Irish Standard

I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

Wind turbines - Part 2: Small wind turbines

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 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

Incorporating amendments/corrigenda/National Annexes issued since publication:

The National Standards Authority of Ireland (NSAI) produces the following categories of formal documents:
I.S. xxx: Irish Standard — national specification based on the consensus of an expert panel and subject to public consultation.

S.R. xxx: Standard Recommendation — recommendation based on the consensus of an expert panel and subject to public consultation.
SWiFT xxx: A rapidly developed recommendatory document based on the consensus of the participants of an NSAI workshop.
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This document is based on: Published:

EN 61400-2:2014 2014-10-10

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and comes into effect on: 27.180

2014-11-15

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 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 61400-2

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM October 2014

ICS 27.180 Supersedes EN 61400-2:2006

English Version

Wind turbines - Part 2: Small wind turbines

(IEC 61400-2:2013)

Eoliennes-- Partie 2: Petits aérogénérateurs Windenergieanlagen - Teil 2: Anforderungen für kleine

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(CEI 61400-2:2013) Windenergieanlagen

(IEC 61400-2:2013)

This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2014-01-16. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization

Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2014 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.

Ref. No. EN 61400-2:2014 E

 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014
EN 61400-2:2014 -2-

Foreword
The text of document 88/465/FDIS, future edition 3 of IEC 61400-2, prepared by IEC/TC 88 "Wind
turbines" and ISO/TC 60 "Gears" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by
CENELEC as EN 61400-2:2014.

The following dates are fixed:

• latest date by which the document has (dop) 2015-04-10

to be implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national (dow) 2017-01-16
standards conflicting with the
document have to be withdrawn
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This document supersedes EN 61400-2:2006

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.

Endorsement notice

The text of the International Standard IEC 61400-2:2013 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.

In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:
IEC 60034 (Series) NOTE Harmonized as EN 60034 (Series).
IEC 60364 (Series) NOTE Harmonized as HD 60364 (Series).
IEC 60529:1989 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60529:1991.
IEC 61400-1:2005 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61400-1:2005.
IEC 61400-4 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61400-4.
IEC 61400-21:2008 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61400-21:2008.
IEC 61400-22:2010 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61400-22:2011.
IEC 61400-24 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61400-24.
ISO/IEC 17020:2012 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO/IEC 17020:2012.
ISO 9000 (Series) NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 9000 (Series).
ISO 9001:2008 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 9001:2008.
 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014
-3- EN 61400-2:2014

Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE 1 When an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.

NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here:
www.cenelec.eu
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Publication Year Title EN/HD Year

IEC 60038 (mod) 2009 IEC standard voltages EN 60038 2011
IEC 60204-1 (mod) 2005 Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment EN 60204-1 2006
of machines -- Part 1: General requirements
+prA11
+EN 60204- 2010
1:2006/corrigendum
Feb. 2010
IEC 60364-5-54 - Low-voltage electrical installations -- Part 5- HD 60364-5-54 -
54: Selection and erection of electrical
equipment - Earthing arrangements and
protective conductors
+FprAA 2011
IEC 60721-2-1 - Classification of environmental conditions -- EN 60721-2-1 -
Part 2-1: Environmental conditions
appearing in nature - Temperature and
humidity
IEC 61400-1 2005 Wind turbines -- Part 1: Design requirementsEN 61400-1 2005
+prA
IEC 61400-11 - Wind turbines -- Part 11: Acoustic noise EN 61400-11 -
measurement techniques
IEC 61400-12-1 2005 Wind turbines -- Part 12-1: Power EN 61400-12-1 2006
performance measurements of electricity
producing wind turbines
IEC 61643-11 (mod) 2011 Low-voltage surge protective devices -- Part EN 61643-11 2012
11: Surge protective devices connected to
low-voltage power systems - Requirements
and test methods
ISO 2394 1998 General principles on reliability for structures - -
IEC/TS 61400-13 - Wind turbine generator systems - Part 13: - -
Measurement of mechanical loads
IEC/TS 61400-23 2001 Wind turbine generator systems -- Part 23: - -
Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades
ISO/IEC 17025 - General requirements for the competence of EN ISO/IEC 17025 -
testing and calibration laboratories
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 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

IEC 61400-2
®
Edition 3.0 2013-12

INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
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Wind turbines –
Part 2: Small wind turbines

Eoliennes –
Partie 2: Petits aérogénérateurs
IEC 61400-2:2013
 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

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 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

IEC 61400-2
®
Edition 3.0 2013-12

INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
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colour
inside

Wind turbines –
Part 2: Small wind turbines

Eoliennes –
Partie 2: Petits aérogénérateurs

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION

COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE PRICE CODE
CODE PRIX XF
ICS 27.180 ISBN 978-2-8322-1284-4

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® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

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 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

–2– 61400-2  IEC:2013

CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 9
1 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 11
2 Normative references .................................................................................................... 11
3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................... 12
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms ..................................................................................... 21
4.1 General ............................................................................................................ 21
4.2 Symbols ........................................................................................................... 21
4.3 Coordinate system ........................................................................................... 25
5 Principal elements ......................................................................................................... 26
5.1 General ............................................................................................................ 26
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5.2 Design methods ............................................................................................... 27

5.3 Quality assurance ............................................................................................ 27
I Design evaluation .......................................................................................................... 29
6 External conditions ........................................................................................................ 29
6.1 General ............................................................................................................ 29
6.2 SWT classes .................................................................................................... 29
6.3 Wind conditions ............................................................................................... 30
6.3.1 General .......................................................................................... 30
6.3.2 Normal wind conditions ................................................................... 30
6.3.3 Extreme wind conditions ................................................................. 32
6.4 Other environmental conditions ........................................................................ 36
6.4.1 General .......................................................................................... 36
6.4.2 Other normal environmental conditions ........................................... 37
6.4.3 Other extreme environmental conditions ......................................... 37
6.5 Controlled test conditions ................................................................................. 38
6.6 Electrical load conditions ................................................................................. 38
6.6.1 General .......................................................................................... 38
6.6.2 For turbines connected to the electrical power network ................... 38
6.6.3 For turbines not connected to the electrical power network ............. 38
7 Structural design ........................................................................................................... 39
7.1 General ............................................................................................................ 39
7.2 Design methodology ........................................................................................ 39
7.3 Loads and load cases ...................................................................................... 39
7.3.1 General .......................................................................................... 39
7.3.2 Vibration, inertial and gravitational loads ........................................ 39
7.3.3 Aerodynamic loads ......................................................................... 39
7.3.4 Operational loads ........................................................................... 40
7.3.5 Other loads ..................................................................................... 40
7.3.6 Load cases ..................................................................................... 40
7.4 Simplified loads methodology ........................................................................... 40
7.4.1 General .......................................................................................... 40
7.4.2 Load case A: normal operation ....................................................... 42
7.4.3 Load case B: yawing ....................................................................... 43
7.4.4 Load case C: yaw error ................................................................... 44
7.4.5 Load case D: maximum thrust ......................................................... 44
7.4.6 Load case E: maximum rotational speed ......................................... 44
 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

61400-2  IEC:2013 –3–

7.4.7 Load case F: short at load connection ............................................ 44

7.4.8 Load case G: shutdown (braking) ................................................... 44
7.4.9 Load case H: extreme wind loading ................................................ 45
7.4.10 Load case I: parked wind loading, maximum exposure .................... 46
7.4.11 Load case J: transportation, assembly, maintenance and
repair .............................................................................................. 47
7.5 Simulation modelling ........................................................................................ 47
7.5.1 General .......................................................................................... 47
7.5.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.5) .................................................. 48
7.5.3 Power production plus occurrence of fault (DLC 2.1 to 2.3)............. 49
7.5.4 Normal shutdown (DLC 3.1 and 3.2) ............................................... 49
7.5.5 Emergency or manual shutdown (DLC 4.1) ..................................... 49
7.5.6 Extreme wind loading (stand-still or idling or spinning) (DLC
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5.1 to 5.2) ....................................................................................... 49

7.5.7 Parked plus fault conditions (DLC 6.1) ............................................ 50
7.5.8 Transportation, assembly, maintenance and repair (DLC 7.1) ......... 50
7.5.9 Load calculations ............................................................................ 50
7.6 Load measurements......................................................................................... 50
7.7 Stress calculation ............................................................................................ 50
7.8 Safety factors................................................................................................... 51
7.8.1 Material factors and requirements ................................................... 51
7.8.2 Partial safety factor for loads .......................................................... 52
7.9 Limit state analysis .......................................................................................... 52
7.9.1 Ultimate strength analysis ............................................................... 52
7.9.2 Fatigue failure ................................................................................ 53
7.9.3 Critical deflection analysis .............................................................. 53
8 Protection and shutdown system ................................................................................... 54
8.1 General ............................................................................................................ 54
8.2 Functional requirements of the protection system ............................................ 54
8.3 Manual shutdown ............................................................................................. 54
8.4 Shutdown for maintenance ............................................................................... 55
9 Electrical system ........................................................................................................... 55
9.1 General ............................................................................................................ 55
9.2 Protective devices ............................................................................................ 55
9.3 Disconnect device ............................................................................................ 56
9.4 Earthing (grounding) systems .......................................................................... 56
9.5 Lightning protection ......................................................................................... 56
9.6 Electrical conductors and cables ...................................................................... 56
9.7 Electrical loads ................................................................................................ 56
9.7.1 General .......................................................................................... 56
9.7.2 Battery charging ............................................................................. 56
9.7.3 Electrical power network (grid connected systems) ......................... 57
9.7.4 Direct connect to electric motors (e.g. water pumping) .................... 57
9.7.5 Direct resistive load (e.g. heating) .................................................. 57
9.8 Local requirements .......................................................................................... 57
10 Support structure ........................................................................................................... 58
10.1 General ............................................................................................................ 58
10.2 Dynamic requirements ..................................................................................... 58
10.3 Environmental factors ...................................................................................... 58
 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

–4– 61400-2  IEC:2013

10.4 Earthing ........................................................................................................... 58

10.5 Foundation ....................................................................................................... 58
10.6 Turbine access design loads ............................................................................ 58
11 Documentation requirements ......................................................................................... 58
11.1 General ............................................................................................................ 58
11.2 Product manuals .............................................................................................. 59
11.2.1 General .......................................................................................... 59
11.2.2 Specification ................................................................................... 59
11.2.3 Installation ...................................................................................... 60
11.2.4 Operation ....................................................................................... 60
11.2.5 Maintenance and routine inspection ................................................ 61
11.3 Consumer label ................................................................................................ 62
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12 Wind turbine markings ................................................................................................... 62

II Type testing................................................................................................................... 63
13 Testing .......................................................................................................................... 63
13.1 General ............................................................................................................ 63
13.2 Tests to verify design data ............................................................................... 63
13.2.1 General .......................................................................................... 63
13.2.2 P design , n design , V design and Q design .......................................... 63
13.2.3 Maximum yaw rate .......................................................................... 64
13.2.4 Maximum rotational speed .............................................................. 64
13.3 Mechanical loads testing .................................................................................. 64
13.4 Duration testing ............................................................................................... 65
13.4.1 General .......................................................................................... 65
13.4.2 Reliable operation .......................................................................... 66
13.4.3 Dynamic behaviour ......................................................................... 68
13.4.4 Reporting of duration test ............................................................... 69
13.5 Mechanical component testing ......................................................................... 70
13.5.1 General .......................................................................................... 70
13.5.2 Blade test ....................................................................................... 70
13.5.3 Hub test .......................................................................................... 71
13.5.4 Nacelle frame test .......................................................................... 71
13.5.5 Yaw mechanism test ....................................................................... 71
13.5.6 Gearbox test ................................................................................... 71
13.6 Safety and function .......................................................................................... 71
13.7 Environmental testing ...................................................................................... 72
13.8 Electrical .......................................................................................................... 72
Annex A (informative) Variants of small wind turbine systems .............................................. 73
A.1 General ............................................................................................................ 73
A.2 Example 1: power forms................................................................................... 73
A.3 Example 2: blades ........................................................................................... 73
A.4 Example 3: support structures .......................................................................... 73
Annex B (normative) Design parameters for describing SWT class S ................................... 75
Annex C (informative) Stochastic turbulence models ............................................................ 76
C.1 General ............................................................................................................ 76
C.2 Exponential coherency model .......................................................................... 77
C.3 Von Karman isotropic turbulence model ........................................................... 77
Annex D (informative) Deterministic turbulence description .................................................. 79
 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

61400-2  IEC:2013 –5–

Annex E (informative) Partial safety factors for materials ..................................................... 81

E.1 General ............................................................................................................ 81
E.2 Symbols ........................................................................................................... 81
E.3 Characteristic value versus design values ........................................................ 81
E.4 Material factors and requirements .................................................................... 82
E.4.1 General .......................................................................................... 82
E.4.2 Composites .................................................................................... 83
E.4.3 Metals ............................................................................................ 85
E.4.4 Wood .............................................................................................. 85
E.5 Geometry effects ............................................................................................. 88
E.6 Reference documents ...................................................................................... 89
Annex F (informative) Development of the simplified loads methodology .............................. 90
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F.1 Symbols used in this annex .............................................................................. 90

F.2 General ............................................................................................................ 91
F.3 Caution regarding use of simplified equations .................................................. 91
F.4 General relationships ....................................................................................... 92
F.5 Reference documents .................................................................................... 100
Annex G (informative) Example of test reporting formats ................................................... 101
G.1 Overview........................................................................................................ 101
G.2 Duration test .................................................................................................. 101
G.2.1 General ........................................................................................ 101
G.2.2 Table summarizing the duration test results .................................. 101
G.2.3 Plot showing any potential power degradation .............................. 102
G.3 Power/energy performance ............................................................................ 102
G.3.1 General ........................................................................................ 102
G.4 Acoustic noise test ......................................................................................... 105
Annex H (informative) EMC measurements ........................................................................ 106
H.1 Overview........................................................................................................ 106
H.2 Measurement for radiated emissions .............................................................. 106
H.3 Measurements of conducted emissions .......................................................... 108
H.4 Reference documents .................................................................................... 108
Annex I (normative) Natural frequency analysis ................................................................. 110
Annex J (informative) Extreme environmental conditions ................................................... 112
J.1 Overview........................................................................................................ 112
J.2 Extreme conditions ........................................................................................ 112
J.3 Low temperature ............................................................................................ 112
J.4 Ice ................................................................................................................. 112
J.5 High temperature ........................................................................................... 113
J.6 Marine ........................................................................................................... 113
Annex K (informative) Extreme wind conditions of tropical cyclones ................................... 114
K.1 General .......................................................................................................... 114
K.2 Using SWT classes in tropical cyclone areas ................................................. 114
K.3 Extreme wind conditions ................................................................................ 114
K.3.1 Definition of tropical cyclones ....................................................... 114
K.3.2 General features of tropical cyclones ............................................ 114
K.3.3 Extreme wind conditions ............................................................... 115
K.4 Stochastic simulation (Monte Carlo simulation) .............................................. 116
K.5 Reference documents .................................................................................... 117
 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

–6– 61400-2  IEC:2013

Annex L (informative) Other wind conditions ...................................................................... 120

L.1 General .......................................................................................................... 120
L.2 Typical situations ........................................................................................... 120
L.3 Directionally dependent flow .......................................................................... 120
L.4 Inclined flow ................................................................................................... 120
L.5 Turbulence ..................................................................................................... 122
L.6 Extreme wind direction changes ..................................................................... 125
L.7 Gust factors ................................................................................................... 126
L.8 Reference documents .................................................................................... 127
Annex M (informative) Consumer label .............................................................................. 128
M.1 General .......................................................................................................... 128
M.2 Administration ................................................................................................ 128
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M.2.1 General ........................................................................................ 128

M.2.2 Test summary report ..................................................................... 128
M.2.3 Publication of labels ..................................................................... 129
M.2.4 Wind turbine variants .................................................................... 129
M.3 Tests for labelling .......................................................................................... 129
M.3.1 General ........................................................................................ 129
M.3.2 Duration test ................................................................................. 129
M.3.3 Power curve and reference annual energy .................................... 130
M.3.4 Acoustic noise test ....................................................................... 130
M.4 Label layout ................................................................................................... 130
M.5 Reference documents .................................................................................... 130
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 133

Figure 1 – Definition of the system of axes for HAWT ........................................................... 25

Figure 2 – Definition of the system of axes for VAWT ........................................................... 26
Figure 3 – IEC 61400-2 decision path ................................................................................... 28
Figure 4 – Characteristic wind turbulence ............................................................................. 32
Figure 5 – Example of extreme operating gust (N=1, V hub = 25 m/s) .................................... 33
Figure 6 – Example of extreme direction change magnitude (N = 50, D = 5 m, z hub =
20 m) .................................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 7 – Example of extreme direction change transient (N = 50, V hub = 25 m/s) .............. 35
Figure 8 – Extreme coherent gust (V hub = 25 m/s) (ECG) ..................................................... 35
Figure 9 – The direction change for ECD .............................................................................. 36
Figure 10 – Time development of direction change for V hub = 25 m/s ................................... 36
Figure E.1 – Normal and Weibull distribution ........................................................................ 82
Figure E.2 – Typical S-N diagram for fatigue of glass fibre composites (Figure 41 from
reference [E.2]) ..................................................................................................................... 84
Figure E.3 – Typical environmental effects on glass fibre composites (Figure 25 from
reference [E.2]) ..................................................................................................................... 84
Figure E.4 – Fatigue strain diagram for large tow unidirectional 0° carbon fibre/vinyl
ester composites, R = 0,1 and 10 (Figure 107 from reference [E.2]) ...................................... 84
Figure E.5 – S-N curves for fatigue of typical metals ............................................................. 85
Figure E.6 – Fatigue life data for jointed softwood (from reference [E.5]) .............................. 86
Figure E.7 – Typical S-N curve for wood (from reference [E.5]) ............................................. 86
 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

61400-2  IEC:2013 –7–

Figure E.8 – Effect of moisture content on compressive strength of lumber parallel to

grain (Figure 4-13 from reference [E.6]) ................................................................................ 87
Figure E.9 – Effect of moisture content on wood strength properties (Figure 4-11 from
reference [E.6]) ..................................................................................................................... 87
Figure E.10 – Effect of grain angle on mechanical property of clear wood according to
Hankinson-type formula (Figure 4-4 from reference [E.6]) ..................................................... 88
Figure G.1 – Example power degradation plot ..................................................................... 102
Figure G.2 – Example binned sea level normalized power curve ......................................... 103
Figure G.3 – Example scatter plot of measured power and wind speed ............................... 104
Figure G.4 – Example immission noise map ........................................................................ 105
Figure H.1 – Measurement setup of radiated emissions (set up type A) .............................. 107
Figure H.2 – Measurement setup of radiated emissions (set up type B) .............................. 107
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Figure H.3 – Measurement setup of conducted emissions (setup type A) ............................ 108
Figure H.4 – Measurement setup of conducted emissions (setup type B) ............................ 108
Figure I.1 – Example of a Campbell diagram ....................................................................... 111
Figure K.1 – Comparison of predicted and observed extreme winds in a mixed climate
region (after Isihara, T. and Yamaguchi, A.) ........................................................................ 117
Figure K.2 – Tropical cyclone tracks between 1945 and 2006 ............................................. 119
Figure L.1 – Simulation showing inclined flow on a building (courtesy Sander Mertens) ...... 121
Figure L.2 – Example wind flow around a building ............................................................... 122
Figure L.3 – Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 5 m above treetops in a
forest north of Uppsala, Sweden, during Jan-Dec 2009 ....................................................... 123
Figure L.4 – Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 69 m above treetops in
a forest north of Uppsala, Sweden, during 2009 (limited data for high wind speeds) ........... 123
Figure L.5 – Turbulence intensity and wind distribution, 2 m above rooftop in Melville,
Western Australia, during Jan-Feb 2009, reference [L.4] ..................................................... 124
Figure L.6 – Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 5,7 m above a rooftop in
Port Kennedy, Western Australia, during Feb-Mar 2010, reference [L.4] ............................. 124
Figure L.7 – Example extreme direction changes; 1,5 m above a rooftop in Tokyo,
Japan during three months February-May of 2007 (0,5 Hz data, reference [L.5])................. 125
Figure L.8 – Example extreme direction changes; 1,5 m above a rooftop in Tokyo,
Japan during five months September 2010 to February 2011 (1,0 Hz data, reference
[L.5]) ................................................................................................................................... 126
Figure L.9 – Gust factor measurements during storm in Port Kennedy, Western
Australia, during March 2010, measured 5 m above rooftop compared with 10-min
average wind speed ............................................................................................................ 126
Figure M.1 – Sample label in English .................................................................................. 131
Figure M.2 – Sample bilingual label (English/French) .......................................................... 132

Table 1 – Basic parameters for SWT classes ........................................................................ 30

Table 2 – Design load cases for the simplified load calculation method ................................. 42
Table 3 – Force coefficients (C f ) ........................................................................................... 47
Table 4 – Minimum set of design load cases (DLC) for simulation by aero-elastic
models .................................................................................................................................. 48
Table 5 – Equivalent stresses ............................................................................................... 51
Table 6 – Partial safety factors for materials ......................................................................... 52
Table 7 – Partial safety factors for loads ............................................................................... 52
 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

–8– 61400-2  IEC:2013

Table C.1 – Turbulence spectral parameters for Kaimal model .............................................. 76

Table E.1 – Factors for different survival probabilities and variabilities.................................. 82
Table E.2 – Geometric discontinuities ................................................................................... 89
Table G.1 – Example duration test result ............................................................................ 101
Table G.2 – Example calculated annual energy production (AEP) table .............................. 104
Table K.1 – Top five average extreme wind speeds recorded at meteorological stations ..... 115
Table K.2 – Extreme wind speeds recorded at meteorological stations ............................... 116
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 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

61400-2  IEC:2013 –9–

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________

WIND TURBINES –

Part 2: Small wind turbines

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
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Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

International Standard IEC 61400-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 88: Wind
turbines.

This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2006.

This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant
technical changes with respect to the previous edition:

• the title has been modified to better reflect the scope;

• restructured into part I (design evaluation) and part II (type testing) to harmonise use with
IEC 61400-22 conformity testing and certification;
• caution provided regarding the use of simplified equations;
• added annex on other wind conditions;
• added annex on tropical storms;
• added annex on extreme environmental conditions;
 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

– 10 – 61400-2  IEC:2013

• added annex on EMC testing;

• added annex on dynamic behaviour;
• duration testing requirements modified;
• added annex on standardised format consumer label;
• many minor changes and all known errata corrected.

The text of this standard is based on the following documents:

FDIS Report on voting

88/465/FDIS 88/469/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
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voting indicated in the above table.

This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

A list of all parts in the IEC 61400 series, published under the general title Wind turbines, can
be found on the IEC website.

The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be

• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

61400-2  IEC:2013 – 11 –

WIND TURBINES –

Part 2: Small wind turbines

1 Scope

This part of IEC 61400 deals with safety philosophy, quality assurance, and engineering
integrity and specifies requirements for the safety of small wind turbines (SWTs) including
design, installation, maintenance and operation under specified external conditions. Its
purpose is to provide the appropriate level of protection against damage from hazards from
these systems during their planned lifetime.
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This standard is concerned with all subsystems of SWTs such as protection mechanisms,
internal electrical systems, mechanical systems, support structures, foundations and the
electrical interconnection with the load. A small wind turbine system includes the wind turbine
itself including support structures, the turbine controller, the charge controller / inverter (if
required), wiring and disconnects, the installation and operation manual(s) and other
documentation.

While this standard is similar to IEC 61400-1, it does simplify and make significant changes in
order to be applicable to small wind turbines. Any of the requirements of this standard may be
altered if it can be suitably demonstrated that the safety of the turbine system is not
compromised. This provision, however, does not apply to the classification and the associated
definitions of external conditions in Clause 6. Compliance with this standard does not relieve
any person, organisation, or corporation from the responsibility of observing other applicable
regulations.

This standard applies to wind turbines with a rotor swept area smaller than or equal to
200 m 2 , generating electricity at a voltage below 1 000 V a.c. or 1 500 V d.c. for both on-grid
and off-grid applications.

This standard should be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards (see
Clause 2).

2 Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.

IEC 60038:2009, IEC standard voltages

IEC 60204-1:2005, Safety of machinery – Electrical equipment of machines – Part 1: General

requirements

IEC 60364-5-54, Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 5-54: Selection and erection of
electrical equipment – Earthing arrangements and protective conductors

IEC 60721-2-1, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 2-1: Environmental

conditions appearing in nature – Temperature and humidity

IEC 61400-11, Wind turbines – Part 11: Acoustic noise measurement techniques
 I.S. EN 61400-2:2014

– 12 – 61400-2  IEC:2013

IEC 61400-12-1:2005, Wind turbines – Part 12-1: Power performance measurements of

electricity producing wind turbines

IEC/TS 61400-13, Wind turbine generator systems – Part 13: Measurement of mechanical
loads

IEC 61400-14:2005, Wind turbines – Part 14: Declaration of apparent sound power level and
tonality values

IEC/TS 61400-23:2001, Wind turbine generator systems – Part 23: Full-scale structural
testing of rotor blades

IEC 61643-11:2011, Low-voltage surge protective devices – Part 11: Surge protective devices
connected to low-voltage power distribution systems – Requirements and test methods
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ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories

ISO 2394:1998, General principles on reliability for structures

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1
annual average
mean value of a set of measured data of sufficient size and duration to serve as an estimate
of the expected value of the quantity

Note 1 to entry: The averaging time interval shall be an integer number of years to average out non-stationary
effects such as seasonality.

3.2
annual average wind speed
V ave
wind speed averaged according to the definition of annual average

3.3
auto-reclosing cycles
event with a time period, varying from approximately 0,01 s to a few seconds, during which a
breaker released after a grid fault is automatically reclosed and the line is reconnected to the
network

3.4
brake
device capable of reducing the rotor speed or stopping rotation of a wind turbine system

3.5
catastrophic failure
disintegration or collapse of a component or structure, that results in loss of vital function
which impairs safety of a wind turbine system

3.6
characteristic value
value (of a material property) having a prescribed probability of not being attained in a
hypothetical unlimited test series
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