Introduction To Logic Test Paper
Introduction To Logic Test Paper
Introduction To Logic Test Paper
Practice Tests
ELEVENTH EDITION
PATRICK HURLEY
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Prepared by
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Patrick Hurley
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
PREFACE
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cise Introduction to Logic may use in preparation for in-class
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tests. The tests cover Chapters 1–8, and, except for the natural
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deduction problems in Tests 7 and 8, they are in multiple choice
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format. Also, the tests tend to be quite comprehensive, so students
who do well on these tests can be reasonably assured that they
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CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Test 1
Chapter 2 Test 15
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Chapter 3 Test 23
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Chapter 4 Test 33
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Chapter 5 Test 45
Chapter 6 Test 55
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Chapter 7 Test 65
Chapter 8 Test 71
Test Answers 77
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Test 1
Chapter 1 Test
(Each question is worth 2 points)
1. Almost all terrestrial species spend their entire lives within a narrow zone
that extends from a few tens of meters above the tops of the trees to a few
meters below Earth’s surface. Therefore, terrestrial organisms are relatively
easy to study, as they are readily accessible and visible to the scientist. In
contrast, ocean life is present throughout the depth of the ocean waters, and
for several meters, or more, into the sediment.
(Douglas A Segar, Introduction to Ocean Sciences)
a. Argument; conclusion: They are readily accessible…scientist.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Almost all terrestrial species…surface.
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c. Argument; conclusion: In contrast, ocean life…the sediment.
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d. Argument; conclusion: Terrestrial organisms are relatively easy to study.
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e. Nonargument.
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Test 1
3. The structure and function of the parts of the human body are closely
related. For example, the bones of the skull join tightly together to form a
rigid case that protects the brain. The bones of the fingers are more loosely
joined to allow a variety of movements. The walls of the air sacs in the lungs
are very thin, permitting rapid movement of inhaled oxygen into the blood.
The lining of the urinary bladder is much thicker to prevent the escape of
urine into the pelvic cavity.
(Gerard J. Tortora et al., Principles of Anatomy and Physiology)
a. Argument; conclusion: The structure and function…related.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: The bones of the skull…the brain.
d. Argument; conclusion: The lining of the urinary…pelvic cavity.
e. Argument; conclusion: The bones of the fingers…movements.
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4. Science and technology are different. Science is a method of answering
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theoretical questions; technology is a method of solving practical prob-
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lems. Science has to do with discovering facts and relationships between
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observable phenomena in nature and with establishing theories that
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organize and make sense of these facts and relationships. Technology has
to do with tools, techniques, and procedures for putting the findings of
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science to use.
(Paul G. Hewitt, Conceptual Physics, 11th ed.)
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a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: Science is a method…problems.
c. Argument; conclusion: Science and technology are different.
d. Argument; conclusion: Technology has to do…science to use.
e. Argument; conclusion: Science has to do…relationships.
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5. Chopping onions makes you cry because when you cut into an onion
you break its cells. This releases sulfenic acids, which lead to the pro-
duction of a powerful gas called propanethiol sulfur oxide. When this
gas reaches your eyes, it reacts with the water in your tears to produce
sulfuric acid.
(Anne Marie Helmenstine, About Chemistry)
a. Argument; conclusion: This releases sulfenic…sulfur oxide.
b. Argument; conclusion: Chopping onions makes you cry.
c. Argument; conclusion: When this gas reaches…sulfuric acid.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: When you cut into an onion you break its cells.
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Test 1
6. Cobalt and nickel are constituents of many alloys. Together, they are used
in alnico alloys, which also contain aluminum and iron and which are used
to make powerful magnets. Cobalt is added to tungsten steels and other
steels designed to be highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion. Nickel is a
constituent of stainless steel and a number of other alloy steels that are both
tough and ductile.
(Robert S. Boikess and Edward Edelson, Chemical Principles)
a. Argument; conclusion: Nickel is a constituent…ductile.
b. Argument; conclusion: Cobalt and nickel… many alloys.
c. Argument; conclusion: Cobalt is added…corrosion.
d. Argument; conclusion: Together, they are used…magnets.
e. Nonargument.
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organize and describe the properties of nature. Because this is an infinitely
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vast subject, science is subdivided into various disciplines, such as chemis-
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try, biology, geology, and physics. Chemistry is the branch of science that
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studies the properties and interactions of matter.
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(John Olmsted III and Gregory M. Williams,
Chemistry: The Molecular Science, 2nd ed.)
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c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: Science is subdivided…and physics.
e. Argument; conclusion: Science, in the broadest sense…nature.
human equality is not a basic principle of this school, its adherents believe
that people should be given an equal opportunity to succeed (or fail) in the
economic system. Capitalism makes this possible, they argue, because it is
based on competition among individuals, rewarding those who function best
in the system.
(Leon P. Baradat, Political Ideologies, 2nd ed.)
a. Argument; conclusion: Although human equality…system.
b. Argument; conclusion: Capitalism makes this possible.
c. Argument; conclusion: It is based on competition…the system.
d. Argument; conclusion: Conservative democrats favor…system.
e. Nonargument.
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Test 1
10. Most living organisms are single cells. Others, such as ourselves, are vast mul-
ticellular cities in which groups of cells perform specialized functions and are
linked by intricate systems of communication. But in all cases, the whole organ-
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ism has been generated by cell divisions from a single cell. The single cell,
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therefore, is the vehicle for the hereditary information that defines the species.
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(Bruce Alberts and Alexander Johnson, Molecular Biology of the Cell)
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a. Argument; conclusion: The single cell…defines the species.
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b. Argument; conclusion: But in all cases…from a single cell.
c. Argument; conclusion: Others…systems of communication.
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11. Traditionally patients have been viewed as ignorant about medical matters,
fearful about being sick, and childlike by virtue of their illness. They are
ill-equipped to sort out what is in their best medical interest and prone to
make decisions detrimental to their welfare. Thus physicians have asserted
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that it makes little sense to consult patients on treatment options; far better
to interact with them as beloved children and decide for them.
(Jay Katz, “Informed Consent in the Therapeutic Relationship:
Law and Ethics”)
a. Argument; conclusion: Traditionally patients…their illness.
b. Argument; conclusion: Physicians have asserted…options.
c. Argument; conclusion: They are ill-equipped…to their welfare.
d. Argument; conclusion: Far better to interact…decide for them.
e. Nonargument.
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Test 1
12. Antimaterialists tend to deride the importance of “things.” Yet, things are
highly significant, not merely because of their functional utility but also
because of their psychological impact. We develop relationships with things.
Things affect our sense of continuity or discontinuity. They play a role in
the structure of situations, and the foreshortening of our relationships with
things accelerates the pace of life.
(Alvin Toffler, Future Shock)
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: We develop relationships with things.
c. Argument; conclusion: Antimaterialists tend to…“things.”
d. Argument; conclusion: Yet things are highly significant.
e. Argument; conclusion: They play a role…the pace of life.
13. The common law came to America with the first English settlers. It was applied
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by courts during the colonial period and continued to be applied after the Revo-
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lution and the adoption of the Constitution. It still governs many cases today. For
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example, the rules of tort, contract, and agency are mainly common law rules.
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(Jane P. Mallor, et al, Business Law, 12th ed.)
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a. Argument; conclusion: It was applied…the Constitution.
b. Nonargument.
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few days or even hours. Before satellites, such temporal changes could be
observed only at fixed locations or within small regions.
(Douglas A Segar, Introduction to Ocean Sciences)
a. Argument; conclusion: Satellite observations . . . marine sciences.
b. Argument; conclusion: Large areas of the oceans . . . even hours.
c. Argument; conclusion: From a satellite . . . in just a few days.
d. Argument; conclusion: Before satellites . . . within small regions.
e. Nonargument.
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Test 1
15. If doctors are right that lifestyle is largely responsible for the increased
incidence of diabetes, osteoporosis, heart disease, and strokes, then a mere
change in lifestyle would reduce the incidence of these diseases, it would
bring the cost of healthcare under control, and universal healthcare would
not bankrupt the federal treasury as it currently threatens to do.
a. Argument; conclusion: A mere change…these diseases.
b. Argument; conclusion: Doctors are right…and strokes.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: Universal healthcare . . . threatens to do.
e. Argument; conclusion: It would bring . . . under control.
16. Erik Erikson wrote that human life as the individual experiences it is
produced by the interaction and modification of three major systems: the
biological system, the psychological system, and the social system. Each
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system can be examined for patterns of continuity and change over the life
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course. Each system can be modified by self-guided choices. The integra-
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tion of the biological, psychological, and social systems leads to a complex,
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dynamic portrait of human thought and behavior.
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(Barbara M. Newman et al., Development Through Life)
a. Argument; conclusion: Erik Erikson . . . and the social system.
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17. Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of chemistry. Tiny as they
are, atoms nonetheless have internal structures. Furthermore, the internal
structure of atoms of a particular chemical element differs from that of atoms
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of every other element. These differences in structure are what make the
chemistry of one element different from that of another. Thus the rich diver-
sity of chemical behavior can be traced to the internal structure of atoms.
(John Olmsted, et al., Chemistry: The Molecular Science, 2nd ed.)
a. Argument; conclusion: Tiny as they are . . . internal structures.
b. Argument; conclusion: These differences . . . that of another.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: The rich diversity . . . structure of atoms.
e. Argument; conclusion: Atoms are the . . . blocks of chemistry.
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Test 1
II. The following selections relate to identifying and evaluating deductive and
inductive arguments. Select the best answer for each.
18. The headline of today’s National Times reported the eruption of a volcano
in Indonesia. Since the Times is a highly respected newspaper, we may
conclude that a volcano did indeed erupt in Indonesia.
a. Deductive, invalid.
b. Deductive, valid.
c. Deductive, cogent.
d. Inductive, strong.
e. Inductive, weak.
19. Figures A and B are both squares and the side of A is exactly twice as long
as the side of B. Therefore, the area of A is exactly twice that of B.
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a. Inductive, weak.
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b. Inductive, strong.
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c. Deductive, invalid.
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d. Deductive, valid.
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e. Inductive, sound.
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20. Linda Evans, who was an eye witness to the accident, said that the driver of
the Honda ran a red light when he struck the Ford. Since Linda has a reputa-
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tion for telling the truth and has nothing to gain by lying, we may conclude
that the driver of the Honda did indeed run a red light when he struck the Ford.
a. Inductive, strong.
b. Deductive, valid.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Deductive, sound.
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e. Inductive, weak.
21. Without anyone touching it, the large picture hanging on the living room
wall fell to the floor and broke. This happening proves that evil spirits do
indeed exist.
a. Deductive, invalid.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, unsound.
d. Deductive, valid.
e. Inductive, strong.
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Test 1
22. More girls than boys entered their pets in the children’s pet show. Since
every girl entered only a cat and every boy entered only a dog, it follows that
there were more cats than dogs in the show.
a. Inductive, weak.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Inductive, sound.
e. Deductive, valid.
23. The loin of swordfish at the exclusive Star of the Sea restaurant was posi-
tively wonderful last night. Therefore, it’s a good bet that the same item,
which appears on tonight’s menu, is positively wonderful.
a. Inductive, weak.
b. Deductive, valid.
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c. Inductive, strong.
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d. Deductive, invalid.
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e. Deductive, sound.
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24. The water in container A is 50°F and the water in container B is 50°F.
Therefore, since 50 + 50 = 100, if the water in these containers were mixed
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b. Deductive, invalid.
c. Deductive, valid.
d. Deductive, cogent.
e. Inductive, strong.
25. Fred is liked by literally everyone in his art class. Therefore, since Fred is in
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Test 1
26. Professor Smith has two students from Belgium who did extremely well
in her calculus class. It must be the case that all students from Belgium are
good at math.
a. Deductive, valid.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Deductive, unsound.
e. Inductive, weak.
27. Some artichokes are pineapples and all pineapples are vegetables. Therefore,
some artichokes are vegetables.
a. Inductive, strong.
b. Deductive, invalid.
c. Deductive, valid.
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d. Inductive, sound.
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e. Inductive, weak.
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28. Kathy has the same blood type and hair color as Martina. Furthermore,
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Kathy has a sparkling personality. It must be the case that Martina also has a
sparkling personality.
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a. Deductive, unsound.
b. Deductive, invalid.
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c. Inductive, weak.
d. Inductive, strong.
e. Deductive, valid.
29. Since this cereal box is twice as high as that one, it follows with certainty
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Test 1
30. When Tom drove his car out of the driveway this morning, there were oil
stains on the pavement. These stains were not there when he drove the car in
the night before. We conclude that Tom’s car is leaking oil.
a. Inductive, strong.
b. Deductive, invalid.
c. Deductive, valid.
d. Inductive, cogent.
e. Inductive, weak.
31. The last two businesses that Hank Foster started went bankrupt. Now he’s
starting a third business. Surely this one will succeed. After all, you know
the saying “the third time’s the charm.”
a. Deductive, valid.
b. Inductive, weak.
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c. Deductive, invalid.
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d. Inductive, strong.
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e. Deductive, unsound.
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32. Since a is greater than b, and c is greater than d, it follows that a + c is
greater than b + d (a, b, c, d = real numbers).
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a. Inductive, strong.
b. Deductive, sound.
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c. Inductive, weak.
d. Deductive, invalid.
e. Deductive, valid.
33. The 1500-pound dinosaur known as Utahraptor must have been a ferocious
killing machine. Each of its feet had a foot-long sickle-shaped claw, and
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each of its powerful arms terminated in three ten-inch claws. The Utahraptor
could grasp its prey with its arms while delivering fatal kicks with its feet.
a. Deductive, sound.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Deductive, valid.
e. Deductive, cogent.
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Test 1
34. Either Albany is the capital of New York or it is the capital of Pennsylvania.
But Albany is not the capital of New York. Therefore, Albany is the capital
of Pennsylvania.
a. Inductive, weak.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Deductive, valid.
d. Deductive, sound.
e. Deductive, cogent.
35. No bank tellers are investigators since all auditors are investigators and no
auditors are bank tellers.
This argument is correctly symbolized as follows:
a. b. c. d. e.
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No B are I. All A are I. All A are I. No A are B. No B are I.
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No B are I.
No A are B. __________
__________
y __________ No B are I. __________
No A are B. __________ All A are I.
All A are I. No A are B. No B are I. All A are I. No A are B.
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36. Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
a. A = fish; B = animals; I = dogs.
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37. If the show is good, then the director will be pleased. Thus, if the show is
good, then the audience will applaud, because if the audience applauds, then
the director will be pleased.
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a. b. c. d. e.
If S, then D. If S, than A. If S, then D. If S, then A. A are D.
If A, then D.
___________ If S, then D.
___________ If S, then A.
___________ If A, then D.
___________ S are D.
_______
If S, then A. If A, then D. If A, then D. If S, then D. S are A.
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Test 1
39. All movie stars are celebrities, since all movie stars who are teen idols are
celebrities.
a. b. c.
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If M, then T.
___________ All M are C.
___________________ All M are T.
___________
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If M, then C. All M who are T are C. All M are C.
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d. e.
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All M who are T are C.
___________________ All M are C.
___________
All M are C. All M are T.
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IV. Select the correct answer for the following multiple choice questions.
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Test 1
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44. The word “because” often occurs in:
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a. Commands. y
b. Illustrations.
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c. Exhortations.
d. Explanations.
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e. Conditional statements.
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Test 1
47. Which of the following is a sufficient condition for winning a bicycle race?
a. Having a bicycle that is more aerodynamic than any of the others.
b. Avoiding a flat tire.
c. Getting off the starting line ahead of the other racers.
d. Staying alive during the race.
e. Crossing the finish line one minute before the other racers.
49. If a deductive argument has true premises and a false conclusion, then
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we know it is:
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a. Uncogent. y
b. Strong.
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c. Valid.
d. Invalid.
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e. Weak.
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50. If a deductive argument has true premises and a true conclusion, then
we know:
a. Nothing, as such, about its validity.
b. It is sound.
c. It is cogent.
d. It is strong.
C
e. It is valid.
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Test 2
Chapter 2 Test
(Each question is worth 2½ points)
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b. Emotive meaning.
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c. Vague meaning.
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d. Extensional meaning.
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e. Ambiguous meaning.
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3. Which of the following statements makes a value claim?
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Test 2
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c. Theoretical.
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d. Verbal.
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e. Ambiguous.
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8. Which of the following words or groups of words is not a term?
a. Thomas Jefferson.
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d. Consistency.
e. He who hesitates.
10. Which of the following are all denoted by the term “scientist”?
a. Laboratory, experiment, theory.
b. Einstein, Newton, Galileo.
c. Analytical, intelligent, systematic.
d. Atom, electron, molecule.
e. Einstein, intelligent, theory.
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Test 2
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e. Fish, tuna, ocean fish, albacore.
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13. Which of the following terms has empty extension?
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a. King of the United States.
b. Tallest mountain on Mars.
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c. Technicality.
d. Intelligence.
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e. Space.
d. Meaning.
e. Connotation.
15. Which of the following pairs of terms have the same extension?
a. Horse, dog.
b. Unicorn, elephant.
c. George Washington, Abraham Lincoln.
d. Werewolf, square circle.
e. Table, chair.
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Test 2
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white parents to send their children to inferior schools” is an example of a:
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a. Lexical definition. y
b. Persuasive definition.
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c. Precising definition.
d. Theoretical definition.
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e. Stipulative definition.
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19. The definition “ ‘Rare,’ in connection with roast beef, means cooked to a
temperature of 140°F” is an example of a:
a. Precising definition.
b. Stipulative definition.
c. Lexical definition.
d. Persuasive definition.
C
e. Theoretical definition.
20. The definition “ ‘Elephino’ means the offspring of a male elephant and a
female rhinoceros” is an example of a:
a. Lexical definition.
b. Theoretical definition.
c. Persuasive definition.
d. Precising definition.
e. Stipulative definition.
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Test 2
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e. Enumerative definition.
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23. In the definition “ ‘Brawl’ means quarrel,” the term “Brawl” is the:
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a. Genus.
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b. Difference.
c. Definiendum.
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d. Species.
e. Definiens.
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24. The definition “ ‘consequent’ is derived from the Latin word consequi,
which means ‘to follow’ ” is an example of:
a. An etymological definition.
b. A precising definition.
c. A lexical definition.
C
d. A theoretical definition.
e. A stipulative definition.
25. In the definition “ ‘Icon’ means a sacred image,” the word “sacred” is the:
a. Definiendum.
b. Difference.
c. Genus.
d. Explanandum.
e. Species.
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Test 2
27. The definition “ ‘Singer’ means someone such as Britney Spears, Janet Jack-
son, and Bruce Springsteen” is an example of:
a. A synonymous definition.
b. A demonstrative (ostensive) definition.
c. A definition by subclass.
d. A definition by genus and difference.
e. An enumerative definition.
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28. The definition “ ‘Chamber’ means room” is an example of:
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a. An extensional definition.y
b. A synonymous definition.
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c. An operational definition.
d. A definition by genus and difference.
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e. An enumerative definition.
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29. The definition “ ‘Fruit’ means a peach, pear, apple, and so on” is an example
of:
a. A definition by subclass.
b. A demonstrative (ostensive) definition.
c. An enumerative definition.
d. An operational definition.
C
30. In the definition “ ‘Cistern’ means a large vessel for storing water,” the term
“Cistern” is the:
a. Definiens.
b. Genus.
c. Difference.
d. Species.
e. Intension.
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Test 2
31. In the definition “ ‘Giraffe’ means a mammal having a very long neck,” the
word “mammal” is the:
a. Species.
b. Antecedent.
c. Genus.
d. Difference.
e. Definiendum.
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33. The kind of definition that assigns a meaning to a term by indicating the
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members of the class that the term denotes is:
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a. An intensional definition.
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b. An operational definition.
c. A definition by genus and difference.
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d. A theoretical definition.
e. An extensional definition.
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c. An enumerative definition.
d. A synonymous definition.
e. A demonstrative (ostensive) definition.
35. The definition “ ‘Automobile’ means that and that and that” (as you point to
a number of automobiles) is an example of:
a. An enumerative definition.
b. A definition by subclass.
c. A demonstrative (ostensive) definition.
d. A definition by genus and difference.
e. An operational definition.
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Test 2
37. Will Rogers’ definition “A professional athlete is someone who earned all he
could in college as an amateur” is primarily:
a. Obscure.
b. Negative.
c. Affective.
d. Ambiguous.
e. Vague.
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38. The definition “A moose is a large animal with horns” is primarily:
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a. Figurative. y
b. Too narrow.
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c. Too broad.
d. Ambiguous.
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e. Circular.
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39. The definition “ ‘Efficient’ means the condition of not being inefficient” is
primarily:
a. Too narrow.
b. Too broad.
c. Ambiguous.
d. Negative.
C
e. Obscure.
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Test 3
Chapter 3 Test
(Each question is worth 2½ points)
2. Ginger, I read the paper you plan to submit for English Comp, and I noticed
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a few paragraphs that didn’t appear to be written by you. Tell me, how long
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have you been plagiarizing your term papers?
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a. Complex question.
y
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b. Straw man.
c. No fallacy.
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d. Appeal to pity.
e. Begging the question.
en Pr
3. It’s perfectly legal to hire a grown adult to perform menial work in a factory.
But a ten-year-old kid is no less a human than an adult. Therefore, it’s legal
to hire a ten-year-old kid to perform menial work in a factory.
a. Suppressed evidence.
b. Weak analogy.
C
c. False cause.
d. Hasty generalization
e. Composition.
4. Advertisements claim that the new Pride detergent gets your clothes whiter
and brighter than any other brand. Since no one has disproved this claim, we
must conclude that it is true.
a. Appeal to unqualified authority.
b. Accident.
c. Amphiboly.
d. Division.
e. Appeal to ignorance.
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Test 3
5. Both wolves and hyenas are cunning and dangerous. Therefore, wolves are
cunning.
a. Composition.
b. Begging the question.
c. No fallacy.
d. Equivocation.
e. Division.
6. Paul told me that he loves his children more than his wife. It must be the
case that his wife doesn’t like the kids.
a. Appeal to unqualified authority.
b. Amphiboly.
c. False dichotomy.
d. Argument against the person, circumstantial.
e. Tu quoque.
ng
ar f
Le o
7. Strenuous exercise is good for people. Therefore, it would be a good idea for
ni
old Mrs. Bevans, who just had a heart attack, to go jogging today.
y
a. Accident.
ge ert
b. Weak analogy.
c. Suppressed evidence.
ga op
a. Hasty generalization.
b. False cause.
c. Equivocation.
d. Slippery slope.
e. Tu quoque.
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Test 3
9. Senator Collins supports the proposal for the new B-2 bomber. But his argu-
ments in favor of this project should be discounted, since the primary bidder
on the B-2 bomber comes from the state he represents.
a. No fallacy.
b. Argument against the person, circumstantial.
c. Suppressed evidence.
d. Red herring.
e. Argument against the person, abusive.
ng
d. Hasty generalization.
ar f
e. Division.
Le o
ni
y
11. As a spokesman for the IRS, I would urge that you stop informing taxpayers
ge ert
of these loopholes we have been discussing. I am confident you will be
happy to comply, since surely you want to avoid an audit of your last year’s
ga op
return.
a. Accident.
en Pr
12. Surely God does not exist. Just look at all the suffering in the world.
C
a. Accident.
b. Argument against the person, circumstantial.
c. Missing the point.
d. False dichotomy.
e. Appeal to pity.
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Test 3
13. Either the United States continues to serve as the world’s police force or
local squabbles will result in global chaos. Of course, we cannot tolerate
global chaos. Therefore, the United States must continue to serve as the
world’s police force.
a. False dichotomy.
b. False cause.
c. No fallacy.
d. Amphiboly.
e. Tu quoque.
14. A recent study has shown that among the youth of our city, 80 percent of
those who contracted venereal disease last year had taken sex education
classes in high school. Obviously if we want to cut down on the incidence of
VD, we must get rid of those sex education classes.
ng
a. Red herring.
ar f
b. No fallacy.
Le o
ni
c. False dichotomy.
y
d. Missing the point.
ge ert
e. Argument against the person, abusive.
ga op
15. Economist Milton Friedman argues that corporations should not have to pay
income taxes. But this argument is worthless. Corporations in America are
en Pr
getting away with murder as it is. Consider the utilities. Those companies
are supposed to be regulated by state commissioners, but the commissioners
never do their job. They give the utilities whatever they want. If the members
of the Public Utilities Commission were elected by the people, we wouldn’t
have such astronomical rates.
a. Appeal to force.
C
b. Red herring.
c. Complex question.
d. Tu quoque.
e. Straw man.
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Test 3
16. It would not be a good idea to appoint Frances McGill to the office of city
manager. During the past fifteen years, McGill has managed five different
businesses, and all of them declared bankruptcy as a direct result of her inept
leadership.
a. Argument against the person, abusive.
b. False cause.
c. No fallacy.
d. Hasty generalization.
e. Argument against the person, circumstantial.
17. Every tiny detail of Robert’s painting is beautiful. Therefore, Robert’s paint-
ing is beautiful.
a. Division.
b. Appeal to unqualified authority.
ng
c. No fallacy.
ar f
d. Composition.
Le o
ni
e. Appeal to force.
y
ge ert
18. Actors are persons and Jennifer is a great actor. Thus, she must be a great
person.
ga op
a. Equivocation.
b. Red herring.
en Pr
c. Accident.
d. Amphiboly.
e. False dichotomy.
19. Either Cadillacs or Hondas are made in Japan. But Cadillacs are not made in
Japan. Therefore, Hondas are made in Japan.
C
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Test 3
20. Mr. Referee, surely our team was not offside on that last play. Our team
has already had ten penalties this quarter, we’re trailing by three touch-
downs, and several of our parents traveled hundreds of miles to see this
game.
a. Appeal to pity.
b. Straw man.
c. Missing the point.
d. Appeal to force.
e. Slippery slope.
21. You argue that I should cut down on my drinking. But you drink much more
heavily than I. You haven’t been sober in a year.
a. Argument against the person, abusive.
b. No fallacy.
ng
c. Tu quoque.
ar f
d. Appeal to force.
Le o
ni
e. Appeal to pity.
y
ge ert
22. You’ve got to get rid of those narrow neckties you wear. Narrow ties are
completely out of fashion now, and no one with any class is wearing them.
ga op
a. Suppressed evidence.
b. Appeal to the people.
en Pr
c. No fallacy.
d. Appeal to force.
e. Argument against the person, circumstantial.
23. Professor Howard Brastoff, the famous astrophysicist, has stated that
the so-called Jupiter Effect, the alignment of the nine planets in the solar
C
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Test 3
24. George and Tom are both neurotic and both are seeing psychiatrists. Further-
more, both are bachelors. It must be the case that most bachelors these days
are neurotic.
a. Weak analogy.
b. Complex question.
c. Hasty generalization.
d. Begging the question.
e. Appeal to pity.
25. Ms. Belford thinks that Robert Crenshaw is one of the finest pianists in the
country. But no one with an ounce of sense should take Belford’s arguments
seriously. That woman has no musical taste whatever, and some of her recent
reviews in the local paper have been utterly ridiculous.
a. Weak analogy.
ng
b. Argument against the person, circumstantial.
ar f
c. Appeal to unqualified authority.
Le o
ni
d. Division.
y
e. Argument against the person, abusive.
ge ert
26. Participants in the recent charity benefit contributed $10,000 to the needy
ga op
a. Division.
b. Appeal to ignorance.
c. Accident.
d. Equivocation.
e. Composition.
C
27. Charlie’s computer has crashed twice in the past month, even though it’s
practically new. Therefore, Charlie should open the window and throw the
computer out onto the street.
a. Division.
b. Argument against the person, abusive.
c. Appeal to force.
d. Accident.
e. Missing the point.
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Test 3
28. Smith testified under oath that he saw Faubus shoot Gomez with a
.22 caliber pistol at close range. Since Smith has a reputation for always
telling the truth and has no personal interest in the case, we may conclude
that Faubus really did shoot Gomez as Smith testified.
a. Appeal to unqualified authority.
b. No fallacy.
c. Suppressed evidence.
d. Tu quoque.
e. Appeal to pity.
29. During most of the past 100 years, watch repairmen have earned a good
living. Therefore, watch repairmen should earn a good living during the
next 100 years.
a. Straw man.
ng
b. Division.
ar f
c. Suppressed evidence.
Le o
ni
d. Hasty generalization.
y
e. Appeal to ignorance.
ge ert
30. The use of contraceptives is immoral because anything that violates nature is
ga op
immoral.
a. Equivocation.
en Pr
b. Hasty generalization.
c. Composition.
d. Begging the question.
e. Accident.
31. After John returned from work the other day, he switched on his air condi-
C
tioner, and a few seconds later a power failure struck the city. Therefore, to
prevent further power failures, John should keep his air conditioner shut off.
a. False cause.
b. Appeal to unqualified authority.
c. Missing the point.
d. No fallacy.
e. Division.
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Test 3
32. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas. Therefore, its two components, carbon
and oxygen, must be poisonous.
a. Missing the point.
b. Division.
c. Begging the question.
d. Accident.
e. Weak analogy.
Select the best answer for the following multiple choice questions.
33. The post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy is a variety of:
a. False cause.
b. Appeal to authority.
c. Red herring.
d. Straw man.
ng
e. Composition.
ar f
Le o
ni
34. In which of the following statements is an attribute predicated collectively?
y
a. Elephants are large.
ge ert
b. Bathing beauties are appealing.
c. Roses are fragrant.
ga op
35. The fallacy in which the arguer misinterprets an opponent’s argument for the
purpose of more easily attacking it is:
a. Red herring.
b. False dichotomy.
C
c. Amphiboly.
d. Straw man.
e. Begging the question.
36. The bandwagon argument and the appeal to vanity are varieties of:
a. Argument against the person.
b. Appeal to authority.
c. Appeal to the people.
d. False cause.
e. Missing the point.
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Test 3
37. The fallacy that always involves two arguers, at least implicitly, is:
a. Equivocation.
b. Argument against the person.
c. Composition.
d. Begging the question.
e. False cause.
38. When an arguer leaves a crucial premise, whose truth is questionable, unex-
pressed, the fallacy committed is:
a. Appeal to ignorance.
b. Complex question.
c. Slippery slope.
d. Begging the question.
e. Red herring.
ng
ar f
39. Which of the following is a reason why people commit fallacies?
Le o
ni
a. Reasoning from the general to the particular.
y
b. Intent.
ge ert
c. Unconsciousness.
d. Confusing induction with deduction.
ga op
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Test 4
Chapter 4 Test
(Each question is worth 2 points)
ng
a. High school teachers.
ar f
b. Instructors.
Le o
ni
c. Instructors who are not liked by their students.
y
ge ert
d. High school teachers who are not classroom entertainers.
e. Classroom entertainers.
ga op
b. Instructors.
c. Instructors who are not liked by their students.
d. High school teachers.
e. Classroom entertainers.
4. The quantifier is:
C
a. Universal.
b. Particular.
c. Are not.
d. Negative.
e. No.
5. The quantity is:
a. Negative.
b. Universal.
c. No.
d. Particular.
e. General.
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Test 4
8. If both the quantity and the quality are changed, the resulting statement is:
ng
ar f
a. Some high school teachers who are classroom entertainers are instruc-
Le o
ni
tors who are not liked by their students.
y
b. Some high school teachers who are not classroom entertainers are
ge ert
instructors who are not liked by their students.
c. All high school teachers who are not classroom entertainers are
ga op
9. If the quality but not the quantity is changed, then, for the resulting
statement,
C
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Test 4
10. If the quantity but not the quality is changed, then, for the resulting
statement,
a. The subject is particular, the predicate universal.
b. Both the subject and the predicate are distributed.
c. Both the subject and the predicate are undistributed.
d. The subject is undistributed and the predicate is distributed.
e. The subject is distributed and the predicate is undistributed.
II. In questions 11 through 17 below, you are given a statement, its truth value
in parentheses, and an operation/relation to be performed on that statement. In
questions 18 through 24, you are given a statement, its truth value in parenthe-
ses, and a new statement. You must determine how the new statement is related
to the given statement and the truth value of the new statement. Assume the
Aristotelian standpoint for these questions.
ng
ar f
11. Some A are not non-B. (F) Subalternation
Le o
ni
a. All A are non-B. (F) y
b. No A are non-B. (F)
ge ert
c. No A are non-B. (Und.)
d. No non-B are A. (F)
ga op
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Test 4
ng
ar f
a. No A are B. (F)
Le o
ni
b. Some non-B are A. (F) y
c. Some non-B are non-A. (Und.)
ge ert
d. Some B are non-A. (Und.)
e. No A are non-B. (T)
ga op
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Test 4
ng
ar f
a. Contradiction. (T)
Le o
b. Subalternation. (Und.)
ni
c. Subcontrary. (T)
y
ge ert
d. Subcontrary. (F)
e. Subalternation. (F)
ga op
b. Obversion. (T)
c. Contrary. (F)
d. Contraposition. (T)
e. Contraposition. (Und.)
C
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Test 4
ng
ar f
e. Valid; no fallacy.
Le o
ni
26. Some clocks are not quartz controlled devices. Therefore, some clocks are
y
ge ert
quartz-controlled devices.
a. Invalid, illicit subcontrary.
ga op
b. Valid, no fallacy.
c. Invalid, illicit subalternation.
en Pr
27. All gnomes are reclusive dwarfs. Therefore, it is false that no gnomes are
reclusive dwarfs.
a. Valid, no fallacy.
C
28. All fraudulent marriages are marriages that can be annulled. Therefore, all
marriages that cannot be annulled are genuine marriages.
a. Invalid, illicit contrary.
b. Invalid, illicit contraposition.
c. Invalid, illicit conversion.
d. Valid, no fallacy.
e. Valid, illicit contradiction.
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Test 4
29. Some photographers are not true artists. Therefore, some true artists are not
photographers.
a. Invalid, illicit contraposition.
b. Valid, no fallacy.
c. Invalid, illicit subcontrary.
d. Invalid, existential fallacy.
e. Invalid, illicit conversion.
30. No protons are negatively charged particles. Therefore, it is false that all
protons are negatively charged particles.
a. Invalid, illicit subcontrary.
b. Valid, no fallacy.
c. Invalid, illicit contrary.
d. Invalid, illicit subalternation.
ng
e. Invalid, illicit contraposition.
ar f
Le o
ni
31. No golfers are persons who succeed without practice. Therefore, some golf-
y
ers are not persons who succeed without practice.
ge ert
a. Invalid, existential fallacy.
b. Invalid, illicit subcontrary.
ga op
e. Valid, no fallacy.
32. It is false that all diamonds are things that last forever. Therefore, no dia-
monds are things that last forever.
a. Valid, no fallacy.
b. Invalid, illicit subcontrary.
C
33. No public servants are people above the law. Therefore, all public servants
are people subject to the law.
a. Invalid, existential fallacy.
b. Invalid, illicit contraposition.
c. Invalid, illicit contrary.
d. Valid, no fallacy.
e. Invalid, illicit obversion.
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Test 4
34. No centaurs are friendly animals. Therefore, some centaurs are not friendly
animals.
a. Invalid, existential fallacy.
b. Invalid, illicit subalternation.
c. Valid, no fallacy.
d. Invalid, illicit conversion.
e. Invalid, illicit contraposition.
35. Some surgeons are people who shun AIDS victims. Therefore, some people
who do not shun AIDS victims are people other than surgeons.
a. Invalid, illicit subcontrary.
b. Invalid, illicit contraposition.
c. Valid, no fallacy.
d. Invalid, illicit conversion.
ng
e. Invalid, existential fallacy.
ar f
Le o
ni
36. All fire-breathing dragons are menacing creatures. Therefore, it is false that
y
some fire-breathing dragons are not menacing creatures.
ge ert
a. Invalid, illicit subalternation.
b. Invalid, illicit contrary.
ga op
c. Valid, no fallacy.
d. Invalid, illicit subcontrary.
en Pr
37. Some tennis players are not tantrum throwers. Therefore, no tennis players
are tantrum throwers.
a. Invalid, illicit contrary.
b. Invalid, illicit subcontrary.
C
c. Valid, no fallacy.
d. Invalid, illicit conversion.
e. Invalid, illicit subalternation.
38. Some mermaids are not attractive females. Therefore, some mermaids are
unattractive females.
a. Invalid, illicit subcontrary.
b. Invalid, existential fallacy.
c. Valid, no fallacy.
d. Invalid, illicit contraposition.
e. Valid, existential fallacy.
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Test 4
IV. Fill in the Venn diagrams for the following statement forms.
ng
ar f
d. Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2.
Le o
ni
e. Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2.
y
ge ert
VI. Select the best translation for the following categorical propositions.
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Test 4
ng
calculus.
ar f
d. All people like Isaac Newton are people who invented the calculus.
Le o
ni
e. All people identical to Isaac Newton are identical to people who
y
invented the calculus.
ge ert
45. Tools will rust if they are made of iron.
ga op
a. All tools are tools that rust if they are made of iron.
b. All tools that rust are tools made of iron.
en Pr
b. Some oil spills are not healthy things for marine life.
c. All oil spills are not healthy things for marine life.
d. No oil spills are healthy for marine life.
e. All varieties of marine life are things killed by oil spills.
Test 4
ng
ar f
a. No stockbrokers are totally candid salespeople.
Le o
ni
b. Some stockbrokers are totally candid salespeople.
y
c. Some stockbrokers are not totally candid salespeople.
ge ert
d. Some stockbrokers are totally candid salespeople and some stockbrokers
are not totally candid salespeople.
ga op
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ng
ar f
Le o
ni
y
ge ert
ga op
en Pr
C
Test 5
Chapter 5 Test
(Each question is worth 2½ points)
Some P are M. 2
3
4
All S are M.
____________ 5 6 7
Some S are P.
S P
After filling in the Venn diagram,
a. Areas 1 and 4 are shaded, and there is an X in Area 3.
b. Areas 5 and 6 are shaded, and there is an X in Area 4.
c. Areas 2 and 3 are shaded, and there is an X in Area 4.
d. Areas 5 and 6 are shaded, and there is an X on the line between
ng
Areas 3 and 4.
ar f
Le o
e. Area 5 is shaded, and there is an X on the line between Areas 3 and 4.
ni
y
2. For the syllogism in problem 1, the correct mood and figure is:
ge ert
a. IAI-2
b. AIA-2
ga op
c. IAO-4
d. IAI-3
en Pr
e. IEI-1
3. For the syllogism in problem 1, the correct answer from the Boolean
standpoint is:
a. Invalid, illicit major.
C
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Test 5
ng
c. IAI-3
ar f
Le o
d. AEA-2
ni
e. EAE-2
y
ge ert
6. For the syllogism in problem 4, the correct answer from the Boolean
standpoint is:
ga op
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Test 5
8. For the syllogism in problem 7, the correct mood and figure is:
a. AII-3
b. I00-1
c. IEE-4
d. E00-4
e. IEI-2
9. For the syllogism in problem 7, the correct answer from the Boolean
standpoint is:
a. Invalid, undistributed middle.
b. Invalid, illicit major.
c. Invalid, existential fallacy.
d. Valid, no fallacy.
e. Invalid, exclusive premises.
ng
M
10. Given the following syllogism,
ar f
All P are M.
Le o 1
ni
No M are S.
_______________
y 2 4
Some S are not P. 3
ge ert
5 6 7
After filling in the Venn diagram,
ga op
a. AIO-1
b. EAO-4
c. AEO-2
d. AEO-4
e. EAO-3
12. For the syllogism in problem 10, the correct answer from the Boolean
standpoint is:
a. Invalid, drawing a negative conclusion from affirmative premises.
b. Valid, no fallacy.
c. Invalid, existential fallacy.
d. Invalid, illicit minor.
e. Invalid, exclusive premises.
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Test 5
ng
c. IEI-4
ar f
Le o
d. EIE-1
ni
e. EAE-1
y
ge ert
15. For the syllogism in problem 13, the correct answer from the Boolean
standpoint is:
ga op
c. Valid, no fallacy.
d. Invalid, undistributed middle.
e. Invalid, drawing an affirmative conclusion from a negative
premise. M
16. Given the following syllogism, 1
C
All M are P. 2 4
3
Some S are not M.
________________ 5 7
6
Some S are P.
After filling in the Venn diagram, S P
a. Areas 3 and 4 are shaded, and there is an X on the line between
Areas 5 and 6.
b. Areas 1 and 2 are shaded, and there is an X on the line between
Areas 5 and 6.
c. Area 1 only is shaded, and there is an X on the line between Areas 2 and 3.
d. Areas 1 and 2 are shaded, and there is an X in Area 5.
e. Areas 1 and 2 are shaded, and there is an X in Area 6.
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Test 5
17. For the syllogism in problem 16, the correct mood and figure is:
a. AIO-1
b. EOI-4
c. AOI-1
d. EIO-4
e. EOI-4
18. For the syllogism in problem 16, the correct answer from the Boolean
standpoint is:
a. Invalid, drawing an affirmative conclusion from a negative premise.
b. Invalid, exclusive premises.
c. Invalid, undistributed middle.
d. Valid, no fallacy.
e. Invalid, illicit minor.
ng
ar f
19. Given the following syllogism:
Le o
ni
No turkeys are animals. y
All turkeys are antelopes.
__________________________
ge ert
Some antelopes are not animals.
This syllogism:
ga op
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Test 5
21. In Question 20, after reducing the number of terms, the major premise is:
a. All smokers are persons with an altered life span.
b. All persons with a healthy lifestyle are persons with an altered life span.
c. All persons with an altered life span are smokers.
d. All persons with an altered life span are persons with a healthy lifestyle.
e. No smokers are persons with a healthy lifestyle.
22. In Question 20, after reducing the number of terms, the minor premise is:
a. All persons with a healthy lifestyle are persons with an altered life span.
b. All smokers are persons with an altered life span.
c. No smokers are persons with a healthy lifestyle.
d. All persons with an altered life span are smokers.
e. All persons with an altered life span are persons with a healthy lifestyle.
ng
ar f
No mechanized beings are beings able to think, so some
Le o
ni
unconscious beings are not beings unable to think, since some
y
nonmechanized beings are conscious beings.
ge ert
After reducing the number of terms, the conclusion is:
a. Some conscious beings are not beings able to think.
ga op
24. In Question 23, after reducing the number of terms, the major premise is:
a. Some beings able to think are not conscious beings.
b. No mechanized beings are beings able to think.
C
25. In Question 23, after reducing the number of terms, the minor premise is:
a. Some conscious beings are not beings able to think.
b. No mechanized beings are beings able to think.
c. No mechanized beings are conscious beings.
d. Some beings able to think are not conscious beings.
e. Some conscious beings are not mechanized beings.
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Test 5
ng
ar f
e. Airline profits are declining now.
Le o
ni
28. For Question 26, the minor premise is:
y
a. No current times are times oil prices are rising.
ge ert
b. All current times are times oil prices are rising.
c. When oil prices rise, airline profits decline.
ga op
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Test 5
ng
e. Kathy has a vibrant personality. (Conclusion)
ar f
Le o
ni
33. Given the following enthymeme,
y
Immoderate behaviors are unhealthy, so alcohol bingeing
ge ert
must be unhealthy.
The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a valid syllogism is:
ga op
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Test 5
ng
All J are M.
ar f
Some P are not K.
Le o
ni
y
The correct standard form is:
ge ert
a. b. c.
All J are M. Some J are P. No K are R.
ga op
d. e.
No K are R. No K are R.
Some P are not K. All M are R.
C
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Test 5
ng
ar f
All K are N.
Le o
ni
No N are F. y
Some H are F.
ge ert
All R are H.
Some R are not K.
ga op
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Test 6
Chapter 6 Test
(Except for the double-credit questions, each question is worth 2 points)
1. Argentina will reduce unemployment and Brazil will cut taxes, or Colombia
will support agrarian reform.
a. A ∨ (B • C)
b. A • (B ∨ C)
c. (A ∨ B) • C
d. (A • B) ∨ C
e. A • B ∨ C
ng
supports agrarian reform.
ar f
a. (B ∨ C) ⊃ A
Le o
ni
b. B ⊃ (C ⊃ A)
y
c. A ⊃ (B ∨ C)
ge ert
d. B ∨ C ⊃ A
e. (B • C) ⊃ A
ga op
3. Both Argentina will reduce unemployment and Brazil will cut taxes
en Pr
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Test 6
6. Argentina will reduce unemployment only if neither Brazil cuts taxes nor
Colombia supports agrarian reform.
a. (∼B • ∼C) ⊃ A
b. A ⊃ ∼(B ∨ C)
c. A ⊃ (∼B ∨ ∼C)
ng
d. ∼(B ∨ C) ⊃ A
ar f
e. (∼B ∨ ∼C) ⊃ A
Le o
ni
y
7. It is not the case that Argentina will reduce unemployment unless not both
ge ert
Brazil cuts taxes and Colombia supports agrarian reform.
a. ∼A ⊃ ∼(B • C)
ga op
b. ∼(B • C) ⊃ ∼A
c. ∼A ∨ ∼(B • C)
en Pr
d. ∼A ⊃ (∼B • ∼C)
e. ∼A ∨ (∼B • ∼C)
b. (A ⊃ ∼B) • (∼B ⊃ A)
c. A ≡ ∼(B • C)
d. (A ≡ ∼B) • (A ≡ ∼C)
e. A ≡ (∼B • ∼C)
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Test 6
ng
c. [(B • C) ⊃ A] ⊃ D
ar f
d. [(A ≡ (B • C)] ≡ D
Le o
ni
e. (A ≡ B) • (C ≡ D)
y
ge ert
Given that A and B are true and X and Y are false, determine the truth values of
the propositions in Problems 11 and 13.
ga op
a. True.
b. False.
c. Wedge.
d. Triple bar.
e. Tilde.
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Test 6
Use ordinary truth tables to answer Problems 15–27. Answer these questions as
per the exercises in the textbook.
15. Given the statement: (A ⊃ B) ≡ ∼(B ∨ ∼ A).
This statement is:
a. Contingent.
b. Absolute.
c. Tautologous.
ng
d. Consistent.
ar f
e. Self-contradictory.
Le o
ni
y
16. The truth table in Problem 15 has how many lines?
ge ert
a. Two.
b. Eight.
ga op
c. Four.
d. Six.
en Pr
e. Nine.
17. Given the statement: (A ⊃ B) ⊃ [(A ∨ B) ⊃ B].
This statement is:
a. Tautologous.
b. Contingent.
C
c. Probable.
d. Self-contradictory.
e. Inconsistent.
18. Given the statement: (A ≡ ∼ B) • (C ≡ ∼ A).
This statement is:
a. Valid.
b. Self-contradictory.
c. Inconsistent.
d. Tautologous.
e. Contingent.
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Test 6
ng
ar f
e. Consistent.
Le o
ni
21. Select the same answer as Problem 20.
y
ge ert
22. Given the pair of statements: A ∨ (B • C) and ∼(B ∨ ∼ C) • ∼ A.
These statements are:
ga op
a. Logically equivalent.
b. Valid.
en Pr
c. Consistent.
d. Contradictory.
e. Inconsistent.
23. Select the same answer as Problem 22.
C
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Test 6
ng
b. Uncogent.
ar f
Le o
c. Invalid.
ni
d. Cogent.
y
e. Sound.
ge ert
29. Select the same answer as Problem 28.
ga op
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Test 6
ng
ar f
36. G ∨ H
Le o
ni
∼H
___
y
G
ge ert
a. Disjunctive syllogism—valid.
b. Modus ponens—valid.
ga op
c. Modus tollens—valid.
d. Invalid.
en Pr
b. Modus ponens—valid.
c. Denying the antecedent—invalid.
d. Modus tollens—valid.
e. Affirming the consequent—invalid.
38. (∼S ⊃ D) • (S ⊃ ∼E)
S ∨ ∼S
_______
D ∨ ∼E
a. Modus ponens—valid.
b. Invalid.
c. Constructive dilemma—valid.
d. Denying the antecedent—invalid.
e. Destructive dilemma—valid.
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Test 6
39. J ∨ ∼Q
∼Q
___
∼J
a. Disjunctive syllogism—valid.
b. Invalid.
c. Denying the antecedent—invalid.
d. Modus tollens—valid.
e. Affirming the consequent—invalid.
40. ∼F ⊃ N
P ⊃ ∼F
______
P⊃N
a. Pure hypothetical syllogism—valid.
b. Constructive dilemma—valid.
ng
c. Invalid.
ar f
Le o
d. Destructive dilemma—valid.
ni
e. Modus ponens—valid.
y
ge ert
41. K ⊃ ∼T
T
___
ga op
∼K
a. Modus ponens—valid.
en Pr
42. E ⊃ ∼H
H ⊃ ∼B
_______
E⊃B
a. Disjunctive syllogism—valid.
b. Destructive dilemma—valid.
c. Invalid.
d. Modus ponens—valid.
e. Pure hypothetical syllogism—valid.
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Test 6
43. ∼M ⊃ D
M
___
∼D
a. Invalid.
b. Affirming the consequent—invalid.
c. Modus ponens—valid.
d. Denying the antecedent—invalid.
e. Modus tollens—valid.
ng
c. Invalid.
ar f
Le o
d. Affirming the consequent—invalid.
ni
e. Destructive dilemma—valid.
y
ge ert
45. ∼B ⊃ ∼N
∼B
___
ga op
∼N
a. Denying the antecedent—invalid.
en Pr
b. Modus ponens—valid.
c. Affirming the consequent—invalid.
d. Modus tollens—valid.
e. Invalid.
C
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Test 6
ng
d. There must be at least one line that has false premise(s) and true
ar f
conclusion.
Le o
ni
e. There is no line that has true premise(s) and false conclusion.
y
ge ert
49. Suppose an indirect truth table is constructed for an argument, and the truth
table requires more than one line. If a contradiction is obtained on the first
ga op
line, then
a. The argument is valid.
en Pr
50. Suppose an indirect truth table is constructed for a series of statements, and
C
the truth table requires more than one line. If no contradiction is reached on
the first line, then
a. The second line in the truth table must be completed.
b. The statements are contingent.
c. The statements are inconsistent.
d. The statements could still fail on the second line.
e. The statements are consistent.
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Test 7
Chapter 7 Test
(The questions in Part I are worth 2 points each, and the questions in Part II are worth
10 points each.)
I. Select the conclusion that follows in a single step from the given premises.
(Hint: Begin by examining the answers.)
1. 1. ∼(∼H • ∼K)
2. (H • ∼K) ∨ (H • ∼N)
3. (H ⊃ ∼K) • (K ⊃ ∼H)
a. H • ∼N 1, 2, DS
b. H•K 1, DN
c. H ≡ ∼K 3, Equiv
ng
d. H • (∼K ∨ ∼ N) 2, Dist
ar f
e. H∨K 1, DM
Le o
ni
y
2. 1. (S ∨ C) ⊃ R
ge ert
2. E • (S ∨ C)
3. E ∨ (∼S ∨ ∼C)
ga op
a. (E ∨ ∼S) ∨ ∼C 3, Assoc
en Pr
b. R 1, 2, MP
c. (E ∨ S) • (E ∨ C) 2, Dist
d. S ∨ (C ⊃ R) 1, Assoc
e. E ∨ ∼(S ∨ C) 3, DM
3. 1. A ⊃ (L • M)
C
2. M ⊃ D
3. ∼(L • M)
a. A⊃D 1, 2, HS
b. (A ⊃ L) ⊃ M 1, Exp
c. (M ⊃ D) ∨ E 2, Add
d. D⊃M 2, Com
e. ∼L • ∼M 3, DM
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Test 7
4. 1. ∼(F • N) ∨ ∼(F • N)
2. F • N
3. Q ⊃ (F • N)
a. Q 2, 3, MP
b. ∼(F • N) 1, Taut
c. (∼F ∨ ∼N) ∨ (∼F ∨ ∼N) 1, DM
d. ∼(F • N) 1, 2, DS
e. (Q ⊃ F) • N 3, Assoc
5. 1. ∼∼G
2 ∼(S • ∼P)
3. (S • ∼P) ∨ ∼G
a. ∼S ∨ P 2, DM
ng
ar f
b. S • ∼P 1, 3, DS
c. ∼S
Le o 2, Simp
ni
y
d. S • (∼P ∨ ∼G) 3, Assoc
ge ert
e. ∼G 2, 3, DS
ga op
6. 1. H
2. N ∨ ∼H
en Pr
3. (N ∨ ∼H) ⊃ ∼P
a. H•D 1, Add
b. H⊃N 2, Impl
c. ∼P 2, 3, MP
d. N 1, 2, DS
C
7. 1. (H ⊃ ∼D) • (R ⊃ ∼D)
2. R ∨ H
3. R
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Test 7
8. 1. ∼F ∨ ∼F
2. Q ≡ A
3. ∼(Q ≡ A) ∨ F
9. 1. E • ∼R
2. J ⊃ ∼(E • ∼R)
3. R ⊃ (∼E • ∼E)
a. ∼R 1, Simp
ng
ar f
b. ∼(∼E ∨ R) 1, DM
c. ∼J
Le o 1, 2, MT
ni
y
d. R⊃E 3, DN
ge ert
e. J ⊃ (∼E ∨ ∼∼R) 2, DM
ga op
10. 1. M ∨ ∼P
2. (M ⊃ ∼B) • (∼P ⊃ F)
en Pr
3. ∼P ⊃ E
a. ∼P ⊃ F 2, Simp
b. ∼B ∨ F 1, 2, CD
c. P∨E 3, Impl
d. ∼(∼M • P) 1, DM
C
e. M⊃E 1, 3, HS
11. 1. ∼N
2. ∼(R • I)
3. (N ∨ G) ⊃ (R • I)
a. ∼R • ∼I 2, DM
b. ∼R 2, Simp
c. ∼∼N 1, DN
d. ∼(N ∨ G) 2, 3, MT
e. G 1, 3, DS
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Test 7
a. (T ⊃ S) • (T ⊃ R) 2, Dist
b. T⊃S 2, Simp
c. (T • ∼S) ∨ (∼T • ∼∼S) 1, Equiv
d. ∼T 2, 3, MT
e. T ≡ ∼S 1, DN
13. 1. ∼(E ∨ I)
2. (Q • B) ⊃ (E ∨ I)
3. ∼E
a. ∼Q • ∼B 1, 2, MT
ng
ar f
b. ∼E ∨ ∼I 1, DM
c. Q ⊃ [B ⊃ (E ∨ I)]
Le o 2, Exp
ni
y
d. I 1, 3, DS
ge ert
e. ∼E • K 3, Add
ga op
14. 1. ∼(A • T)
2 ∼H ⊃ F
en Pr
3. (∼A • T) ⊃ ∼H
a. ∼F ⊃ H 2, Trans
b. (∼A • T) ⊃ F 2, 3, HS
c. ∼A • ∼T 1, DM
d. H∨F 2, Impl
C
e. ∼H 1, 3, MP
15. 1. (S ⊃ C) • (R ⊃ D)
2. C ∨ D
3. ∼C • ∼R
a. S⊃C 1, Simp
b. S∨R 1, 2, CD
c. ∼(∼C • ∼D) 2, DM
d. C 2, Simp
e. C•R 3, DN
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Test 7
16. 1. (E ⊃ J) • (B ⊃ N)
2. E
3. E ≡ B
a. S ≡ ∼K 1, Equiv
ng
ar f
b. ∼S • ∼∼K 1, 2, DS
c. ∼M
Le o 2, 3, MT
ni
y
d. (S • ∼K) ∨ ∼(S • ∼K) 1, DM
ge ert
e. ∼(S ∨ ∼K) 2, DM
ga op
18. 1. (H • Q) ⊃ D
2. ∼F ⊃ ∼(H • Q)
en Pr
3. H • Q
a. ∼F ⊃ D 1, 2, HS
b. ∼F ⊃ (∼H • ∼ Q) 2, DM
c. H ⊃ (Q • D) 1, Exp
d. F 2, 3, MT
C
e. (H • Q) ⊃ F 2, Trans
a. (∼G • P) ⊃ T 1, DN
b. ∼G ⊃ (∼P ⊃ T) 1, Exp
c. (G ⊃ T) ⊃ L 2, Assoc
d. ∼(∼G ∨ P) ⊃ T 1, DM
e. ∼(T ⊃ L) 2, 3, MT
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Test 7
20. 1. ∼N ⊃ I
2. ∼I
3. ∼N • (I ∨ ∼R)
a. ∼R 2, 3, DS
b. (∼N • I) ∨ (∼N • ∼R) 3, Dist
c. N 1, 2, MT
d. ∼N • ∼I 2, 3, Conj
e. I 1, 3, MP
II. Use natural deduction to derive the conclusion in problems 21–25. Use an
ordinary proof (not conditional or indirect proof) for problems 21–23.
21. 1. (A • B) ⊃ (C • D)
2. A • E
ng
ar f
3. (A ∨ E) ⊃ ∼(C • E) / ∼B
Le o
ni
22. 1. (S • K) ⊃ R
y
ge ert
2. (K • R) ⊃ N
3. (P ⊃ K) • (∼K ⊃ P) / S ⊃ N
ga op
23. 1. (H ∨ G) ⊃ (Q ∨ ∼P)
2. (S ∨ D) ⊃ (R • ∼Q)
en Pr
3. (S • H) ∨ (G • S) / ∼P
24. 1. (D ∨ K) ⊃ (∼A ∨ B)
C
2. (M ∨ E) ⊃ (∼B ∨ C) / (D • E) ⊃ (C ∨ ∼A)
25. 1. (K ∨ L) ⊃ (M • G)
2. M ⊃ (S ∨ ∼K)
3. (H ∨ G) ⊃ (G ⊃ ∼S) / ∼K
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Test 8
Chapter 8 Test
(The questions in Part I are worth 2 points each,
and the questions in Parts II and III are worth 10 points each.)
2. A chimpanzee is a primate.
ng
a. (x)(Cx ⊃ Px)
ar f
b. (∃x)(Cx • Px)
Le o
ni
c. (x)(Cx • Px) y
d. (∃x)(Cx ⊃ Px)
ge ert
e. (∃x)Cx ⊃ (∃x)Px
ga op
b. (x)(Px ⊃ Cx)
c. (∃x)(Cx • Px)
d. (∃x)Xcp
e. (∃x)Cx • (∃x)Px
a. (x)Cx ⊃ (∃x)∼Sx
b. ∼(x)(Cx ⊃ Sx)
c. (∃x)(Cx • ∼Sx)
d. (x)(Cx ⊃ ∼Sx)
e. Cx ⊃ ∼Sx
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Test 8
ng
ar f
a. (x)[(Ax ⊃ Ex) ⊃ Px]
Le o
ni
b. (x)[(Ex • Ax) ⊃ Px] y
c. (x)[(Ex ∨ Ax) ⊃ Px]
ge ert
d. (∃x)[(Ex • Ax) • Px]
e. (x)[Px ⊃ (Ex • Ax)]
ga op
10. If none of the antique porcelains is damaged, then all of the movers will
receive a bonus.
a. (x)[(Ax • Px) ⊃ ∼Dx] ⊃ (∃x)(Mx • Rx)
b. (∃x)[(Ax • Px) • ∼Dx] ⊃ (x)(Mx ⊃ Rx)
c. (x){[(Ax • Px) ⊃ ∼Dx] ⊃ (Mx ⊃ Rx)}
d. (x)[Ax ⊃ (∼Dx ⊃ ∼Px)] ⊃ (x)(Mx ⊃ Rx)
e. (x)[(Ax • Px) ⊃ ∼Dx] ⊃ (x)(Mx ⊃ Rx)
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Test 8
11. Not every patient will recover unless all of the new drugs are effective.
a. ∼(x)(Px ⊃ ∼Rx) ∨ (x)[(Nx • Dx) ⊃ Ex]
b. (∃x)(Px • ∼Rx) ∨ (x)[(Nx • Dx) ⊃ Ex]
c. (∃x)(Px • ∼Rx) ⊃ (x)[(Nx • Dx) ⊃ Ex]
d. (x)[(Nx • Dx) ⊃ Ex] ⊃ (∃x)(Px • ∼Rx)
e. (x)[(Nx • Dx) ⊃ Ex] ⊃ (x)(Px ⊃ Rx)
12. If all the architects are careful and exacting, then if none of the buildings
implode, they will be rehired.
a. (x)(Bx ⊃ ∼Ix) ⊃ (x){[Ax ⊃ (Cx • Ex)] ⊃ Rx}
b. (x){[(Ax • Cx) ⊃ Ex)] ⊃ [(y)(By ⊃ ∼Iy) ⊃ Rx]}
c. (x)[Ax ⊃ (Cx • Ex)] ⊃ [(y)(By ⊃ ∼Iy) ⊃ Rx]
d. (x){[Ax ⊃ (Cx • Ex)] ⊃ [(y)(By ⊃ ∼Iy) ⊃ Rx]}
e. (x){[Ax ⊃ (Cx • Ex)] ⊃ [(x)(By ⊃ ∼Iy) ⊃ Rx]}
ng
ar f
13. Every teenager admires someone or other.
Le o
ni
a. (x)[Tx ⊃ (∃y)(Py • Axy)] y
b. (x)[Tx ⊃ (y)(Py ⊃ Axy)]
ge ert
c. (x)(∃y)[(Py • Axy) ⊃ Tx]
d. (∃x)[Tx • (y)(Py ⊃ Axy)]
ga op
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Test 8
16. If Claire hires Marty, then if Marty accomplishes every task he is given, then
Claire will be pleased.
a. Hcm ⊃ {(∃x)[(Tx • Gxm) • Amx] ⊃ Pc}
b. Chm ⊃ {(x)[(Tx • Mgx) ⊃ Max] ⊃ Cp}
c. Hcm ⊃ {(x)[(Tx • Gxm) ⊃ Amx] ⊃ Pc}
d. Hcm ⊃ (x)[(Tx • Gxm) ⊃ Amx] ⊃ Pc
e. Hcm ⊃ [(x)(Gxm) ⊃ Amx) ⊃ Pc]
ng
ar f
18. Noelle is the brightest student in the class.
Le o
ni
a. (x)[(Sx • Cx • x ≠ n ) ⊃ Bnx]
y
b. Sn • Cn • (x)[(Sx • Cx • x = n ) ⊃ Bnx]
ge ert
c. Sn • Cn • (x)[(Sx • Cx) ⊃ Bxn]
d. Sn • Cn • (∃x)(Sx • Cx • x ≠ n • Bnx)
ga op
e. Sn • Cn • (x)[(Sx • Cx • x ≠ n ) ⊃ Bnx]
en Pr
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Test 8
II. Use natural deduction to derive the conclusion of the arguments in questions
21–25. Use conditional proof or indirect proof as needed.
ng
25. 1 (x)[(Jx ∨ Kx) ⊃ x = a]
ar f
Le o
2. (∃x)(Jx • x = c) / a = c
ni
y
III. Use the finite universe method to prove the following argument invalid.
ge ert
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ng
ar f
Le o
ni
y
ge ert
ga op
en Pr
C
Test Answers
Chapter 1
1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-c, 5-d, 6-b, 7-c, 8-e, 9-b, 10-a, 11-e, 12-d, 13-b, 14-a, 15-c, 16-e,
17-d, 18-d, 19-c, 20-a, 21-b, 22-e, 23-c, 24-b, 25-a, 26-e, 27-b, 28-c, 29-d, 30-a,
31-b, 32-e, 33-b, 34-c, 35-c, 36-e, 37-a, 38-b, 39-d, 40-c, 41-e, 42-b, 43-a, 44-d,
45-c, 46-e, 47-e, 48-b, 49-d, 50-a.
Chapter 2
1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-e, 5-b, 6-d, 7-a, 8-c, 9-e, 10-b, 11-c, 12-b, 13-a, 14-e, 15-d, 16-d,
17-c, 18-b, 19-a, 20-e, 21-e, 22-d, 23-c, 24-a, 25-b, 26-d, 27-e, 28-b, 29-a, 30-d,
31-c, 32-a, 33-e, 34-b, 35-c, 36-a, 37-c, 38-c, 39-d, 40-e.
ng
ar f
Chapter 3
Le o
ni
1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-e, 5-c, 6-b, 7-a, 8-d, 9-b, 10-c, 11-e, 12-c, 13-a, 14-d, 15-b, 16-c,
y
17-d, 18-a, 19-e, 20-a, 21-c, 22-b, 23-d, 24-c, 25-e, 26-a, 27-e, 28-b, 29-c, 30-d,
ge ert
31-a, 32-b, 33-a, 34-e, 35-d, 36-c, 37-b, 38-d, 39-b, 40-e.
ga op
Chapter 4
en Pr
1-a, 2-d, 3-c, 4-e, 5-b, 6-c, 7-a, 8-b, 9-e, 10-d, 11-b, 12-c, 13-a, 14-d, 15-e, 16-d,
17-c, 18-b, 19-e, 20-a, 21-b, 22-c, 23-d, 24-b, 25-e, 26-a, 27-c, 28-d, 29-e, 30-b,
31-e, 32-c, 33-d, 34-a, 35-b, 36-c, 37-e, 38-c, 39-d, 40-e, 41-a, 42-b, 43-e, 44-c,
45-d, 46-a, 47-b, 48-c, 49-e, 50-d.
C
Chapter 5
1-d, 2-a, 3-e, 4-c, 5-b, 6-c, 7-a, 8-d, 9-e, 10-b, 11-d, 12-c, 13-a, 14-e, 15-c, 16-b,
17-c, 18-a, 19-b, 20-c, 21-e, 22-a, 23-d, 24-e, 25-b, 26-e, 27-c, 28-b, 29-d, 30-a,
31-b, 32-c, 33-a, 34-d, 35-d, 36-e, 37-e, 38-c, 39-b, 40-a.
Chapter 6
1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-b, 5-e, 6-b, 7-c, 8-e, 9-a, 10-b, 11-b, 12-d, 13-a, 14-c, 15-e, 16-c,
17-a, 18-e, 19-c, 20-d, 21-d, 22-e, 23-e, 24-c, 25-c, 26-b, 27-b, 28-a, 29-a, 30-b,
31-b, 32-e, 33-e, 34-c, 35-c, 36-a, 37-e, 38-c, 39-b, 40-a, 41-d, 42-c, 43-d, 44-e,
45-b, 46-a, 47-c, 48-c, 49-b, 50-e.
77
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Chapter 7
1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-b, 5-e, 6-c, 7-a, 8-d, 9-e, 10-b, 11-d, 12-e, 13-c, 14-b, 15-a, 16-c,
17-a, 18-e, 19-d, 20-b
Chapter 8
1-e, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d, 5-b, 6-d, 7-a, 8-e, 9-c, 10-e, 11-b, 12-d, 13-a, 14-c, 15-d, 16-c,
17-b, 18-e, 19-b, 20-a
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