NFLUENCE OF NEW MEDIA IN ACHIEVING COMMUNICATION EFFICIENCY IN

BROADCASTING

The research examined the influence of new media in achieving communication efficiency in

broadcasting with much emphasis on the positive contributions of new media (modern media) on

the old media or traditional mass media in today’s practice especially in news gathering, writing,

processing, and dissemination. The new media which simply represented by the internet

embedded with some facilities or applications like: electronic mail, facebook, google, yahoo,

video conferencing, chat room, video call and lots more which have changed the conventional

face and practice in old mass media like: radio, television, newspaper and magazine not only in

Nigeria but across the globe. In addition, the new media has made the receivers of message form

part of the information distributor unlike in the past when only the media owners can send

messages with little or no feedback. The research used Mediamorphosis theory, Source

Credibility theory, Technological Determination theory and Diffusion of Innovation theory.

Survey research method was adopted as a research method with the use of a questionnaire to

elicit responses from the 100 respondents selected from OSBC, Osogbo. The data collected were

analysed and interpreted using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage method). Findings

show that majority of the respondents are now using the internet and other modern ICTs in

gathering, processing, and dissemination by gathering news online, interview people via skype,

keeping the video on google cloud etc. The media should move from analog to digital technology

in terms of news gathering, processing, and dissemination.

 Table of Contents

Title i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of contents v-vi

Abstract vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background to the Study 1-3

1.2 Statement of the Problem 3

1.3 Research Questions 3

1.4 Purpose of the Study 3

1.5 Significant of the Study 3-4

1.6 Scope of the Study 4

1.7 Limitations to the Study 4

1.8 History of OSBC 4-5

1.9 Operational Definition of the Terms 6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 7

2.1 Meaning of Communication 7

2.1 Mass Media 8

2.3 Information and Communication Technology Era 8

2.4 Origin of the Internet 9

2.5 Reasons for Adoption of New Technology 10

2.6 Advantages of New Communication Technology to Broadcasters 10

2.7 Weakness of Old Broadcast Media 12

2.8 Characteristics Of New Communication Technology 12-14

2.9 The Functions of Electronic Media 14-15

2.10 New Era of Journalism and Benefits 16

2.11 Citizen Journalism versus Conventional Journalism 17

2.12 Nature of New Form of Journalism 18

2.13 Vulnerable Profession Of Journalism 18

2.14 Theoretical Framework 19-20

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research Methodology 21

3.1 Restatement of Research Questions 21

3.2 Research Design 21

3.3 Characteristics of the Study Population 22

3.4 Sampling Design Procedure 22

3.5 Sampling Size 22

3.6 Data Collection Instrument 23

3.7 Validity and Reliability of Study Instrument 23

3.8 Administration of Data Collection Instrument 23

3.9 Rate of Return of Questionnaire 23

3.10 Data Analysis Procedure 23

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis 24

4.1 Data Analysis and Table 24-29

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 30

5.1 Summary 30

5.2 Conclusion 31

5.3 Recommendations 31-32

References

Appendix
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

This project is aimed at analyzing the uses and impact of information and communication

technology (internet) on the effective news gathering and dissemination among Nigerian

journalists. However, Internet is the worldwide system of interconnected network of more than

one computer with the ability to share and exchange files and data from one another irrespective

of geographical location and time.

Information and communication technology otherwise known as Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) which according to a great Canadian English Professor

Marshall McLuhan, what has changed the world into a global village by compressing the world

into a single electronic room, where information from all nooks and crannies of the world can be

exploited and disseminated or exchanged within a twinkle of an eye.

Internet is now a new way of gathering news, which offers maximum advantage to

Nigerian journalists. Internet has become an encyclopedia of almost all information in the world

and most of the information is gathered free unlike that of subscription to news agencies and

wire service before journalists can have access to international news and other information.

The development of technology most especially in this century has impact on every

sphere of human life to include mass media. This has changed the look of the existing media.

Because of this, the practice of journalism is no longer in the way of one-dimensional flow of

information rather it is interactive and the audience are now part of the information gathering and

information distribution. It should be noted that information quality through the internet demands
caution as it is questionable since it lack the activities of the gatekeepers who can decide what

information to disseminate and what not to make available for the public.

Internet poses many challenges on mass media because mass media is considered spoon-

feed sources of information, a one-way conversation where some media outlets or publishers say

Here you go, This is it. Whereas, with the information and communication technology the power

has shifted to the people and the proliferation of information users and audience generated

content. It is now a two-way conversation.

Meanwhile, the new media, which the internet is one, has gone along way in bringing

information to ones doorstep.

It is known fact that journalist in Nigerian who want to report adequate information about

the widest topical issues will benefit from the service of the internet as source of gathering

information and making it possible for journalist to exchange information.

The internet can also help the Nigerian journalist to peak into the daily affairs of the

public without physical presence of journalist; it does reduces traveling and hotel

accommodation cost and stress.

Therefore, the impact of the internet on journalists cannot be over emphasizing for its an

essential source where journalist gets information at anytime.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

There are varieties of problem under the influence of new media in achieving

communication efficiency in broadcasting which are authenticating information, of which if an

information is true, unbiased and relevant, cyber bullying, sometimes people engage intimidation

or harassment when accessing particular information, cyber security, excessive internet use,

gambling e.t.c.
Other problems, are of the majority of people in the rural areas who are not conversant with

others despite the fact that they still use mobile phone in communicating with relative and

friends.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1. To examine whether computer and internet has enhanced news gathering of broadcasting

media.

2. To know if internet has affected the performance of the Nigerian broadcasting.

3. To examine whether mass media depend on internet as a source of information.

4. To study the negative effects of internet on OSBC and Nigerian Tribune.

5. To examine whether modern technology has captured the audience of the two media

organisations.

1.4 Research Questions

1. Does information and communication technology enhance the news gathering of mass

media?

2. Has the internet affected the performance of the Nigerian broadcasting?

3. Do journalists depend on internet as a major source of information?

4. Does internet contribute positively to the operation of mass media?

5. Is there any negative effect of Internet on mass media performance?

1.5 Significance of the Study

 The finding of this project will be relevant to media house and other agencies in letting

them know the importance and usefulness of internet to journalism. It will be useful to internet

service providers on how they can serve the journalists better.

Academics, who are studying the information and communication technology (ICT) will

find the useful data in finding of the research work. Also, other stakeholder like regulatory

bodies, government and professional bodies within the media will find the result interesting.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of this work will examine the history of internet, how the internet came into

existence.

The work will therefore be limited to the OSBC and Nigerian Tribune.

This is so due to the fact that all mass media in Nigeria cannot be study in whole due to

time, fund and other logistics.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

Finance: Economically, the study witnesses financial challenges as it is very difficult to travel to

all the study areas and browse for information and materials.

Time: There is no enough time to carry out this study as the research time coincidence with the

time of examination and other activities.

Material: Due to the inability of the management and the public libraries to acquire enough

books which are useful to the study, the study makes use of the available material, which is also

relevant to the study.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Achieving - to succeed in something, to accomplish a particular goal.

Broadcasting- communicated, signalled, or transmitted through radio waves or electronic means.

Gathering: This is the process of collecting and searching for information.

Communication- is the sharing of information, idea, message from one person to another.

Computer: This an electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) and

performing a sequence of logical operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set

of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals.

Efficiency- the extent to which time is well used for the task.

Internet: This can be defined as a collection of millions of computer network of varying the size
of millions users who share an interactive means for interacting with one another to exchange
digital data.

New media- is a form of media that are computational and rely on computers for redistribution. Some

example of new media are computer animations, computer games, human-computer interfaces,

interactive computer installation, websites and virtual worlds.

 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Meaning of Communication

 Communication is a basic human need and for that reason, man has always found a

means of meeting this need. The media, which is an umbrella term for various means of

communication, has become an integral part of human life around the world.

The earliest forms of personal media, speech and gestures, had the benefit of being easy

to use and did not necessarily need complex technology. The weaknesses of not being able to

communicate to large audiences led to the development of mass media, such as writing. With

these developments, the role of the media in the society became more and more significant.

John Dewey emphasized the role of media for education as James Agee and Walter

Lippmann also highlighted the functions of the media for entertainment and information.

New Media New technologies can lead to new types of media and the ability to use a

given form of media is related to the ability to use its related technology. Today, technology has

made more universal, the ability to produce media.

Printing, radio and television are some examples of mass media in that they are intended

to reach vast audiences. But these forms of media previously could not be produced readily by

the average person.

The advent of relatively inexpensive, personal media technologies like blogging,

podcasting and Internet video allowed the average literate person to do what was theretofore

restricted to media companies.

These forms of media are still referred to as new but they have become part of society

even as much as the traditional media in some parts of the world. In a few years, the term “new

media” might not be very suitable because these forms are becoming part of our daily lives and

the fusion with traditional media might dilute the fact that it is new.

2.1 Mass Media

 Oyewole and Ogungbamigbe (2004:32) describe mass media as the organized means of

communicating openly and at distance to many receivers within a short space of time. Mass

media refers collectively to all media technologies

Media refers here basically to several mediums or channels used in an organized fashion

to communicate information to groups of people, as a service to the public. In the countries of

the world, most especially those that have reached a high level of industrialization and those

moving along the line of development, have realized that mass media of cinema, radio,

television, newspaper and magazine have some key roles to play, not only on attaining political

power, but act of transforming society for a better place for all and sundry. Daramola(2005:179)

identifies six major functions of mass media as: public enlightenment, servicing the economic

system, servicing the political system, safeguarding good liberty, profit making and providing

entertainment. According to Uche (1997) advocates seven major functions of mass media as;

persuasion, information, news, entertainment and surveillance.

2.2 Historical Development of the Press in Nigeria

The consensus among scholars and experts of varied backgrounds is that the first printing

press founded in Nigeria was founded in Calabar around 1846 which was owned by the

Presbyterian mission while the Rev. Henry Townsend in 1859 also founded and published ‘iwe

iroyin’, the first newspaper in Nigeria and Africa’s first and oldest vernacular newspaper, in

Abeokuta Lawal A.T (2003):

Nigeria Press according to Omu, (1978), says Townsend, a Christian missionary from

England, who spoke the native language of the Egba people among whom he had settled earlier

in 1848 is remembered as the father of Nigerian journalism with his establishment of a fortnight
paper called “Iwe Irohin” published in Yoruba language and later have an English language

supplements six years after in March 1860.

The paper sold for about one penny (120 cowries) a copy and two shillings for annual

subscription. According to Omu (2000:53- 4), the image many people have of this pioneering

effort is that of a religious tract pre-occupied with religious teaching and preaching and keeping

a safe distance from the distractions and confusions of politics; but “the truth of the matter is that

the Iwo Irohin exerted its greatest influence as a political weapon. Information, enlightenment

and literary education were the advertised motive, but politics and propaganda became the

dominant force”

On the demise of Iwe Irohin, other newspapers that succeed it was Anglo-Africa in 1863

by Robert Campbell, a Jamaican educationist but two years after its establishment, the Anglo-

African collapsed.

Also, November 1880, Richard Blaize sufface the first truly Nigerian newspaper called

“Lagos Times and Gold Coast Colony Advertiser”. Unfortunately, the paper was unable to

compete for a long time as it closed down in 1883.

In 1890, persuaded by the Liberian businessmen, John Payne Jackson, Blaize revived the

Lagos times under a new title – the Lagos Weekly Times; again, financial problems arose

between Blaize and Jackson, who was managing the paper; and Jackson’s response was the

lunching of his own newspaper – the Lagos Weekly Record – in 1891. John Payne Jackson,

who was dismissed as a bookkeeper at the Lagos Times because he was fond of drink, had an

extra – ordinary career with the Lagos weekly record and was for twenty – five years the most

outstanding journalist in West Africa. Jackson was a major influence in Nigeria journalism. He
created the vibrant tradition of fearless journalism, fostering seriousness of purpose and a spirit

of enterprise in the newspaper industry.

The collapse of the Lagos Weekly Record in 1930 and the death of Thomas Horatio

Jackson in 1936 drew the curtain on an era in the history of the Nigeria press.

This new generation had new approaches to journalism and was anxious to create

opportunities for greater democratic participation. This new era was epitomized in Dr. Nnamdi

Azikiwe and his West African pilot. The Pilot launched in November 1937 (Omu, 1978:69).

Dare (2000:13) regard Blackall’s Observer as the most successful of the 19 th century

newspapers. Worthy of note though is the emergence of the Daily Times (later, ‘of Nigeria’) in

1926. the Daily Times was a different kind of newspaper in the sense that it was founded (by a

Nigerian and four Britons) as a commercial paper, with most of the trappings of a typical

‘London Daily’ and as such was not considered that much part of ‘the struggle’ ; but serve as a

training ground for what could be described as some of the best hands in Nigerian journalism.

It was the Lagos Daily News, founded by a bookseller, Babamuboni, who hurriedly came

out with the publication obviously to checkmate the plan of the Daily Times coming out as the

first daily newspaper. Herbert Macaulay took over the Lagos Daily News in 1927. Macaulay,

developed the Lagos Daily News into a “ferociously antigovernment” newspaper and a political

springboard as well as organ of his political party (The National Democratic Party); but it died

like many before it.

In 1939, the colonial authorities, under the auspices of the Northern Literature Bureau, set

up the first newspaper north of the Niger. The paper was the Hausa – language Gaskiya Ta Fi

Kwabo. The Northern Literature Bureau in 1954 became the Gaskiya Corporation and added to

the Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo an English – Language fortnight – The Nigeria Citizen in 1948.
 In 1949 the late Obafemi Awolowo established the Nigerian Tribune as a voice and

vehicle for his political party – The Action Group (AG), within this period and 1959 when there

was the crucial election that was to lead Nigeria in to partnership all in preparation for

‘INDEPENDENCE’ Dare, (2000)

Other publications are Guardian and the Newswatch, the Guardian brought it new

standards, penetrating and persuasive analysis, poise and polish of language and above all stands

out as the best of the Nation’s media institutions. Newswatch on the other hand, broke new

grounds in investigative journalism, encouraged debate, lucid and simple like the style

synonymous with American quality magazines. For its style of investigative journalism, the

magazine’s founding Editor – in – Chief, the ebullient Dele Giwa lost his life in 1986, courtesy

of a letter bomb; the first of its kind in the country.

Today, the Nigerian press industry is bustling with other quality newspapers and

magazines like the Concord (now defunct), This Day, the Comet, The Punch, Vanguard,

National Interest, Osun Defender, Examiner, Post – Express, Trust and Anchor, The Sun,

amongst others. While in the magazine category famous ones are Tell, The News, Ovation and

numerous others.
 2.3 List of Newspapers in Nigeria

This is a list of newspapers in Nigeria. The list includes newspapers currently published

in Nigeria that have national circulation or that are major local newspapers.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Nigeria

retrieved 21/11/2013

Newspaper First issued Publisher

Location

The News Journal Ibadan 2013   Layipo Concepts

Blueprint Newspaper Abuja May 2011 Blueprint Publishing

Premium Times
Abuja 2011   Premium Times Services Limited
newspaper

The Nigerian
Abeokuta 2008   Gbenga Daniel
Compass newspaper

The Mirror
2006  Global Media Mirror Limited
newspaper
Newspaper First issued Publisher
Location

The Nation
Lagos 2006   Vintage Press Limited
newspaper

Business Day
Lagos 2005  Frank Aigbogun.
Newspaper

The Next newspaper Lagos 2004  Timbuktu Media group

Independent
Lagos 2001   Independent Newspapers Limited
Newspaper

The Sun Newspaper Lagos 2001 The Sun Publishing Ltd.

The Trust newspaper Abuja 2001   Media Trust

Business Day
Lagos 2005  Frank Aigbogun.
Newspaper

  Independent Communications Network

P.M. Newsapaper Lagos 1994
Limited

The Triumph
Kano 1980   Triumph Publishing
newspaper

The Vanguard
Lagos 1983   Vanguard Media
newspaper

The Guardian
Lagos 1983   Guardian Newspapers Limited
newspaper
Newspaper First issued Publisher
Location

28 January
Newswatch magazine Lagos  Global Media Mirror Limited
1985

The Punch
Lagos 1971   Ajibola Ogunsola
newspaper

Thisday newspaper Lagos 1975   Leaders & Company

The Observer
Benin City 1968   Bendel Newspapers Company Limited
newspaper

Nigerian Tribune
Ibadan 1949   African Newspapers of Nigeria Ltd
newspapper

Daily Times of
Lagos 9 June 1925  Folio Communications
Nigeria newspaper

Premium Times
Abuja 2011   Premium Times Services Limited
newspaper

The Punch
Lagos 1971   Ajibola Ogunsola
newspaper

The Sun Newspaper Lagos 2001   The Sun Publishing Ltd

Thisday newspaper Lagos 1975   Leaders & Company

Nigerian Tribune
Ibadan 1949   African Newspapers of Nigeria Ltd
newspapper
Newspaper First issued Publisher
Location

The Triumph
Kano 1980   Triumph Publishing
newspaper

The Trust newspaper Abuja 2001   Media Trust

The Vanguard
Lagos 1983   Vanguard Media
newspaper

The News Journal

Ibadan 2013   Layipo Concepts
newspaper

2.3.1 Some of the Private Television Stations in Nigeria

NAME LOCATION YEAR CHAIRMAN/MANAGING

DIRECTOR

MITV CH 43 MITV Plaza Ikeja Lagos 1993 Alhaji Murhi Gbade Busari

SuperScreen 9/11 Catholic Street, 1998 Otunba Otukayode Otufale

45UHF Lagos

Channels Television Maryland, Lagos 1995 John. O. Momoh

39UHF

Desmims Independent Kaduna 1994 Khalifa Baba Ahmed

Television
38UHF

GALAXY Onigbongbon, Lagos 1992 Steve Ojo

TELEVISION

UHF 27

DBN TV - LAGOS Lekki Phase 1-Lagos 1993 Mr Osa Sonny Adun

VHF 32

Independent Television Benin City 1997 Gabriel Osawaru Igbinedion

22 UHF.

Minaj Broadcast Mushin, Lagos 1998 Chief Mike Ajegbo

International41UHF

Africa Independent Area 11,Garki 1997 Aleogho Raymod Dokpesi

Television (AIT) 31 Abuja.

UHF.

SILVERBIRD TV Lekki Beach Lagos 2003 Roy Murray-Bruce

23UHF

TVC: TELEVISION Ikosi-Ketu, Lagos 2002 Mr. Dele Alake

CONTINENTAL

SOURCE: http://www.nbc.gov.ng/broadcast
BROADCAST STATIONS IN OSUN ACRONY YEAR OWNER

STATE M

Osun State Broadcasting Corporation OSBC August, 1991 Osun State Govt.

Ile-Awiye, Oke-Baale, Osogbo

New Dawn Television, Ibokun NDTV 27th August, Osun State Govt.

1992.

ORISUN FM, Ile-Ife ORISUN 2005 Osun State Govt.

FM

UNIQUE FM, Ilesa UNIQUE 2010 Private

FM

NTA Osogbo NTA 2003 Federal Govt.

OSOGBO

REALITY TELEVISION, Iwo RTV 2005 Osun State Govt.

2.4 Information and Communication Technology Era

 New technologies have lead to new types of media and the ability to use a given form of

media is related to the ability to use its related technology. Today, technology has made more

universal, the ability to produce media. Printing, radio and television are some examples of mass

media in that they are intended to reach vast audiences. But these forms of media previously

could not be produced readily by the average person. The advent of relatively inexpensive,

personal media technologies like blogging, podcasting and Internet video allowed the average

literate person to do what was therefore restricted to media companies.

These forms of media are still referred to as new but they have become part of society

even as much as the traditional media in some parts of the world. In a few years, the term “new

media” might not be very suitable because these forms are becoming part of our daily lives and

the fusion with traditional media might dilute the fact that it is new.

Unlike in the past, the people of the world are today living in a global village because of

various breakthroughs in Information and communication technology. According to a Canadian

English Professor Marshall McLuhan, “The world is now in a global village where the world is

now compressed into a single electronic room”.

Information that used to take many days or weeks to reach the destination now takes

seconds or minutes. It is now possible for people including professional communicators, public

speakers and others to get desired information as quickly as possible from other areas of the

country even from other countries with the presence of internet without leaving their immediate

environment.

The growth of technology toward the end of the 20 th century propelled by the emergency

of the internet, satellite e.t.c led to what is called “Modern or New Media”.
2.4.1 The History of Internet

The term "internet" was adopted in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/newmedia/genesis Internet Transmission Control Program,

December 1974) as an abbreviation of the term internetworking and the two terms were used

interchangeably. In general, an internet was any network using TCP/IP. It was around the time

when ARPANET was interlinked with NSFNET in the late 1980s, that the term was used as the

name of the network, Internet being a large and global TCP/IP network.

As interest in widespread networking grew and new applications for it were developed,

the Internet's technologies spread throughout the rest of the world. The network-agnostic

approach in TCP/IP meant that it was easy to use any existing network infrastructure, such as the

IPSS X.25 network, to carry Internet traffic. In 1984, University College London replaced its

transatlantic satellite links with TCP/IP over IPSS.

Many sites unable to link directly to the Internet started to create simple gateways to

allow transfer of e-mail, at that time the most important application. Sites which only had

intermittent connections used UUCP or FidoNet and relied on the gateways between these

networks and the Internet. Some gateway services went beyond simple email peering, such as

allowing access to FTP sites via UUCP or e-mail. Finally, the Internet's remaining centralized

routing aspects were removed. The EGP routing protocol was replaced by a new protocol, the

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). This turned the Internet into a meshed topology and moved

away from the centric architecture which ARPANET had emphasized. In 1994, Classless Inter-

Domain Routing was introduced to support better conservation of address space which allowed

use of route aggregation to decrease the size of routing tables.

2.5 Reasons for Adoption of New Technology

Fast developing technology is fuelling an information revolution. The new media, digital

broadcasting and the internet are sweeping away the limitations of the analogue world and

weakening the grip of government-owned platforms. The nature of the relationship

between the broadcaster and its audience is changing. New media in this information age

provides an immediate, informative, intelligent, interactive platform for discussion and debate.

2.6 Advantages of New Communication Technology to Journalists

It should be noted that with the service provided by the internet such as: Electronic Mail

that is, E-Mail, News Group, Video Conferences, WebCam, Web Conference, Internet Phone

calls etc as making the New Media more interactive and interesting.

E-mail- This is one of the wonderful applications on internet called “Electronic Mail”. It

enables media practitioners to send and receive data or information from other people connected

together by internet. It should be noted that messages, pictures, chat, diagram e t c could be sent

and received quickly and effectively.

Chart Room- This permits users to converse in real time with each other via computer

connected to the internet journalist in developed countries derive a particular utility in this kind

of system. To participate in the chart room you and others must connected to a server on the

internet as they type on their keyboard, a line of character and symbol, pictures, e t c display on

the computer screen which enable others who is also connected to the same chart room server see

what is been typed or communicating.

Video Conference-This is also vital way by which advanced media practitioners or public

speakers in advanced organizations especially public relations officers perform their managerial

task. This involves the usage of video camera and a computer connected with the internet to
conduct a meeting, conference, seminar, workshop e .t. c between and among publics of the

organization who are in two or more geographical locations. This allows participate to

communicate as if they were in the same place or hall. Video conference is popular when it

comes to issues or occasions such as technical support, distance learning, job recruitments,

interview, meeting opinion poll, telecommunication business discussion, media interview,

interactive session.

NOTE: It requires computer with speakers, video cameras and microphones. Video

conferencing is a major aspect of mass communication.

Teleprompter- The teleprompter consists of a large box fastened to the front of the camera. It is

also a new development in media houses that make the newscasters and presenters work more

easily than before. In addition, the lettering is very clear and easily visible; the talent can look

directly into the camera lens while reading his copy.

Video Phone- This is another latest technology in telecommunication. Instead of receiving the

audio aspect of the relayed messages alone, the caller [would be reporter] are shown on the

screen of videophone electronics equipment and is thus shown on the screen of the television set

at home. Showing neither the reporter nor the scene on reportorial.

Satellite- This is another latest technology, which ground operates by receiving electronic

messages from ground “Uplinks” to other earth stations. Satellites not only pass signals from and

to ground stations but also to other satellites.

Other internet application and programmes include but not limited to the following.

Internet blogs, news portals and online news, You Tube, podcast and webcast, and even the short

messaging system (SMS), are all new media. Examples are: the internet, websites, computer
multimedia, games, CD-ROMs and DVDs., Mobile phones, social media such as; facebook, 2go,

twitter, eskimi) eBay, ebudy, feed, amason, wikipedia, dictionary.com, e. t. c

2.7 Weakness of Old Broadcast Media

1. It dictates information to be heard by the audience.

2. It presents information to the audience not at audience convenience.

3. It is one way dimensional

4. Audience cannot access the contents on till is broadcast.

5. message cannot be retrieved once it is broadcast

6. It is transient in nature

7. It sets agenda for audience on what to hear.

2.8 Characteristics of New Communication Technology

Speed of Communication: Communication has since the arrival of new communication

technology has improved the speed of communication.

Reduce Cost of Communication: Technology has brought down the costs of communication

significantly and improved people’s access to communication, people now communicate at a

very low cost and effective.

Access to more Information: The proliferation of online forums, live coverage of news, and

other such media related initiatives have resulted in world wide access and participation in news

and information for almost everyone.

Business Forum: In the realm of business, access to communication or privileged information

was hitherto a major source of competitive advantage.

No Barrier: Technology helps remove such barriers and ensure a level playing field in this

aspect for the most part.

Interactive Communication: It eases communication and the spread of interactive

communication methods such as instant messengers and video conferencing has increased the

volume of communications, but reduced the average length of communications.

Speed of Information: People now communicate whatever comes up instantly, and tend to

break up different topics into different communications.

2.8.1 Different Types of Internet Communication

According to Kaplan B.S, Haenlein A,(2009), place of social media in IcT era, Phity

Press, London. There are different types of social media:

Collaborative projects, blogs and microblogs, content communities, social networking

sites, virtual game worlds, and virtual social worlds.

Technologies include: blogs, picture-sharing, vlogs, wall-postings, email, instant

messaging, music-sharing, crowd sourcing, and voice over IP, to name a few. Many of these

social media services can be integrated via social network aggregation platforms. Examples of

social media based on their characteristics include:

Communication • Blogs: Blogger, Live Journal, Open Diary, TypePad, WordPress, Vox,

Expression Engine, Xanga.

• Micro-blogging / Presence applications: FMyLife, Jaiku, Plurk, Twitter, Tumblr, Posterous,

Yammer, Qaiku

• Social Networking: Facebook, MySpace, Cyworld • Events: Upcoming, Eventful,

Meetup.com,

Collaboration • Wikis: Wikimedia, Wikia, PBworks, Wetpaint

• Social Bookmarking (or social tagging): Delicious, StumbleUpon, Google Reader, CiteULike

• Social news: Digg, Mixx, Reddit, NowPublicMultimedia

• Photography and art sharing: Deviantart, Flickr, Photobucket, Picasa, SmugMug, Zooomr

• Video sharing: YouTube, Viddler, Vimeo, sevenload

• Livecasting: Ustream.tv, Justin.tv, Stickam, Skype, OpenCU, Livestream

• Music and audio sharing: MySpace Music, The Hype Machine, Last.fm, ccMixter,

ShareTheMusic, Reverb Nation

• Presentation sharing: scribdReviews and opinions

• Product reviews: epinions.com, MouthShut.com

• Business reviews: Customer Lobby, yelp.com

• Community Q&A: Yahoo! Answers, WikiAnswers, Askville, Google AnswersEntertainment

Media and entertainment platforms: Cisco Eos • Virtual worlds: [Active Worlds], Second

Life, the Sims Online, Forterra

Game Sharing: Miniclip, Kongregate Brand monitoring

• Social Media Monitoring: Attensity Voice of the Customer, Attensity360, Sysomos Heartbeat

• Social media analytics: Sysomos MAPOther

• Information Aggregators: Netvibes, Twine (website) •

2.9 The Functions of Electronic Media

Ewuola (2002:14) enumerate the specific function of the press on new journalism practices

are:

1. To Serve as the Watchdog of the People in Government: To perform checks and balance

on public power holders, this means that press should work on behalf of the people to expose

corruption in the government circles. Private and independent mass media especially the print

perform this function effectively in Nigeria

2. To Perform Community Services: For example, the press should publish birthday,

wedding, coronation of people.

3. To Promote Social Consciousness: The press should mobilize the people and involves them

in the policies and programmes of the government. The function could be carried out through the

editorial and relevant feature articles.

4. To Warn The Society Of Dangers And Hazards To Them. It includes debates on social,

economic and political issues facing the people. For instance, the International Monetary Fund

(IMF) loan was debated by Nigeria press under the regime of General Ibrahim Babangida is an

example of such forum.

5. To educate the people on how they can contribute their informed judgment and pass this to

those in power.

6. To serve as a bulletin board for non profit making organizations such as churches, mosques,

disabled people’s home, motherless babies home e. t. c

2.10 New Era of Journalism and Benefits

The internet is the fastest growing medium in history. The digitalization, convergence of

computer and telephony technologies which are the linchpin of the internet, have greatly

influenced the way news and information are produced and disseminated. Times and things have

indeed changed, globalization has since become a buzz word, and has brought with it change and

competition. People’s lives have been variously affected either for the better or for worse,

depending on the side of the divide one finds himself.

 The rapid adoption of internet by journalist is a nationwide phenomenon. The process by

which computerization or digitalization impacted upon the media of the 21th Century has moved

on many fronts and at different speeds. Agba (2007, p.83) notes that “ with desktop publishing

and word processing packages, particularly the page maker, the production of newspapers,

magazines, journals etc has become on interesting business more so with the use of video display

terminals (VDTS)” Desktop publish which is the use of a computer and specialized software

to combine text and graphics to create a document that can be printed on either a laser printer or

a typesetting machine has lessen the burden of typesetting on the old manual typewriter.

The use of computer in lay out and printing enhances accuracy, helping to control

newspaper and magazine costs.

Electronic editing; proofreading, formatting, spellchecking tools, calculator and other

software tools now facilitate the speed and ease news gathering and dissemination.

Also, the use of electronic publishing which involves the process through which print

media disseminate printed messages using electronic media has closed the wide gap between

print and electronic media as a result of convergence in technology.

Bittner, (1989,p.277) merely mentions the power of teletex but today, teletext transmits

text between teleprinters and teleprompter via computer with a television transmission system

sending data to various media houses as well as home receivers equipped with compatible

decoder.

A good example of this is being demonstrated the way The Nation Newspaper in Nigeria

typesets in Lagos but prints its hardcopy simultaneously in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Abuja; no

doubt a new era in the history of media technology is here with us.
 Electronic editions of newspapers have also been delivered to various homes through this

system. Another landmark in the era of internet journalism has been the ability of the media to

harness the potentials of World Wide Web (www) among other services provided by the net. The

www which is a system for accessing, manipulating, and downloading a very large set of

hypertext linked documents and other files located on computers connected through the internet

has afforded both the source and receiver to better information.

2.11 Citizen Journalism versus Conventional Journalism

It is now clear that the advent of internet has made everybody a journalist just as

Gutenberg made everybody a printer with the invention of printing press and Marconi made

everybody a broadcaster by giving us radio, everyone is now a journalist. Citizen journalism has

made it a reality for everybody to be media creator, owner and actor instead of passive user

(Ezeibe and Nwagwu; 2009, pp.65-66).

They add that citizen journalism gradually debases the conventional journalism hence

information role that professional journalism does dissolve into public domain. It appears that

there is no clear distinction between the role conventional journalism and citizen journalism.

Conventional journalism which is the mainstream profession of journalism requires one

form of training or the other, either through education or on the job training for them to discharge

their social responsibility role. However, citizen journalism is usurping the role of conventional

journalism.

Looking at the issue, citizen journalism spells negative effects to the trend journalism

because most times journalists feel threatened by the increase participation in news gathering and

dissemination despite the society approval which described such as plus to participatory

democracy. With the use of internet and the involvement of citizen journalism journalists have
tips available to them in which further investigation can be carried out. Internet has removed the

barriers of space and time on human interactions hence information can easily be obtained ata

relatively low cost.

Nwajinka (2003, p.118) contends that journalists in the digital age have no excuse but to

make use of online libraries to enrich their performance. It cannot be an overstatement to

describe the convergence of computer and telecommunications as the material forces in the new

technology of mass communication. The internet has virtually revolutionized the process of news

and information gathering, processing, publishing, distribution of products and

services.

Traditionally, news is information about events that are currently happening or that have

happened recently, new technologies now allow news to be more current as audience are

virtually transported to the scene of the event. Rodman (2009, p.37) explains that the presence of

goggle news, twitter, facebook and other social networking media are also changing the phase of

journalism.

Now it is possible to build customized news report from all the articles being read in the

morning to the reader social network. For instance, Digg is a network site devoted to such news

stories, Digg’s web sites provides content that has been send and receive messages as well as

advertise goods and services. selected by other users from prominent news sources according to

the votes of Digg’s members to give highlights. This is changing radically the concept of

professional journalist as gatekeeper hence, changes in the concept of traditional news values

come to debate

2.12 Vulnerable Profession of Journalism

 Journalism today finds itself at a rare moment in history where, for the first time, its

hegemony as gatekeeper of the news is threatened by not just new technology and competitors

but potentially, by the audience it serves. Armed with easy-to-use web publishing tools, always-

on connections and increasingly powerful mobile devices, the online audience has the means to

become an active participant in the creation and dissemination of news and information; and it’s

doing just that on the internet.

The internet as a medium for news, is maturing with every major news event, online

media evolve. While news sites have become more responsive and better, able to handle the

growing demands of readers and reason in democratic society and freedom of the press won’t see

any reason to look at citizen journalism and dismiss it because it is the most democratic system

of publishing ever.

Viewers, online communities and personal news and information sites are particularly in

an increasingly diverse and playing important role that, until recently, has operated without

significant notice from mainstream media. A very good thing about internet journalism is that it

introduces fresh voices into national discourse on.

Issues of Regulation

The most widely noted potential consequence for the media institution is the

“convergence” between all existing media forms in terms of their organization, distribution,

reception and regulation (McQuail,2005, pp.137-552). There is a general agreement that

convergence occurs at the technological level (European commission, 1997). Digital technology

allows various topics and help build communities of interest through their collections of links.

2.4 Theoretical Framework

2.4.1 Mediamorphosis

This theory was postulated by Roger Fidler (1997). According to him, Mediamorphosis

can be defined as the transformation of communication media, usually brought about by the

complex interplay of perceived needs, competitive and political pressures, and social and

technological innovations. The essence of Mediamorphosis is the idea that the media are

complex adaptive systems. In other words, the media , as other system, respond to external

pressures with a spontaneous process of self-recognition.

Fidler argues that new media do not arise spontaneously and independently; rather, they

emerge gradually from the metamorphosis of older media. Like McLuhan, Fidler also suggests

that emerging forms of communication media propagate dominant traits from earlier forms.

2.4.2 Source Credibility Theory

Source Credibility Theory was postulated by Carl Hovland and Walter Weiss in 1951.

One of the variables in a communication situation over which the communicator typically

has some control is the choice of the source. Judging from many day-to-day examples of

communication campaigns, there appears to be a widespread belief that having the right source

can increase the effectiveness of a message. When you select an effective source to speak for

your idea or product, you are essentially using the propaganda device of the testimonial.

Hovland and Weiss (1951) designed an experiment in which the same messages were

presented to some people as coming from a high credibility source and to other people as coming

from a credible source. This would allow them to determine the effect of the source variable

alone. The results show that the high credibility source did produce more opinion change on

three of the four topics presented to the respondents.

 However, it is very obvious that since internet/new media lack gate-keeping function and

because posts and comments are initiated by users called citizen journalists therefore new media

users based their post on speculation and unverified facts which can misinform people which

journalists who are in hast to get information for their reader, listeners, and viewers should be

careful about, reporters and editors need to check and double check their source of news before

disseminating it to pubic.

2.4.3 New Media Theory

Technological Determination is the basis (theory) upon which this work is anchored.

The theory states that media technologies shape how we as individuals in a society think,

feel act and how a society operates as we move from one technology age to another (Tribal –

literate -print -electronic).

Griffin (2000, pp.313-325) elaborate McLuhan’s theory of 1963 that we learn, feel and

think the way we do because of the message we receive through the current technology that is

available. McLuhan (1962),

The Gutenberg Galaxy: the making of typographic man, explains that the radio required

us to only listen and develop our sense of warning. On the other hand, television engages both

our hearing and visual senses. We then transfer those developed senses into our everyday lives

and we want to use them again. The medium is then our message.

With the development of technology the profession of journalism after test running the

effects of latest medium then explores its potentials to reach the audience. Today internet is the

latest through which journalism thrives.

2.4.4 Diffusion of Innovation Theory

 In the Diffusion Innovation theory, communicators in society with a message

influence/encourage people that have strong opinions through the media to influence the masses.

The theory was postulated by P. Lazarsfeld, B. Berelson, and H. Gaudet in 1944.

There does not seem to be free will in this case, it is fated as to what information is

received to the masses, they have no choice to what they are exposed to.

In this sense, the theory is scientific. There is one truth, dependent on the messages sent

and received by the media and the opinion leaders.

Diffusion of Innovations does a good job of explaining how ideas are spread and is

accurate in its conclusions. The Diffusion of Innovations is useful to apply in situations when

trying to explain how ideas are spread through our society from the media.

An applicable example to help illustrate Diffusion of Innovations involves Christmas

time specials on TV programming. These programs on harmful/popular toys influence either the

opinion of and/or the decision of whether to purchase a specific toy to many shoppers.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research Methodology

Ogunjimi (2001:53) says research design is “plans strategies and structures employed

toward obtaining answers to research questions and hypothesis”. He said it also covers the

outlines of what the researcher intends to do up till the final analysis. This research study is

purely descriptive research docile in quantitative method.

3.1 Research Design

The method design to be used for this study is survey research method with the use of

questionnaires. The decision to use this method is informed by the need to cover considerable

large members of respondents in relation to the topic.

3.2 Restatement of Research Questions

1. Does information and communication technology enhance the news gathering of mass

media?

2. Has the internet affected the performance of the Nigerian journalists?

3. Do journalists depend on internet as a major source of information?

4. Does internet contribute positively to the operation of mass media?

5. Is there any negative effect of Internet on mass media performance?

3.3 Characteristics of Study Population

The study population for this research comprises of staff and management of Osun State

Broadcasting Corporation (OSBC) and Nigerian Tribune one hundred (100) workers will be

chosen as the population of the study. The workers shall contain male and female, junior and

senior staff memeber.

3.4 Sample Size

This study is done within the OSBC, Osogbo and Nigerian Tribune newspaper, therefore,

out of about 150 workers of OSBC, 50 workers will be selected while the remaining 50

respondents will also be drawn from Nigerian Tribune newspaper. Both media will be divided

into five departments in which 10 respondents will be drawn from each department making 50

respondents selected from each organisation.

3.5 Sampling Design and Procedure

This study is done within the OSBC, Osogbo and Nigerian Tribune newspaper, Ibadan

using a simple random sampling technique to achieve this. Therefore, out of about 150 workers

of OSBC, 50 workers will be selected while the remaining 50 respondents will also be drawn

from Nigerian Tribune newspaper. Both media will be divided into five departments in which 10
respondents will be drawn from each department making 50 respondents selected from each

organisation.

3.6 Data Collection Instrument

The measuring instrument used in collecting data is questionnaire. The questionnaire

would cover the postulated research questions as in chapter one (1). Open ended and closed

ended questions should be included in the questionnaire.

3.7 Validity and Reliability of Research Instrument

Since the data collection instrument (questionnaire) is a standard instrument of gathering

data, it will give accurate and unbiased data for effect and efficient analysis. Therefore, any

generalization that may be arrived at will be re gathered as accurate and genuine.

3.8 Data Collection Instrument

The method of data collection for this study will be one on one or interpersonal

administration of the questionnaire by the researcher.

3.9 Data Analysis Procedure

The data that will be collected for this study will use simple statistics with the use of

percentage and diagrammatical analysis. This technique is so chosen for its affordability of

simplicity of data and conformity with social science research as well as quantitative research

strategy, which is the cardinal approach of this kind of study.

 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis

The objective of this chapter is to analyze and interpret the responses given in the

returned questionnaires that were distributed.

It would also guide us to the conclusion of this study and be used to give

recommendations through the research findings.

It should be noted that out of the one hundred (100) questionnaires distributed, nine three

(94) were retrieved upon which the analysis and interpretation would revolved.

TABLE 1:
SEX DISTRIBUTION

VARIABLES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Male 61 64.9%

Female 33 36%

TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS

The table indicates that, 61 respondents representing 64.9 % were male while 33 respondents

representing 36 % were female.

Therefore, male respondents are than female respondent.

TABLE 2:

AGE DISTRIBUTION

VARIABLES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

20-25 6 6.4%

26-30 20 21.3%

31-35 19 20.2%

36-40 37 39.4%

40 and above 12 12.8%

TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS
From the age distribution above, 6 respondents representing 6.4% were within 20-25 age

brackets, 20 respondents representing 21.3% fall within 26-30 age, 19 respondents representing

20.2% were within 31-35 age brackets, 37 respondents representing 39.4% were within 36-40

age brackets. While 12 respondents representing 12.8% fall within the age rage of 40 and above.

This shows that those within the age bracket of 36-40 form the majority of the respondents.

TABLE 3:

MARITAL STATUS

VARIABLES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

SINGLE 35 37.2 %

MARRIED 59 62.8 %

TOTAL 94 100 %

ANALYSIS:

From the marital status table above, 35 respondents representing 37.2% were single, 59

respondents representing 62.8% were married. It is obvious that respondents who were married

were more than the single.

TABLE 4:

ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION

VARIABLES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

SSCE/ GCE 3 3.2%

OND/NCE 48 51%

BSC/ HND 29 30.9%

M.sc and Above 14 14.9%

TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS:

The table above shows that 3 respondents representing 3.2% were holders of SSCE/ GCE

certificate, 48 respondents representing 51% were holders of OND/NCE , 29 respondents

representing 30.9% were holders of BSC/HND, 14 respondents representing 14.9 % were

holders of M.sc. and above. Therefore, majority of the respondents were holders of

OND/NCE.

TABLE 5:

Working Experience

VARIABLES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

1-5 19 20.2%

6-10 16 17%

11-15 26 27.7%

16-20 18 19.6%

21 and above 15 16%

TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS:

The table above indicates that, 19 respondents representing 20.2% have been working with

OSBC and Nigerian Tribune between 1-5 years, 16 respondents representing 17 % have been

working between 6-10 years, 26 respondents representing 27.7 % have been working between

11-15 years with OSBC and Nigerian Tribune, 18 respondents representing 19.6 % have been
working with OSBC and Nigerian Tribune between 16-20, while 15 respondents representing

16% have been working with OSBC and Nigerian Tribune for more than 20 years.

TABLE 6:

Are you computer literate?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

YES 65 69.%

NO 29 30.9%

TOTAL 94 100%

Analysis: The table indicates that, 65 respondents representing 69% are computer literates while

29 respondents representing 30.9% are not computer literacy.

INTERPRETATION: The above table shows that the number of computer literates is more

than the illiterates.

TABLE 7:

Do you have a personal computer?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

YES 34 36.2%

NO 60 63.8%

TOTAL 94 100%
Analysis: The table indicates that, 34 respondents representing 36.2% do have a personal

computer while 60 respondents representing 63.8% do not have a personal computer.

Interpretation: It shows that the number of respondents who do not have computer is higher

than those who have it.

TABLE 8:

Does modern technology enhance communication efficiency in OSBC and Nigerian

Tribune?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

YES 78 83%

NO 16 17%

TOTAL 94 100%

Analysis:

The table shows that, 78 respondents representing 83% agreed that modern technology

is enhancing OSBC and Nigerian Tribune communication efficiency while 16 respondents

representing 17% disagreed.

The table shows that majority of the respondents agreed that modern technology is

enhancing communication efficiency of OSBC and Nigerian Tribune

TABLE 9:

Which of the modern technology is common in OSBC and Nigerian Tribune?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

MOBILE PHONE 13 13.8%

INTERNET 8 8.5%

SATELLITE 3 3.2%

SOCIAL MEDIA 10 10.6%

ALL 60 63.8%

TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS:

The table indicates that, 13 respondents representing 13.8%, agreed that mobile phone is

common, 8 respondents representing 8.5% said that internet is common, 3 respondents

representing 3.2 said that satellite is common, 10 respondents representing 10.6% agreed that

social media is common, while 60 respondents representing 63.8 agreed that all the above

mentioned technology are available in OSBC and Nigerian tribune.

TABLE 11:

Do you have a cyber café in your organization?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

YES 89 94.6%

NO 5 5.4%
TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS:

The above table shows that, 89 respondents representing 94.6% said that OSBC and Nigerian

Tribune has cyber café, while 5 respondents representing 5.4% said OSBC and Nigerian Tribune

did not have café.

TABLE 12:

Through which medium do you receive feedback?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

MOBILE PHONE 66 70.2%

SOCIAL MEDIA 17 18%

E-MAIL 6 6.4%

LETTER 2 2.1%

OTHER 3 3.2%

TOTAL 94 6.3%

ANALYSIS:

The table above shows that, 66 respondents representing 70.2% agreed that OSBC and

Nigerian Tribune receives feedback through mobile phone, 17 respondents representing 18%
agreed that OSBC and Nigerian Tribune receives feedback through social media, 6 respondents

representing 6.4 said that OSBC and Nigerian Tribune receives feedback through electronic mail

(e-mail), 2 respondents representing 2.1% said that OSBC and Nigerian Tribune receives

feedback through direct letter while 3 respondents representing 3.2 selected other category as a

means through which OSBC and Nigerian Tribune receives feedback.

It is obvious from the table that most of OSBC and Nigerian Tribune feedbacks are

gotten through mobile phone.

TABLE 13:

Do you rely on use of internet materials in gathering of information?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 78 83%

No 16 17%

TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS:

The table indicates that, 78 respondents representing 83% agreed that OSBC and Nigerian

Tribune rely on the use of internet materials as a source of information while 16 respondents

representing 17% said OSBC and Nigerian Tribune does not rely on the internet.

TABLE 14:

If yes, how effective?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

VERY EFFECTIVE 72 66.6%

EFFECTIVE 20 21.3%

NOT EFFECTIVE 2 2.1%

TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS:

The table indicates that, 92 respondents representing 88% agreed that mobile phone is an

effective means of getting feedback in OSBC and Nigerian Tribune while 2 representing 2.1%

said is not effective.

TABLE 15:

Do new technology have negative effect on OSBC and Nigerian Tribune?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 80 85%

No 14 25%

TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS:

The table indicates that, 80 respondents representing 85% agreed that new technology does not

have negative effect on OSBC and Nigerian Tribune communication efficiency. While 14

respondents representing 25% said it has negative effect on OSBC and Nigerian Tribune.

TABLE 16:

Does information and communication technology enhance the news gathering of mass

media?
RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 85 94.4%

No 5 5.6%

TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS:

The table indicates that, 85 respondents representing 94.4% agreed that information and

communication technology has enhanced the news gathering of mass media. While 5

respondents representing 5.6% said it does not.

TABLE 17: Has the internet affected the performance of the Nigerian journalists?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 60 66.7%

No 34 33.3%

TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS:

The table indicates that, 60 respondents representing 66.7% say the internet has affected the

performance of the Nigerian journalists, while 30 respondents representing 33.3% said it does

not.

TABLE 18: Do journalists depend on internet as a major source of information?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 50 53.2%
No 44 46.8%

TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS:

The table indicates that, 50 respondents representing 53.2% say the internet has affected the

performance of the Nigerian journalists, while 44 respondents representing 46.8% said it does

not.

TABLE 19: Does internet contribute positively to the operation of mass media?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 90 95%

No 4 4.9%

TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS:

The table indicates that 90 respondents representing 95% admitted that internet has contributed

positively to the operation of mass media in Nigeria, while 4 respondents representing 5% said it

does not.

TABLE 20: Is there any negative effect of Internet on mass media performance?

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Yes 30 32%

No 64 68%
TOTAL 94 100%

ANALYSIS:

The table indicates that 30 respondents representing 32% said that internet has some negative

effect on mass media performance, but the remaining 64 respondents representing 68% said it

does not.
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary. Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Summary

This project has been able to look at the influence of new media in achieving

communication efficiency mass media in Nigeria with a case study of Osun State Broadcasting

Corporation (OSBC) with this, it is obvious that Information Technology such as: Internet,

mobile phone, teleprompter, search engines such as: Google and Yahoo, social media such as;

Facebook and twitter, satellite have positive impacts on communication efficiency on the mass

media like: radio, television, newspaper and magazine especially Osun State Broadcasting

Corporation.

Meanwhile, Information Technology (I.T), which the internet and mobile phone are taken

the lead has helped OSBC, Nigerian Tribune and other mass media to communicate faster and

effectively. Even it has enhanced feedback more than ever.

 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) which according to a great Canadian

English Professor Marshall McLuhan, has changed the world into a global village by

compressing the world into a single electronic room where information from nooks and crannies

of the world can be exploited and disseminated or exchanged within a twinkle of an eye.

This can be observed as most all the television, print and radio outfits have launched or

designed their websites where their audience or readers will have access to their News, E-mail,

Chat Room, Advert, Programmes, Photo sites and other activities on the internet.

Chapter one of the research contains the background of the study, statement of the

problem, research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study, methodology.,

limitations of the study and definition of the terms.

Similarly, in Chapter two, many relevant materials of different authors were used to expose

what various writers have done in the area of copyright law and internet.

In Chapter three of the study that based on research methodology, survey research method

was adopted in which questionnaires were administered. Simple Random Sampling technique

was also adopted to select respondents.

Chapter four of the project revolved on the data analysis and interpretations of findings. The

frequency and percentage method of data analysis was used.

This chapter contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study.

5.2 Conclusion

Finding in this research have made it easy to arrive at some logical conclusion.
 The Information Technology (I.T) as discussed in the previous chapters focus on

scientist breakthrough in the area of technology that resulted to the emergency of internet and

other devices with some applications/ packages.

According to a Canadian English Professor Marshall Mc Lulaham “ the world is now

in a global village where the whole world is now compressed into an electronic chat room”

which transformed to the instant sending and receiving of information thereby reducing the huge

amount of time and stress to be laboured in dissemination of information

However, it is now very easy for not only the computer science experts to manipulate

and explore internet for information but also allow professionals in almost every field of study

especially professional communicators, public relations and others to send and get desire

information/ messages as quickly as possible within and outside their country without leaving

their news room or sweat.

Similarly, new media which is advanced beyond the usual analogy devices is

characterized with the use of computerized and digital devices. Journalism today is moving to

the next level of technological development by changing from the mechanical and analogy tools

to digital and computerized tools to make the practice more neat, easy, effective and faster

Television stations are now employing the use of teleprompter and chroma machine in

their various studios to create unimaginable backdrops/ backgrounds.

Therefore, communication has become more effective and efficient with the use of

Information Technology.

5.3 Recommendations
 It is no more a news that world is now in a global village with the (I.T) re-shaping every

sphere of human endeavors to include the practice of journalism.

It is recommended that media practitioners should not see technology as an evil but rather

as a blessing to the mankind.

In addition, journalists and other public speakers, including public relations should try as

much as possible to build a functional website for their respective organization for the

organization to place relevant information about them for people outside their environment who

may want to know much about them.

Journalists especially the reporters (legmen) and editors are expected to connected their

computer (laptop), ipod, notebook to internet so that reporters can send their report via computer.

Media should move from analogue to digital technology especially transmitter and editing

devices.

Copyright laws that will protect internet publication or materials are expected to be

passed in Nigeria.

Seminars and workshops should be organized regularly for the media practitioners in

order to grow as technology grows, because if equipment is produced without qualified man to

man it, it is a waste of time.

 References

Adegboye, A.O and Oludele, L.Y (2009). Information and Communication Technology

(ICT) . Osogbo:New deal publication Ltd.

Aderniran, S.O (2000). The New World. Osogbo: Laittos Press.

Adewumi, J.A (1998).Introduction to Education Research Technique. Ilorin: Gbene Press

Ltd.

Akinfeleye ,R.A (1987). Essentials of Modern African Journalism. Lagos :Miral Printing Press.

Famojuro, L.O and Oluwuyi S.A (1998). Essentials of Research Methodology, Osogbo.

Graphed Nigeria Publication.

Issa (2007), “Practical Guides to Project Writing, Offa: Wuni Commercial Press.

Ogunsiji, M.A (1989), Introduction to Print Journalism Lagos: Nelson Publishers Ltd.

Oluwuyi Olayemi, (2008). Internet: the New Global System. Lagos: Smalic Publications

Ltd.

Onwubiko C.P.C (2005). The Internet: A New Opportunity for Libraries and Information

Specialists in Nigeria. Ile-Ife: LIMOUT Press.

Oke O.O, (2003). An introduction to Website Design. Lagos : Kulola Press.

Soladoye, I.U (1974). Socio-Science Research. Lagos: Model Press.

Titus ,A.D and Bamikefa ,A.A (2004). Reading in Mass Communication. Ibadan: LAAB Prints

and Communications.

Fidler, R. (1997). Mediamorphosis: Understanding the New Media. Thousand Oaks,

California: Pine Forge.