6.) Introduction

INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
People from the ancient times used plants as medicines (Parra et al, 2001). Numerous of
nowadays drugs have been consequential from plant resources. Factually and historically, medicinal
plants provided a foundation of stimulation for novel therapeutic drugs (Olowa and Nu ñeza, 2013),
whether in the modest form of raw plant constituents or in the refined form of crude extracts, mixtures,
etc. (i.e. latest approximations submit that several thousands of plants have been known with therapeutic
applications in different civilization) (Farnsworth, 1991) as plant consequential medicine succeeded a
great impact to the health and well-being of humans. According to Patil (2013), medicinal plants have
expected a larger significance in modern times; due to its remarkable possibility they proffer in
formulating novel drugs against various diseases and illness that affects human kind. The succeeded use
contributes a remarkable importance, because plants provide drugs to broaden the therapeutic arsenal
(Jaramillo, 1989).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2007), 70-80% of the world’s population
relies on unconventional medicines, mostly in plants bases either in part or entirely for their primary
health care. They are recognized for their capability to yield wealth secondary processes of metabolism,
several of these natural products have been made known to present remarkable biological and
pharmacological actions that would serve as the preparatory idea in the improvement of present medi-
cines (Abubakar et al., 2010).
In acknowledgment, the Traditional Medicine Program in 1992, Department of Health (DOH)
launched the profound accommodated practice of traditional medicine as an alternative modality for
handling and averts diseases in the Philippines. The program was set to uphold and advocate traditional
treatment in the Philippines (Comidoy, 2014). There are numerous therapeutic plants in the Philippines
and there are possibly a great deal more with properties that produce a physiological activities on the
human kind as yet undiscovered scientifically (Jose et al., 2015).
Furthermore, Selected of the customary medicine encompasses the use of crude plant extract
which may hold a widespread diversity of molecules, often with indefinite biological effects. A general
bioassay that seems capable of identifying an extensive spectrum of bioactivity present implant crude
extracts is the Brine Shrimp (A salina.) Lethality Assay (BSLA) (Pisutthanan et at., 2004). BSLA is used
as an indicator for general toxicity and also as a guide for the detection of antitumor and pesticidal
compounds (Meyer et al., 1982). The low cost and ease of performing the assay and the commercial
availability of inexpensive brine shrimp eggs makes BSLA a very useful bench top method (McLaughlin
et al., 1991).This assay has been noted as a useful tool for the isolation of bioactive compounds from
plant extracts (Sam, 1993).
The Pipinong-gubat (M. Pendula) has a long history of use in traditional medicine. The ripe fruit
of Pipinong-gubat is observed and considered as purgative and may cause diarrheal due to its toxicity
effect (Stuart, 2018) and M. pendula mentioned as a wild species of the Cucurbitaceae family in Mexico
that continues without being studied to its full extend. (Lira et al., 1998). Even today not many locals
rely on the administration of plant-derived preparations for the treatment of diversity of ailments. M.
Pendula has been used by folk healer in South America in Surimane, Brazila and Mexico. Surinam in
South America used the infusion of tendrils as a tea or drinks for children’s stomach ache, and also in
Brazil, black ripened fruit accounts as a greatly drastic purgative (Stuart,2018). Moreover, its fruits may
be potential source of nutrients and antioxidants (Basak et al., 2013). Considering that a major challenge
today is the discovery of plants with promising activities, we applied the brine shrimp test (BST) for
general toxicological property screening of the extracts of the plant. Though, utmost of the accessible
information concerning the therapeutic potential of this plant is not provided with credible scientific
data. And according to In addition for this reason, we, the researchers, aimed to conduct a research study
which determines the toxicity of Pipinong-gubat (M. Pendula).
Objective of the Study
Generally, this study aimed to assess the toxicological properties of Pipinong-Gubat (Melothria
Pendula) in Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay.
Specifically, this study aims to:
1. Evaluate the Phytochemical Components of Pipinong-gubat (M. Pendula);
2. Determine the mortality of Brine Shrimp (A. salina)Lethality Assay (LC50) against
Pipinong-gubat Ethanolic Fruit Extract; and
3. Determine the toxicological properties of Pipinong-gubat Ethanolic Fruit Extract against
Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina)Lethality Assay (LC50).
Significance of the Study
World Health Organization (WHO, 2002), stated that 75-80% of the world’s population relies on
plants either in part or entirely for their primary health care. Toxicity testing is the determination of
potential hazards a test substance may likely produced and the characterization of its action, most of the
toxicity testing is carried out on experimental animals (Cunny, 2001). Yet, Toxicity testing is vital in the
screening of newly developed medicines beforehand it can be used on humans and not just to check the
effect of the test substance is but to distinguish the potential toxic effect it can produce (Arome and
Chinedu, 2014). Later, the researchers want to study the feasible toxicological property of a plant.
Pipinong-gubat (the ripped fruit) is observed and considered as purgative and may cause
diarrheal due to its toxicity effect (Stuart, 2018). And M. pendula mentioned as a wild species of the
Cucurbitaceae family in Mexico that continues without being studied to its full extend. (Lira et al.,
1998).
In search for solutions, researchers will focus on the toxicity and analysis of the natural
compounds present in Pipinong-gubat (M. pendula). This plant can be used as an alternative
constituents of drugs from which the plant-based drug discovery resulted mainly in the development of
determining of probable medicinal value that may lead to cure diseases and illness.
Moreover, this plant will be beneficial to the community where the plant is to be found (i.e.
commonly in sandy roadsides and almost in any fence).
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study will be used Pipinong-gubat (M. pendula). The samples will be crushed and extracted
using ethanol. The plant extract will be subjected to analysis of Phytochemical components. Ethanol will
be used as solvent to determine the toxicity of plant materials in Brine Shrimp (A. salina) Lethality
Assay. The result of the test will observe for 2, 4 , 6, 12, and 24 hours.

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INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

applications in different civilization) (Farnsworth, 1991) as plant consequential medicine succeeded a

cines (Abubakar et al., 2010).

In acknowledgment, the Traditional Medicine Program in 1992, Department of Health (DOH)

human kind as yet undiscovered scientifically (Jose et al., 2015).

plant extracts (Sam, 1993).

which determines the toxicity of Pipinong-gubat (M. Pendula).

Objective of the Study

Pendula) in Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay.

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Evaluate the Phytochemical Components of Pipinong-gubat (M. Pendula);

Pipinong-gubat Ethanolic Fruit Extract; and

3. Determine the toxicological properties of Pipinong-gubat Ethanolic Fruit Extract against

Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina)Lethality Assay (LC50).

Significance of the Study

commonly in sandy roadsides and almost in any fence).

Scope and Limitation of the Study

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