ASL Biology_9700

Unit 01: Cell Structure

Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Cell Structure

With

Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Guidance Notes
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

These notes serve as adjuncts to class lectures and should not be studied in isolation

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Syllabus – From June 2016

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Standard units of measurement and conversions

Many biological specimens are too small to be measured in larger units of measurement like metres (m),
kilometres (km) and so on.

At the cellular level, individual cells and the organelles within it are measured in much smaller units.

The table below shows some of the prefixes used for units of measurements.

It is simple to understand the following metric units and the conversions between them from one
multiple to another.

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

The figure below shows the inter-conversion between smaller units. It’s extremely important to
understand the conversions given below as they are the most commonly tested in your CIEs.

Two examples have been worked out on the figure for you.

Try solving the following conversions:

1. 6 um = ____ nm
2. 4 mm = ____ um
3. 7 cm = ____ nm
4. 3 um = ____ cm
5. 2 nm = ____ um
6. 9 um = ____ mm

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

MICROSCOPY

Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples and objects that cannot be seen
with the unaided eye. Two common forms of microscopic techniques are:

• Light Microscopy
• Electron Microscopy

Electron vs Light (optical) Microscope: Basic Differences

There are not many things that these two microscope have in common. Both electron and light
microscopes are technical devices which are used for visualizing structures that are too small to see with
the unaided eye, and both types have relevant areas of applications in biology and the material sciences.
The method of visualizing the structures is very different. Electron Microscopes use electrons and not
photons (light rays) for visualization as in the case of Light Microscopy.

Electron microscopes have certain advantages over light microscopes. The biggest advantages are that
they have:

• a higher resolution (0.5 nm) and

• a higher magnification ( x 250000)

Light microscopes can show a useful magnification only up to 1500 times. Electron microscopes
therefore allow for the visualization of structures that would normally not be visible by light microscopy.

Magnification is defined as the ratio of the image size to actual size. NO UNITS.
Magnification= Image Size/ Actual Size

Resolution is defined as the ability to distinguish two distinct points as separate. Its
equivalent to half the wavelength of the radiation used.

Electron microscopes have a range of disadvantages as well:

• They are extremely expensive.

• Sample preparation is often much more elaborate. It is often necessary to coat the specimen
with a very thin layer of metal (such as gold). The metal is able to reflect the electrons.
• The sample must be completely dry. This makes it impossible to observe living specimens.
• It is not possible to observe moving specimens (as they are dead).
• It is not possible to observe color. Electrons do not possess a color. The image is only
black/white. Sometimes the image is colored artificially to give a better visual impression.
• They require more training and experience in identifying artifacts that may have been
introduced during the sample preparation process.
• The space requirements are high. They may need a whole room.

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• Maintenance costs are high.

ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Electron microscope Light Microscope

Radiation source Electrons Light
Wavelength 1.00 nm 400nm
Max. resolution 0.5 nm 200 nm
Max. magnification x 250000 x 1500
Lenses Electromagnets Glass
Specimen Non-living, dehydrated, Living/ non living- usually
relatively thin- supported on a supported on a glass slide
small copper grid in vacuum
Common stains Heavy metals to reflect Coloured dyes
electrons
Image Black and white Usually coloured

Different types of electron microscopes

There are two different types of electron microscopes, scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and
transmission electron microscopes (TEM). In the TEM method, an electron beam is passed through an
extremely thin section of the specimen. You will get a two-dimensional cross-section of the specimen.
SEMs, in contrast, visualize the surface structure of the specimen, providing a 3-D impression.

When should one use light microscopes?

One big advantage of light microscopes is the ability to observe living cells. It is possible to observe a
wide range of biological activity, such as the uptake of food, cell division and movement. Additionally,
it is possible to use in-vivo staining techniques to observe the uptake of colored pigments by the cells.
These processes cannot be observed in real time using electron microscopes, as the specimen has to be
fixed, and completely dehydrated (and is therefore dead). The low cost of optical microscopes makes
them useful in a wide range of different areas, such as education or the medical sector. Generally,
optical and electron microscopes have different areas of application and they complement each other.

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

What can be viewed through Light & Electron microscopy?

Nucleus>Chloroplast>Mitochondrion>Nucleolus>Lysosome>Centriole>Ribosome
Mnemonic: Nobody Can Make Noodles Like Chef Ramsay!

• (upto5 µm) the general diameter for Prokaryotes

• (10 - 30 µm) Most Eukaryotic animal cells
• (10 - 100 µm) Most Eukaryotic plant cells
• Thus most eukaryotic cells (plant or animal) are within 10-100 um

Light microscopy can be used to resolve specimens larger than 200nm in size
Electron microscopy can be used to resolve specimens larger than 0.5 nm in size

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Relative Sizes
Molecule/Organelle Relative Size
1 Amino Acid 0.8 nm
2 Diameter of a DNA Alpha helix 2 nm
3 Thickness of cell membrane 7 nm
4 Ribosome 20 nm (70S=18nm & 80S=22 nm)
5 Nuclear pore 50 nm
6 Centriole 200 nm
7 Lysosomes 300-500 nm
8 Peroxisomes 300-500 nm
9 Nucleolus 2.5 um
10 Length of Mitochondrion 3 um
11 Length of Chloroplast 5 um
12 Nucleus 6 um (3-10 um)
13 Starch grains Extremely variable but of the
order of microns (ranging from
2-100 um in size)
14 Xylem vessel Of the order of mm

Observable Features: Light Microscopy Vs Electron Microsopy

Additional features observable on EM not observable with LM?

Mitochondrion • Cristae
• Double membrane
• 70S ribosomes
• Circular DNA
Chloroplasts • Double membrane
• Thylakoid
• Ribosomes
Ribosomes • visible as small dots
• scattered throughout cytoplasm
• and on rER
Heterochromatin- darker staining/Euchromatin- lighter staining
sER (smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)
rER (rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Cell membrane

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Golgi vesicles
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Mitochondria once separated from the cells for biochemical analyses are kept in a sucrose
solution of particular concentration. Why?
• To maintain the osmotic integrity of mitochondrion
• So that it maintains its original shape and structure
• Sucrose is NOT used for aerobic respiration by mitochondria
• Mitochondrion uses glucose as the principle source of energy

Why can internal membranes be viewed using EM but not LM?

• EM has a higher resolution
• Resolution is defined as the ability to distinguish between two close points as distinct
• Resolution is equal to half of wavelength of the radiation being used (REMEMBER that
wavelength has NO effect on magnification of a specimen)
• Thus for LM, Res= 200nm & for EM= 0.5nm, because visible light has a wavelength of
400nm & electrons have a wavelength of 1 nm
• Cell membrane is 7 nm in width
• Thus only EM can show the internal membranes with in a cell

Making temporary slides for light microscopy

• Freshly cut sample is placed on a clean glass slide

• Suitable stain is added to the specimen such as methylene blue (for animal specimens
such as cheek cells) or iodine in potassium iodide (KI) solution (for plant cells such as
onion cells). Iodine in KI solution will stain the starch grains blue black and the nuclei
and cell walls pale yellow.
• Lower the cover slip carefully to protect the microscope lens as well as to prevent the
specimen from drying out. A drop of glycerine mixed with the stain may also prevent the
specimen from drying out.
• Advantages of making temporary preparations include:
1. Can be made rapidly
2. Useful in cases where quick assessment of specimen is required
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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

How to prepare a specimen for Electron Microscope? (Addendum)

STEPS in ORDER:
Fixate….Dehydrate….Embed….Section……Stain…..Mount

For your theory paper components, you MUST learn the usage of eyepiece graticule and stage
micrometer in your school Lab while using a Light Microscope!

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

ANIMAL CELL & PLANT CELL

Cells are the building blocks of life. Each cell represents a metabolic unit of the body.

• Animal and plant cells have a proper nucleus which contains chromosomes.

• Animal and plant cells contain cytoplasm.

• Animal and plant cells also have a cell membrane.

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Ultrastructure of and animal cell

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Ultrastructure of a plant cell

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Similarities:

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cytoplasm: Present Present
Endoplasmic Present Present
Reticulum
(Smooth and
Rough):
Ribosomes: Present (70S and 80S) Present (70S and 80S)
Mitochondria: Present Present
Golgi Apparatus: Present Present
Microtubules/ Present Present
Microfilaments:
Nucleus: Present Present
Lysosomes: Present Present

Differences:

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell wall: Absent Present (formed of cellulose)
Shape: Irregular shape Regular shape
Vacuole: One or more small vacuoles One, large central vacuole
(much smaller than plant cells). taking up 90% of cell volume.
Centrioles: Present in all animal cells Usually absent. Only present in
lower plant forms.
Chloroplast: Animal cells don't Plant cells have chloroplasts
have chloroplasts because they make their own
food
Plastids: Absent Present

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Cells, Tissue, Organ, Organ system & Organism

Some plants and animals are just a single cell, but most of us are not. A living plant or animal is called an
organism and is made up of lots of cells all working together.

Some of these cells are all of the same type, collectively they are called a tissue. They all do the same
job, for example connective tissue, which is used in animals to connect other tissues together - and stop
us falling apart! Next, some different tissues are grouped together to make up an organ such as the
stomach or a leaf.

Finally, some organs work together to form an organ system such as the digestive system.

Question:

Is Aorta a tissue or an organ?

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

CELL FRACTIONATION- Separating Cellular Organelles

Cell fractionation is a combination of various methods used to separate a cell organelles and
components. There are two phases of cell fractionation: homogenization and centrifugation.The
process of cell fractionation helps us in studying the functions of various organelles.

Homogenization is the process of breaking open the cells. Cells are broken apart by chemicals, enzymes,
or sound waves. Some scientists even force the cells through small spaces at high pressure to break
them apart. Centrifugation is the isolation of the cell organelles. Therefore at the end of this process, a
researcher has isolated the mitochondria, the nucleus, the chloroplast, etc.

The diagram below is an example of cell fractionation. The first two test tubes demonstrate the result of
homogenization and the last four portray the process of differential centrifugation.

Try answering this at the END of the chapter:

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

CELLULAR ORGANELLES- Structure & Function

Nucleus & Nucleolus

The nucleus is the central body of the cell. It’s enclosed within a nuclear envelope (double membrane)
interrupted by nuclear pores. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is usually continuous with the nuclear
envelope. The chromatin within the nucleus may be organized into heterochromatin (densely packed-
dark staining) and euchromatin (loosely packed- light staining). Euchromatin participates in the active
transcription of DNA to mRNA products. Not all euchromatin is necessarily transcribed, but in general
that which is not is transformed into heterochromatin to protect the genes while they are not in use.

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Nu- Nucleolus
E- Euchromatin (occupies most of the central region)
H- Heterochromatin (periphery mainly)
ER- Endoplasmic Reticulum
M- Mitochonrion

The functions of a nucleus are:

• It retains the genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA/chromatin
• It coordinates and regulates cellular activity and processes through enzyme
synthesis and production of proteins,
• It starts the process of cell division
• Replication occurs before division of the nucleus to make exact copies of its DNA

The most prominent substructure within the nucleus is the nucleolus, which is the site of ribosome
synthesis and assembly. Cells require large numbers of ribosomes to meet their needs for protein
synthesis. Actively growing mammalian cells, for example, contain 5 million to 10 million ribosomes that
must be synthesized each time the cell divides. The nucleolus is a ribosome production factory, designed
to fulfill the need for large-scale production of rRNAs and assembly of the ribosomal subunits.

Role of nucleolus:
• To synthesise and assemble the ribosomes
• To synthesize rRNA (r = ribosomal)
• To synthesize tRNA (t = transfer)

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER), Golgi& Lysosomes

The endoplasmic reticulum (often abbreviated as ER) is a network of three dimensional sheet like
membranes spreading throughout the cytoplasm of cells. There are two types of ER, named after their
appearance under a microscope:

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER): has ribosomes on its surface

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER): lacks ribosomes and is more tubular in appearance

As mentioned, rER contains ribosomes, whereas sER does not.

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) is involved in synthesis and transport of lipids (eg steroids).
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) is responsible for protein synthesis. Most often, the rER
leads the proteins to another set of cell structures called the Golgi bodies.

If radioactive amino acids are supplied to an actively growing cell, ribosomes/ rER will be
the first sight to show an increase in radioactivity indicating amino acid usage for protein
synthesis.

The Golgi bodies, which are also known as the Golgi apparatus or the Golgi complex, are stacks of
membranous pouches with many small vesicles bubbling off (from the Trans- face) or fusing (into the
Cis- face) with the membrane. In general, the Golgi bodies act as a transport station, packaging materials
(such as the proteins from the ER) into vesicles and sending them off either to other organelles or for
secretion from the cell. Golgi bodies are responsible for protein modification and packaging before
they are released out of the cell.

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Role of rER:
• Polypeptide synthesis via translation
• Post translational modification eg, protein folding to attain its final shape
• Protein transportation to Golgi

Role of Golgi body/complex/apparatus:

• Modification of proteins (eg. through glycosylation and sulfation)
• Packaging of proteins
• Production of lysosomes

Golgi vesicles:
• Contain modified proteins
• Fuse with the cell membrane causing exocytosis

List 3 Structural differences between Golgi Apparatus and RER

1.
2.
3.

Lysosomes:
• Specialized Golgi vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes at a low pH
• Digest worn out organelles (autophagy)
• Involved in autolysis which refers to break down of cells after they have died

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

sER:
• Synthesises, transports and stores lipids
• Eg, steroid hormones such as progesterone, oestrogen and testosterone

Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are the organelles in which photosynthesis takes place. Photosynthesis is an important
process by which autotrophic cells manufacture their own food. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment
chlorophyll (this is why plant leaves are green) which absorbs light to provide the energy necessary to
carry out photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts have two membranes: an outer membrane and an inner membrane. A solution called the
stroma fills the part of the chloroplast inside of the inner membrane. In this area, there are stacks of
flattened vesicles. The stacks themselves are known as grana, and the vesicles are called thylakoids. The
thylakoids are where photosynthesis actually occurs.

Chloroplasts take up phosphate ions from cytoplasm. Suggest its uses.

• Make ATP
• Synthesize phospholipids
• Phosphorylate sugars in forming DNA, RNA and/or nucleotides

Role of chloroplasts
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• Chloroplasts are plastids containing the pigment of chlorophyl

ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

• Involved in the process of photosynthesis which includes light dependent reactions (LDR) and
light independent reactions (LIR)
• Light dependent reactions occur on the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP
• Light independent reactions occur within the stroma of the chloroplast and produce sugars

Mitochondrion

Mitochondria (singular – mitochondrion) are rod-shaped or kidney-shaped, membrane-enclosed

organelles, ranging in size from 1 to 10 micrometers, that are found in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic
cells. Depending on the organism, tissue type and level of cellular metabolic activity, a cellmay contain
just one mitochondrion or several thousand mitochondria; human cells normally contain 3000-5000
mitochondria.They may have different shapes as seen under an electron microscope. This may be due
to their different phases of maturation or different sections cut for microscopy.

Mitochondrion- Structure

The mitochondrion consists of four major sections – the outer membrane, the intermembranous space,
the inner membrane, and the matrix.

The Outer Membrane

This membrane contains a great number of large transport proteins, which allows for large molecules to
enter with ease.

The Intermembrane Space

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

This space lies between the inner and the outer membrane and serves as the site where protons are
pumped via electron transfer chain to create a proton motive force essential for making ATP from ADP
through chemiosmosis ( part of aerobic respiration)

The Inner Membrane

This membrane is highly convoluted, forming many folds called cristae. The inner membrane is highly
specialised to carry out its function in cellular respiration. Cristae contains ATP synthase and electron
transport chain protiens and provides large surface area for enzyme catalyzed reactions. Name one
enzyme present on the cristae?

The Matrix

The Link reaction and Kreb Cycle takes place here. It also contains several copies of the mitochondrial
circular DNA genome, ribosomes (70 S) and various enzymes required for the expression of the
mitochondrial gene.

Mitochondrion- Function
• Essential for aerobic respiration,
• to provide ATP through link reaction, Krebs cycle andOxidative Phosphorylation

Bazinga Corner
1. State a common funtion of chloroplast and mitochondrion.
2. Outline the role of ATP in living cells.

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Centrioles

Typical centriole has a ‘9 + 0’ axoneme, with 9 triplet microtubules around the periphery.
Modified centrioles like cilia and flagella have a ‘9 + 2’ axoneme with 9 doublets at the
periphery and 2 microtubule singlets at the centre.

The centrioles arise from centrosomes, also referred to as the MTOC- MicroTubule Organizing
Center. Centrioles play a part in nuclear division and organization of the cytoskeleton.

Role of Centrioles:
• Only found in animal cells
• Centrioles replicate during interphase prior to mitosis and meiosis
• Migrate to opposite poles to organize microtubules leading to spindle formation
• Modified form of centrioles like flagella & cilia are found in animals

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Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Cilia Vs Flagella

Enlist three differences between cilia and flagella.

Cilia Flagella




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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Plasmodesmata (singular- plasmodesma)

Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells,
enabling transport and communication between cells.

Plasmodesmata enable direct, regulated, symplastic (cytoplasm to cytoplasm) intercellular transport of

substances between cells.

Role of plasmodesmata:
• Allow symplastic transport of
1. Water
2. Sucrose
3. ATP
4. Amino Acids
5. Hormones
• Contents do not cross cell membrane or cell wall
• Allows rapid communication between cells. For example, between companion cells and sieve
tube elements
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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Vacuole

Plant cells possess a large central vacuole. They function as reservoirs for ions and metabolites, including
pigments, and are crucial to processes of detoxification and general cell homeostasis.

Tonoplast is the membrane surrounding the plant vacuoles.

Role of vacuoles in plant cells:

• Stores cell sap
• Stores water, salts, pigments, sucrose, etc
• Stores waste products
• Offers turgor pressure and support to the plant cells
• Vacuolar turgidity pushes the chloroplasts towards the edge of the cell to maximize
photosynthetic efficiency

Cytoskeleton

Cells can easily move and alter their shape because they possess a network of fibers called the
cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton attaches to the cell membrane and to most of the organelles. The
cytoskeleton consists of three common types of fibers, all of which are made of protein. These fibers are
microtubules, intermediate filaments & microfilaments.

• Microtubules are about 20 to 25 nanometers in diameter and usually extend from the center of
the cell to the cell membrane. Microtubules are involved cell reproduction, and they also make
up specialized structures for cell movement called cilia and flagella.

• Intermediate filaments have a diameter of 7 to 10 nanometers. Intermediate filaments have a

strong, ropelike structure which helps to give the cell strength and ability to maintain its shape.

• Microfilaments, which are only 3 to 6 nanometers in diameter, consist of a protein called actin.
Unlike microtubules which are components of structures designed to move the cell around,
microfilaments are used to aid in movement in cells without such specialized structures.

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Double Membranous System

YES NO
Chloroplasts (also have internal membranes) Lysosomes
Nucleus ER
Mitochondrion (also have internal membranes) Golgi
Vacuole

Cell organelles which contain nucleic acids:

• Rer
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
• Ribosomes
• Lysosomes

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

EUKARYOTES & PROKARYOTES

Prokaryotesare organisms without a true nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles.
Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are multicellular.
Eukaryotesare organisms whose cells contain a true nucleus. Animals, plants, fungi, and protoctists
are eukaryotes.

• The most fundamental difference is that eukaryotes do have "true" nuclei containing their DNA,
whereas the genetic material in prokaryotes is not membrane-bound.
• In eukaryotes, the mitochondria and chloroplasts perform various metabolic processes and are
believed to have been derived from endosymbiotic bacteria.
• The cell walls of prokaryotes are generally formed of a different molecule (peptidoglycan) to
those of eukaryotes (many eukaryotes do not have a cell wall at all).
• Prokaryotes are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
• Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in that they contain only a single loop of stable circular
DNA stored in an area named the nucleoid, while eukaryote DNA is found on tightly bound
histones and organized into chromosomes.
• Prokaryotes have a larger surface area to volume ratio giving them a higher metabolic rate, a
higher growth rate and consequently a shorter generation time compared to eukaryotes.

Prokaryotic bacteria:

PS_Mesosomes are no longer regarded as membrane infoldings of the cell membrane. They are
considered as artefacts.

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE
Organism Bacteria Protoctists, Fungi, Plants &
Animals
Average cell diameter 0.5 – 5 um 10- 100 um
Relative cell volume X1 X 1000- 10000
Form Mainly unicellular Mainly multicellular (except
Protoctists)
Cell division Mainly binary fission Mitosis, Meiosis
Genetic material • No true nucleus • Linear DNA
• Circular DNA lying • Enclosed within a true
within a region nucleus
referred to as
nucleoid
• Naked DNA
Protein synthesis 70S ribosomes , no rER 80S ribosomes, rER present
Organelles Few organelles Membrane bound organelles
present
Cell Walls Peptidoglycan is the major Plants- Cellulose
component Fungi- chitin
Flagella Simple flagella with no Complex ‘9+2’ arrangement
microtubules
Respiration Membrane associated; no Mitochondria for aerobic
mitochondria respiration

Photosynthesis Membrane associated; no Chloroplasts

chloroplasts

Mitochonrion& its Prokaryotic origin

• Mitochondria are believed to have a prokaryotic origin until they entered into a symbiotic
relationship with eukaryotic cells (endosymbiotic theory)
• Mitochonria have structural and physiological features in common with bacteria which include:
1. 70S ribosomes
2. Circular DNA
3. Mitochondrial size
4. Division by binary fission

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

VIRUSES

Features

• Viruses are very small particles

• They are not classified under any living kingdom. They are at the boundary between living and
non living.
• They are on average 50 times smaller than bacteria (20 – 300 nm)
• Viruses do not have any cellular structure which implies that they are devoid of
1. cell membrane;
2. cytoplasm; and
3. ribosomes
• ALL viruses are parasitic because they only survive inside the host cells. Their genetic material
takes over the host cell protein synthesis
• Structurally, a naked virus is composed of two basic components:
1. Genetic material in the form of single stranded or double stranded RNA or DNA
2. A protein coat known as the capsid. Each protein in the capsid is referred to as a capsomere.
The capsid proteins protects the genetic material of the viruses and also attaches to receptors
on the host cell membrane.
• An enveloped virus has an additional glycoprotein membrane encircling the capsid. HIV is an
example of an enveloped virus.

PRACTICAL TASKS

• Light Microscope using high and low power objectives

• View and measure specimens using stage micrometer and eyepiece graticule
• Plan diagrams- low and high power
• Calculate magnifications from photomicrographs

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Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Cell Structure

With

Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

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Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Unit 01: Cell Structure
Multiple Choice Questions
June’ 08- March’ 20

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q1 (J08/q1)

Q2 (J08/q3)

Q3 (J08/q4)

Q4 (J09/q2)

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q5 (J09/q3)

Q6 (J09/q4)

Q7 (N08/q1)

Q8 (N08/q2)

Q9 (N08/q3)

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q10 (N08/q4)

Q11 (N08/q5)

Q12 (N09/12/q1)

Q13 (N09/12/q2)

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q14 (N09/12/q3)

Q15 (N09/12/q5)

Q16 (N09/12/q6)

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q17 (J10/11/q2)

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Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q18 (J10/11/q3)

Q19 (J10/11/q4)

Q20 (J10/11/q5)

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ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q21 (J10/11/q6)

Q22 (J11/11/q1)

Q23(J11/11/q2)

Q24(J11/11/q3)

Q25(J11/11/q4)

Page42
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q26 (J11/12/q1)

Q27 (J11/12/q2)

Q28 (J11/12/q3)

Q29 (J11/12/q5)

Page43
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q30 (J12/11/q1)

Q31 (J12/11/q2)

Q32 (J12/11/q3)

Page44
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q33 (J12/11/q4)

Q34 (J12/11/q5)

Q35 (J12/12/q1)

Q36 (J12/12/q3)
Page45
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q37 (J12/12/q4)

Q38 (J12/12/q5)

Q39 (N10/11/q1)

Page46
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q40 (N10/11/q2)

Q41 (N10/11/q3)

Q42 (N10/11/q4)

Q43 (N10/11/q5)

Page47
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q44 (N10/12/q1)

Q45 (N10/12/q2)

Q46 (N10/12/q3)

Q47 (N10/12/q4)

Page48
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q48 (N10/12/q5)

Q49 (N11/11/q1)

Q50 (N11/11/q2)

Q51 (N11/11/q3)

Q52 (N11/11/q4)
Page49
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q53 (N11/11/q5)

Q54 (N11/12/q1)

Q55 (N11/12/q2)

Page50
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q56 (N11/12/q3)

Q57 (N11/12/q4)

Page51
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q58 (N11/12/q5)

Q59 (N11/12/q6)

Page52
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q60 (N12/11/q1)

Q61 (N12/11/q4)

Q62 (N12/11/q6)

Page53
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q63 (N12/12/q1)

Q64 (N12/12/q2)

Q65 (N12/12/q3)

Q66 (N12/12/q4)

Q67 (N12/12/q5)

Page54
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q68 (N12/12/q6)

Q69 (J13/11/q1)

Q70 (J13/11/q2)

Page55
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q71 (J13/11/q3)

Q72 (J13/11/q4)

Q73 (J13/11/q5)

Page56
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q74 (J13/11/q6)

Q75 (J13/12/q1)

Page57
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q76 (J13/12/q2)

Page58
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q77 (J13/12/q3)

Q78 (J13/12/q4)
Page59
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q79 (J13/12/q5)

Q80 (J13/13/q1)

Q81 (J13/13/q3)

Page60
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q82 (J13/13/q4)

Q83 (J13/13/q6)

Q84 (N13/11/q1)

Q85 (N13/11/q2)

Page61
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q86 (N13/11/q4)

Q87 (N13/12/q1)

Q88 (N13/12/q2)

Page62
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q89 (N13/12/q3)

Q90 (N13/12/q4)

Q91 (N13/13/q2)

Page63
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q92 (N13/13/q3)

Q93 (N13/13/q4)

Q94 (J14/11/q1)

Q95 (J14/11/q2)

Page64
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q96 (J14/11/q4)

Q97 (J14/11/q5)

Q98 (J14/12/q1)

Page65
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q99 (J14/12/q2)

Q100 (J14/12/q3)

Page66
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q101 (J14/12/q4)

Page67
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q102 (J14/12/q5)

Q103 (J14/12/q6)

Q104 (J14/13/q1)

Page68
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q105 (J14/13/q2)

Q106 (J14/13/q4)

Page69
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q107 (J14/13/q5)

Q108 (N14/11/q1)

Q109 (N14/11/q2)

Q110 (N14/11/q3)

Page70
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q111 (N14/11/q4)

Q112 (N14/11/q5)

Q113 (N14/12/q1)

Page71
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q114 (N14/12/q2)

Q115 (N14/12/q3)

Q116 (N14/12/q4)

Page72
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q117(N14/12/q5)

Q118 (N14/13/q1)

Q119 (N14/13/q2)

Q120 (N14/13/q3)

Page73
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q121 (N14/13/q4)

Q122 (N14/13/q5)

Page74
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q123 (J15/11/q2)

Page75
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q124 (J15/11/q3)

Page76
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q125 (J15/11/q4)

Q126 (J15/11/q5)

Page77
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q127 (J15/11/q6)

Q128 (J15/12/q1)

Page78
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q129 (J15/12/q2)

Q130 (J15/12/q3)

Q131 (J15/12/q4)

Q132 (J15/12/q5)

Page79
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q133 (J15/12/q6)

Q134 (J15/13/q1)

Q135 (J15/13/q2)

Page80
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q136 (J15/13/q4)

Q137 (J15/13/q5)

Q138 (J15/13/q6)

Q139 (N15/11/q1)

Page81
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q140 (N15/11/q2)

Q141 (N15/11/q5)

Q142 (N15/11/q6)

Page82
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q143 (N15/12/q2)

Q144 (N15/12/q4)

Page83
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q145 (N15/13/q4)

Q146 (N15/13/q6)

Page84
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q147 (J16/11/q1)

Q148 (J16/11/q2)

Page85
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q149 (J16/11/q3)

Q150 (J16/11/q4)

Q151 (J16/11/q5)

Page86
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q152 (J16/12/q1)

Q153 (J16/12/q2)

Q154(J16/12/q3)

Page87
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q155 (J16/12/q4)

Q156 (J16/13/q1)

Page88
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q157 (J16/13/q2)

Q158 (J16/13/q3)

Q159 (J16/13/q5)

Page89
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q160 (N16/11/q1)

Q161 (N16/11/q2)

Q162 (N16/11/q3)

Page90
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q163 (N16/11/q5)

Q164 (N16/12/q1)

Page91
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q165 (N16/12/q2)

Page92
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q166 (N16/12/q4)

Q167 (N16/12/q6)

Page93
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q168 (N16/13/q1)

Q169 (N16/13/q2)

Q170 (N16/13/q3)

Page94
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q171 (N16/13/q4)

Q172 (N16/13/q5)

Q173 (J17/11/q1)

Page95
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q174 (J17/11/q3)

Q175 (J17/11/q4)

Q176 (J17/12/q1)

Page96
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q177 (J17/12/q2)

Q178 (J17/12/q3)

Q179 (J17/12/q4)

Q180 (J17/13/q1)

Page97
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q181 (J17/13/q2)

Q182 (J17/13/q3)

Q183 (J17/13/q4)

Page98
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q184 (N17/11/q1)

Q285 (N17/11/q3)

Q186 (N17/12/q1)

Page99
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q187 (N17/12/q2)

Q188 (N17/12/q3)

Q189 (N17/12/q5)

Page100
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q190 (N17/12/q6)

Q191 (N17/13/q1)

Page101
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q192 (N17/13/q2)

Page102
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q193 (N17/13/q4)

Q194 (N17/13/q5)

Page103
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q195 (J18/11/Q1)

Q196 (J18/11/Q2)

Q197 (J18/11/Q3)

Page104
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q198 (J18/11/Q4)

Page105
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q199 (J18/12/Q1)

Q200 (J18/12/Q2)

Q201 (J18/12/Q4)

Page106
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q202 (J18/12/Q5)

Q203 (J18/13/Q1)

Page107
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q204 (J18/13/Q2)

Q205 (J18/13/Q3)

Page108
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q206 (J18/13/Q5)

Q207 (J18/13/Q6)

Page109
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q208 (N18/11/Q1)

Page110
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q209 (N18/11/Q3)

Q210 (N18/11/Q4)

Page111
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q211(N18/11/Q5)

Q212 (N18/12/Q1)

Page112
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q213 (N18/12/Q2)

Q214 (N18/12/Q3)

Q215 (N18/12/Q4)

Page113
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q216 (N18/12/Q6)

Q217 (N18/13/Q1)

Q218 (N18/13/Q2)

Q219 (N18/13/Q3)

Page114
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q220 (N18/13/Q4)

Page115
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q221 (N18/13/Q5)

Q222 (N18/13/Q6)

Page116
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q223 (M17/12/Q1)

Q224 (M17/12/Q2)

Page117
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q225 (M17/12/Q3)

Page118
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q226 (M17/12/Q4)

Q227 (M17/12/Q5)

Q228 (M17/12/Q6)

Q229 (M18/12/Q1)

Page119
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q230 (M18/12/Q2)

Q231 (M18/12/Q3)

Q232 (M18/12/Q4)

Page120
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q233 (M19/12/Q1)

Q234 (M19/12/Q2)

Page121
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q235 (M19/12/Q3)

Q236 (M19/12/Q4)

Page122
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q237 (M19/12/Q5)

Q238 (M19/12/Q6)

Q239 (J19/11/Q1)

Page123
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q240 (J19/11/Q2)

Q241 (J19/11/Q4)

Page124
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q242 (J19/11/Q5)

Q243 (J19/11/Q6)

Page125
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q244 (J19/12/Q1)

Q245 (J19/12/Q2)

Q246 (J19/12/Q4)

Page126
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q247 (J19/13/Q1)

Q248 (J19/13/Q2)

Page127
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q249 (J19/13/Q3)

Q250 (J19/13/Q4)

Page128
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q251 (J19/13/Q6)

Q252 (N19/11/Q1)

Q253 (N19/11/Q2)

Page129
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q254 (N19/11/Q3)

Q255 (N19/11/Q4)

Page130
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q256 (N19/11/Q5)

Q257 (N19/12/Q1)

Q258 (N19/12/Q2)

Page131
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q259 (N19/12/Q3)

Q260 (N19/12/Q4)

Page132
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q261 (N19/12/Q6)

Q262 (N19/13/Q1)

Q263 (N19/13/Q2)

Q264 (N19/13/Q3)

Page133
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q265 (N19/13/Q4)

Page134
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q266 (M20/12/Q1)

Q267 (M20/12/Q2)

Page135
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q268 (M20/12/Q3)

Q269 (M20/12/Q4)

Page136
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q270 (M20/12/Q5)

Page137
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

ANSWERS-
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C
6. A 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. B
11. C 12. A 13. D 14. D 15. C
16. C 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. D
21. B 22. B 23. D 24. D 25. C
26. C 27. A 28. D 29. D 30. D
31. D 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C
36. C 37. D 38. D 39. D 40. B
41. A 42. A 43. B 44. D 45. C
46. B 47. B 48. C 49. D 50. A
51. D 52. C 53. C 54. D 55. A
56. C 57. A 58. B 59. C 60. B
61. A 62. B 63. A 64. A 65. B
66. C 67. B 68. C 69. D 70. C
71. C 72. C 73. A 74. C 75. C
76. B 77. C 78. A 79. D 80. B
81. A 82. A 83. D 84. D 85. B
86. C 87. C 88. A 89. B 90. D
91. D 92. D 93. C 94. A 95. A
96. C 97. C 98. D 99. A 100. D
101. C 102. C 103. A 104. D 105. C
106. B 107. D 108. C 109. D 110. A
111. B 112. A 113. D 114. D 115. B
116. B 117. C 118. B 119. D 120. C
121. D 122. A 123. D 124. B 125. A
126. D 127. B 128. A 129. C 130. C
131. B 132. C 133. B 134. A 135. C
136. C 137. D 138. B 139. B 140. A
141. A 142. B 143. C 144. C 145. B
146. C 147. D 148. C 149. B 150. D
151. A 152. D 153. D 154. C 155. D
156. A 157. A 158. B 159. A 160. D
161. B 162. A 163. C 164. B 165. C
166. C 167. B 168. B 169. B 170. A
171. B 172. B 173. D 174. C 175. B
176. C 177. D 178. A 179. A 180. A
181. C 182. C 183. B 184. B 185. A
186. D 187. D 188. B 189. A 190. A
191. B 192. A 193. C 194. A 195. A
196. B 197. C 198. B 199. A 200. B
201. B 202. A 203. D 204. A 205. B
206. D 207. B 208. C 209. C 210. B

Page138

211. A 212. B 213. D 214. A 215. B

216. C 217. C 218. C 219. D 220. B
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

221. A 222. D 223. C 224. C 225. C

226. A 227. B 228. D 229. D 230. C
231. A 232. C 233. A 234. C 235. C
236. A 237. A 238. C 239. D 240. C
241. B 242. A 243. B 244. D 245. B
246. B 247. D 248. B 249. C 250. C
251. D 252. C 253. B 254. D 255. C
256. A 257. D 258. C 259. C 260. A
261. A 262. C 263. D 264. A 265. D
266. C 267. A 268. C 269. C 270. D

Page139
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

CELL STRUCTURE

With
Page140

Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Past Paper Structured Questions
June 2008- March’2020

Page141
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q1 (J04/q4:a-b)

Page142
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Page143
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q2 (J06/q4:a-c)

Page144
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q3 (J08/q2:a-c)

Page145
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Page146
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q4 (J09/21/q1:a)

Page147
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q5 (J10/22/q1)

Page148
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Page149
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q6 (J12/21/q2)

Page150
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Page151
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q7 (N07/q1:a)

Page152

Q8 (N12/21/q1:a)
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Page153

Q9 (N12/22/q1:a-c)
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Page154
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q10 (N12/23/q1)

Page155
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Page156
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q11 (J14/22/q2 a-b)

Page157
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q12 (N15/21/q1)

Page158
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Page159
ASL Biology_9700
Unit 01: Cell Structure
Mohammad Hussham Arshad, MD

Q13 (N15/22/q1)

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Q14 ( J16/21/2 aiii)

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Q15 (N16/21/q1 a and b)

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Q16 (N16/22/q1)

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Q17 (J17/21/q1)

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Q18 (J17/22/q1)

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Q19 (J17/23/q2)

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Q20 (N17/23/q1)

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Q21 (J18/21/q1)

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Unit 01: Cell Structure
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Q22 (J18/22/q1ABC)

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Q23 (J18/23/q2AB)

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Q24 (M18/22/q2A-C)

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Q25 (J19/23/q2A)

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Q26 (M20/22/q6B)

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Marking Scheme: Structured Questions
June 2004- March’2020

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Q1

Q2

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Q3

Q4

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Q5

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Q6

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Q7

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Q8

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Q9

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Q10

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Q11

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Q12

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Q13

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Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

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Q18

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Q19

Q20

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Q21

Q22

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Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

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