Hung Et Al 2021
Hung Et Al 2021
Hung Et Al 2021
Article
Permeability and Strength of Pervious Concrete According to
Aggregate Size and Blocking Material
Vu Viet Hung 1 , Soo-Yeon Seo 2, * , Hyun-Woo Kim 2 and Gun-Cheol Lee 2
1 Civil Engineering Department, University of Transport and Communications, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam;
[email protected]
2 School of Architecture, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27389, Korea;
[email protected] (H.-W.K.); [email protected] (G.-C.L.)
* Correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify the differences in porosity and permeability
coefficients when the mixing ratio of aggregates is different and to present the mixing ratio satisfying
the strength requirement of compressive specified in a specification of Korea. Three mix ratios were
suggested by considering various aggregate sizes and three cylinders were made for each ratio.
The porosities of those cylinders were evaluated through the compression and water permeability
test, measuring the weight of specimens in underwater and analysis of the pictured Computed
Tomography (CT) image. Experiments have shown that it is best to mix 50% for 5–10 mm aggregates,
45% for 2–5 mm aggregates, and 5% for sand in terms of strength and permeability. In addition,
as the proportion of fine aggregates increased, the porosity and permeability decreased. Moreover,
the effectiveness of maintenance method was also examined in this study.
Keywords: porosity; permeability coefficients; mixing ratio; aggregate size; compressive strength;
computed tomography (CT) image
safety by preventing water splash and reducing/eliminating the water film phenomenon
on driving surfaces [8]. However, when the sediments, such as leaves, soil, and dust,
penetrate the pores, it can be easily noticed that the pores may be blocked and the water
permeability decreases. Therefore, continuous or regular maintenance of the pervious
concrete is necessary to maintain the permeability performance [9,10].
One of the methods to solve the pore blockage in pervious concrete is the optimum
design using the appropriate size aggregate [11–13]. Accumulation of the fine particles in
the pores of the pervious pavement causes blockages and deposits, which are mainly related
to the size of the clogging particles [4,10,11,14]. Although a series of studies [4,7,14,15]
on the particle size have been conducted, there is little literature associated with the
combined influence of particle size and pore size on clogging because it is difficult to
accurately measure the pore size of pervious concrete. In order to solve this problem,
recently, research has been conducted to determine the pore blockage of pervious concrete
using the CT scanning method [16–19].
The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the differences between porosity
and permeability coefficient by varying the aggregate mixing ratio of pervious concrete,
and to present a mixing ratio that meets the criterion of compressive strength and secures
permeability as well. Moreover, in order to investigate the effect of blocking materials to
the permeability, experiments on the maintenance of pervious concrete and recovery of
permeation performance are carried out by conducting experiments on the pore blocking
phenomenon. In addition, pores were identified using the CT scanning method and
compared with experimental results.
2. Experiment
2.1. Mixture of Test Specimen
The pervious concrete was designed with a water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.3, the Or-
dinary Portland cement was used as a binder and a poly-carboxylate high-range water-
reducing admixture (AD) was applied in this research. The mix ratios of concrete consid-
ered in this study for finding the optimum pores and compressive strength using impact
crush type aggregates are shown in Table 1. Three mix ratios were suggested by considering
various aggregate sizes: 100% aggregate (D5–10) (Mix 1); 80% aggregate (D5–10) + 15% ag-
gregate (D2–5) + 5% sand (Mix 2); and 50% aggregate (D5–10) + 45% aggregate (D2–5) + 5%
sand (Mix 3). When manufacturing test specimens, the component materials were mixed in
order of aggregate (D5–10), aggregate (D2–5), sand, AD, cement, and water. Three cylinder
specimens with φ 100 mm × 200 mm were manufactured for each mixing ratio, and their
permeability and compressive strength were measured. For Mix 1, one more cylinder was
made for CT scanning and three block specimens with 200 mm × 200 mm × 150 mm for
blockage testing. The specimen preparation procedures and their shapes are shown in
Figure 1.
Immediately
2.2. Test after
for Measuring the Content
Void end of compaction
of Hardenedand surface
Pervious finishing process, the concrete
Concrete
cylinders were
The void covered
content forwith
eacha plastic
cylinderlayer to prevent
specimen wasmoisture
measuredlossatand curedofinage
21 days theby
room
using
under a temperature of 20–25 ◦ C and a relative humidity of 50–60% within 24 hours. Then,
the volume displacement method: the underwater mass and the dry mass of concrete◦were
after removing the mold, the cylinders were cured in the water environment of 20–25 C
measured in accordance with ASTM C1754/C1754M-12 [20] as shown in Figure 2, and the
during 14 days and in air under experimental room conditions during the rest period as
void ratio was
mentioned calculated by using Equation (1):
above.
𝐾 ×Pervious
2.2. Test for Measuring Void Content of Hardened 𝐴 − 𝐵 Concrete
VCR = 1 − × 100 (1)
𝜌 ×𝐷
The void content for each cylinder specimen was×measured
𝐿 at 21 days of age by using
the volume displacement method: the underwater mass and the dry mass of concrete were
where VCRinisaccordance
measured Void content
withratio
ASTM (%), K is 1,273,240 ((mm
C1754/C1754M-12 3·kg)/(m3·g)), A and B are dry
[20] as shown in Figure 2, and the
mass
voidand
ratiounderwater mass
was calculated by of specimen
using (g),(1):
Equation respectively, ρw is density of water (kg/m3),
D and L are average diameter andlength of specimen (mm), respectively.
K × ( A − B)
VCR = 1 − × 100 (1)
ρw × D2 × L
where VCR is Void content ratio (%), K is 1,273,240 ((mm3 ·kg)/(m3 ·g)), A and B are dry
mass and underwater mass of specimen (g), respectively, ρw is density of water (kg/m3 ),
D and L are average diameter and length of specimen (mm), respectively.
bility 2021,Sustainability
13, x 2021, 13, 426 4 of 12 4 of 13
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(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure 5.5.Equipment
Figure
Figure Equipmentand
andprogress
5. Equipment and for
forthe
progress
progress forpermeability
the test.
test.(a)
the permeability
permeability (a)device
test. for
fortest;
(a) device
device for (b)
test; (b)test
test; (b)process.
test test process.
process.
(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure
Figure6.6.Compressive
Compressivestrength
strengthtest.
test.(a)
(a)rubber
rubber pad;
pad;(b)
(b)test
testsetup.
Figure 6. Compressive strength test. (a) rubber pad; (b) setup.
test setup.
2.6.
2.6.Void
2.6. Clogging
VoidVoid Test
Clogging
Clogging TestTest
In
Inpervious
In pervious
pervious concrete,
concrete, “pore
concrete,
“pore blockages”
“pore occur
blockages”
blockages” occur in
inwhich
occur pores
in which
which are
areblocked
pores
pores by
bydeposits
are blocked
blocked by deposits
deposits
such
such as leaves, sand, and dust on the road. In this study, to verify the effectivenessof
as
such leaves,
as sand,
leaves, and
sand, dust
and on the
dust road.
on the In this
road. study,
In this to verify
study, to the effectiveness
verify the ofthe
effectiveness
the of
maintenance
the method
maintenance of pervious
method of concrete,
pervious permeability
concrete, tests
permeabilitywere
maintenance method of pervious concrete, permeability tests were carried out by accu- carried
tests wereout by accu-
carried out by
accumulating
mulating 8.3 g/L 8.3
of g/L of
contaminant contaminant
substance substance
of 0.15 mm of 0.15
or mm
less or
four
mulating 8.3 g/L of contaminant substance of 0.15 mm or less four times assuming the less four
times times
assuming assuming
the
sandy
sandythe sandy
soils
soils soils
atatthe
the ageatof
age ofthe
56 age
daysof
56days as56
as daysin
shown
shown as(a)
in shown
(a)and
and(b) inof
(b) (a)
of and (b)
Figure
Figure of Figure
7.7.After
After that, 7. After
that,high
high pres-that,
pres-
sure high pressure water and vacuum cleaning were performed
sure water and vacuum cleaning were performed as shown in (c) and (d) of Figure77to
water and vacuum cleaning were performed as shown in (c)asandshown
(d) ofin (c)
Figureand (d)
to of
recover the permeability. This process was repeated three times to examine the permea- the
Figure
recover the 7 to recover
permeability. the permeability.
This process This
was process
repeated was
three repeated
times to three times
examine theto examine
permea-
bilitypermeability
bility coefficient
coefficientof coefficient
ofthe
thepervious of the
pervious pervious
concrete
concrete concrete block.
block.
block.
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 7. Void
Figure 7. clogging test. (a)
Void clogging application
test. of the blocking
(a) application material;
of the blocking (b) after(b)
material; water
afterpenetration; (c)
water penetration;
high (c)
pressure watering;
high pressure (d) vacuum
watering; cleaning.cleaning.
(d) vacuum
3. Test
3. Test Results
Results
3.1. Porosity
3.1. Porosity of Hardened
of Hardened Pervious
Pervious Concrete
Concrete
TableTable 2 shows
2 shows the information
the information and calculated
and calculated resultsresults
for each forspecimen
each specimen
measuredmeasured
to
to calculate the porosity. The average void content for Mixes 1,
calculate the porosity. The average void content for Mixes 1, 2, and 3 was measured at 2, and 3 was measured
at approximately
approximately 22.2%,and
22.2%, 13.7%, 13.7%, andrespectively.
11.6%, 11.6%, respectively.
As a resultAs of ameasuring
result of measuring
the poros- the
porosity of specimens by mass in water, it was observed that the porosity
ity of specimens by mass in water, it was observed that the porosity decreased as the pro- decreased as the
portion of fine aggregates increased. The reason for this is that, when the amount of fine fine
proportion of fine aggregates increased. The reason for this is that, when the amount of
aggregate
aggregate increases,
increases, the surface
the surface area area in which
in which the aggregates
the aggregates contactcontact
each each
otherother increases.
increases.
FigureFigure 8 shows
8 shows the porosity
the porosity graphgraph for position
for each each position
obtainedobtained by analyzing
by analyzing CT images
CT images of
of Mix 1 case. At locations +25 mm and −25 mm, the breaking of concrete was serious
Mix 1 case. At locations +25 mm and −25 mm, the breaking of concrete was serious once
once cutting so the results were not included. As a result of analyzing, the porosity after
cutting so the results were not included. As a result of analyzing, the porosity after pho-
photographing specimens, the porosity ranged from 17.62% to 21.94% and the average
tographing specimens, the porosity ranged from 17.62% to 21.94% and the average was
was 19.57%. Before the CT measurement as mentioned previously, the void content test
19.57%. Before the CT measurement as mentioned previously, the void content test for the
for the specimen was also performed by [20]. The porosity obtained from the test was
specimen was also performed by [20]. The porosity obtained from the test was 17.1%,
17.1%, which is 87% of the CT scan result. The reason for this difference is that isolated
which is 87% of the CT scan result. The reason for this difference is that isolated pores
pores inside the specimen, which could not be measured in the underwater mass, can be
inside the specimen, which could not be measured in the underwater mass, can be iden-
identified by CT scan.
tified by CT scan.
Table 2. Measurement results of porosity.
Table 3. Permeability coefficients calculated by Equation (2) using water permeability test resu
Mix 1 Mix 2
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Table 3. Permeability coefficients calculated by Equation (2) using water permeability test results.
The average permeability coefficient for each mix case is 2.72 mm/s for Mix 1,
0.85 mm/s for Mix 2, and 0.16 mm/s for Mix 3, respectively. It can be seen that all
the mix ratios satisfy the permeability coefficient of 0.1 mm/s or more according to Guide
Specifications of Korea Land & Housing Corporation [23]. However, despite the same
porosity, there was a difference in the permeability coefficient. This is because the perme-
ability coefficient is affected when the voids in the specimens are not connected smoothly
or are isolated by themselves. In other words, the infiltration rate of pervious concrete
depends on pore connectivity rather than porosity [24]. In addition, as the proportion of
fine aggregates increased, the porosity and permeability decreased. It can be explained that,
when the blended aggregates of different sizes were used in pervious concrete mixture,
the initial porosity between aggregates after compaction is smaller than that of single size
due to the particle packing effect. As a result, the total void content for pervious con-
crete with an appropriate aggregate mix is to be lower. Therefore, the water permeability
coefficient decreases.
Porosity Compressive
Density Load
Mix Case No. Ratio Strength
(kg/m3 ) (N)
(%) (MPa)
1 22.2 2078 81,200 10.3
Mix 1 2 22.3 2065 84,000 10.7
3 22.0 2060 93,200 11.9
Average 22.2 2068 86,133 11.0
1 13.3 2170 102,400 13.0
Mix 2 2 13.5 2167 114,200 14.5
3 14.2 2152 97,200 12.4
Average 13.7 2163 104,600 13.3
1 11.6 2272 163,000 20.8
Mix 3 2 11.4 2284 138,000 17.6
3 11.7 2271 132,800 16.9
Average 11.6 2276 144,600 18.4
No. of Test
Test Cycle
1 2 3 4 5
Permeability
1.72 * 1.42 1.21 0.93 0.77
First cycle coefficient (mm/s)
Ratio (%) 100 83 70 54 45
Permeability
1.11 + 0.93 0.83 0.73 0.65
Second cycle coefficient (mm/s)
Ratio (%) 65 54 48 42 38
Permeability
0.98 + 0.81 0.78 0.72 0.68
Third cycle coefficient (mm/s)
Ratio (%) 57 47 45 42 40
* Before adding blocking material; + After cleaning the blocking materials of previous cycle.
Second cycle
Ratio (%) 65 54 48
Permeability coefficient (mm/s) 0.98 + 0.81 0.78
Third cycle
Sustainability 2021, 13, 426 Ratio (%) 57 1147
of 13 45
* Before adding blocking material; + After cleaning the blocking materials of previo
Figure Permeability
Figure 9. 9. corresponding
Permeability to accumulation
corresponding of blocking material.
to accumulation of blocking material.
4. Conclusions
4. Conclusions
An experimental investigation is conducted to examine the influence of blended aggre-
gate and blocking materials on the mechanical and permeability characteristics of pervious
An experimental investigation is conducted to examine the influence o
concrete in this study. The void ratio, density, compressive strength, water permeabil-
gregate andand
ity coefficient, blocking
the pore materials on the mechanical
clogging phenomenon and permeability
of pervious concrete charact
are investigated.
vious concrete in this study. The void ratio, density, compressive strength,
This contribution will support the introduction and popularization of permeable concrete
technology to sustainable development, minimizing the adverse effects of heavy rainfall
ability coefficient, and the pore clogging phenomenon of pervious concre
and urban heat island. Based on observed data in this study, the following conclusions
gated.
have been This contribution will support the introduction and popularization
drawn:
concrete
1. technology
The mixing to sustainable
ratio of pervious concrete Mixdevelopment, minimizing
3 (kg/m3 ), which contains the
431 kg of adverse ef
cement,
129 kg
rainfall of water,
and urban 764 heat
kg of D5–10
island.mmBased
aggregate
on(50%), 687 kg of
observed D2–5in
data mm aggregate
this study, the f
(45%), and 76 kg sand (5%), was considered as the most appropriate ratio that can
clusions have been drawn:
satisfy the permeability coefficient of 0.1 mm/s, the porosity of 8%, and the strength
1. ofThe
18 MPa.
mixing ratio of pervious concrete Mix 3 (kg/m3), which contains 431
2. Comparing the porosity through the experiment of mass underwater and the CT
129 kg of water, 764 kg of D5–10 mm aggregate (50%), 687 kg of D2–5 m
image analysis, it can be seen that the porosity by the CT image is to be 115% higher.
This is because it is difficult to measure the voids isolated inside in the case of the test
of underwater mass, but it is possible to measure all the voids inside in the case of
CT imaging.
3. From the permeability test results, it was shown that the permeability coefficient
is about 2.72 mm/s for Mix 1 with an average porosity of 22.2%, 0.85 mm/s for
Mix 2 with an average porosity of 13.7%, and 0.16 mm/s for Mix 3 with an average
porosity of 11.6%. From the above results, it can be concluded that, by blending
smaller and appropriate-sized aggregates into concrete mix, the porosity of hardened
concrete decreases resulting in the reduction of the water permeability coefficient
of pervious concrete. As a result of the compressive strength test, it was found that
the compressive strength increased as the porosity decreased. This is because the
specific surface and adhesion area between aggregates and cement paste increase
as the aggregate size gets smaller, which is beneficial to the compressive strength of
pervious concrete.
4. Analyzing the results of laboratory research conducted within this study on the pore
clogging experiment presented in Section 3.4 and in Table 5, it can be concluded that
the water infiltration rate of pervious concrete was restored at a constant rate when
the permeation performance was reduced and then cleaned by vacuum cleaning
Sustainability 2021, 13, 426 12 of 13
and high pressure spraying. However, it was not possible to restore the original
permeability performance. Further experimentation and research are needed.
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