Experiment 1:

AIM: Study of various network devices in detail

Hubs:

The hub or network hub connects computers and devices and sends messages and data from any
one device to all the others. If the desktop computer wants to send data to the lapop and it sends
a message to the laptop through the hub, the message will get sent by the hub to all the
computers and devices on the network. They need to do work to figure out that the message is
not for them. The message also uses up bandwidth (room) on the network wires or wireless radio
waves and limits how much communication can go on. Hubs are not used often these days.

Fig.1 Hub

Switch:
The switch connects the computer network components but it is smart about it. It knows the
address of each item and so when the desktop computer wants to talk to the laptop, it only sends
the message to the laptop and nothing else. In order to have a small home network that just
connects the local equipment all that is really needed is a switch and network cable or the switch
can transmit wireless information that is received by wireless receivers that each of the network
devices have.

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 Fig. 2 Switch

Bridges:
Bridges are used to divide larger networks into smaller sections. They do this by sitting between
two physical network segments and managing the flow of data between the two. By looking at
the MAC address of the devices connected to each segment, bridges can elect to forward the data
(if they believe that the destination address is on another interface), or block it from crossing (if
they can verify that it is on the interface from which it came).

A bridge functions by blocking or forwarding data, based on the destination MAC address
written into each frame of data. If the bridge believes the destination address is on a network
other than that from which the data was received, it can forward the data to the other networks to
which it is connected. If the address is not on the other side of the bridge, the data is blocked
from passing. Bridges “learn” the MAC addresses of devices on connected networks by
“listening” to network traffic and recording the network from which the traffic originates. Figure
3 shows a representation of a bridge.

Fig 3 Bridges

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Routers:
In a common configuration, routers are used to create larger networks by joining two network
segments. A router derives its name from the fact that it can route data it receives from one
network onto another. When a router receives a packet of data, it reads the header of the packet
to determine the destination address. Once it has determined the address, it looks in its routing
table to determine whether it knows how to reach the destination and, if it does, it forwards the
packet to the next hop on the route. The next hop might be the final destination, or it might be
another router. Figure 4 shows, in basic terms, how a router works.

The routing tables play a very important role in the routing process. They are the means by
which the router makes its decisions. For this reason, a routing table needs to be two things. It
must be up-to-date, and it must be complete. There are two ways that the router can get the
information for the routing table—through static routing or dynamic routing.

Fig. 4 Router

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Modem:
Most everyone wants to connect to the internet. A broadband modem is used to take a high speed
Internet connection provided by an ISP (Internet Service Provider) and convert the data into a
form that your local network can use. The high speed connection can be DSL (Digital Subscriber
Line) from a phone company or cable from a cable television provider.

In order to be reached on the Internet, your computer needs a unique address on the internet.
Your ISP will provide this to you as part of your Internet connection package. This address will
generally not be fixed which means that they may change your address from time to time. For the
vast majority of users, this makes no difference. If you have only one computer and want to
connect to the Internet, you strictly speaking don't need a router. You can plug the network cable
from the modem directly into the network connection of your computer. However, you are much
better off connecting the modem to a router. The ip address your ISP provides will be assigned to
the router.

Fig. 6 Modem

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Aim: Connect the computers in Local Area Network.

Procedure:
With a crossover cable in hand, connect both the PCs. Once done, follow the steps below.
1. Go to “Control Panel -> Network and Internet -> Network and Sharing Center -> Change
Adapter Settings.”
2. Click on “Change Adapter Settings.” This will reveal different connections. Select the
appropriate connection for your LAN. Usually, but not necessarily, the connection will be
called Ethernet.
3. Right-click on the connection and select “Properties.” The local area’s connection
properties window will appear.
4. Under the network tab, select “Internet protocol version 4 (TCP/IPv4),” then click on
“Properties.”
In the Properties menu, set the IP address and subnet masks of the first computer
to:
IP – 192.168.0.1
Subnet Mask – 225.225.225.0
Repeat all the above steps for the second computer and set the IP address and
subnet Mask as follows:
IP – 192.168.0.2
Subnet Mask – 225.225.225.0
5. After assigning the IP addresses, you need to head back to Network and Sharing Center
and click on the “Change advanced sharing settings” option.
6. In the advanced sharing settings menu, you need to enable the “Turn on network
discovery” and “Turn on automatic setup of network-connected devices” options.
7. Right-click on “This PC” and choose “Properties.” Click on “Change settings -> Change.”
This reveals a window with the name of the workgroup. The value for the workgroup
name should be the same for both PCs. By default, the workgroup name will be
WORKGROUP, but you can change it to any name you like.
8. Right-click on the drive you want to share. Scroll to the “Give access to” option and click
“Advanced Sharing.” Under the sharing tab, click the “Advanced Sharing” button. This
reveals the advanced sharing window. Check the “Share this folder” checkbox and click
“Apply -> OK.”
9. Transferring Files: You can now transfer specific folders or files between the two
connected Windows 10 PCs. To share specific folders or files from Computer A with
Computer B, follow the steps below:
10. Right-click the desired folder or file in Computer A. Scroll to the “Give access to” option
and click “Specific People.”
11. In the newly opened Network Access windows, select “Everyone” from the drop-down
menu. Next, click “Add” and click “Share.”