DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Government Arts college

(Affiliated to Alagappa University)
Paramakudi – 623 707.

CERTIFICATE
Certificate that this project report titled “ A STUDY ON BUS
ACCIDENT AND ACCIDEDNT PREVENTION IN TNSTC,
PARAMAKUDI” is the bonafide work ofP.M.JEGANATHAN (Reg.
No. 1411354012) who has carried out the research under my supervision.
Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported here
in does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis
of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this by
any other candidate.

SIGNATURE OF
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

VIVA – VOCE CONDUCTED ON……………………..

SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
GUIDE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

i
 DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISRATION
Government Arts college
(Affiliated to Alagappa University)
Paramakudi – 623 707.

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “A STUDY ON BUS

ACCIDENT AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN TNSTC,
PARAMAKUDI”is the bonafide work of P.M.JEGANATHAN (Reg. No.
1411354012) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION submitted to
ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY, KARAIKUDI during the year 2011 – 2013.

Head of the Department PRINCIPAL

Dept. of Business Administration, Govt. Arts College,
Govt. Arts College, Paramakudi -
623707.Paramakudi – 623 707.

Dr. K.SENTHIL KUMAR M.B.A., M.Com., D.L.L., Ph.D.,

ii
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES,
GOVT. ARTS COLLEGE
PARAMAKUDI – 623707.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project, “A STUDY ON BUS

ACCIDENT AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN TNSTC,
PARAMAKUDI.,” is a record of original research conducted by
P.M.JEGANATHAN to fulfill the requirements for the award of degree
of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION of Alagappa
University.

Signature of the Guide

Date :
Place :Paramakudi.

P.M.JEGANATHAN

iii
Reg.No: 1411354012
M.B.A., (Final Year)
Department of Business Administration
Govt. Arts college,
Paramakudi – 623 707

DECLARATION

I, P.M.JEGANATHAN, hereby declare that the project report

entitled “A STUDY ON BUS ACCIDENT AND ACCIDENT
PREVENTION IN TNSTC, PARAMAKUDI.,” is a record of original
research done by me under the guidance of Dr .K.SENTHIL KUMAR
M.B.A., M.Com., D.L.L., Ph.D., Assistant Professor to fulfill the
requirement for the award of the Degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION of Alagappa University. This report has not been
submitted for the award of any degree, diploma or any title elsewhere.

Date : Signature of the student

Place : (P.M.JEGANATHAN)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iv
 I am very thankful to respected Prof. C. KALIMUTHU M.Sc.,
M.Phil., Principal, Govt. ArtsCollege, Paramakudi to be kind enough to
allow me to carry out the project work.

I express my gratitude to Dr. VEERASELVAM M.B.A., M.phil.,

Ph.D., Head Of the Department ofManagement Studies, Govt. Arts
College, Paramakudi for giving permission to complete my project work.

I am extremely thankful my guide Dr. K.SENTHIL KUMAR

M.B.A., M.Com., D.L.L., Ph.D., Assistant Professor Department of
Management Studies, Govt. Arts College, Paramakudi. Whose valuable
guidance and suggestion served me for conducting the project and
completing the same very successfully.

I also extend my sincere thanks to Mr. N.PATHMA KUMAR

Branch Manager, Mr. S. SAKTHI VEL Superintend, Mr.
P.MUTHURAMAN Assistant Engineer, and all the Drivers and
Conductors in TNSTC, Paramakudi. Whose dedicated their precious
time with me, and make my project as a successful one.

I am happy to record my thanks to my parents their encouragement

at every stage of my research. I also thanks to my friends for their timely
help in completing the project.
P.M.JEGANATHAN

Chapter S.No CONTENTS Page No.

List of tables Vii

v
 List of chart Ix

1 1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Objectives of the study 8

1.3 Scope of the study 9

1.4 Limitation of the study 10

2 2.1 Company profile 11

2.2 Health, safety and welfare schemes 16

providing in corporation

3 3.1 Review of literature 17

4 4.1 Research methodology 19

5 5.1 Analysis and interpretation 25

5.2 Hypothesis testing 85

5.3 Findings 93

5.4 Suggestions 95

6 6.1 Conclusion 97

Bibliography 98

Annexure 99

LIST OF TABLES

S.No. TABLES Page No.

vi
1 Designation of the respondents 25

2 Gender of the respondents 27

3 Age wise classification of the respondents 29

4 Qualification of the respondents 31

5 Length of services of the respondents 33

6 Areas of operation of the respondents 35

7 Monthly income of the respondents 37

8 Marital status of the respondents 39

9 Family size of the respondents 41

10 Working hours of the respondents 43

11 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 45

working environment

12 Respondents opinion about the problems on the 47

working environment

13 Number of the accident of the respondents 49

14 Occupational diseases of the respondents 51

15 Respondents affects in occupational diseases 53

16 Respondents level of satisfaction about safety 55

equipment

vii
17 Respondents level of satisfaction about first aid 57
services

18 Respondents level of satisfaction about the first 59

aid training

19 Respondents level of satisfaction about drinking 61

water facility

20 Respondents level of satisfaction about the bath 63

room and latrine cleanness

21 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 65

housekeeping activity at the shop floor area

22 Respondents level of satisfaction about nature of 67

work

23 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 69

timing of the shift

24 Respondents level of satisfaction about the leave 71

facility

25 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 73

health care scheme

26 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 75

medical facility

27 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 77

canteen facility

28 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 79

quality of food

viii
29 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 81
appreciation and recognition from superiors

30 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 83

welfare policies

LIST OF CHARTS

ix
S.No. CHARTS Page No.

1 Designation of the respondents 26

2 Gender of the respondents 28

3 Age wise classification of the respondents 30

4 Qualification of the respondents 32

5 Length of services of the respondents 34

6 Areas of operation of the respondents 36

7 Monthly income of the respondents 38

8 Marital status of the respondents 40

9 Family size of the respondents 42

10 Working hours of the respondents 44

11 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 46

working environment

12 Respondents opinion about the problems on the 48

working environment

13 Number of the accident of the respondents 50

14 Occupational diseases of the respondents 52

15 Respondents affects in occupational diseases 54

16 Respondents level of satisfaction about safety 56

equipment

x
17 Respondents level of satisfaction about first aid 58
services

18 Respondents level of satisfaction about the first 60

aid training

19 Respondents level of satisfaction about drinking 62

water facility

20 Respondents level of satisfaction about the bath 64

room and latrine cleanness

21 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 66

housekeeping activity at the shop floor area

22 Respondents level of satisfaction about nature of 68

work

23 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 70

timing of the shift

24 Respondents level of satisfaction about the leave 72

facility

25 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 74

health care scheme

26 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 76

medical facility

27 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 78

canteen facility

28 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 80

quality of food

xi
29 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 82
appreciation and recognition from superiors

30 Respondents level of satisfaction about the 84

welfare policies

xii
 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER -1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

xiii
 In a transport industry road accidents are bound to happen. Through
it is known fact every possible step is taken to avoid the accidents at least
to minimize them to the lowest percentage. The basic aim to transport
industry is to provide facilities for the public ton travel but not to harm
anyone. Having these points in view safety measures are taken by TNSTC.

1.2 INTRODUCTION ABOUT SAFETY AND ACCIDENT

PREVENTION SAFETY:

Road safety is not only depending on the TNSTC, alone but also
the other vehicles and road users. The corporation is educating its
employees to avoid the accidents.

ACCIDENT PREVENTION:

As per the data presented by Institute of Road Transport around 610

accidents were met by the TNSTC alone in 2011.

Fatal accidents being94. This data depicts the importance of

prevention of accidents to safeguard the human life and also loss of working
hours.

So form the view of both human and economic point’s prevention

of accident has assumed the greatest importance.

ORGIN OF SAFETY:

In the present industrial revolutionary situation throughout the

country a considerable amount of road accidents and occupational diseases

xiv
also arise. This affects so many families in the country, since rehabilitation
and replacement become very difficult and costly.

The safety movement in India was started in Bombay in 1992, which

in due course become first association of India. The national safety council
was started in 1966 as per the decisions of the president conference
industrial safety, organized by management of Transport Corporation and
Trade Unions.

IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY

The importance of safety is well felt and understood by management

of an organization.

The most important measures for to safety of drivers are:-

1. Proper personal protection.

2. Careful handling of vehicles.
3. Proper training and education for safety training.
4. Proper maintenance of vehicles.
• (Ronald A. Cole “Industrial safety techniques”: Page 15 West
publishing Corporation Ltd., New York, 1975).

IMPORTANCE OF MEANING ACCIDENT PREVENTION:

xv
 The meaning of accident prevention needs explanation because its
necessity can hardly be exaggerated. We can rightly say it is an objective of
an industry. Accidents are met with either by the fault of drivers and road
users or failure of vehicle.

HUMAN FAILURE:

When we talk about human failure it depends on the driver fault or

the injured persons fault. The driver, fatigue, the careless driving, not
following the speed regulation ends with an accidents. Lack of awareness
on the road by the injured are not following road rules causes damage for
his life.

TECHNICAL SIDE:

On the technical side the vehicles must be maintained properly. Lack

of supervision by the technical experts during the interval of every trip
causes the road accidents.

(Ex: each vehicle has to be put into maintenance service for every 15000,
30000, 45000 km, besides the regular checkup).

In a nutshell we can say the importance of prevention of accidents

purely depend on ill-disciplined behavior of the road users and the lack of
technical surveillance of the vehicles.

COST OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION:

xvi
As long as 1959, Heinrich listed the following hidden accident costs:

1. Cost of claim of injured employees.

2. Cost of time lost by other employees who stop work
a) Out of curiosity,
b) Out of sympathy,
c) To assist injured employee,
d) For other reasons.

3. Cost of time lost by foreman, supervisors or other executives as

follows:
a) Assisting injured employee.
b) Investigating, the cause of accident.
c) Selecting, training, or breaking in a new employee to replace
the injured employee.
d) Preparing stale accident reports and attending hearing before
state officials.
4. Cost due to damage to the machine tool etc.
5. Incidental cost due to interference with production, failure to
fulfill or loss of time, loss of bonus, payment of forfeits and other
similar cases.
6. Cost of employee under employee welfare and benefit systems.
7. Cost of employer of continuing the wages of the unfound
employee in full after his return, even though the service of the
employee.
8. Cost of idle vehicles occurs on consequence of the excitement
or weakened morale due to the accident.

xvii
 ACCIDENT PREVENTION MEASURES:

The following are the ways and means to prevention accidents:

1. Regulations
2. Inspection
3. Technical research
4. Psychological research
5. Statistical research
6. Education
7. Training
8. Persuasion
9. Insurance
10. Safety measures.

1.3 REASON FOR ACCIDENTS:

xviii
 Before any suitable precautions against accidents can be taken, it is
necessary to know exactly how and why they occur.

The maximum “accidents are caused and they do not happen” still
always holds well. An accident is caused by a combination of different
factors, even if one factor is removed, the Accidents will not happen.

PERSONAL FACTORS:

Factors such as

1. Health of a person
2. Disease like diabetics
3. Evening blindness etc.
4. Intoxicated state of drivers etc.

Are the personal factors responsible for accidents?

IMPERSONAL OR MAERIAL FACTORS (unsafe conditions):

Unsafe conditions on the road area and unexpected acts of the road
users and failure of vehicles not properly maintainedare responsible for
accidents.

UNSAFE ACTIONAL FACTORS:

xix
 These are mainly due to faults of persons.

For example

1. Not following the road rules

2. Lack of concentration of the part of drivers as well as the other
vehicles and the public.

PROXIMATE CASUAL FACTORES:

The unexpected element in an event or situation will be the

proximate factor and will be the immediate cause of accident.

With regard to personal factor, proper training placement and

induction will go a long way in removing these factors.

The important factors leading to accidents can be prevented by

providing; the safe working conditions well maintained vehicle and well
educated drivers and conductors.

For preventing unsafe actionable factors safe operational rules are

to be formed and made known to everybody involved. The proximate casual
factor can be avoided by educating the employee to be more aware and vigil
what he was doing and his concentration on the road.

There are three important “E” in accident prevention i.e.

xx
 1. Engineering
2. Education
3. Enforcement.

A fourth “E” is more important which is “ENTHUSIASM” (i.e.

enthusiasm for promoting safety).

INVESTIGATION OF ACCIDENTS:

Every accident must be investigated; the aim of the investigation is

not to find out WHO is responsible for the accident so that preventive
measures to be taken providing the recurrence of similar accidents in future.

Basically, whatever type of investigation is undertaken, must answer

the following questions.

1. WHO was injured?

2. WHAT happened and what where the contributing factors
3. WHEN did the accident occur
4. WHY did the accident occur and finally, and most importantly.
5. HOW can a similar accident are prevented from happening
again.

The minor accidents investigated from the accident reports or by

interviewing the victims.

The accidents are also investigated through witness, examining the

materials evidence and when an accident occurred due to unforeseen
happening on the roads.

xxi
COMPANY PROFILE

CHAPTER-II

a. HISTORY OF CORPORATION:

xxii
 Until 1996, the transport services are bifurcated and were
undertaken by 21 different transport corporations to cater different parts of
the state. Each transport corporation were named after a leader or notable
personality in the state. Later during 1997, the number of transport
corporation are reduced and those 21 different transport corporation were
clubbed to from just 6 transport corporation (Excluding MTC & SETC).

The Marudhupandiar transport corporation was established on

1973 by taking over the assets and liabilities of the erstwhile Tamilnadu
State Transport Department in sivaganga and ramnad districts. Its
headquarters was at karaikudi and it covered Ramnad district and
sivagangai district.

The karaikudi headquarter covered the several branches are as

follows;

1. Madurai
2. Karaikudi
3. Paramakudi
4. Ramanathapuram 1
5. Ramanathapuram 2
6. Rameswaram
7. Mudukulathur,
8. Sivgangai
9. Devakottai etc..

Paramakudi branch:

xxiii
 The paramakudi branch has 75 busses. Now, this branch has 80
busses. The total number of drivers and conductors is 398. And the
paramakudi routes are as follows;

Bus Routes:-

 Paramakudi → Rameswaram

 Paramakudi → Madurai → Ramnad

 Paramakudi → Karaikudi

 Paramakudi → R.S Mangalam

 Paramakudi → Uppoor

 Paramakudi → Pottacavayal → Ramnad

 Paramakudi → Cikkal

 Paramakudi → Attankudi → R.S Mangalam

 Chennai → Paramakudi

 Paramakudi → Chennai

 Paramakudi → Karaikudi → Tanjore

 Paramakudi → Karaikudi → Trichy

 Paramakudi → Sivagangai → Trichy

 Trichy → Paramakudi → Mudhukulatore

xxiv
  Chidambaram → Paramakudi

 Paramakudi → Tanjore → Madurai

 Paramakudi → Manamadurai → Trichy

 Paramakudi → Erwady → Trichy

 Paramakudi → Ramnad → Madurai

 Paramakudi → Ramnad → Thiruppoor

 Paramakudi → Madurai → Rameswaram

 Paramakudi → Ramnad → R.S Mangalam

 Paramakudi → Madurai court → Ramnad

 Paramakudi → Ilayankudi → Manamadurai

Drivers lists :-

 Special Grade Drivers (SLGDR) 7

xxv
  Selection Grade Drivers (SGDR) 67

 Selection Drivers (SDR) 61

 Drivers (DR) 45

 Drivers Daily Wages (DR – DW) 18

Total 198

Conductors lists :-

 Special Grade Conductors (SLGCR) 17

 Selection Grade Conductors (SGCR) 73

 Selection Conductors (SCR) 55

 Conductors (CR) 33

 Conductors Daily Wages (CR - DW) 22

Total 200

Services available to the public;

1. Free pass to students

xxvi
 2. Concession ticket issued by the MPTC (chennai)
3. Free pass to physically handicapped persons
4. Free pass to mentally disordered and blind persons
5. Free pass to freedom fighters
6. Theft or attack or damage to busses;
i. If any passenger reports that a theft has occurred in the bus,
the diver and conductor will take the bus immediately to the
nearest police station without stopping enroute and will had
over the complaint given by the passenger to the police
officer.
ii. If the duty driver, conductor or passengers are attacked,
efforts are to be made to handover the bus to the police
station.
iii. In case of an attack, the injured passenger or staff are to be
taken immediately to the nearest private or government
hospital.

Types of Buses & Facilities:-

TNSTC operates buses of various classes to cater to different

sections of public.

1) General buses, the largest in its stable, ply on inter district, inter
village routes and cater to a majority of the traffic.

2) Video coaches/Super deluxe buses are operated between district

headquarters and to places of tourist and pilgrimage importance.

3) Ultra Deluxe coaches are operated from various important

commercial centres of Tamil Nadu to Chennai, Bangalore and also amongst
themselves. These are the non-AC luxury coaches of TNSTC. These have

xxvii
recliner seats with larger leg-room and sport personal fans and lights.

4) AC Video Coaches(Ashok LeyLand) are operated from Chennai to

commercial centres. These have recliner cushion seats with personal
adjustable AC vents and lights. Mineral water is available for free during
the journey.

In order to meet the demands created by the Cosmopolitan lifestyle in and

around Chennai, MTC introduced AC VOLVO buses few years back.
Due to its proximity to Chennai, TNSTC Villupuram too faced the same
demand and Started Operating AC VOLVO buses from Chennai.

xxviii
 ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATIONS

CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY

xxix
 3.1 SAMPLING:

All different categories of the drivers were selected for this study to give a
fair represented on the sample.

ROUTES NO OF DRIVERS
1 35
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 10
6 10
TOTAL 100

3.1. A .PRE-TESTING:

In this study interview schedule was used for pre-testing in the

corporation before the actual process of data collection began. After the
questionnaires were altered and the sequence was re-arranged according to
get the reliable and actual facts from the respondents.

3.1. B .INTERVIEW SCHEDULE AND QUESTIONNAIRE:

The primary was collected from the drivers through the

questionnaire method and personal interview with them.

3.1. C. LIMITATIONS:

xxx
 100 drivers are selected (i.e. the drivers who met with fatal or
major accidents) and Questionnaire was given to them and their opinion
was collected.

3.2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The following are the objectives of the study:-

1. To exploit the reasons of accidents.

2. To study specifically the reason for fatal accidents.
3. To study various accident prevention measures adopted by
TNSTC Ltd.
4. To find out the problems of drivers regards to their respective
job.
5. To provide suitable suggestion for prevent the accidents.
6. To find out the various safety schemes that motivate employees
to adhere to safety programs and to maintain safe environment.

3.2 SOURCES OF DATA:

xxxi
 The secondary data have been collected from the following sources
available with the organization itself.

1. Company files
2. Accident investigation reports
3. Booklets
4. Library sources
5. Other magazines.

TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION:

The investigator used a structured interview schedule for driver

and had personal interview with each driver for 10 to 15 minutes. The
interview schedule and the questionnaire were prepared after a thorough
study of the available literature on accident and accident prevention.

PILOT STUDY:

The pilot study was conducted for the and for the preparation of
the interview schedule. In this study the investigator selected the
questionnaire method. For interview of the drivers, the researched getting
information from officers, managers, etc.

After choosing bus accident and accident prevention were referred

to and detailed discussions were made with top level officers such as
Assistant manager, Deputy Manager and Deputy General Managers. The
questionnaires were prepared duly approved by the department faculty
guide and the TNSTC, Paramakudimanagement.

CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS

xxxii
 A vehicle may meet with and by an object colliding with it or by
the individuals fault.

Accidents could be classified into the following categories in a

broad way.

B.CLASSIFICATION OF FATAL ACCIDENT:

By the vehicle:

1. Failure of break system.

2. Loss of control by the driver

3. Collision with other vehicle

4. by the individuals-

(i) Exceeding the speed limit by the driver.

(Ii) Unaware pedaling of the cycles by cyclist without

awareness and careless driving of the other vehicles.

(iii) Undisciplined way of road crossing by the by passers.

CLASSIFICATOIN OF MAJOR ACCIDENT: BY PEDESTRIAN

xxxiii
 1. Sudden crossing of roads without consciousness.
2. Toeing of the vehicle.
3. Not using the predestination crossing area.
4. Foot board travelling.
5. Proximately to the road side, by sitting or playing on the road.

BY PASSENGER:

1. Getting on board (or) off board the vehicle before it stops.

2. Foot board travelling.
3. Hanging by the windows.
4. Jumping down from the moving vehicle.
5. Sleeping by putting the head and hands outside the shutters and
windows.

BY CYCLIST:

1. Pedaling with heavy load.

2. Travelling more than 1 person in a cycle.
3. Undisciplined crossing of roads.
4. Not following the lane system in the roads.
5. Parking the cycle on the road and talking with someone.

BY INSIGNIFICANT:

1. Colliding the vehicle with a parked one or a tree.

2. Driving the vehicle out of the road and losing control.
3. Unforced collision with other objects.

C. CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD ACCIDENTS

xxxiv
ACCIDENT:

An accident is an occurrence of the use of motor vehicle resulting

in injury to or to death of a person or animal and/or damage to the
property.

ACCIDENTS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS:

i) FATAL:
A fatal accident is only involving loss of human life,
immediately or within 30 days of its occurrence.

ii) MAJOR:
A major accident is the involving grievous hurt to human being
and/or loss or damages to property exceeding Rs.5, 000/-.
iii) MINOR:
A minor accident is one involving simple bodily injuries to
human beings and/or loss or damage to property, exceeding
Rs.500/- but not exceeding Rs.5000.

iv) INSIGNIFICANT:
All other accident not included in fatal, major and minor
accidents shall be classified as significant.

xxxv
1. NUMBER OF PERSONS DEAD AND INJURED
(NORTHWISE)

MONTH DEAD GRAVIOUS MINOR TOTAL

INJURY INJURY

JANUARY 9 31 55 95

FEBRURY 10 18 37 65

MARCH 13 50 55 118

APRIL 2 26 52 80

MAY 11 24 39 29

JUNE 13 26 53 92

JULY 11 24 41 76

AUGEST 8 29 18 55

SEPTEMBER 8 28 41 77

OCTOBER 8 36 32 76

NOVEMBER 8 17 38 63

DECEMBER 11 34 25 70

TOTAL 112 343 486 941

xxxvi
 2. TYPE OF TOTAL ACCIDENTS (MONTHWISE)

SEVERITY FATAL G.I. M.I NON.I TOTAL

MONTH

JANUARY 8 11 18 23 60
FEBRUARY 10 11 23 12 56
MARCH 8 12 19 14 53

APRIL 2 7 24 14 47
MAY 11 8 20 19 58
JUNE 9 12 18 12 51
JULY 9 4 19 14 46

AUGEST 8 10 12 18 48
SEPTEMBER 8 8 18 13 47
OCTOBER 4 9 12 21 46
NOVEMBER 8 9 18 23 58

DECEMBER 9 4 15 12 40
TOTAL 94 105 216 195 610

xxxvii
 3. DAMAGES TO BUSES INVOLVED IN ACCIDENTS
(TYPEWISE)

SEVERITY
NATURE OF FATAL G.I. M.I NON.I TOTAL
DAMAGES

MAJOUR (more
then 5000) 15 15 23 18 71

MINOR (Rs.500-
Rs.5000 7 15 51 171 244

INSIGNIFICANT
(Less than 500) 72 75 142 6 295

TOTAL 94 105 216 195 610

xxxviii
 4. HOURWISE DISTRIBUTION OF ACCIDENTS
(TYPEWISE)

SEVERITY FATAL G.I. M.I. NON.I. TOTAL

HOUR

0-1 3 2 3 8 16
1-2 2 1 2 2 7
2-3 0 0 5 2 7
3-4 1 0 1 4 6
4-5 0 0 2 5 7
5-6 3 1 3 13 21
6-7 7 6 10 9 29
7-8 2 6 14 7 29
8-9 2 12 7 11 32
9-10 2 3 21 10 36
10-11 9 15 12 6 42
11-12 2 6 14 7 29
12-13 5 6 16 8 35
13-14 5 6 11 4 26
14-15 6 5 13 14 38
15-16 9 3 12 8 32
16-17 8 2 17 14 41
17-18 4 7 11 17 39
18-19 5 7 12 10 34
19-20 6 2 11 8 27
21-22 2 3 6 6 17
22-23 2 2 7 8 17
23-24 2 0 2 4 8
TOTAL 94 105 216 195 610

xxxix
 5. COLLISION PATTERN OF ACCIDENTS (TYPE WISE)

SEVERITY FATAL G.I. M.I. NON.I. TOTAL

COLLISION

HEAD ON 29 19 38 29 115

SIDE SWIPE LEFT 0 9 18 8 35

SIDE SWIPE 1 20 32 20 73
RIGHT
ANGULER 1 3 2 5 11

REAR END STU 2 0 14 29 45

BUS
ERAR END OTHER 7 9 22 41 230
BUS
TOTAL 94 105 216 195 610

xl
 6. AGE GROUP OF DRIVERS INVOLVED IN
ACCIDENTS
• % of Res of drivers Vsdrivers involved in total accident
• % of Res of drivers those who were involved in total
accidents only.

AGE DRIVERS DRIVERS DRIVERS PERCENTA

GROUP ON ROLL INVOLVED IN INVOLVED IN GE
IN YEAR ACCIDENTS FATAL
ACCIDENTS

NO RES NO RES NO RES

24-30 265 101 54 21 9 53 42

31-35 518 153 92 19 8 60 42

36-40 498 117 72 19 16 61 84

41-45 336 64 34 14 7 53 50

46-50 178 53 25 5 1 47 20

51-55 117 17 7 4 3 41 75

Above 55 28 7 4 1 0 57 0

NOT 5 108 65 11 6 60 54
FINISHED

TOTAL 1945 620 353 94 50 56 53

xli
 7. AGE GROUP OF DRIVERS INVOLVED IN
ACCIDENTS
(COLLISIONWISE & RESPONSIBILITYWISE)

AGE N RES NO RES NO RES NO RES NO RES NO RES NO RES NO RES

GROU O
P IN
YEAR

24-30 18 6 6 4 12 6 3 1 8 3 15 14 39 20 101 54

31-35 37 18 10 5 12 8 4 2 12 1 24 21 54 37 153 92

36-40 21 11 5 2 18 7 3 3 8 2 22 17 41 31 118 73

41-45 11 2 4 2 4 1 0 0 2 0 12 11 31 18 64 34

46-50 8 3 4 4 10 3 0 0 10 0 6 6 15 9 53 25

51-55 4 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 3 1 5 4 17 7

Above 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 1 7 4
55

Not 17 7 5 1 15 6 2 1 6 6 22 20 42 30 109 66
finishe
d

Total 11 49 35 19 73 31 12 7 50 8 105 91 230 150 622 355

7

8. EXPERIENCE OF DRIVERS INVOLVED IN

ACCIDENTS

xlii
EXPERIENCE DRIVERS DRIVERS DRIVERS PERCENTAGE
IN YEAR ON ROLL INVOLVED IN INVOLVED IN
ACCIDENTS FATAL
ACCIDENTS

NO RES NO RES NO RES

0-1 109 83 50 16 8 60 50

1-2 173 7 3 0 0 42 0

2-3 28 9 4 0 0 44 0

3-4 108 27 15 6 1 55 16

4-5 144 95 55 12 5 57 41

5-10 844 172 95 33 20 55 60

10-15 371 87 48 8 6 55 75

16-20 101 24 13 5 2 54 40

Above 20 55 8 3 2 1 37 50

Not finished 12 108 67 12 7 62 58

TOTAL 1945 620 353 94 50 56 53

E) AFTER CARE OF ACCIDENT VICTIMS:

xliii
 After care of accident victims is an important factor because it is
duty of the organization to care of their employees even after their
disablements. In TNSTC Ltd the after care of the victims are taken care of
in very good manner.

1. FIRST AID:

Every branch office and depotinTNSTC Ltd., is having their first

aid center and own ambulances. In case of any accident every
injured person was given the best first aids.

2. REPORTING:

The accidents are reported to the competent authorities for

investigation purpose and for further studies to prevent the
accidents.

3. PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION:

The victims are paid the compensations according to the provisions

of the workmen’s compensation act 1923.

4. DEPENDENTS:
The departments of accident victims are also take care by the
TNSTC Limited.
A department (wife/son/daughter) of any worker, who dies as on
result of an accident, is immediately provided with employment in
the company.

xliv
ECONOMICS OF ACCIDENTS, THE ROLE OF LINE AND
STAFFFUNTIONARIES IN PROMOTING SAFETY AND
PREVENTION OFACCIDENTS

ECCONOMICS OF ACCIDENTS:

Accidents are costly to the injured, the supervisors, and the

corporation and to the society at large.

The indirect cost of accidents are more than the directs cost
of accidents.

The researcher has revealed that more people died due to

road accidents than causalities during war.

When a vehicle meets with an accident the traffic in the

whole in that area comes to a standstill. Hospitalization of the
victims, removal of vehicle from the road, getting clearance from
the traffic authority takes much time and costs.

Reporting of accident to the statutory authorities and

following up of court cases with regard to the payment of
compensation are to be carried out.

All these things involve expenditure and man-hours.

Sometime well trained employees like drivers and conductors are

xlv
list for ever. The corporation has to find out another skilled person
to replace deceased and has to educate and train him.

Above all the fear and grief caused by the accident which is
to be shared by everyone concerned, like the family of the victims,
traffic controller the corporation authority and the society cannot
be described in words.

CHAPTER-4

xlvi
 From the collected data (100 Questionnaires) the analysis
was carried out on the following 3 ways:

1. Personal aspects-which are the reasons for accidents.

2. Accident of safety aspects- which are the reasons for accidents.
3. Accident prevention measures.

A questionnaire which was circulated for the study is enclosed

(see- annexure)

1. Age
2. Educational Qualification
3. Years of experience
4. Marital status
5. Number of children
6. Total emoluments
7. Illness of family members.

xlvii
SAFETY AND ACCIDENT ASPECTS

1. Opinion about meaning of safety

2. Relationship with supervisors
3. Passenger involved in accidents
4. Head to head collision wise accident
5. Hour wise distribution of accidents
6. Age of victims in road accidents
7. Nature of accidents
8. Road wise distribution of accidents
9. Victims of accident involved.

ACCIDENT PREVENTION

xlviii
 1. Self-protection and expectations.
1. AGE LEVEL:

The age level varies from 25 to 57 of drivers. The age plays an

important role for the causes of accidents. The analysis from the collected
data shows that the more accidents are met by the minimum level.
Persons, then that are met by the older persons. The reason of this was
over enthusiasm by minimum level persons and they wanted to complete
their jobs very quickly, and reluctant to adopt safety measures.

The analysis shows that 8% of the accidents are met by the 25-30
age groups; 19% of accidents are met by 31-36 age group; 19% of
accidents are met by 37-42 age group; 22% of the accidents are met by 43-
48 age group; 24% of the accidents are met by 49-54 age group; 8% of the
accidents are met by the 55-57 age group.

TABLE-1.1

AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS

S.No Age level in years Percentage of accidents

1 25 – 30 8
2 31 -36 19
3 37 – 42 19
4 43 – 48 22
5 49 -54 24
6 55 -57 8
TOTAL 100

CHART-1

xlix
 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS

2. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:

l
 The educational qualification plays an important role for the
reason for accidents. The accidents are met by the well-educated
persons are much more less than the less qualified persons. The
educational level for taken for the study is Degree, +2, S.S.L.C., below
8th standard.

From the study it is inferred that 30% of the accidents are met
by the persons those who have studied below S.S.L.C., 35% of the
accidents are met by those who have studied up to S.S.L.C., to 12th,
35% of the accident are met by those who have studied up to 12th
level.

TABLE-1.2

S.NO Educational level Percentage of accidents

1 Below 8 to 10 30

2 10 to 12 35

3 Up to 12 35

TOTAL 100

li
 CHART-1.2

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE

RESPONDENTS

lii
 3. YEARS OF EXPERIENCE:

The experience plays an inevitable role for the causes of accidents.

The number of accidents caused by the inexperienced persons is higher
than the accidents caused by the experienced persons.

TABLE-1.3

S.NO Year of experience Percentage of accidents

1 Below 2 17
2 2 to 5 60
3 5 to 10 10
4 10 to 15 6
5 Above 15 5
TOTAL 100

liii
 CHART-1.3

RESPONDEENTS EXPERIENCE

4. MARITAL STATUS:

liv
 The marital status plays an important role for the causes of
accidents. The accidents caused by the unmarried persons are higher when
compared to married persons. The responsibility increases to married
persons when compared to unmarried persons.

The married persons are very much aware of the safety aspects.
The married persons are conscious about the safety aspects. The married
persons are conscious about the fate of their family members in case of
any accidents happen to them. So they are much more safety conscious
than the unmarried persons.

TABLE-1.4

S.NO MARITAL STATUS PERCENTAGE OF

ACCIDENTS

1 Married persons 83

2 Unmarried persons 17

TOTAL 100

lv
 CHART-1.4

MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS

5. NUMBER OF CHILDREN:

lvi
 The analysis shows that persons having lesser children
met with lesser number of accidents persons having one child with more
number of accidents. Persons having children met with only no number of
accidents; persons having two children with met 14% of accidents;
persons having 3 children with met 18% of accidents; persons having 4
children met with 30% of accidents; persons having above 4 children met
with 38% of accidents.

TABLE-1.5

S.NO NUMBER OF CHILDREN PERCENTAGE OF

ACCIDENTS
1 1 0

2 2 14

3 3 18

4 4 30

5 Above 5 38

TOTAL 100

lvii
 CHART-1.5

NO OF CHILDREN OF THE RESPONDENTS

lviii
 6. TOTAL EMOLUMENTS:

The persons who are drawing lesser salaries are unskilled drivers
and the drivers who are drawing higher salaries are skilled and educated
drivers.

The analysis shows that there is no number of accidents are

drawing a salary less than Rs.1500; 33% of accidents are met with by the
drivers who are drawing salary between Rs.1500 to Rs.2000; 52% of
accidents are met by the drivers who are drawing salary between Rs.2000
to Rs.3000; 15% of the accidents are met by the drivers who are drawing
salary more than Rs.3000.

TABLE-1.6

S.NO SALARY RANGE PERCENTAGE OF

ACCIDENTS
1 Below 1500 0

2 1500 to 2000 33

3 2000 to 3000 52

4 Above 3000 15

TOTAL 100

lix
 CHART-1.6

SALARAY RANGE AND PERCENTAGE OF ACCIDENTS

7. ILLNESS OF FAMILY MEMBERS:

lx
 The illness of the family members (chronic disease of the
dependents) is also taken for the study.

The analysis shows that are accidents met by the drivers those who
are having chronic patients as their dependents are 38% more than
accidents met by the person those who are not having chronic patients as
their dependents.

TABLE-1.7

S.no ILLNESS OF PERCENTAGE OF

FAMILY ACCIDENTS
1 Illness 31

2 Not illness 69

TOTAL 100

CHART-1.7

lxi
ILLNESS OF THE FAMILY MEMBERS

II. SAFETY AND ACCIDENT ASPECTS

lxii
 1. OPENION ABOUT MEANING OF SAFETY:

From the study it is inferred that most of the employed are having the
opinion that safety means safe working conditions and others are
having the opinion that safety means safe environment, no injuries and
provision of safety equipment’s.

TABLE-2.1

S.NO MEANING OF SAFETY PERCENTAGE

1 Safe working condition 74

2 Safe environment ---

3 No injuries 13

4 Provision of safety equipment 13

TOTAL 100

lxiii
 CHART-2.1

OPENION ABOUT MEANING OF SAFETY

2. RELATIONSHIP WITH SUPERIORS:

lxiv
 The relationship of drivers with his superiors is a reason for accidents.
From the analysis it is inferred that 20% of the drivers are having more
satisfaction with their superiors and there is no percentage of the drivers
are having less satisfaction with their superiors, and 80% of the drivers are
having satisfied with their superiors.

TABLE-2.2

S.NO RELATIONSHP WITH PERCENTAGE OF

SUPERIORS DRIVES
1 More satisfied 20

2 Less satisfied Nil

3 Satisfied 80

TOTAL 100

lxv
 CHART-2.2

RELATIONSHIP OF SUPERIORS

lxvi
3. PASSENGER INVOLVED IN ACCIDENTS:

Undisciplined passengers are also cause of accidents. Getting on

and off board the moving vehicles, footboard, travelling, causes more
accidents. Study of sample review that 47% of accidents are met with
by getting down the bus before it stops 27% of accidents are met with
by getting into the bus before its stop 21% of the accidents are met
with footboard travelling others accident for 5% of accidents.

TABLE-2.3

S.NO PASSENGER INVOLVED PERCENTAGE OF

ACCIDENTS
1 Getting down the us before its stop 47

2 Getting into the bus before the stop 27

3 Foot-board travel 21

4 Others 5

TOTAL 100

CHART-2.3

lxvii
 PASSENGER INVOLVED IN ACCIDENTS

4. HEAD TO HEAD COLLISIONWISE ACCIODENTS:

lxviii
 Accidents are caused during overtaking other vehicles. From the
sample study 43% of the accidents are met with overtaking other vehicles;
32% of the accidents are caused by overtaking at road curves which are
not warranted. During night not using the dim and bright system and
thereby causing accidents to the tan of 22% and others 3%.

TABLE-2.4

S.NO HEAD TO HEAD COLLISION PERCENTAGE OF

ACCIDENTS
1 Overtaking front bus 43

2 Overtaking curves 32

3 Not operating dim and bright at 22

right
4 Others 3

TOTAL 100

lxix
 CHART-2.4

HEAD TO HEAD COLLISIONWISE ACCIDENT

5. HOURWISE DISTRIBUTION OF ACCIDENTS:

lxx
 Through the accidents are bound to occur on the road it is very often
pointed out at a particular point of time more accidents occur.

For example, 45% of the accidents happened between 12 noon and

2pm (lunch hours); 21% of the accidents take place between 2 to 6
(morning and evening); 27% of the accidents occurred each between 12mn
to 2am and 6pm to 12mn as shown in the table.

TABLE-2.5

S.NO HOURWISE DOSTRIBUTION OF PERCENTAGE OF

ACCIDENTS ACCIDENTS
1 12mn to 2 23
2 2 to 6 21
3 12 to 2pm 45
4 2 to 6 7
5 6 to 12mn 4
TOTAL 100

CHART-2.5

HOURWISE DISTRIBUTION OF ACCIDENT ACCIDENTS

lxxi
6. NATURE OF ACCIDENTS:

lxxii
 Normally fast moving vehicles in NH and SH meet with more accidents
by head to head collision say about 62%. This shows rash driving the
vehicle exceeded the speed limit lack of alertness in curves and bends, cause
heavy damage in human life and the vehicles.

Unwarranted overtaking from the near side causes 18% of the accidents.
Not giving the overtaking vehicle assumes 16% of the accidents and lack of
control while breaking or overtaking the vehicles causes accidents from the
angular side.

TABLE-2.6

S.NO NATURE OF ACCIDENT PERCENTAGE

OF
ACCIDENTS
1 Head on 62
2 Angular 4
3 Rear end 18
4 Sideswipe 16
TOTAL 100

lxxiii
 CHART-2.6

NATURE OF ACCIDENT

7. ROADWISE DISTRIBUTION OF ACCIDENT:

lxxiv
 From the table shown below it is quite understood that 40% of the
accidents takes place in NH, it clearly indicates that speedy travel in
NH cause more accidents. Apart from the state highway and MDR
accidents are occur inside the bus stand is measured to the tune of 22%
of accidents. This shows near carelessness while passing and moving
the vehicle inside the bus stand causes damage to live of the people.

TABLE-2.7

ROADWISE PERCENTAGE OF
S.NO DISTRIBUTION OF ACCIDENTS
ACCIDENTS
1 National Highway 40
2 State Highway 17

3 Major District Road 21

4 Village Road _

5 Inside Bus Stand 22

TOTAL 100

CHART-2.7

ROADWISE DISTRIBUTION OF ACCIDENTS

lxxv
 ROADWISE DISTRIBUTIONChart
OF TitlePERCENTAGE OF ACCIDENTS
ROADWISE
PERCENTAGE OF
DISTRIBUTION OF,
ACCIDENTS, 5, 22
5, 0

ROADWISE
PERCENTAGE OF
DISTRIBUTION OF,
ACCIDENTS, 4, 0
4, 0

ROADWISE
PERCENTAGE OF
DISTRIBUTION OF,
ACCIDENTS, 3, 21
3, 0

ROADWISE
PERCENTAGE OF
DISTRIBUTION OF,
ACCIDENTS, 2, 17
2, 0

ROADWISE
PERCENTAGE OF
DISTRIBUTION OF,
ACCIDENTS, 1, 40
1, 0

ROADWISE
DISTRIBUTION OF,
S.NO, 0

8. VICTIMS OF THE ACCIDENT INVOLVED:

Not observing the road rules unlock of road sense cause 59% of the
accidents on the road. Turning without signaling, chitchatting with a

lxxvi
fellow cyclist on the road not giving way for the fast moving vehicle cause
severe damages.

Accident caused by other vehicles say bus stand and Lorries is to

the tune of 23% of the total accidents. Whereas pedestrians are met with
the accidents at least 18% of the total accidents.

TABLE-2.8

S.NO VICTIMS OF ACCIDENTS PERCENTAGE OF

INVOLVED ACCIDENTS
1 Cyclist 59
2 Predestination 18
3 Bus _
4 Lorry 23
TOTAL 100

CHART-2.8

VICTIMS OF THE ACCIDENT INVOLVED

lxxvii
9. AGE OF VICTIMS IN ROAD ACCIDENT:

lxxviii
 Normally more people who meet the accidents fall within the age
group of young and middle age. I.e. 70% of the accidents are met with by
the people aged between 20 to 40 years. This shows young people who
does not care of their environmental conscience and middle aged people
who are pre-occupied with their problems are subjected to more accidents.

TABLE-2.9

S.NO AGE OF VICTIMS PERCENTAGE OF

ACCIDENTS
1 Below 10 10
2 10 to 20 11
3 20 to 40 70
4 Above 40 9
TOTAL 100

CHART-2.9

AGE OF VICTIMS IN ROAD ACCIDENT

lxxix
 III. ACCIDENT PREVENTION ASPECTS

The Tamil Nadu StateTransport Corporation Limited is

implementing so many accident prevention measures. The accident

lxxx
prevention aspects which are existing in the corporation are taken for
analysis.

1. USEFULNESS OF SAFETY TRAINING:

The drivers are given training on safety and accident prevention

measures periodically. 59% of the total respondent’s opinion is that it
is useful.

TABLE-3.1

S.NO OPINION OF SAFETY PERCENTAGE

TRAINING
1 Very useful 59

2 Useful 41

3 To some extent _

4 Introductory _

TOTAL 100

CHART-3.1

USEFULNESS OF SSFETY TRAINING

lxxxi
2. TYPE OF TRAINING:

The drivers are given 4 types of training:-

lxxxii
1) Class room training
2) On the job
3) Audio visual programs and
4) Meeting programs.

52% of the respondents feel that the audio visual programs are
very much needful. 27% feel that the class room training is necessary.
21% feel that meeting program is useful.

TYABLE-3.2

S.NO TYPE OF TRAINING PERCENTAGE OF

RESPONDENCE
OPINION
1 Class room training 27

2 On the job _

3 Audio visual program 52

4 Meeting program 21

TOTAL 100

CHART-3.2

TYPE OF TRAINING

lxxxiii
 3. OPINION ABOUT SAFETY CELEBRATIONS:

Every year safety week celebrations are conducted in all the

branches of TNSTC limited. This was celebrated to create awareness

lxxxiv
among the drivers on safety and accident prevention measures. All the
respondents feel that these celebrations are motivating them.

88% of the respondent’s feels that the celebrations are inter

department, 10% feel that it is only depicting posters and slogans; 2% feel
that it is non-injury rate.

4. OPINION ABOUT SAFETY PROGRAMS

98% of the respondents agree that the safety programs are motivating
factors towards safety and accident prevention measures and the
remaining 2% of the respondents disagree the above fact.

5. EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY TRAINING IN DAY TO

DAY WORK:

lxxxv
 The following are the opinions of respondents about the
effectiveness of safety training in day to day work.

1. 5% of the respondents feel that it is 100% effective in day to day

works.
2. 30% of the respondents feel that it is80% effective in day to day
works.
3. 54% of the respondents feel that it is 60% effective in day to day
works.
4. 9% of the respondents feel that it is 40% effective in day to day
works.
5. 2% of the respondents feel that it is 20% effective in day to day
works.

6. ROLE OF DRIVERS IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION:

All the respondents feel that their role is inevitable in accident

prevention. They also felt that everybody should adopt the safety and
accident prevention measures in such a way to create an accident free
working condition and environment.

7. AFTER CARE OF ACCIDENT VICTIMS:

8% of the respondents feel that the aftercare measures taken by

TNSCLtd., towards the accident victims are good, 17% of the
respondents feel it is satisfactory and 2% of the respondents feel it is
not satisfactory.

lxxxvi
 SELFE PROTECTION AND EXPECTATIONS

If the drivers of the vehicle are performing their duties having in

view their own self-protection and anticipating danger of accidents in all
possible stages accidents can be avoided. From the sample study it is well
felt by the drivers, say for example.

28% of the drivers are sure of avoiding 70% of accidents; if they

function with self-protection and anticipation of danger. 42% of drivers
feel that 99% of the accidents can be avoided by self-protection ideas.

TABLE – 3.3

SELF PROTECTION OF PRECENTAGE OF

S.NO EXPECTATIONS ACCIDENTS
1 70% 28
2 80% 20
3 99% 42
4 60% 10
TOTAL 100

CHART-3.3

lxxxvii
SELF PROTECTION AND EXPECTATIONS

lxxxviii
FINDINGS

FINDINGS

lxxxix
 From the study of sample one can come to a conclusion that 40%
of accidents happen during lunch hours of the drivers during the period.

Out of accidents happened in 2011, more than 90% of it happened

between 2 to 3pm (i.e. post lunch hours).

The frequency rate of accidents is high during these hours because

of the following reasons:-

1. Heavy lunch consumed by the driver.

2. Feeling sleepy after full diet.
3. Relaxing more on duty like smoking while during, chit-cheat with
conductor or passenger.

It is interesting to note that almost 90% of the sample questionnaire

reveals that more accidents happen because of poor maintenance of
vehicle. Hence proper maintenance assumes more important.

When we talk about the reasons for accident by the road users, cyclist
and pedestrians comes in the first position.

The reason being disrespect by the drivers of the vehicle and bad
intention, not to allow sufficient space for them to have on the road.

For example: Out of 610 accidents occurred involving in the cyclist

drivers fault alone count to 360.

Out of 610 accidents occurred involving in the passenger 360 accidents

are cost by the drivers fault.

xc
Experience gets more importance when put to use on the road. This is
clearly shown by the study of sample that the driver’s age group between
25 to 35 causes.

60% of the accidents whereas the experienced people above 35

years of age avoids 20% of the accidents.

The road conditions also have a bearing on a frequency of

accidents. This is well established by the study of sampling i.e., 40% of
the accidents happened in National Highway, the reason being
uncontrolled speed and loss of concentration.

xci
RECOMENDATIONS

CHAPTER – V

RECOMMENDATIONS

xcii
1. Providing systematic training to private vehicle drivers can
minimize accidents.
2. Educating the school going children about the road rules at leasta
period in a week in their school would help to save their life.
3. 99% of the accidents can be avoided if the drivers have the sense
of self-protection and alternatives.
4. Occurrenceof accidents inside the bus stand can be avoided if the
conductors are very careful, alert and attentive to the job while
parking or moving the vehicle.
5. Generally drivers should have good and adequate rest and sleep
can avoid at 50% of the accident.
6. Nearly 60% of the accidents had occurred due to drivers and the
fault was due to exceeding of permitted speed limit. So drivers
may instruct to drive with in permitted speed limit.
7. Most of the cycle accidents had occurred due to drivers. Drivers
may be instructed to drive carefully while passing them and giving
way to them by observing their moments.
8. Highways patrolling and speed checks are to be conducted in NH
45 especially between Chennai city limit and chengleput to reduce
the accidents.

MAIN REASON FOR ACCIDENT:

xciii
 Every accident has to be investigated with reference to the factors
contributing to the accidents with the view to prevent similar accidents on
future. The cause must be removed with the view to promote safety.

xciv
CONCLUSION

xcv
 CHAPTER – VI

CONCLUION

Accident investigation helps to find out the root cause. From this
we can plan our action to overcome the basic cause and take remedial
measures. So an accident investigation becomes an important step to
achieve the “Zero accident rates”.

Proper investigation methods are following in all accident cases

and suggestions given to avoid their recurrence.

The number of fatal accidents has decreased but the number of

total accidents has increased.

The number of persons died and the number of persons who had
sustained minor injury was same as 2011 but the number of persons
sustained with grievous injury was more as compare to 2011.

The high number of accidents had occurred in National Highways

(NH) followed by accidents occurred in State Highways (SH). 20
accidents had occurred in inside bus stand/bus depot.

Head to Head and ‘rear end’ accidents sharply increased but the
single vehicle accidents, Angular and side swipe accidents has decreased.

xcvi
The predominant driving fault if STU drivers due to which they got into
accidents are given below;

1. Exceed speed limit.

2. Rash driving.
3. Inattentive at the moment.
4. Followed too closely.

More causes of accidents (Hour wise) had occurred in the time

between 12 to 2pm.

So drivers are instructed to drive carefully while passing them and

giving way to them by observing their moments.

xcvii
 A STUDY ON BUS ACCIDENT & ACCIDENT PREVENTION
IN TNSTC LIMITED.

PARAMAKUDI

Personal particulars

1. Driver no :
2. Age :
3. Qualification : (a) Below 8thstd. (b) degree (c) Diploma
(d) I.T.I. (e) Other
4. Total experience : (a) below 2 years. (b) 2-5 years. (c) 5-10
years. (d) 10-15 years.
(e) Above 15 years.

5. Marital status : (a) married. (b) Unmarried.

6. Number of children : (a) 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (e) Above 4.

7. Number of dependents : (a) Below 2. (b) 3-5. (c) 5-7

8. Total Emolument : (a) Below 1500. (b) 1500-2000. (C) 2000-

3000. (d) Above 3000

9. Give your habits : (a) addict habits (vices)

(b) Snuff

(c) Smoking

(d) Others

10. Illness of family members: Good/Ill

xcviii
JOB CONDITION AND TRAINING

1. How the relationship between

Yourself and company? : (a) More satisfied
(b) less satisfied
(c) satisfied
2. What is your opinion about
The security of your job? : (a) More security (b) security (c) no
security
3. Give your opinion about the
Working hours of drivers : (a) to be determined (b) present
condition (c) to be specific
4. In which place did you get
The training : (a) IRT (b) others
5. Was the training/education
Is useful? : (a) Very useful (b) useful (c) to some
extent (d) introductory
6. What type of training/
Education is important to you?: (a) Class room (b) on the job
(c) audio visual program
(d) Meeting program.

7. What are your expectations in your job? :

8. Give your opinion about their sanctioning
Of leave as comparable with other states: (a) Moresatisfied
(b) less satisfied
(c) satisfied

xcix
9. Had you undergone adequate training in
Safety/Education : yes/no.

ACCIDENT
1. Carelessness of the driver is the
Reason for accident : yes/no
2. Is the condition of the vehicle
Is a reason for : yes/no?
3. How many times have you met
With an accident :
Fatal :
Major :

4. Generally which side is exposed to

The accident : (a) head on. (b) Angular. (c)
Rear end. (d) Side swipe.
5. What is the exact reason for
Accidents? : (a) Bad intention.
(b) Road.
(c) Maintenanceof vehicles.
(d) Health condition.
6. Specially the exact time of the day

Wherein the maximum no. of accidents shall happen?

: (a) 12 MN. (b) 2-6. (c) 12-2.
(d) 2-6. (e) 6-12. (f) 12 MN.

c
7. When will the pedestrian involved
In the accidents : (a) UN consciousness.
(b) Sudden crossing.
(c) Near road side.
(d) Others.
8. When will the passenger involved
In the accident?
(a) Getting down the bus before its stops.
(b) Getting into the bus before its stops.
(c) Foot board travel.
(d) Others.
9. When the head to head collision
will occur? : (a)Overtaking front bus
(b) Overtaking curves
(c) Not operating dim and bright at right
(d) Others.

10.Which period of timing do you face the accidents?

: (a) 12mn to 2

(b) 2 to 6

(c) 12 to 2pm

(d) 2 to 6 pm

(e) 6 to 12mn

ci
cii