Internship Report For 2 Weeks (Transmission)

INTERNSHIP REPORT FOR 2 WEEKS IN
TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT
REPORT BY: MUHAMMAD BIN ASIF

INTRODUCTION:
PTCL is biggest network company in PAKISTAN. It is well known for
its main that is it provides internet services to different companies
for e.g. NAYATEL, UFONE, CYBERNET, FIBEROPTICS ETC. PTCL not
only provide its services to these companies but also to the
corporate sectors for e.g. ARMED FORCES and BANKS.
Furthermore, it also provides services to the domestic uses for
e.g. our homes for daily usage.
PTCL main wanders are HUAWEI, ZTE, FIBERHOME ETC.
During these 2 weeks in PTCL we got to know about different
things as mentioned below
i. TRANSMISSION MEDIUM USED BY PTCL
PTCL is using both electrical medium(copper) and optical fiber.
OPTICAL FIBER COPPER WIRE
But nowadays PTCL is completely trying to shift over optical fiber
this is because optical fiber has higher performance as compared
to copper. Optical fiber is more easy to handle it is made up of
glass, and the it has the speed of light so transmission is faster in
optical fiber. Optical fiber has more lifespan as compared to the
copper wire until and unless there is cut in this fiber. And optical
fiber has less power losses. Due to all of these advantages PTCL is
shifting towards optical fiber. Optical fiber connectors are of three
types normally SC, LC and FC.
ii. NETWORK MANGEMENT SYSTEM(NMS)

This is the most important element of transmission section as it is
the virtual view of all the connections between different areas. On
this system all the traffic is looked over that which connection has
more traffic and which connection is transmitting the traffic
successfully. Furthermore, from this system the logical
connections are looked over that is there any link break or not
and if there is any link break it can help us to know that at which
area the link in broken at which specific part of network and can
also tell the specific ports at due to which the link is broken. NMS
also helps by giving alarms which can be of many types like power
alarm, server down, cut in optical fiber etc. These all links are
joined with 1+1 theory i.e. every connection have its backup
connection if one link path is broken it will have a backup path
and the link will not be completely broken.
PTCL is using the NMS which are built by their wanders. Currently
they are using 3 types of NMS: -
1) NMS BY ZTE (PTN):-
2) NMS BY HUAWEI: -
iii) OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER(OTDR): -
This device is used to check the break in the optical fiber. The
OTDR is connected with that optical fiber on which the NMS
has issued an alarm of breakage. once the optical fiber is
connected wavelength ill be send in this wire and the distance
will be measured till which this wavelength has travelled and
the location at which this wavelength drops will be the location
of breakage in the optical fiber.
iv) POWER METER: -
This device is basically used to measure the incoming power in

optical fiber, in order to check for the power losses and to
check the transmission of data on the specific optical fiber.
Furthermore, this meter can also be used to trace a specific
optical fiber over long distances as one end of optical fiber is
connected to this meter from where the laser is transmitted to
the other end of that optical fiber.
v) OPTICAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME(ODF): -
It is a frame used to provide cable interconnections between
communication facilities, which can integrate fiber splicing,
fiber termination, fiber optic adapters & connectors and cable
connections together in a single unit. It can also work as a
protective device to protect fiber optic connections from
damage.
There are different types of ODF for e.g.: -
1.Wall mount ODF (shown in the following picture) usually uses
a design like a small box which can be installed on the wall and
is suitable for fiber distribution with small counts. Floor mount
ODF adopts closed structure. It is usually designed with
relatively fixed fiber capacity and nice appearance.
2.Rack mount ODF (shown in the following picture) is usually

modularity in design with firm structure. It can be installed on
the rack with more flexibility according to the fiber optic cable
counts and specifications. This kind of optical distribution
system is more convenient and can provide more possibilities
to the future variations. Most of the rack mount ODF is 19'',
which ensures that they can be perfectly installed on to the
commonly used standard transmission rack.
The selection of the ODF is not limited to the structure, many
factors like applications should be considered.
There are some important notes which should be kept in mind
for ODF which are: -
a. Fiber Counts: with the number of fiber connections in places
like data center increase, the need for high density ODF
become the trend. And it is very common to find ODF with 24
ports, 48 ports or even 144 ports for fiber optic cables in the
market now. Meanwhile, many vendors can provide the
customized ODFs according to the customers' requirement.
b. Manageability: High-density is the good but management is not

easy. ODF should provide an easy management environment
for technicians. The basic requirement is ODF should allow for
easy access to the connectors on the front and rear of those
ports for insertion and removal. This requires that ODF should
reserve enough space. In addition, the color of adapters
installed on the ODF should be remain consistent with the color
code of fiber optic connectors to avoid wrong connections.
c. Flexibility: as mentioned rack mount ODF is relatively flexible

during applications with the modular design. However, anther
aspect which can increase the ODF’s flexibility effectively is the
port size for adapters on the ODF. For example, an ODF with
ports of duplex LC adapter size can be installed with duplex LC,
SC or MRTJ adapters. An ODF with ports of ST adapter size can
be installed with both ST adapters and FC adapters.
d. Protection: optical distribution frames integrate fiber

connections in it. The fiber connections like splicing joint, fiber
optic connectors are actually really sensitive in the whole
transmission network and is directly related to the stability and
reliability of the network. Thus, a good ODF should have
protection device to prevent fiber optic connections from
damages produced by dust or stress.
vi) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH): -

it is a group of fiber optic transmission rates that transport
digital signals with different capacities. SDH
technology enables low-bit rate data streams to combine
with high-rate data streams.
vii) MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (MDF)
A main distribution frame (MDF) is the primary hub or
demarcation point that interconnects private or public IT
and telecommunication lines coming into a building to an
internal network via any number of intermediate
distribution frames (IDFs)
viii) Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM):-
it is an optical fiber multiplexing technology that is used to
increase the bandwidth of existing fiber networks. It
combines data signals from different sources over a single
pair of optical fiber, while maintaining complete separation
of the data streams.
ix) Gigabyte Passive Optical Networks (GPON's)

These are networks which rely on optical cables to deliver
information. GPON's are currently the leading form of
Passive Optical Networks. GPONS offer up to a 1:64
ratios on a single fiber. As opposed to a standard copper
wire in most networks, GPON's are 95% more energy
efficient.
FTTH includes fiber-optic access solutions designed for
residential deployments. In FTTH networks, fibers are
directly connected to individual homes or multitenant
buildings. FTTH includes various flavors of both PONs and
PTP Ethernet-based solutions.
The advantage of using GPON and optical fiber is that
room size allocated for big machinery will be reduced,
their size will get less, machinery will get very less in
number, resulting in less labor force, low power
consumption, eradication of grouping of wires, high
transmission and reception accuracy.
x) Tie cable: -
Cable between two distributing frames or distributing
points.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT FOR 2 WEEKS IN

REPORT BY: MUHAMMAD BIN ASIF

ii. NETWORK MANGEMENT SYSTEM(NMS)

1) NMS BY ZTE (PTN):-

This device is basically used to measure the incoming power in

2.Rack mount ODF (shown in the following picture) is usually

b. Manageability: High-density is the good but management is not

c. Flexibility: as mentioned rack mount ODF is relatively flexible

d. Protection: optical distribution frames integrate fiber

vi) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH): -

ix) Gigabyte Passive Optical Networks (GPON's)

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