which are regarded as classics in modern Indian English literature. He was
awarded a Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honor in India in 2009. He returned the award in
2015 to protest against rising intolerance in India.

A Missing Person is a Rural Area lady described and portrayed within the Poem, telling of life and
personae of the rural scope truly. A Missing Person isn't a creator of theatre or a supposed barkeeper,
a dancer or a devadasi, however a rural area rural lady living namelessly. He drew out and circled
needn't be crossed because the courtyard of the home is the fringe around that moves it the lifetime of
a Lady. There had been the monstrous Sati system within the past. There was a Child wedding
system. Widows weren't allowed to marry more than one. Even the Ladies weren't allowed to utter the
names of their Godly Husbands. Typically, the tattoo won’t to tell the name of the husband imprinted
on hand of the mate.

Conclusion: An Indian village woman living a life without any personality and identity of her own is
the thing of deliberation. How the Indian women have lived in the nondescript villages, passed their
days in utter neglect, poverty, hunger, underdevelopment, scarcity of food and resources? But apart
from a body, she is also a soul and a spirit. She has also a soul, a spirit of own which but we do not
know it.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

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 I. INTERPERSONAL SKILLS-SOFT SKILLS
What are Interpersonal Skills?
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The ability to communicate or interact well with other people. Interpersonal skills are the skills
required to effectively communicate, interact, and work with individuals and groups. Those with good
interpersonal skills are strong verbal and non-verbal communicators and are often considered to be
“good with people”. Whether they’re used in your career or personal life, these skills are important for
success.

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Verbal communication is the use of words to share information with other people. It can therefore
include both spoken and written communication. However, many people use the term to describe only
spoken communication.

Four Types of Verbal Communication

1. Intrapersonal Communication. This form of communication is extremely private and restricted

to us.

2. Interpersonal Communication. This form of communication takes place between two

individuals and is thus a one-on-one conversation. ...

3. Small Group Communication. ...

4. Public Communication.

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION (NVC)

Nonverbal communication (NVC) is the transmission of messages or signals through a nonverbal

platform such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture, and body language.

1. Avoid slouching. Sit with your back straight up against the chair or lean slightly forward to
convey engagement.
2. Steer clear of smiles or laughter when messages are serious.
3. Don’t bring your phone, a drink, or anything else that could distract you during an interview
or meeting.
4. Eliminate fidgeting and shaking of limbs.
5. Focus on the conversation.
6. Introduce yourself with a smile and a firm handshake. Be sure that your palms are dry.
7. Listen carefully, and do not interrupt.
8. Nod to demonstrate understanding.
9. Avoid looking at the clock, your phone, or displaying any other signs of disinterest.
10. Smile to indicate that you are amused or pleased with the conversation.
11. Stay calm even when you’re nervous.
12. Wait until the person is done talking to respond.
LISTENING

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 Listening means paying attention not only to the story, but how it is told, the use of language
and voice, and how the other person uses his or her body. In other words, it means being
aware of both verbal and non-verbal messages.

QUESTIONING

Questioning is the key to gaining more information and without it interpersonal

communications can fail. Questioning is fundamental to successful communication - we all
ask and is asked questions when engaged in conversation. ... Although questions are usually
verbal in nature, they can also be non-verbal.

MANNERS

Good manners are important elements of communicating effectively. ... Using

good manners puts others before you and is a sign of respect and courtesy.

PROBLEM SOLVING

The process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues.

SOCIAL AWARENESS

The ability to take the perspective of and empathize with others, including those from diverse
backgrounds and cultures. The ability to understand social and ethical norms for behaviour
and to recognize family, school, and community resources and supports.

SELF MANAGEMENT

Self-management, which is also referred to as “self-control” or “self-regulation,” is the ability

to regulate one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviours effectively in different situations.

ASSERTIVENESS

Assertiveness means being firm to stand up for your own rights and that of others in a calm,
direct and positive way without being overly aggressive.

II.TIME MANAGEMENT-SOFT SKILL

What is time management?

◦ Time Management plays a pivotal role in one’s personal as well as professional life.

Why do we need time management?

◦ To function effectively

◦ To save time

◦ To reduce stress

◦ To increase our work output

How to use time effectively?

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 ◦ Effective Planning

◦ Setting smart goals

◦ Setting deadlines

◦ Prioritizing activities as per their importance

Realize That Time Management Is a Myth

◦ Spending the right time on the right activity

◦ This is the first thing you have to understand about time management, that no matter how
organized we are, there are always only 24 hours in a day. Time doesn't change. All we can
actually manage is ourselves and what we do with the time that we have. Appreciate this.
Internalize it. And move on as soon as possible to the next tip.

Find out Where You're Wasting Time

Many of us are prey to time-wasters that steal time we could be using much more productively.
What are your time bandits? Do you spend too much time Internet, reading email, Face book posting,
texting, or making personal calls?

Create Time Management Goals

◦ Remember, the focus of time management is actually changing your behaviours, not changing
time. A good place to start is by eliminating your personal time-wasters. For one week, for
example, set a goal that you're not going to take personal phone calls or respond to non-work
related text messages while you're working.

Your Time Belongs to You

◦ The most important time management tip of all. You can be in control and accomplish what
you want to accomplish — once you've come to grips with the time management myth and
taken control of your time.

III. Organizational skills -Soft Skill

Organizational skills are a set of techniques used by an individual to facilitate the efficiency of future-
oriented learning, problem-solving, and task completion. Organization requires the integration of
several elements to reach a planned goal.

Organizational skills include practices like time management, scheduling, prioritizing through to-do
and to-don't lists, project management skills, consistent communication, multi-tasking, and flexibility
as well as adaptability. If you're disorganized, these skills will change your life!

Types of organizational skills

1. Time management
2. Communication
3. Setting goals
4. Delegation
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5. Working under pressure
6. Self-motivation
7. Analytical thinking
8. Attention to detail
9. Decision making

10. Strategic planning

Time management

Managing your time well is crucial to being organized. Time management involves allowing yourself
enough time to finish tasks, not spending too much time on any one project and balancing the time
you spend at home and work. Managing your time is important because it helps you conserve your
energy and stay calm in a fast-paced environment. Deciding when and how to use your time is a
fundamental element of workplace organization.

Communication

Another important organizational skill to consider is communication. Your communication skills are
based on how well you share and receive information in the workplace. If you are an organized
communicator, you will be able to give other members of your team the information they need in an
effective and timely manner. Organized communicators prioritize efficiency in the workplace by
responding to requests quickly, giving instructions accurately and relaying information reliably

Setting goals

Organization in the workplace also involves setting achievable goals. Organized employees can set
personal and professional goals that inspire them to work hard and perform well. Being an organized
professional should involve setting daily and weekly goals that structure your efforts and keep you
focused on your employer's objectives. Achieving goals regularly is a sign of a well-organized
employee who uses their resources well.

Delegation

In many cases, being organized means knowing your limits. If an employee's responsibilities become
more than they can handle, they may need to assign one or more of their tasks to a coworker. An
important part of delegation is knowing which team member is the most qualified to finish a particular
task or project. If you can list and organize your tasks and decide which to delegate, you may be able
to improve the productivity of your entire team working under pressure

Organization is particularly important in high-pressure situations. In fast-paced environments and

workplaces that enforce strict deadlines, being organized is critical to an employee staying calm and
focused. If you can effectively schedule your time, manage your energy and use your resources,
working well under pressure can make you a valuable asset in your workplace.

Self motivation

An important element of organization is the ability to take initiative. Organized employees are well-
aware of the tasks they need to complete and can work on assignments without supervision or
assistance. If you can earn a reputation for being organized and self-sufficient in your workplace, you
will likely be given even more opportunities to use your skills and develop professionally.
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Analytical thinking

Analytical thinking involves the ability to read and interpret information to come to reasonable
conclusions. Being organized at work often involves organizing your thought process. Being able to
think about a problem logically and determine the source of the issue will help you overcome setbacks
quickly and avoid delays.

Attention to detail

This organizational skill relates to how mindful and thorough you are in your work. Organized
employees recognize that taking the time to do a job well the first time will save them from extra
effort later on. Being organized means having the time and energy to make sure every aspect of a task
is properly handled and that each step of a project is completed correctly

Decision making

Organized employees are skilled decision-makers. Making well-thought-out decisions involves

collecting all the necessary information, considering the consequences and thinking ahead to predict
outcomes. If you are skilled in organization, you will likely have the communication skills, logical
mindset and goal-oriented attitude necessary for making effective decisions

Strategic planning

Being organized involves making the most of your time and energy. A crucial part of this is planning
out how you plan to use your resources. This often involves keeping a detailed calendar, using a focus
timer and scheduling meetings days or weeks in advance. Thinking ahead and planning accordingly
can help organized employees to stay on top of their workload and to avoid missing deadlines.

I.READING PASSAGE-LATEEF SAHEB DARGH – UNITY IN

DIERSITY

Answer the following questions:

1. W hat is the specialty on the hillock of Lateef sahib Dargh?

Ans:there is a monumental shrine on a hillock.

2. What is the other name of Lateef Saheb Dargh?

Ans:The other name of Lateefsaheb dargah is kapuralagutta.

3. Which dynasty ruled the Deccan province for more than two centuries?
Ans: Nizam –Ul-Mulk
4. How does the Lateef Saheb Dargh promote unity in diversity?

Ans: People from other religion also participate in this procession showing the multicultural

nature of worship and secular sprit in such remoter areas of the country.

5. What is the starting point of Urs, a three-day procession?

Ans:Madina masjid is the starting point of Urs a three day procession.

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 II.READING PASSAGE-PEDDAGATTA JATHARA LINGAMANTHULA JATHARA

Answer the following questions:

1. Where peddagattu jathara does takes place and who takes part in it?

Ans:Pedagattu Jathara takes plce Durajpally in the district of Suryapet. And yadava community

takes in the Jathara.

2. Elaborate on the story of ‘devarapette’.

Ans: The devarapette contains the idoles of pothuraju, Ganga, Yalamanchamma, pothulingalu

And many other gods.

3. Which is the first biggest religious congregation in the Telangana State?

Ans:SAmmakka Saralamma Jathara.

4. Who is the deity incarnate in the temple of Peddagattu?

Ans:Sri Lingamanthula Swamy believed to be an incarnation of Lord Shiva.

5. Which community people celebrates this jathara?

Ans: Yadava
6. 5. Who is Choudamma ?
Ans: Sister of Lord Shiva
III.READING PASSAGE-BOYA JANGAIAH
Jangayya was born on October 1 , (1942 dead in may 07, 2016.) to Ellamma and Mallya in Pantangi
village in Ramannapeta taluka, Nalgonda district . BA, D.Litt. He worked in the government treasury
and accounting department for a long time and retired. The educated job he studied had a literary
connection to the heart that had nothing to do with literature.

Boya Jangayya has been a constant literary figure for fifty years. It must be said that no matter how
many processes he worked on, his talent shone most in writing stories and novels. The stories he
writes depict humanitarianism. Reflect the Dalit argument. His novels also have a Dalit perspective. It
is safe to say that poetry did not come as strongly as poetry in Dalitism. But from Telangana came a
lot of works in textual processes like stories and novels depicting the Dalit cause. Boya Jangayya, a
well-known senior author, has written on such textual processes. Poetry and poetry are easy to write
but text is difficult to write. It is not an easy task to write a text that is comprehensively meaningful
and comprehensible. But the text of Boya Jangayya's stories and novels is comprehensive. He wrote
the text in a neat style.

Dr. Boya Jangayya has published several books for children. Wrote stories, songs, poems, plays for
children. Published by them in 2006, 'Mana Vadu Cheppina Kathalu' is well known. In 1999,
Gujjanagullu published the book 'Games-Songs' for children in the same year. The books' Word
Games' in 2002, 'Parrots' in 2003', 'Our Leaders' in 2004,' TV Muchatlu 'in the same year and' Manam
Marali 'in 2005 were written especially for children. All these books have made Dr. Boyajangaiya a
children's writer. Jangayya is affectionately known as 'Boja' by literary lovers and close friends.

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Dr. Boya Jangayya aims to publish at least one book for children each year. Recognizing their literary
network, the organization presented them with honors and awards. He was awarded an honorary
doctorate by the Telugu University of Hyderabad in 2003.

The novel 'Jatara' by Dr. Boja was published by Mysore University Rhythm in 1995 with a B.A. Ed,
chosen subtly. Also, the book 'Sheep' was taken by Osmania University MA Telugu as a subtext. It is
noteworthy that the same book was also taken up by the Andhra University. 'Dr. Ambedkar' text poem
taken as text for 8th class text

Answer the following questions:

1. Which is the native place of Boya Jangaiah?

Ans: Pantangi is the native place of Boya Jangaiah
2. How many years Boya spent his life for Literature?
Ans: He spent fifty years for literature.
3. How people call him as………………?
Ans: People called him as Boja
4. Which University awarded Honorary Doctorate to Boya?
Ans: He awarded Honorary Doctorate from Telugu University, Hyderabad
5. Which of his work Mysore University published?
Ana: Jatara
6. Which University took a book of him for the M.A students as a sub text?
Ans: Sheep book as a sub text by Osmania University.

I. PRONUNCIATION: ASSIMILATION
Write out the way in which we would actually pronounce the following.

II. PRONUNCIATION: ELISION

Write out the elisions in phonetic transcription for the underlined words below.

1. Preferable

Ans: / prefrbl /

2. Library

Ans: / laibri /
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3. Next day

Ans: / nest /

4. Mashed potatoes

Ans: / macar /

5. Malini's daughter's stopped crying.

Ans: / stapt

I.GRAMMAR: CONDITIONALS
The first clue in each pair below sounds for a condition and second for its consequence, if
fulfilled. Combine the two two into a single sentence that expresses this meaning clearly.

1. (It) rain hard

Roof leak

Ans: If it rains hard, the roof leaks.

2. (We) drive down to Chandigarh

(We) get there in five minutes

Ans: If we drive down to Chandigarh, we will get there in five hours.

3. (She) not an architect

(She) can't design schools and hospitals

Ans: If she were an architect, she would be able to design schools and hospitals.

4. (You) not put the flowers in the water

(They) flowers wilted

Ans: If you had put the flowers in the water, they would not have wilted.

5. (He) not wake up early

Did not reach the college on time

Ans: If you woke up early, you would reach the college on time.

II. GRAMMAR: COMMON ERRORS IN GRAMMAR

Identify the errors in the following sentences and rewrite them correctly.

1. A lot of informations are displayed on the notice board.

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 Ans: information

2. These furnitures cannot be repaired.

Ans: furniture

3. Some people always give meaningful advises.

Ans: advise

4. These luggages are very heavy.

Ans: These luggage is very heavy.

5. The depression in the Bay of Bengal causes changes in weathers.

Ans: The depression in the Bay of Bengal causes change in weather.

6. The poetries of William Wordsworth deals with nature.

Ans: The poetry of William Wordsworth deals with nature.

7. Ravi rears the sheeps.

Ans: Ravi rears the sheep.

1. When I had proposed to her

III. GRAMMAR: GERUND

A gerund is a form of a verb that ends in -ing that is used as a noun. As you may know, a verb is a
word that refers to actions or states of being, and a noun is a word that we use to refer to people,
places, things, and ideas. A gerund is like a blend of verbs and nouns. It looks like a verb, but it acts
like a noun. For example, the word swimming is an example of a gerund. We can use the word
swimming in a sentence as a noun to refer to the act of moving around in water as in Swimming is fun.
When used in sentences, gerunds are treated as third person singular nouns (like he, she, and it).

List of gerunds

You can turn any verb you want (except a modal verb) into a gerund. Here is a list of gerunds formed
from a variety of verbs:

• singing
• meditating
• cooking
• being
• having
• dancing
• philosophizing

Examples of gerunds in a sentence

Let’s take a look at some sentences that use gerunds:

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 • Baking is one of my favorite hobbies.
• She loves reading books to the children at the library.
• When it comes to hunting deer, nobody is better than Leroy.
• Katey much prefers playing with kittens to raising them.
• The movie star has a very strenuous fitness routine that involves dieting, jogging, sprinting,
running, and lifting weights.
• Swimming is my favorite sport.
• Having to get up early won't bother me at all.
• Getting up early is a good habit.
• Being married will not make me happy.

ACTIVITY
1.I enjoy-------------with friends. (Shop)
Ans: Shopping
2. ------- is my hobby (swim)
Ans: swimming.
3. My sister avoids----------large dinners. (Cook)
Ans: cooking
4. ------- is injurious to health. (Smoke)
Ans: smoking
5. We don't mind -------------for the car. (Play)
Ans: playing
6. They love -------- fish (eat)
Ans: eatig
7. She considered ----------her job. (Quit)
Ans: quiting
8. We started -------on this yesterday (work)
Ans: working
9. Ballerina taught us ------------ (Dance)
Ans: dancing .
10. She is afraid of -------------- (fly)
Ans: flying.
11. They are capable of -------------hard work. (Do)
Ans: doing
12. -------- games do not burn calories (watch)
Ans: watching

VOCABULARY: SITUATIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Actor / actress:
Ans: a man or a woman who performs a role in a play, or movie.
2. Center stage:
Ans: the centre of the area defined as the stage.
3. Character:
Ans: role an actor or actress
4. Comedy:
Ans: intentionally humorous
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5. Conflict:
Ans: opposition of persons
6. Denouement:
Ans: the final resolution of the conflict in plot.
7. Genre
Ans: literary work
8. Monologue
Ans: a long speech by a single character
9. Playwright
Ans: A person who writes plays.
10. Script
Ans: the written text of a play
11. Tragedy
Ans: a play which has an unhappy ending.

Write down about ten words related to medicine and the medical.

Ans: 1.X- ray, 2) Scanning 3) Thermometer 4) injection 5) Radiologist 6) Anaesthesia

7) Stethoscope 8) Tablets 9) syrup 10) surgery

Write down about words related to education.

Ans: Teaching, pedagogy, instruction, school, and curriculum.

II. VOCABULARY: ACRONYMS

Expand the ACRONYMS below.
1. SAARC
Ans: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
2. NABARD
Ans: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
3. ICRISAT
Ans: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics
4. NACC
Ans: National Assessment and Accreditation Council
5. ATM
Ans: Automated Teller Machine
6. PIN
Ans: Postal Index Number
7. PAYGO
Ans: Pay As You Go
8. INTERPOL
Ans: international police
9. UNESCO
Ans: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation
10. UNICEF
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 Ans: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

III. VOCABULARY: PERSONIFICATION

What is personification?
Personification is one of the many literary devices writers use to make their writing more
engaging. Other common literary devices include synecdoches, metaphor, and onomatopoeia.
With personification, you emphasize a non-human’s characteristics by describing them with
human attributes. That non-human can be an object, an animal, or even an idea or a concept.
Here are a few personification examples:

• My alarm yelled at me this morning.

• I like onions, but they don’t like me.
• The sign on the door insulted my intelligence.
• My phone is not cooperating with me today.
• That bus is driving too fast.
• My computer works very hard.
• However, the mail is running unusually slow this week.
• I wanted to get money, but the ATM died.
• This article says that spinach is good for you.
• Unfortunately, when she stepped on the Lego, her foot cried.
• The sunflowers hung their heads.
• That door jumped in my way.
• The school bell called us from outside.
• In addition, the storm trampled the town.
• I can’t get my calendar to work for me.
• This advertisement speaks to me.
• Fear gripped the patient waiting for a diagnosis

I. SPELLING: ABBREVIATIONS

Expand the following ABBREVIATIONS / ACRONYMS.

1. M.A
Ans: Master of Arts
2. RBI
Ans: Reserve Bank of India
3. LED
Ans: Light Emitting Decode
4. VIP
Ans: Very Important Person
5. WWW
Ans: World Wide Web
6. RAM
Ans: Random Access Memory
7. SONAR
Ans: Sound Navigation And Ranging
8. ISRO
Ans: Indian Space Research Organization
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 9. BRICS
Ans: Brazil, Russia, India, Chaina and South Africa
10. ASEAN
Ans: Association of Southeast Asian Nations

II. SPELLING: BRITISH AND AMERICAN SPELLING

British American British American

enrolment enrollment colour color

fulfil filfill favourite favirite

analyse analyze neighbour neighbor

analogue analog humour humor

odour odor harbour harbor

Pyjamas pajamas practise practice

parlor parlour sceptic skeptic

programme program caliber calibre

III.SPELLING: BRITISH AND AMERICAN SPELLING

There are several areas in which British and American spelling are different. The differences often
come about because British English has tended to keep the spelling of words it has absorbed from
other languages (e.g. French), while American English has adapted the spelling to reflect the way that
the words actually sound when they're spoken.

If you're writing for British readers, you should only use British spellings. In one or two cases, the
preferred American spellings are acceptable in British English as well, especially the -ize/-ization
endings. While you can use both the -ise/-isation or the -ize/ization endings in British English, it's
important to stick to one style or the other throughout the same piece of writing.

Here are the main ways in which British and American spelling is different.

Words ending in –re

British English words that end in -re often end in -er in American English:
British American
centre center
fibre fiber
litre liter
theatre theater or theatre

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Words ending in -our
British English words ending in -our usually end in -or in American English:

British American

colour color
flavour flavor
humour humor
labour labor
neighbour neighbor

Words ending in -ize or -ise

Verbs in British English that can be spelled with either -ize or -ise at the end are always spelled with -
ize at the end in American English:

British American
apologize or apologise apologize
organize or organise organize
recognize or recognise recognize

Words ending in -yse

Verbs in British English that end in -yse are always spelled -yze in American English:
British American
analyse analyze
breathalyse breathalyze
paralyse paralyze
Words spelled with double vowels
British English words that are spelled with the double vowels ae or oe are just spelled with an e in
American English:
British American
leukaemia leukemia
manoeuvre maneuver
oestrogen estrogen
paediatric pediatric

Note that in American English, certain terms, such as archaeology, keep the ae spelling as standard,
although the spelling with just the e (i.e. archeology) is usually acceptable as well.

Nouns ending with –ence

Some nouns that end with -ence in British English are spelled -ense in American English:
British US

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defence defense
licence license
offence offense
pretence pretense

Nouns ending with –ogue

Some nouns that end with -ogue in British English end with either -og or -oguein American English:
British American
analogue analog or analogue
catalogue catalog or catalogue
dialogue dialog or dialogue
The distinctions here are not hard and fast. The spelling analogue is acceptable but not very common
in American English; catalog has become the US norm, but catalogue is not uncommon; dialogue is
still preferred over dialog.

I. PUNCTUATION: EXCLAMATION MARKS!

Rewrite using the necessary exclamation marks.
1. It was a wonderful journey, wasn't it
Ans: It was wonderful journey! Wasn't it?
2. It's so sad She does not even have a coat.
Ans: It's so sad! She doesn't even have a coat.
3. Hooray we have won the match
Ans: Hooray! We have won the match.
4. It is terrible disaster There was not a single person who survived
Ans: It is terrible disaster! There was not a single person who survived.
5. It pours Why don't we just sit indoors and play chess.
Ans: It pours! Why don't we just sit indoors and play chess?
6. I can't figure this out
Ans: I can't figure this out!
7. Oh I didn't see you come in
Ans: Oh, I didn't see you come in!
8. Fantastic, we closed the deal
Ans: Fantastic, we closed the deal!
9. What exceptional children these are
Ans: What exceptional children these are!
10. Wow milky won the dance competition.
Ans: Wow! Milky won the dance competition.
II.PUNCTUATION: QUESTION MARK (?)
V Rewrite the sentences below in such a way that they read as questions.
1. The refugees slept fretfully in the tent.
Ans: Did the refugees sleep fretfully in the tent?
2. He often comes late these days.
Ans: Does he often come late these days?
3. He has never been to Kashmir before.
Ans: Has he ever been to Kashmir before?

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4. We are quite confident of securing a win.
5. You need to apologise to her immediately.
Ans: Do you need to apologise to her immediately?
III.PUNCTUATION: QUESTION MARK (?)
A question mark (?) is a punctuation symbol placed at the end of a sentence or phrase to indicate a
direct question, as in: She asked, "Are you happy to be home?" The question mark is also called an
interrogation point, note of interrogation, or question point.19-Jul-2018

To understand the question mark and its use, it's helpful to know that in grammar, a question is a type
of sentence expressed in a form that requires (or appears to require) an answer. Also known as
an interrogative sentence, a question—which ends with a question mark—The question mark always
indicates a question or doubt, says "Merriam-Webster's Guide to Punctuation and Style," adding that
"A question mark ends a direct question." The dictionary gives these examples;

• What went wrong?

• "When do they arrive?"

The purpose of the question mark would seem simple, then. "They are direct questions, invariably
followed by the interrogation point," says Cappon. But a closer look shows that this seemingly simple
punctuation mark can be tricky to use and easy to misuse. a sentence that makes a statement, delivers
a command, or expresses an exclamation. 1) Use a question mark when you are trying to get
information. This type of sentence is called an interrogative sentence.
Many interrogative sentences start with question words such as who, what, when, where, why or how
and end with a question mark.
Examples:

• Where is the gas station?

• Who is your teacher?
• Why did you stop here?
• How did you do that?
• What color is the shirt?
• When will you arrive?

Interrogative sentences can also start with forms of the words "do" and "be."

Examples:

• Did they go to the party?

• Does he like apples?
• Do you know her name?
• Are you there?
• Is she the teacher?

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