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The document provides an overview of several mental health disorders including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress, schizophrenia, depression, and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults. It describes the key characteristics and symptoms of each disorder such as difficulty socializing for autism, difficulty paying attention for ADHD, feelings of pressure for stress, disrupted beliefs for schizophrenia, low mood for depression, and distressing obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors for OCD.

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IELTS MASTER

TES
DISORDERS: AN OVERVIEW

Autistic Spectrum Disorder

Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder have difficulty understanding what other people are
saying, need help to play with other children, enjoy routines and find unfamiliar situations
difficult. People with Autistic Spectrum Disorder can be good at creative activities like art,
music and poetry. They can concentrate on one thing for a long time no they can become very
good at something that they like doing.

ADHD- Attention Deficit

Hyperactivity Disorder

People with ADHD have three types of problems. Overactive behaviour (hyperactivity),
impulsive behaviour and difficulty pitying attention. Children with ADHD are not just very
active but have a wide range of problem behaviours which can make them very difficult to
care for and control. Those who have ADHD often find it difficult to fit in at school. They may
also have problems getting on with other children. Some children have significant problems
with concentration and attention, but are not necessarily overactive or impulsive. These
children are sometimes described as having Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) rather than
ADHD. ADD can easily be missed because the child is quiet and dreamy rather than disruptive.
ADHD is not related to intelligence. Children with all levels of ability can have ADHD.

Stress

Stress can be defined as the way you feel when you’re under abnormal pressure. All sorts of
situations can cause stress. The most common, however, involve work, money matters and
relationships with partners, children or other family members. Stress may be caused either by
major upheavals and life events such as divorce, unemployment, moving house and
bereavement, or by a series of minor irritations such as feeling undervalued at work or dealing
with difficult children.

Some stress can be positive and research has suggested that a moderate level of stress makes
us perform better. It also makes us more alert and can help us in challenging situations such
as job interviews or public speaking. Stressful situations can also be exhilarating and some
people actually thrive on the excitement that comes with dangerous sports or other ‘high-risk’
activities.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a diagnosis given to some people who have severely disrupted beliefs and
experiences. During an episode of schizophrenia, a person’s experience and interpretation of
the outside world is disrupted – they may lose touch with reality, see or hear things that are
not there and act in unusual ways in response to these ‘hallucinations’. An episode of
schizophrenia can last for several weeks and can be very frightening. The causes are unknown
but episodes of schizophrenia appear to be associated with changes in some brain chemicals.
Stressful experiences and some recreational drugs tire sometimes thought to trigger an
episode.

Depression

Depression describes a range of moods, from the low spirits that we all experience, to a
severe problem that interferes with everyday life. The latter type, sometimes referred to as
“clinical depression”, is defined its “a persistent exaggeration of the everyday feelings that
accompany sadness”. If you have severe depression you may experience low mood, loss of
interest and pleasure as well as feelings of worthlessness and guilt. You may also experience
tearfulness, poor concentration, reduced energy, reduced or increased appetite, changes in
weight, sleep problems and anxiety. You may even feel that life is not worth living, and plan or
attempt suicide

Disorder in Adults

Imagine you are getting up in the morning. You know you will need to go to the bathroom, but the thought of
accidentally touching the doorknob is frightening. There may be dangerous bacteria on it. Of course you
cleaned the entire bathroom yesterday, including the usual series of spraying disinfectant, washing and rinsing.
As usual it took a couple of hours to do it the right way. Even then you weren’t sure whether you had missed
an area, so you had to re-wash the floor. Naturally the doorknob was sprayed and rubbed three times with a
bactericidal spray. Now the thought that you could have missed a spot on the door knob makes you very
nervous.

This description might give you some sense of the tormented and anxious world that people with Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder (OCD) live in. It is a world filled with dangers from outside and from within. Often
elaborate rituals and thoughts are used to ward off feared events, but no amount of mental or physical activity
seems adequate, so doubt and anxiety are often present.

People who do not have OCD may perform behaviours in a ritualistic way, repeating, checking, or washing
things out of habit or concern. Generally this is done without much, if any, worry. What distinguishes OCD as a
psychiatric disorder is that the experience of obsessions, and the performance of rituals, reaches such an
intensity or frequency that it causes significant psychological distress and interferes in a significant way with
psycho-social functioning. The guideline of at least one hour spent on symptoms per day is often used as a
measure of ‘significant interference’. However, among patients who try to avoid situations that bring on anxiety
and compulsions, the actual symptoms may not consume an hour. Yet their situations would dearly constitute
interfering with functioning. Consider, for instance, a welfare mother who throws out more than $100 of
groceries a week because of contamination fears. Although this behaviour has a major effect on her
functioning, it might not consume one hour per day.

Patients with OCD describe their experience as having thoughts (obsessions) that they associate with some
danger. The sufferer generally nauthoriz that it is his or her own thoughts, rather than something imposed by
someone else (as in some paranoid schizophrenic patients). However, the disturbing thoughts cannot be
dismissed, and simply nag at the sufferer. Something must then be done to relieve the danger and mitigate the
fear. This leads to actions and thoughts that are intended to nauthoriz the danger. These are the compulsions.
Because these behaviours seem to give the otherwise ‘helplessly anxious’ person something to combat the
danger, they are temporarily reassuring. However, since the ‘danger’ is typically irrational or imaginary, it
simply returns, thereby triggering another cycle of the briefly reassuring compulsions. From the standpoint of
classic conditioning, this pattern of painful obsession followed by temporarily reassuring compulsion eventually
produces an intensely ingrained habit. It is rare to see obsessions without compulsions.

The two most common obsessions are fears of contamination and fear of harming oneself or others, while the
two most common compulsions are checking and cleaning.

NB There are more disorders than descriptions, so you will not use them all.

1 can be positive in small doses but is generally associated with pressure

2 feeling that there is danger constantly present
3 has experiences that may or may not be part of the ‘real’ world
4 active to the point of losing concentration and becoming disruptive
5 good at art but not at communicating

Types of Disorders A
Stress

B Autistic Spectrum Disorder

C Attention Deficit Disorder
D Schizophrenia
E Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
F Depression
G Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Questions 6-9
Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Disorder Personality Trait exhibited by sufferer

Autism Spectrum Disorder May excel in activities of a (6)..................................nature
Attention Deficit Disorder May appear (7)……………………………
Schizophrenia May respond to experiencing episodes of the disease by behaving in very (8)………………
Depression May experience feelings of futility that lead to thoughts of (9)………………………..
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder May frequently experience feelings of doubt and anxiety

Questions 10-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

10. Which disorder could cause visible physical

changes? A Autistic Spectrum Disorder
B Stress
C Schizophrenia
D Depression

11. Episodes of which disorder may last for a limited period of

time? A ADHD
B Autistic Spectrum Disorder
C schizophrenia
D depression

13. What nauthorized sufferers of OCD?

A the fear of going outside
B the performance of rituals
C the desire to hurt others
D the feeling that they are helpless to ease their distress

A THE DEVELOPING WORLD – the economically underdeveloped countries of Asia. Africa. Oceania and Latin
America – is considered as an entity with common characteristics, such as poverty, high birth rates, and
economic dependence on the advanced countries. Until recently, the developing world was known as ‘the third
world’. The French demographer Alfred Sauvy coined the expression (in French) in 1952 by analogy with the
‘third estate’ – the commoners of France before and during the French Revolution – as opposed to priests and
nobles, comprising the First and second estates respectively. ‘Like the third estate’, wrote Sauvy, ‘the third
world is nothing, and it wants to be something’. The term therefore implies that the third world is exploited,
much as the third estate was exploited and that, like the third estate, its destiny is a revolutionary one. It
conveys as well a second idea, also discussed by Sauvy – that of nonalignment, for the developing world
belongs neither to the industrialised capitalist world nor to the industrialised former communist bloc. The
expression ‘third world’ was used at the 1955 conference of Afro-Asian countries held in Bandung. Indonesia. In
1956 a group of social scientists associated with Sauvy’s National Institute of Demographic Studies, in Paris,
published a book called ‘Le Tiers- Monde’. Three years later, the French economist Francois Perroux launched a
new journal, on problems of underdevelopment, with the same title. By the end of the 1950s the term was
frequently employed in the French media to refer to the underdeveloped countries of Asia. Africa, Oceania and
Latin America. Present day politicians and social commentators, however, now use the term ‘developing world’
in a politically correct effort to dispel the negative connotations of ‘third world’.

B Countries in the developing world have a number of common traits: distorted and highly dependent
economies devoted to producing primary products for the developed world; traditional, rural social structures;
high population growth and widespread poverty. Nevertheless, the developing world is sharply differentiated,
for it includes countries on various levels of economic development. And despite the poverty of the countryside
and the urban shanty towns, the ruling elites of most third world countries are wealthy.

C This combination of conditions in Asia, Africa, Oceania and Latin America is linked to the absorption of the
developing world into the international capitalist economy, by way of conquest or indirect domination. The main
economic consequence of Western domination was the creation, for the first time in history, of a world market.
By setting up sub-economies linked to the West throughout the developing world, and by introducing other
modern institutions, industrial capitalism disrupted traditional economies and, indeed, societies. This disruption
led to underdevelopment.

D Because the economies of underdeveloped countries have been geared to the needs of industrialised
countries, they often comprise only a few modem economic activities, such as mining or the cultivation of
plantation crops. Control over these activities has often remained in the hands of large foreign firms. The prices
of developing world products are usually determined by large buyers in the economically dominant countries of
the West, and trade with the West provides almost all the developing world’s income. Throughout the colonial
period, outright exploitation severely limited the accumulation of capital within the foreign dominated countries.
Even after nauthorizedn (in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s), the economies of the developing world grew slowly,
or not at all, owing largely to the deterioration of the ‘terms of trade’ – the relationship between the cost of the
goods a nation must import from abroad and its income from the exports it sends to foreign countries. Terms
of trade are said to deteriorate when the cost of imports rises faster than income from exports. Since buyers in
the industrialised countries determined the prices of most products involved in international trade, the
worsening position of the developing world was scarcely surprising. Only the oil-producing countries – after
1973 – succeeded in escaping the effects of Western domination of the world economy.

E No study of the developing world could hope to assess its future prospects without taking into account
population growth. While the mortality rate from poverty-related diseases continues to cause international
concern, the birth rate continues to rise at unprecedented levels. This population explosion in the developing

Questions 14–18
Reading Passage 2 has five paragraphs, A – E. Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the
list of headings below.

List of Headings
i The great divide between rich and poor.
ii The status and destiny of the developing’ world follows a European precedent.
Iii Economic progress in the developing world slowed down In political unrest.
iv More people, less food.
v Western countries refuse to acknowledge their history of nauthorized.
Vi Open trade is the main reason these countries become impoverished.
Vii Rivalry in the developing world between capitalist and former communist bloc countries.
Viii Prices and conditions set by outsiders

14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E

Questions 19-22
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In spaces 19-22 below, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

19 Agriculture still plays a role in the economy of developing countries.

20 The population of the developing world increases at such a fast rate because they constantly need to renew
the labour force.
21 Countries that spend more on imports than they can from exports can experience problems.
22 Like the developing world, oil-rich countries are also victims of dominance by Western powers.

Questions 23–26
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A – F below.

27 Countries in the developing world

24 The term ‘the third world’
implies
25 One factor that is prevalent in the developing world is
26 One consequence of the terms of trade was

A economic dependence on developed countries.

B that nauthorizedn took a long time to achieve.
C dictate the needs of industrialised countries.
D share common characteristics.
E that many economies stagnated.
F a society that wants something it does not have.

A The term “biometrics’ is derived from the Greek words bio (life) and metric (to measure). It refers to
technologies for measuring and analysing a person’s physiological or behavioural characteristics, such as
fingerprints, irises, voice patterns, facial patterns and hand measurements, for identification and verification
purposes. One of the earliest known examples of biometrics in practice was a form of fingerprinting used in
China in the 14th century. Chinese merchants stamped children’s palm prints and footprints on paper with ink to
distinguish the young children from one another. This method of biometrics is still being nauthori today.

B Until the late 1800s, identification largely relied upon ‘photographic memory.’ In the 1890s, an anthropologist
and police desk clerk in Paris named Alphonse Bertillon sought to fix the problem of identifying convicted
criminals and turned biometrics into a distinct field of study. He developed a method of multiple body
measurements which was named after him – Bertillonage. Bertillon based his system on the claim that
measurement of adult bones does not change after the age of 20. He also introduced a cataloguing system,
which enabled the filing and checking of records quite quickly. His system was used by police authorities
throughout the world, until 1903, when two identical measurements were obtained for two different persons at
Fort Leavenworth prison. The prison switched to fingerprinting the following day and the rest of the world soon
followed abandoning Bertillonage forever. After the failure of Bertillonage, the police started using
fingerprinting, which was developed by Richard Edward Henry of Scotland Yard, essentially reverting to the
same methods used by the Chinese for years.

C In the past three decades biometrics has moved from a single method (fingerprinting) to more than ten
different methods. Hundreds of companies are involved with this development and continue to improve their
methods as the technology available to them advances. As the industry grows, however, so does the public
concern over privacy issues. Laws and regulations continue to be drafted and standards are beginning to be
developed. While no other biometric has yet reached the wide range of use of fingerprinting, some are
beginning to be used in both legal and business areas.

D Identification and verification have long been in practice by presenting a personal document, such as a
licence, ID card or a passport. It may also require personal information such as passwords or PINs. For security
reasons, often two, or all three, of these systems are combined but as times progress, we are in constant need
for more secure and accurate measures. Authentication by biometric verification is becoming increasingly
common in corporate and public security systems, consumer electronics and point of-sale applications. In
addition to security, the driving force behind biometric verification has been convenience. Already, many
European countries are introducing a biometric passport which will carry a paper-thin computer chip to store
the facial image and at least one additional biometric identifier. This will help to counter fraudulent efforts to
obtain duplicate passports and will verify the identity of the holder against the document.

E Identification and verification are mainly used today in the fight against crime with the methods of fingerprint
and DNA analysis. It is also used in security for granting access rights by voice pattern recognition. Additionally,
it is used for personal comfort by identifying a person and changing personal settings accordingly, as in setting
car seats by facial recognition. Starting in early 2000, the use of biometrics in schools has become widespread,
particularly in the UK and USA. A number of justifications are given for such practices, including combatting
truancy, and replacing library cards or meal cards with fingerprinting systems. Opponents of school biometrics
have raised privacy concerns against the creation of databases that would progressively include the entire
population.

F Biometric devices consist of a reader or scanning device, software that converts the gathered information into
digital form, and a database that stores the biometric data for comparison with previous records. When
converting the biometric input, the software identifies specific points of data as match points. The match points
are processed using an algorithm into a value that can be compared with biometric data in the database. There
are two types

G Iris-pattern and retina-pattern authentication methods are already employed in some bank automatic teller
machines. Voice waveform recognition, a method of verification that has been used for many years with tape
recordings in telephone wiretaps, is now being used for access to proprietary databanks in research facilities.
Facial-recognition technology has been used by law enforcement to pick out individuals in large crowds with
considerable reliability. Hand geometry is being used in industry to provide physical access to buildings. Earlobe
geometry has been used to disprove the identity of individuals who claim to be someone they are not (identity
theft). Signature comparison is not as reliable, all by itself, as other biometric verification methods but offers an
extra layer of verification when used in conjunction with one or more other methods. No matter what biometric
methodology is used, the identification verification process remains the same. A record of a person’s unique
characteristic is captured and kept in a database. Later on, when identification verification is required, a new
record is captured and compared with the previous record in the database. If the data in the new record
matches that in the database record, the person’s identity is confirmed.

H As technology advances, and time goes on, more and more private companies and public utilities will use
biometrics for safe, accurate identification. However, these advances will raise many concerns throughout
society, where many may not be educated on the methods. Some believe this technology can cause physical
harm to an individual using it, or that instruments used are unsanitary. For example, there are concerns that
retina scanners might not always be clean. There are also concerns as to whether our personal information
taken through biometric methods can be misused, tampered with, or sold, eg. By criminals stealing, rearranging
or copying the biometric data Also, the data obtained using biometrics can be used in nauthorized ways without
the individual’s consent. Much still remains to be seen in the effectiveness of biometric verification before we
can identify it as the safest system for identification.

Questions 27-31
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A – H. Which paragraph contains the following information?

28 possible health hazards associated with the use of biometrics

29 convicted criminals were not the first to be identified by the use of
biometrics 29 the application of mathematics in assessing biometric data
30 despite its limitations, biometries has become a commercial field of activity
31 some biometric methods are useful only in conjunction with others

Questions 32-34
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Members of the public are becoming increasingly worried about the (32).................................that may accompany
the use of biometrics.

Biometries can be used to improve the (33)......................................of drivers and passengers.

Regardless of the technology used, it has one common purpose: to find somebody’s (34).................................and
store it on computer.

BIOMETRICS
As long ago as the 14th century, the Chinese made use of biometrics in order to tell young children apart, but it
was only in the 1890s when it was first used by the authorities as a means of (35)..............................in criminal
cases. The system developed by the Frenchman Bertillon – that of measuring adult bones – was flawed,
however, and so police adopted (36)………………………….. as a more reliable way of identifying suspects.
Governments, companies and even schools employ biometric technology to ensure, for example, that people do
not enter a country illegally, gain access to certain buildings, or assume someone else’s (37).....................Apart
from security, another important (38)……………………………….behind biometric verification has been
(39).....................................The use of biometrics, however, has its critics, who say that the data collected could
be used for different purposes without our (40)……………………………………

A identification B security C convenience D scanning

E fingerprinting F identity G violation H measuring

I justification J approval K factor L apprehension

"This inhuman place makes human monsters," wrote Stephen King in his novel The Shining. Many academics agree that
monsters lurk in the deepest recesses, they prowl through our ancestral minds appearing in the half- light, under the bed - or
at the bottom of the sea.

"They don't really exist, but they play a huge role in our mindscapes, in our dreams, stories, nightmares, myths and so on,"
says Matthias Classen, assistant professor of literature and media at Aarhus University in Denmark, who studies monsters in
literature. "Monsters say something about human psychology, not the world."

One Norse legend talks of the Kraken, a deep sea creature that was the curse of fishermen. If sailors found a place with many
fish, most likely it was the monster that was driving them to the surface. If it saw the ship it would pluck the hapless sailors
from the boat and drag them to a watery grave.

This terrifying legend occupied the mind and pen of the poet Alfred Lord Tennyson too. In his short 1830 poem The Kraken he
wrote: "Below the thunders of the upper deep, / Far far beneath in the abysmal sea, / His ancient, dreamless, uninvaded
sleep / The Kraken sleepeth."

The deeper we travel into the ocean, the deeper we delve into our own psyche. And when we can go no further
- there lurks the Kraken.

Most likely the Kraken is based on a real creature - the giant squid. The huge mollusc takes pride of place as the
personification of the terrors of the deep sea. Sailors would have encountered it at the surface, dying, and probably thrashing
about. It would have made a weird sight, "about the most alien thing you can imagine," says Edith Widder, CEO at the Ocean
Research and Conservation Association.

"It has eight lashing arms and two slashing tentacles growing straight out of its head and it's got serrated suckers that can
latch on to the slimiest of prey and it's got a parrot beak that can rip flesh. It's got an eye the size of your head, it's got a jet
propulsion system and three hearts that pump blue blood."

The giant squid continued to dominate stories of sea monsters with the famous 1870 novel, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under
the Sea, by Jules Verne. Verne's submarine fantasy is a classic story of puny man against a gigantic squid.

The monster needed no embellishment - this creature was scary enough, and Verne incorporated as much fact as possible
into the story, says Emily Alder from Edinburgh Napier University. "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and another
contemporaneous book, Victor Hugo's Toilers of the Sea, both tried to represent the giant squid as they might have been
actual zoological animals, much more taking the squid as a biological creature than a mythical creature." It was a given that
the squid was vicious and would readily attack humans given the chance.

That myth wasn't busted until 2012, when Edith Widder and her colleagues were the first people to successfully film giant
squid under water and see first-hand the true character of the monster of the deep. They realised previous attempts to film
squid had failed because the bright lights and noisy thrusters on submersibles had frightened them away.

By quietening down the engines and using bioluminescence to attract it, they managed to see this most extraordinary animal
in its natural habitat. It serenely glided into view, its body rippled with metallic colours of bronze and silver. Its huge,
intelligent eye watched the submarine warily as it delicately picked at the bait with its beak. It was balletic and mesmeric. It
could not have been further from the gnashing, human-destroying creature of myth and literature. In reality this is a gentle
giant that is easily scared and pecks at its food.

Another giant squid lies peacefully in the Natural History Museum in London, in the Spirit Room, where it is preserved in a
huge glass case. In 2004 it was caught in a fishing net off the Falkland Islands and died at the

"It really has brought science to life for many people," says Ablett. "Sometimes I feel a bit overshadowed by
Archie, most of my work is on slugs and snails but unfortunately most people don't want to talk about that!"

And so today we can watch Archie's graceful relative on film and stare Archie herself (she is a female) eye-to-
eye in a museum. But have we finally slain the monster of the deep? Now we know there is nothing to be
afraid of, can the Kraken finally be laid to rest? Probably not says Classen. "We humans are afraid of the
strangest things. They don't need to be realistic. There's no indication that enlightenment and scientific
progress has banished the monsters from the shadows of our imaginations. We will continue to be afraid of
very strange things, including probably sea monsters."

Indeed we are. The Kraken made a fearsome appearance in the blockbuster series Pirates of the Caribbean. It
forced Captain Jack Sparrow to face his demons in a terrifying face-to-face encounter. Pirates needed the
monstrous Kraken, nothing else would do. Or, as the German film director Werner Herzog put it, "What would
an ocean be without a monster lurking in the dark? It would be like sleep without dreams."

Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

1 Matthias Classen is unsure about the possibility of monster's

existence. 2 Kraken is probably based on an imaginary animal.
3 Previous attempts on filming the squid had failed due to the fact that the creature was
scared. 4 Giant squid was caught alive in 2004 and brought to the museum.
5 Jon Ablett admits that he likes Archie.
6 According to Classen, people can be scared both by imaginary and real monsters.
7 Werner Herzog suggests that Kraken is essential to the ocean.

Questions 8-12
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

8. Who wrote a novel about a giant

squid? A Emily Alder
B Stephen King
C Alfred Lord
Tennyson D Jules
Verne

9. What, of the featuring body parts, mollusc DOESN'T

have? A two tentacles
B serrated
suckers C beak
D smooth suckers

11. Where can we see a giant squid?

A at the museum
B at a
seaside C on
TV
D in supermarkets

12. The main purpose of the text is to:

A help us to understand more about both mythical and biological creatures of the
deep B illustrate the difference between Kraken and squid
C shed the light on the mythical creatures of the
ocean D compare Kraken to its real relative

Questions 13-16
Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

answer. Write your answers in boxes 13–16 on your answer sheet.

According to the Victor Hugo's novel, the squid would (13)...............................if he had such opportunity.

The real squid appeared to be (14)……………………………..

Archie must be the (15)......................................of its kind on Earth.

We are able to encounter the Kraken's (16)......................................in a movie franchise.

A Imagine you're the greatest fantasy writer of your age. One day you dream up the idea of a bomb of infinite
power. You call it the "atomic bomb". HG Wells first imagined a uranium-based hand grenade that "would
continue to explode indefinitely" in his 1914 novel The World Set Free. He even thought it would be dropped
from planes. What he couldn't predict was how a strange conjunction of his friends and acquaintances -
notably Winston Churchill, who'd read all Wells's novels twice, and the physicist Leo Szilard - would turn the
idea from fantasy to reality, leaving them deeply tormented by the scale of destructive power that it
unleashed.

B The story of the atom bomb starts in the Edwardian age, when scientists such as Ernest Rutherford were
grappling with a new way of conceiving the physical world. The idea was that solid elements might be made
up of tiny particles in atoms. "When it became apparent that the Rutherford atom had a dense nucleus, there
was a sense that it was like a coiled spring," says Andrew Nahum, curator of the Science Museum's Churchill's
Scientists exhibition. Wells was fascinated with the new discoveries. He had a track record of predicting
technological innovations. Winston Churchill credited Wells for coming up with the idea of using aeroplanes
and tanks in combat ahead of World War One.

C The two men met and discussed ideas over the decades, especially as Churchill, a highly popular writer
himself, spent the interwar years out of political power, contemplating the rising instability of Europe. Churchill
grasped the danger of technology running ahead of human maturity, penning a 1924 article in the Pall Mall
Gazette called "Shall we all commit suicide?". In the article, Churchill wrote: "Might a bomb no bigger than an
orange be found to possess a secret power to destroy a whole block of buildings - nay to concentrate the force
of a thousand tons of cordite and blast a township at a stroke?" This idea of the orange-sized bomb is credited
by Graham Farmelo, author of Churchill's Bomb, directly to the imagery of The World Set Free.

D By 1932 British scientists had succeeded in splitting the atom for the first time by artificial means, although
some believed it couldn't produce huge amounts of energy. But the same year the Hungarian emigre physicist
Leo Szilard read The World Set Free. Szilard believed that the splitting of the atom could produce vast energy.
He later wrote that Wells showed him "what the liberation of atomic energy on a large scale would mean".
Szilard suddenly came up with the answer in September 1933 - the chain reaction - while watching the traffic
lights turn green in Russell Square in London. He wrote: "It suddenly occurred to me that if we could find an
element which is split by neutrons and which would emit two neutrons when it absorbed one neutron, such an
element, if assembled in sufficiently large mass, could sustain a nuclear chain reaction."

E In that eureka moment, Szilard also felt great fear - of how a bustling city like London and all its inhabitants
could be destroyed in an instant as he reflected in his memoir published in 1968:

"Knowing what it would mean - and I knew because I had read HG Wells - I did not want this patent to
become public." The Nazis were on the rise and Szilard was deeply anxious about who else might be working
on the chain reaction theory and an atomic Bomb. Wells's novel Things To Come, turned into a 1936 film, The
Shape of Things to Come, accurately predicted aerial bombardment and an imminent devastating world war.
In 1939 Szilard drafted the letter Albert Einstein sent to President Roosevelt warning America that Germany
was stockpiling uranium. The Manhattan Project was born.

F Szilard and several British scientists worked on it with the US military's massive financial backing. Britons and
Americans worked alongside each other in "silos" - each team unaware of how their work fitted together. They
ended up moving on from the original enriched uranium "gun" method, which had been conceived in Britain,
to create a plutonium implosion weapon instead. Szilard campaigned for a demonstration bomb test in front of
the Japanese ambassador to give them a chance to surrender. He was horrified that it was instead dropped on
a city. In 1945 Churchill was beaten in the general election and in another shock, the US government passed

G "It was a huge intellectual feat," Andrew Nahum observes. "Essentially they reworked the calculations that
they'd been doing in Los Alamos. They had the services of Klaus Fuchs, who [later] turned out to be an atom
spy passing information to the Soviet Union, but he also had a phenomenal memory." Another British physicist,
Patrick Blackett, who discussed the Bomb after the war with a German scientist in captivity, observed that
there were no real secrets. According to Nahum he said: "It's a bit like making an omelette. Not everyone can
make a good one. "When Churchill was re-elected in 1951 he "found an almost complete weapon ready to test
and was puzzled and fascinated by how Atlee had buried the costs in the budget", says Nahum. "He was very
conflicted about whether to go ahead with the test and wrote about whether we should have 'the art and not
the article'. Meaning should it be enough to have the capability… [rather] than to have a dangerous weapon in
the armoury."

H Churchill was convinced to go ahead with the test, but the much more powerful hydrogen bomb developed
three years later worried him greatly. HG Wells died in 1946. He had been working on a film sequel to The
Shape of Things To Come that was to include his concerns about the now-realised atomic bomb he'd first
imagined. But it was never made. Towards the end of his life, says Nahum, Wells's friendship with Churchill
"cooled a little". "Wells considered Churchill as an enlightened but tarnished member of the ruling classes."
And Churchill had little time for Wells' increasingly fanciful socialist utopian ideas.

I Wells believed technocrats and scientists would ultimately run a peaceful new world order like in The Shape
of Things To Come, even if global war destroyed the world as we knew it first. Churchill, a former soldier,
believed in the lessons of history and saw diplomacy as the only way to keep mankind from self-destruction in
the atomic age. Wells' scientist acquaintance Leo Szilard stayed in America and campaigned for civilian control
of atomic energy, equally pessimistic about Wells' idea of a bold new scientist-led world order. If anything
Szilard was tormented by the power he had helped unleash. In 1950, he predicted a cobalt bomb that would
destroy all life on the planet. In Britain, the legacy of the Bomb was a remarkable period of elite scientific
innovation as the many scientists who had worked on weaponry or radar returned to their civilian labs. They
gave us the first commercial jet airliner, the Comet, near-supersonic aircraft and rockets, highly engineered
computers, and the Jodrell Bank giant moveable radio telescope.

J The latter had nearly ended the career of its champion, physicist Bernard Lovell, with its huge costs, until the
1957 launch of Sputnik, when it emerged that Jodrell Bank had the only device in the West that could track it.
Nahum says Lovell reflected that "during the war the question was never what will something cost. The
question was only can you do it and how soon can we have it? And that was the spirit he took into his
peacetime science." Austerity and the tiny size of the British market, compared with America, were to scupper
those dreams. But though the Bomb created a new terror, for a few years at least, Britain saw a vision of a
benign atomic future, too and believed it could be the shape of things to come.

17 Scientific success
18 Worsening relations
19 The dawn of the new project
20 Churchill's confusion
21 Different perspectives
22 Horrifying prediction
23 Leaving Britain behind the
project 24 Long-term discussion
25 New idea

Questions 26-27
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

26. How can you describe the relations between Churchill and Wells throughout the years?

A passionate → friendly →adverse

B curious → friendly
C respectful → friendly →inhospitable
D friendly → respectful → hostile

27. What is the type of this text?

A science-fiction story
B article from themagazine
C historical text
D Wells autobiography

No one doubts that intelligence develops as children grow older. Yet the concept of intelligence has proved
both quite difficult to define in unambiguous terms and unexpectedly controversial in some respects. Although,
at one level, there seem to be almost as many definitions of intelligence as people who have tried to define it,
there is broad agreement on two key features. That is, intelligence involves the capacity not only to learn from
experience but also to adapt to one’s environment. However, we cannot leave the concept there. Before
turning to what is known about the development of intelligence, it is necessary to consider whether we are
considering the growth of one or many skills. That question has been tackled in rather different ways by
psychometricians and by developmentalists.

The former group has examined the issue by determining how children’s abilities on a wide range of tasks
intercorrelate, or go together. Statistical techniques have been used to find out whether the patterns are best
explained by one broad underlying capacity, general intelligence, or by a set of multiple, relatively separate,
special skills in domains such as verbal and visuospatial ability. While it cannot be claimed that everyone
agrees on what the results mean, most people now accept that for practical purposes it is reasonable to
suppose that both are involved. In brief, the evidence in favour of some kind of general intellectual capacity is
that people who are superior (or inferior) on one type of task tend also to be superior (or inferior) on others.
Moreover, general measures of intelligence tend to have considerable powers to predict a person’s
performance on a wide range of tasks requiring special skills. Nevertheless, it is plain that it is not at all
uncommon for individuals to be very good at some sorts of task and yet quite poor at some others.

Furthermore the influences that affect verbal skills are not quite the same as those that affect other skills.

This approach to investigating intelligence is based on the nature of the task involved, but studies of age-
related changes show that this is not the only, or necessarily the most important, approach. For instance,
some decades ago, Horn and Cattell argued for a differentiation between what they termed ‘fluid’ and
‘crystallised’ intelligence. Fluid abilities are best assessed by tests that require mental manipulation of abstract
symbols. Crystallised abilities, by contrast, reflect knowledge of the environment in which we live and past
experience of similar tasks; they may be assessed by tests of comprehension and information.

It seems that fluid abilities peak in early adult life, whereas crystallised abilities increase up to advanced old age.

Developmental studies also show that the interconnections between different skills vary with age. Thus in the
first year of life an interest in perceptual patterns is a major contributor to cognitive abilities, whereas verbal
abilities are more important later on. These findings seemed to suggest a substantial lack of continuity
between infancy and middle childhood. However, it is important to realise that the apparent discontinuity will
vary according to which of the cognitive skills were assessed in infancy. It has been found that tests of coping
with novelty do predict later intelligence. These findings reinforce the view that young children’s intellectual
performance needs to be assessed from their interest in and curiosity about the environment, and the extent
to which this is applied to new situations, as well as by standardised intelligence testing.

These psychometric approaches have focused on children’s increase in cognitive skills as they grow older.
Piaget brought about a revolution in the approach to cognitive development through his arguments (backed up
by observations) that the focus should be on the thinking processes involved rather than on levels of cognitive
achievement. These ideas of Piaget gave rise to an immense body of research and it would be true to say that
subsequent thinking has been heavily dependent on his genius in opening up new ways of thinking about
cognitive development. Nevertheless, most of his concepts have had to be so radically revised, or rejected,
that his theory no longer provides an appropriate basis for thinking about cognitive development. To
appreciate why that is so, we need to focus on some rather different elements of Piaget’s theorising.

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The first element, which has stood the test of time, is his view that the child is an active agent of learning and
of the importance of this activity in cognitive development. Numerous studies have shown how infants actively
scan their environment; how they prefer patterned to non-patterned objects, how they choose novel over
familiar stimuli, and how they explore their environment as if to see how it works. Children’s questions and
comments vividly illustrate the ways in which they are constantly constructing schemes of what they know and
trying out their ideas of how to fit new knowledge into those schemes or deciding that the schemes need
modification. Moreover, a variety of studies have shown that active experiences have a greater effect on
learning than comparable passive experiences. However, a second element concerns the notion that
development proceeds through a series of separate stages that have to be gone through step-by-step, in a set
order, each of which is characterised by a particular cognitive structure. That has turned out to be a rather
misleading way of thinking about cognitive development, although it is not wholly wrong.

Questions 28-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

28. Most researchers accept that one feature of intelligence is the ability
to A change our behaviour according to our situation.
B react to others’ behaviour patterns.
C experiment with environmental
features. D cope with unexpected
setbacks.

29. What have psychometricians used statistics for?

A to find out if cooperative tasks are a useful tool in measuring certain skills
B to explore whether several abilities are involved in the development of intelligence
C to demonstrate that mathematical models can predict test results for different
skills D to discover whether common sense is fundamental to developing children’s
abilities

30. Why are Horn and Cattell mentioned?

A They disagreed about the interpretation of different intelligence
tests. B Their research concerned both linguistic and mathematical
abilities.
C They were the first to prove that intelligence can be measured by testing a range of special
skills. D Their work was an example of research into how people’s cognitive skills vary with age.

31. What was innovative about Piaget’s research?

A He refused to accept that children developed according to a set pattern.
B He emphasised the way children thought more than how well they did in
tests. C He used visually appealing materials instead of traditional intelligence
tests.
D He studied children of all ages and levels of intelligence.

37 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

32 A surprising number of academics have come to the same conclusion about what the term intelligence means.
33 A general test of intelligence is unlikely to indicate the level of performance in every type
of task.
34 The elderly perform less well on comprehension tests than young adults.
35 We must take into account which skills are tested when comparing intelligence at different ages.
36 Piaget’s work influenced theoretical studies more than practical research.
37 Piaget’s emphasis on active learning has been discredited by later researchers.

Questions 38-40
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-l, below.

Write the correct letter, A-l, in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

A adult

B practical
C verbal
D spatial
E inquisitive
F uncertain
G academic
H plentiful
I unfamiliar

Researchers investigating the development of intelligence have shown that (38)...............................skills become
more significant with age. One good predictor of (39)..............................intelligence is the degree to which small
children are (40)…………………………….about their surroundings and how much interest they show on finding themselves in
an unfamiliar setting.

The Development of Travel under the Ocean

For millennia, humans have been intrigued by what lies beneath the sea and although submarine travel was attempted from
time to time, it did not become commonplace until the middle of last century. Several clever and innovative people had
experimented with designs for submersible boats before then, but there was much loss of life and little success.

There had long been use of a primitive diving bell for explorative purposes, but it was as a war machine that the submarine
came into its own. The first development in the history of American submarines was a small submersible with a hand-cranked
screw-like oar and a crew of one. It was built before the American Revolutionary War (1775—1783) but was adapted for use
against the British during this war. Although its pilot twice failed to fasten explosive devices to British ships before losing
control of his vessel, he escaped harm.

In 1800, an American inventor, Robert Fulton, designed an underwater machine that he called the Nautilus. This version
brought in features that can still be found in some modern submarines, notably adjustable diving planes for better underwater
manoeuvring, dual systems of propulsion, and a compressed air system that allowed it to stay down for about four hours
without surfacing.

Development of submersible vessels lagged a long way behind the continued progress in the design of surface ships until the
American Civil War (1861-1865) when both sides tried out various designs. One of those, called the Hunley — named after its
financier rather than its inventor, sank twice during training missions with 11 crew members losing their lives including Hunley
himself. Notwithstanding these failures, it was commissioned again in 1864 to attack a ship in Charleston Harbor. A torpedo
was used to strike and scuttle the ship – a first in naval history, but the submarine never reappeared, and once again the
whole crew perished. Its potential had been recognised, but there still remained the challenge of operating safely under the
water.

The US Navy could appreciate the strategic benefits of having submarines in its fleet and held a competition to encourage
design and construction of these underwater craft. The inventor, John Holland, won the competition and it was his sixth
prototype, the Holland, that the navy bought and added to its fleet in 1900. This submarine was quite different from previous
designs. It was propelled by a gasoline engine that turned a propeller while the vessel was on the surface. When it
submerged, the engine ran a generator to charge batteries to operate an electric motor. The improved propulsion methods
were, unfortunately, highly dangerous. Not only is gasoline flammable and unstable, using it in the restricted environment of a
submarine posed quite a hazard for the crewmen. There was another problem, too: the batteries were not only heavy,
cumbersome and inefficient, but they were also extremely volatile.

During the same period as Holland’s efforts were being trialled, a German scientist by the name of Rudolf Diesel created an
engine which used a fuel less explosive than gasoline and which could consequently be stored safely. Another advantage was
that there was no necessity for an electric spark to ignite the fuel. These safety improvements combined with better fuel
economy allowed Diesel engines to power a submarine for longer on the surface; however, batteries were still needed to
supply energy for underwater operation.

Although diesel-powered submarines were successful and used by the US Navy for almost 50 years, the search for a single
power source carried on. It wasn’t long before the concept of nuclear power was realised in Germany and taken up by an
American physicist, Ross Gunn, who could envisage its potential in submersibles. A research team was put together to adapt
the concept of nuclear power for use in submarines. In effect, modem nuclear submarines have on board a small nuclear
power plant which produces a great amount of energy. This is used to heat water and create steam which drives a huge
turbine which turns the propeller.

There have been many adaptations and technological improvements made to submarines over the years, but the shape is
basically the same. Obviously, it is a totally enclosed craft, cigar-shaped with narrowed ends. The outer hull is the largest part
of the boat and forms the body. The inner hull is designed to resist the considerable water pressure and insulates the crew
from the cold. This is where the crew works, eats and sleeps. It also contains

Underwater, there are two controls for steering the submarine. The rudder (like a tail fin) controls side-to-side
movement, and diving planes influence rise and descent. There are two sets of diving planes: the forward sail
planes and the stem planes, which are located at the back with the rudder and propeller.

Advancing technology will undoubtedly result in different shapes and modes of operation, and it is quite
possible that, in the future, submarines will be manned by robots or computer technology that communicates
information to land bases via satellite.

Questions 1-6
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.

1. What kind of underwater device was used to investigate the ocean before submersible boats were invented?

2. What was the crewman of the first American-built submarine trying to do before his mission failed?

3. What gave the Nautilus the ability to remain submerged for a long time?

4. When was a submarine first used successfully to sink an enemy boat?

5. What new type of propulsion did the Holland use on top of the water?

6. For what reason was Diesel’s fuel considered safer than Holland’s?

Questions 7—13
Label the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.

Mineral, vitamin, and antioxidant health supplements make up a multi-billion-dollar industry in the United
States alone, but do they really work? Evidence suggests supplementation is clearly indicated in special
circumstances, but can actually be harmful in others. For the general population, however, supplements have
negligible or no impact on the prevention of common cancers, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive decline,
mortality, or any other major indicators of health. In pursuit of a longer, happier and healthier life, there are
certainly better investments for most people than a tube of vitamin supplements.

Particular sub-groups of the population can gain a proven benefit from supplementation. Folic acid has long
been indicated as a prenatal supplement due to its assistance in foetal cell division and corresponding ability to
prevent neural tube birth defects. Since Canada and the United States decided to require white flour to be
fortified with folic acid, spinal birth defects have plummeted by 75%, and rates of neuroblastoma (a ravaging
form of infant cancer) are now 50% lower. In countries without such fortification, or for women on low-
carbohydrate diets, a prenatal multivitamin could make the crucial difference. The United States Department of
Health and Human Services has concluded that the elderly may also benefit from extra vitamin D; calcium can
help prevent bone fractures; and zinc and antioxidants can maintain vision while deflecting macular
degeneration in people who would otherwise be likely to develop this affliction.

There is mounting evidence, however, for many people to steer clear of multivitamins. The National Institutes
of Health has noted a “disturbing evidence of risk” in tobacco users: beta-carotene, a common ingredient in
multivitamins, was found over a six-year study to significantly contribute to higher lung cancer and mortality
rates in smokers. Meanwhile, excessive vitamin A (a supplement often taken to boost the immune system) has
been proven to increase women’s risk of a hip fracture, and vitamin E, thought to improve cardiovascular
health, was contraindicated in a study that demonstrated higher rates of congestive heart failure among such
vitamin users. Antioxidant supplementation has no purpose nor does it achieve anything, according to the
Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences, and the Medical Letter Group has gone further
in suggesting they may interfere with treatment and promote some cancers. Antioxidants are generally
regarded as counteracting the destructive effect of free radicals in the body, but according to the Medical
Letter’s theory, free radicals may also serve the purpose of sending a powerful signal to the body’s immune
system to fix the damage. By taking supplements, we risk undermining that message and upsetting the
balance of antioxidants and free radicals in the body. The supplements counteract the free radicals, the
immune system is not placed on alert, and the disease could sneak through the gates.

One problem with supplementation by tablet is the poor record on digestibility. These tablets are often stocked
with metal-based minerals that are essentially miniature rocks, and our bodies are unable to digest them. Even
the vitamin elements of these pills that are theoretically digestible are often unable to be effectively extracted
by our bodies when they arrive in such a condensed form. In Salt Lake City, for example, over 150 gallons of
vitamin and mineral pills are retrieved from the sewer filters each month. According to the physician’s desk
reference, only about 10% – 20% of multivitamins are absorbed by the body. The National Advisory Board is
even more damning, suggesting that every 100mg of tablet corresponds to about 8.3mg of blood
concentration, although noting that this can still potentially perform a helpful role in some cases. In effect, for
every $100 you spend on vitamin supplements, over $90 of that is quite literally flushed down the toilet.

A final argument against multivitamins is the notion that they can lead people – consciously or not – to the
conclusion that supplementation fills in the gaps of an unhealthy diet and mops up afterwards, leaving their
bodies none the wiser that instead of preparing a breakfast of fresh fruit and muesli, they popped a tiny
capsule with coffee and a chocolate bar. In a seven-year study, however, the Heart Protection study did not
find any positive outcome whatsoever from multivitamins and concluded that while vitamins in the diet are
important, multivitamin tablets are safe but completely useless. There is evidently no shortcut around the task
of buying, preparing, and consuming fresh fruit and vegetables every day. Boosting, supplementing, and
fortifying products

Questions 14-16
Choose, the correct letter, A. B, C, or D.

14. The writer does not recommend multivitamin supplementation for

A pregnant women.
B young children.
C anyone prone to eye
problems. D old people.

15. According to the writer, vitamin E has been shown to

A lead to heart problems.
B be good for heart health.
C support the immune
system. D have no effect.

16. The Medical letter Group believes antioxidant supplementation

A is ineffective in attacking free radicals.
B alerts the immune system to the presence of free
radicals. C attacks both free radicals and the immune
system.
D prevents the immune system from responding to free radicals.

Questions 17-21
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 17-21 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

17 Some multivitamin tablets have indigestible ingredients.

18 Some individual vitamins are better absorbed than others in a tablet form.
19 Our bodies cannot distinguish food-based from supplement-based vitamins.
20 Multivitamins can lead to poorer overall eating habits in a person’s life.
21 People typically know that fortified processed foods are not good for them.

Write the correct letter A, B or C, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.

A the supplementation may have a positive effect

B the supplementation may have a negative effect
C supplementation has no effect

22 The United States Department of Health and Human Services

23 The National Institutes of Health
24 The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of
Sciences 25 The National Advisory Board
26 The Heart Protection Group

A. There is no single pivotal moment that could be separated out from any other as the conception of the
suburban lifestyle; from the early 1800s, various types of suburban development have sprung up and evolved
in their own localised ways, from the streetcar suburbs of New York to the dormitory towns outside of London.
It is William Levitt, however, who is generally regarded as the father of modem suburbia. During World War II,
Levitt served in the United States Navy where he developed expertise in the mass construction of military
housing, a process that he streamlined using uniform and interchangeable parts. In 1947, the budding
developer used this utilitarian knowledge to begin work with his father and architect brother constructing a
planned community on Long Island, New York. With an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and cost-effective
production, the Levitts were soon able to produce over 30 units a day.

B. William Levitt correctly predicted the demand for affordable, private, quiet, and comfortable homes from
returning GIs after World War II and with the baby boom starting to kick in. All the original lots sold out in a
matter of days, and by 1951, nearly 18,000 homes in the area had been constructed by the Levitt fit Sons
Company. Levittown quickly became the prototype of mass- produced housing, spurring the construction of
similar projects in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and even Puerto Rico, followed by a new industry, and soon a
new way of life and a new ideal for the American family.

C. One of the major criticisms of suburbia is that it can lead to isolation and social dislocation. With properties
spread out over great swathes of land, sealed off from one another by bushes, fences and trees, the emphasis
of suburban life is placed squarely on privacy rather than community. In the densely populated urban
settlements that predated suburbs (and that are still the predominant way of life for some people), activities
such as childcare and household chores as well as sources of emotional and moral support were widely
socialised. This insured that any one family would be able to draw on a pool of social resources from their
neighbours, building cohabitants and family on nearby streets. Suburbia breaks these networks down into
individual and nuclear family units resulting in an increase in anti-social behaviour even amongst the wealthy.
Teens from wealthy suburban families, for example, are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs
than their poorer urban peers, and are also more likely to experience depression and anxiety.

D. Another major problem with the suburban lifestyle is its damaging ecological impact. The comparison of
leafy, quiet, and low-density suburbs with life in the concrete towers of sooty, congested urban conurbations is
actually quite misleading; as it turns out, if you want to be kind to the natural environment, the key is to stay
away from it. Suburbia fails the environmental friendliness test on a number of counts. Firstly, due to their low
population density, suburbs consume natural land at a much higher rate than high-density row housing or
apartment buildings. Secondly, they encourage the use of personal motor vehicles, often at a rate of one per
family member, at the expense of public transport. It is also much less efficient to provide electricity and water
to individual suburban houses instead of individual units in an apartment building. In his comparison of urban
and suburban pollution, Edward L. Glaeser concluded that we need to “build more sky towers – especially in
California”. Virtually everywhere, he found cities to be cleaner than suburbs. And the difference in carbon
dioxide emissions between high-density cities and their suburbs (for example, in New York) was the highest.
Urban residents of New York can claim on average to produce nearly 15,000 pounds of carbon dioxide less than
their suburban peers.

E. Another negative aspect of suburban life is its stifling conformity and monotony of social experience. It was
not just the nuts and bolts and the concrete foundations of suburban houses that got replicated street upon
street, block upon block, and suburb upon suburb; it was everything from the shops and cultural life to people’s
hopes, dreams, and aspirations. Suburbia gave birth to the “strip mall”, a retail establishment that is typically
composed of a collection of national or global chain stores, all stocked with a centrally dictated, homogenous
array of products. The isolation and lack of interaction in suburbs has also encouraged the popularity of
television, a passively receptive medium for the viewer that, in the early days at least, offered an extremely
limited scope of cultural exposure compared with the wealth of experiences available in the inner city.
Meanwhile, much of the

F. These points do not suggest the idea of suburbia itself is flawed, but that it has not been executed in a way that takes into
account the full spectrum of human needs and desires. This likely reflects the hasty, thrown- together nature of early suburban
development. With the baby boom rippling across Western countries and demand for family-friendly housing skyrocketing,
developers and city planners were unable to develop sophisticated models. Now, however, we should take time to consider
what has gone wrong and how we can reconfigure the suburb. How can we imbue suburban life with the lost sphere of public
discussion and debate? How can people maintain their sought after privacy without sacrificing a sense of community? How can
we use new technologies to make suburbs environmentally friendly? These are questions for which the developers of tomorrow
will have to find answers, lest the dream of suburbia become the nightmare of disturbia.

Questions 27-31
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F. Which paragraph contains the following information?

27 A reason to construct taller buildings

28 Where people might discuss issues of societal concern in urban locations 29 The
founder of what is broadly understood as contemporary ‘suburbs’
30 Examples of problems suffered by the youth that suburban lifestyle can make worse 31 A model
for suburban development in the latter half of the 20th century

Questions 32-38
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

32 A good principle for ecological preservation is to avoid human interference.

33 In some countries, suburbs are more environmentally friendly than in the USA.
34 Suburban development fosters the use of both public and private forms of transport 35 People
cannot relate to each other in suburbs because their lives are too different. 36 There is not much
variety amongst the goods at a strip mall.
37 Television has not tended to offer the same diversity as urban cultural outlets.
38 There are numerous of ways of communication and interaction between people living in the suburbs.

Questions 39-40
Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet. Which TWO

of the following does the author conclude?

A The very concept of a healthy suburban lifestyle is problematic.

B The speed of suburban growth has contributed to its imperfections.
C By thinking about human and ecological needs, suburbs can become better places to live. D Developers
will have to think about ways of living that do not require suburbs.
E Suburbs have their downsides, but they are the best way for parents to raise children.
Nushu — A Secret Language

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A. It is sometimes said that men and women communicate in different languages. For hundreds of years in the Jiangyong
County of Hunan Province, China, this was quite literally the case. Sometime between 400 and 1,000 years ago, women defied
the patriarchal norms of the time that forbade them to read or write and conceived of Nu shu — literally, ‘ women’s language ’
— a secretive script and language of their own. Through building informal networks of ‘sworn sisters’ who committed
themselves to teaching the language only to other women, and by using it artistically in ways that could be passed off as
artwork (such as writing characters on a decorative fan), Nushu was able to grow and spread without attracting too much
suspicion.

B. Nushu has many orthographical distinctions from the standard Chinese script. Whereas standard Chinese has large, bold
strokes that look as if they might have been shaped with a thick permanent marker pen, Nushu characters are thin, slanted
and have a slightly ‘scratchy’ appearance that bears more similarity to calligraphy. Whereas standard Chinese is logographic,
with characters that represent words and meanings, Nushu is completely phonetic — each character represents a sound; the
meaning must be acquired from the context of what is being said. Users of Nushu developed coded meanings for various
words and phrases, but it is likely that only a tiny fraction of these will ever be known. Many secrets of Nushu have gone to the
grave.

C. Nushu was developed as a way to allow women to communicate with one another in confidence. To some extent, this
demand came from a desire for privacy, and Nushu allowed women a forum for personal written communication in a society
that was dominated by a male-orientated social culture. There was also a practical element to the rise of Nushu, however: until
the mid 20th century, women were rarely encouraged to become literate in the standard Chinese script. Nushu provided a
practical and easy-to-learn alternative. Women who were separated from their families and friends by marriage could,
therefore, send ‘letters’ to each other. Unlike traditional correspondence, however, Nushu characters were painted or
embroidered onto everyday items like fans, pillowcases, and handkerchiefs and embodied in ‘artwork’ in order to avoid making
men suspicious.

D. After the Chinese Revolution, more women were encouraged to become literate in the standard Chinese script, and much of
the need for a special form of women’s communication was dampened. When the Red Guard discovered the script in the
1960s, they thought it to be a code used for espionage. Upon learning that it was a secret women’s language, they were
suspicious and fearful. Numerous letters, weavings, embroideries, and other artefacts were destroyed, and women were
forbidden to practise Nushu customs. As a consequence, the generational chains of linguistic transmission were broken up, and
the language ceased being passed down through sworn sisters. There is no longer anyone alive who has learnt Nushu in this
traditional manner; Yang Huanyi, the last proficient user of the language, died on September 20, 2004, in her late 90s.

E. In recent years, however, popular and scholarly interest in Nushu has blossomed. The Ford Foundation granted US$209,000
to build a Nushu Museum that houses artefacts such as audio recordings, manuscripts, and articles, some of which date back
over 100 years. The investment from Hong Kong SAR is also being used to build infrastructure at potential tourist sites in
Hunan, and some schools in the area have begun instruction in the language. Incidentally, the use of Nushu is also a theme in
Lisa See’s historical novel. Snow Flower and the Secret Fan, which has since been adapted for film.

1 Section A
2 Section B
3 Section C
4 Section D
5 Section E

List of headings
i Financial costs
ii Decline and disuse
iii Birth and development
iv Political uses of Nushu
v The social role of Nushu
vi Last of the Nushu speakers
vii Characteristics of written Nushu
viii Revival and contemporary interest

Questions 6-7
Choose TWO letters, A-E. Write your answers in boxes 6-7 on your answer

sheet. Why was there a need for Nushu? Which TWO reasons are given in the

text?

A It provided new artistic opportunities for female

artisans. B It was a way for uneducated women to read
and write. C Not enough women were taking an interest
in literature.
D It was a way for women to correspond without men
knowing. E It helped women believe in themselves and their
abilities.

Questions 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 8-13 on your
answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

8 The post-Revolution government did not want women to read or write in any
language. 9 At first, the Red Guard thought Nushu might be a tool for spies.
10 Women could be punished with the death penalty for using
Nushu. 11 The customary way of learning Nushu has died out
12 There is a lot of money to be made out of public interest in
Nushu. 13 Nushu is now being openly taught.

A. From indigenous myths to John Wyndham’s Day of the Triffids and the off-Broadway musical Little Shop of
Horrors, the idea of cerebral, carnivorous flora has spooked audiences and readers for centuries. While shrubs
and shoots have yet to uproot themselves or show any interest in human beings, however, for some of earth’s
smaller inhabitants – arachnids and insects – the risk of being trapped and ingested by a plant can be a threat
to their daily existence. Easily, the most famous of these predators is the Venus Flytrap, one of only two types
of ‘snap traps’ in the world. Though rarely found growing wild, the Flytrap has captured popular imagination
and can be purchased in florists and plant retailers around the world.

B. Part of the Venus Flytrap’s mysterious aura begins with the tide itself. While it is fairly clear that the second
half of the epithet has been given for its insect-trapping ability, the origin of ‘Venus’ is somewhat more
ambiguous. According to the International Carnivorous Plant Society, the plant was first studied in the 17th and
18th centuries, when puritanical mores ruled Western societies and obsession was rife with forbidden human
impulses and urges, women were often portrayed in these times as seductresses and temptresses, and
botanists are believed to have seen a parallel between the behaviour of the plant in luring and devouring
insects and the imagined behaviour of women in luring and ‘trapping’ witless men. The plant was thus named
after the pagan goddess of love and money – Venus.

C. The Venus Flytrap is a small plant with six to seven leaves growing out of a bulb-like stem. At the end of
each leaf is a trap, which is an opened pod with cilia around the edges like stiff eyelashes. The pod is lined with
anthocyanin pigments and sweet-smelling sap to attract flies and other insects. When they fly in, trigger hairs
inside the pod sense the intruder’s movement, and the pod snaps shut. The trigger mechanism is so
sophisticated that the plant can differentiate between living creatures and non-edible debris by requiring two
trigger hairs to be touched within twenty seconds of each other, or one hair to be touched in quick succession.
The plant has no nervous system, and researchers can only hypothesise as to how the rapid shutting
movement works. This uncertainty adds to the Venus Flytrap’s allure.

D. The pod shuts quickly but does not seal entirely at first; scientists have found that tins mechanism allows
miniscule insects to escape, as they will not be a source of useful nourishment for the plant. If the creature is
large enough, however, the plant’s flaps will eventually meet to form an airtight compress, and at this point,
the digestive process begins. A Venus Flytrap’s digestive system is remarkably similar to how a human stomach
works. For somewhere between five and twelve days, the trap secretes acidic digestive juices that dissolve the
soft tissue and cell membranes of the insect. These juices also kill any bacteria that have entered with the food,
ensuring the plant maintains its hygiene so that it does not begin to rot. Enzymes in the acid help with the
digestion of DNA, amino acids, and cell molecules so that every fleshy part of the animal can be consumed.
Once the plant has reabsorbed the digestive fluid – this time with the added nourishment, the trap reopens and
the exoskeleton blows away in the wind.

E. Although transplanted to other locations around the world, the Venus Flytrap is only found natively in an
area around Wilmington, North Carolina in the United States. It thrives in bogs, marshes, and wetlands and
grows in wet sand and peaty soils. Because these environments are so depleted in nitrogen, they asphyxiate
other flora, but the Flytrap overcomes this nutritional poverty by sourcing protein from its insect prey. One of
the plant’s curious features is resilience to flame. It is speculated that the Flytrap evolved this to endure
through periodic blazes and to act as a means of survival that its competition lacks.

F. While the Venus Flytrap will not become extinct any time soon (an estimated 3-6 million plants are presently
in cultivation), its natural existence is uncertain. In the last survey, only 35,800 Flytraps were found remaining
in the wild, and some prominent conservationists have suggested the plant be given the status of ‘vulnerable’.
Since this research is considerably dated, having taken place in 1992, the present number is considerably
lower. The draining and destruction of natural wetlands where the Flytrap lives is considered to be the biggest
threat to its

Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F. Which paragraph contains the following

information? Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

14 An overview of how the Flytrap eats its prey

15 A comparison between human and plant behaviour
16 A measure designed to preserve Flytraps in their native
environment 17 An example of a cultural and artistic portrayal of meat-
eating plants
18 A characteristic of the Venus Flytrap that is exceptional in the botanical world
19 A reference to an aspect of the Venus Flytrap’s biology that is not fully understood

Questions 20-22
Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 2. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS

for each answer.

If they are too small to provide (20)........................................., the closing pod allows insects to get out.

Only the (21).....................................is left after the Flytrap has finished digesting an insect.

Many plants cannot survive in bogs and wetlands owing to the lack of (22)……………………………

Questions 23-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 23—26 on your
answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

23 The Venus Flytrap can withstand some exposure to fire.

24 Many botanists would like the Venus Flytrap to be officially recognised as an endangered plant species.
25 Only 35,800 Venus Flytraps now survive in their natural habitats.
26 Human interference is a major factor in the decline of wild Venus Flytraps.

Shortly after World War II, ‘development’ as we now understand it was set in motion. Western governments
and donors poured money into new agencies that set about trying to stimulate the economies of
underdeveloped countries. Because of this emphasis, it is now widely regarded as the Growth Model. Although
we might expect poverty reduction to be the central objective, planners at this stage were primarily concerned
with industrial development. It was hoped that the benefits of this would trickle down to poor people through
raising incomes and providing employment opportunities, thereby indirectly lifting them above the ascribed
poverty threshold of a dollar a day. The weaknesses of these assumptions were revealed, however, when
poverty rates and economic growth were found to rise simultaneously in many countries.

During the 1970s, a new trend took over – trickle-up development. Instead of focusing on macro-economic
policy and large-scale industrial projects, planners shifted attention to the core living requirements of
individuals and communities. This became known as the Basic Needs Approach to development. It was hoped
that through the provision of services such as community sanitation and literacy programmes, poverty could be
eliminated from below. Economic growth was desirable but superfluous – Basic Needs redefined poverty from
involving a lack of money to lacking the capability to attain full human potential. The trouble with Basic Needs
programmes, however, was their expensive, resource-intensive nature that entailed continuous management
and funding

Since the 1980s, development planners have moved towards the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach, which
emphasises good livelihoods (materially and socially) that, most importantly, are independent and sustainable.
‘Sustainable’ in this sense means that people are able to recover from the shocks and stresses of daily life,
absolving agencies of the need to persistently monitor their lives. This approach emphasises a view of poverty
that comes not from the rich but from the impoverished themselves, who are considered to be most suitably
positioned to determine the poverty indicators that contribute to the multiple facets of their own deprivation.
Although the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach has been criticised for lacking an environmental platform strong
enough to respond to climate change, and for disassociating aspects of power and societal status from being a
contestable part of development, it is currently the preferred model for development projects.

Though there is some linearity to the trajectory of development practice, with paradigms shifting in and out of
fashion, vigorous scholarly debate persists around all approaches. The Growth Model, for example, is still
defended by many theorists, particularly economists. Those who believe in the Growth Model insist that
nothing trumps economic development as a tool for poverty alleviation for the developing countries (although
there is often less enthusiasm for its applicability to the postindustrial West). Many countries that have focused
explicitly on growth have managed to make considerable inroads into reducing poverty, even in the absence of
a development programme; Japan and Germany followed this route after World War II, as has China from the
1970s. On the other hand, some countries with massive inflows of funding for aid-based ‘development
projects’
– particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa – have struggled to progress with meeting poverty reduction targets.

There is a good reason to be sceptical about the Growth Model, however, as is evidenced by the numerous
societies that have partly imploded as a consequence of prioritising economic growth above the work of
human development. The experiences of many eastern European countries with health and employment crises
in the early 1990s are particularly traumatic examples of this. ‘The Growth Model also suffers from an
undemocratic, and ‘technocratic’, if not autocratic, method underdeveloped countries frequently make policy
decisions based on consultation with Western economists and institutions on how to generate growth. This
dissolves the autonomy of communities to make their own decisions about what matters to them, and what
kind of society they would like to build. The move to the Sustainable livelihoods Approach is a positive move in
tills regard, because by operating on a principle that decisions should be made by those who are affected by
them, it introduces a role for localised decision-making.

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It will be difficult, if not impossible, for any country in the near future to ignore economic growth as a development indicator
while continuing to meet development targets. It is important, however, that we move away from seeing this type of growth
as the prime objective for development. Development is ultimately about people, and human development must be placed at
the forefront; economic growth is simply one tool out of many that can help us along the way. We also need to recognise that
foreign advisers, whatever qualifications and knowledge they may possess, can sometimes be a hindrance; local autonomy
must be respected for real development to occur. The Growth Model may have failed, but this does not render economic
growth irrelevant. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach offers helpful and realistic alternatives. But it is folly to commit
ourselves to a strictly defined, systematic programme – less constrictive mindsets will help us break the development fashion
cycle.

Questions 27-33
Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Sustainable livelihoods
Growth model Basic needs approach
approach

Typified by small-scale aid such as

(27)……………………….. was the Tries to encourage ways of living
health and (28)………………….
main goal that are more self-sufficient
Projects

Poverty described as living on less Poverty seen as an inability to Poor people identify their own
than a dollar a day reach (29)…………………………….. (30)………………………

The problem of
It was discovered that poverty Projects costly and (33)……………………… not
could increase in step with (31) (32)………………… requiring adequately addressed; ignores
…………………………. ongoing involvement issues of social dominance and
authority

Questions 34-38
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

34 The most favoured method of development is the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach.

35 While institutions often follow development trends, academic disputes are more timeless. 36 The Growth
Model is more popular with Third World scholars than Western scholars.
37 It is not possible to reduce poverty without an explicit development policy.
38 The Growth Model takes some authority away from local forms of organisation.

Questions 39-40
Choose TWO letters, A—E.

Which TWO of the following statements form part of the author’s conclusion?

A Economic growth is the primary development goal, but there are other factors to consider. B It is
preferable not to think about development in rigid, structured terms.
C Development projects are likely to fail in the absence of highly educated experts. D The
Sustainable Livelihoods Approach is more effective than the Growth Model.
E Economic growth should only be considered as a means for development, not an end point.

A. In the pitch-black waters of the ocean’s aphotic zone – depths from 1,000m to the sea floor – Rood eyesight does not count
for very much on its own. Caves, in addition, frequently present a similar problem: the complete absence of natural light at any
time of the day. This has not stopped some organisms from turning these inhospitable environments into their homes, and in
the process many have created their own forms of light by developing one of the stunning visual marvels of the biological
universe – bioluminescence.

B. Many people will encounter bioluminescence at some point in their life, typically in some form of glowworm, which is found
on most continents. North and South America are home to the “firefly”, a glowing beetle which is known as a glow-worm
during its larvae stage. Flightless glowing beetles and worms are also found in Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Less
common flies, centipedes, molluscs, and snails have bioluminescent qualities as well, as do some mushrooms. The most
dramatic examples of bioluminescence. However, are found deep below the ocean’s surface, where no sunlight can penetrate
at all. Here, anglerfish, cookie-cutter sharks, flashlight fish, lantern fish, gulper eels, viperfish, and many other species have
developed bioluminescence in unique and creative ways to facilitate their lives.

C. The natural uses of bioluminescence vary widely, and organisms have learnt to be very creative with its use. Fireflies
employ bioluminescence primarily for reproductive means – their flashing patterns advertise a firefly’s readiness to breed.
Some fish use it as a handy spotlight to help them locate prey. Others use it as a lure; the anglerfish, for example, dangles a
luminescent flare that draws in gullible, smaller fishes which get snapped up by the anglerfish in an automated reflex.
Sometimes, bioluminescence is used to resist predators. Vampire squids eject a thick cloud of glowing liquid from the tip of its
arms when threatened, which can be disorientating. Other species use a single, bright flash to temporarily blind their attacker,
with an effect similar to that of an oncoming car which has not dipped its headlights.

D. Humans have captured and utilized bioluminescence by developing, over the last decade, a technology known as
Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI). BU involves the extraction of a DNA protein from a bioluminescent organism, and then the
integration of this protein into a laboratory animal through trans- geneticism. Researchers have been able to use luminized
pathogens and cancer cell lines to track the respective spread of infections and cancers. Through BLI, cancers and infections
can be observed without intervening in a way that affects their independent development. In other words, while an ultra-
sensitive camera and bioluminescent proteins add a visual element, they do not disrupt or mutate the natural processes. As a
result, when testing drugs and treatments, researchers are permitted a single perspective of a therapy’s progression.

E. Once scientists learn how to engineer bioluminescence and keep it stable in large quantities, a number of other human uses
for it will become available. Glowing trees have been proposed as replacements for electric lighting along busy roads, for
example, which would reduce our dependence on non-renewable energy sources. The same technology used in Christmas
trees for the family home would also eliminate the fire danger from electrical fairy lights. It may also be possible for crops and
plants to luminesce when they require watering, and for meat and dairy products to “tell us” when they have become
contaminated by bacteria. In a similar way, forensic investigators could detect bacterial species on corpses through
bioluminescence. Finally, there is the element of pure novelty. Children’s toys and stickers are often made with glow-in-the
dark qualities, and a biological form would allow rabbits, mice, fish, and other pets to glow as well.

List of Headings
i Mushrooms that glow in the dark
ii Bright creatures on land and in the
sea iii Evolution’s solution
iv Cave-dwelling organisms
v Future opportunities in biological
engineering vi Nature’s gift to medicine
vii Bioluminescence in humans
viii Purposes of bioluminescence in the wild
ix Luminescent pets

1 Section A
2 Section B
3 Section C
4 Section D
5 Section E

Questions 6-9
Choose FOUR letters. A—G. Write the correct letters in boxes 6-9 on your answer

sheet. Which FOUR uses are listed for bioluminescence in nature?

A ways of attracting food

B tracing the spread of diseases
C mating signals
D growing trees for street lighting
E drug trials
F defensive tactics
G a torch to identify food

Questions 10-13
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

answer. The luminescent fluid that a vampire squid emits has a (10)....................effect on its predator.

In order to use bioluminescence in a trans-genetic environment, (11)..................................must first be removed

from a bioluminescent creature.

One advantage of BLI is that it could allow researchers to see how a treatment is working without altering or
disturbing (12)………………………………….

In the future, (13)...................................may be able to use bioluminescence to identify evidence on dead bodies.

A. The pressures on women to look slender, youthful, and attractive have been extensively documented, but
changing expectations for women’s bodies have varied widely. From voluptuous and curvy in the days of
Marilyn Monroe to slender and androgynous when Twiggy hit the London scene in the mid-1960s, and then on
to the towering Amazonian models of the 1980s and the “heroin chic” and size-zero obsession of today, it is not
just clothes that go in and out of fashion for women. The prevailing notion of the perfect body for men,
however, has remained remarkably static: broad shoulders, a big chest and arms, and rippling, visible
abdominal muscles and powerful legs have long been the staple ingredients of a desirable male physique.

B. A growing body of evidence suggests this is changing, however. Rootsteins, a mannequin design company in
Britain, has released its newest male model – the homme nouveau – with a cinched-in 27-inch waist. “To put
that into perspective,” says one female fashion reporter, “I had a 27-inch waist when I was thirteen _ and I
was really skinny.” The company suggests that the homme nouveau “redresses the prevailing ‘beefcake’ figure
by carving out a far more streamlined, sinuous silhouette to match the edgier attitude of a new generation”.

C. Elsewhere in the fashion industry, the label American Apparel is releasing a line of trousers in sizes no larger
than a 30-inch waist, which squeezes out most of the younger male market who have an average waistline over
five inches larger. Slender young men are naturally starting to dominate the catwalks and magazine pages as
well: “No one wanted the big guys,” model David Gandy has said, describing how his muscled physique was
losing him jobs. “It was all the skinny, androgynous look. People would look at me very, very strangely when I
went to castings.”

D. Achieving such a physique can be unattainable for those without the natural genetic make-up. “I don’t know
that anyone would consider my body archetypal or as an exemplar to work towards,” notes model Davo
McConville. “You couldn’t aim for this; it’s defined by a vacuum of flesh, by what it’s not.” Nevertheless,
statistics suggest it is not just an obsession of models, celebrities, and the media – more and more ordinary
men are prepared to go to great lengths for a slender body. One indication is the growing number of men who
are discovering surgical reconstruction. Male breast-reduction has become especially popular, in 2009, the year-
on- year growth rate for this procedure rose to 44 per cent in the United Kingdom. Liposuction also remains
popular in the market for male body reconstructive surgery, with 35,000 such procedures being performed on
men every year.

E. Additionally, more men now have eating disorders than ever before. These are characterized by normal
eating habits, typically either the consumption of insufficient or excessive amounts of food. Eating disorders are
detrimental to the physical and mental condition of people who suffer from them, and the desire to achieve
unrealistic physiques has been implicated as a cause. In 1990, only 10% of people suffering from anorexia or
bulimia were believed to be male, but this figure has climbed steadily to around one quarter today. Around two
in five binge eaters are men. Women still make up the majority of those afflicted by eating disorders, but the
perception of it being a “girly” problem has contributed to men being less likely to pursue treatment. In 2008,
male eating disorders were thrust into the spotlight when former British Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott,
admitted to habitually gorging on junk food and then inducing himself to vomit while in office. “I never
admitted to this out of the shame and embarrassment,” he said. “I found it difficult as a man like me to admit
that I suffered from bulimia.”

F. In some respects, the slim male silhouette seems to be complementing, rather than displacing, the G. I. Joe
physique. Men’s Health, one of the only titles to weather the floundering magazine market with sales increasing
to a quarter of a million per issue, has a staple diet of bulky men on the cover who entice readers with the
promise of big, powerful muscles. Advertising executives and fashion editors suggest that in times of recession
and political uncertainty, the more robust male body image once again becomes desirable. Academic research
supports this claim, indicating that more “feminine” features are desirable for men in comfortable and secure

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societies, while “masculine” physical traits are more attractive where survival comes back to the individual. A
University of Aberdeen study, conducted using 4,500 women from over 30 countries, found a pronounced
correlation between levels of public healthcare and the amount of effeminacy women preferred in their men.
In Sweden, the country considered to have the best healthcare, 68 per cent of women preferred the men who
were shown with feminine facial features. In Brazil, the country with the worst healthcare in the study, only 45
per cent of women were so inclined. “The results suggest that as healthcare improves, more masculine men
fall out of favour,” the researchers concluded.

G. Ultimately, columnist Polly Vernon has written, we are left with two polarized ideals of masculine beauty.
One is the sleek, slender silhouette that exudes cutting-edge style and a wealthy, comfortable lifestyle. The
other is the “strong, muscular, austerity-resistant” form that suggests a man can look after himself with his own
bare hands. These ideals co-exist by pulling men in different directions and encouraging them to believe they
must always be chasing physical perfection, while simultaneously destabilizing any firm notions of what physical
perfection requires.

H. As a result, attaining the ideal body becomes an ever more futile and time-consuming task. Vernon
concludes that this means less time for the more important things in life, and both sexes should resist the
compulsive obsession with beauty.

Questions 14-20
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information?
NB You may use any letter more than once.

14 an opinion on whether body image changes have positive or negative

effects 15 a historical comparison of gendered body images
16 a humiliating confession of overeating by a public figure
17 a cosmetic operation that has become increasingly
popular 18 a health condition afflicting increasing numbers
of men
19 the effect of changing body ideals on a male model
20 an explanation of how living standards affect the desirability of male physiques

Questions 21-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

21 A thin body is achievable for men regardless of their genes.

22 Male liposuction is more popular than male breast-reduction.
23 Rating disorders harm the mind and body.
24 Women seek help for eating disorders more often than men.
25 Men’s Health has suffered from a downturn in magazine
sales. 26 As public healthcare improves, men become more
feminine.

The title of Fats, Shoots and Leaves refers to a famously misplaced comma in a wildlife manual that ended up
suggesting a panda rather violently “eats, shoots and leaves” instead of eating shoots and leaves. The author
of this book, journalist Lynne Truss, is something akin to a militant linguist, dedicating this “zero tolerance”
manifesto on grammar to the striking Bolshevik printers of St. Petersburg who, in demanding the same
remuneration for punctuation as they received for letters, ended up setting in motion the first Russian
Revolution.

Some of the book involves humorous attacks on erroneous punctuation. There is the confused Shakespearian
thespian who inadvertently turns a frantic plea: “Go, get him surgeons!” into the cheerful encouragement of
“Go get him, surgeons!” Street and shop signs have a ubiquitous presence. A bakery declares “FRESH
DONUT’S SOLD HERE” and a florist curiously announces that “Pansy’s here!” (Is she?). The shameless title of a
Hollywood film Two Weeks Notice is reeled in for criticism – “Would they similarly call it One Weeks Notice?’’,
Truss enquires – and sometimes, as in the case of signs promoting “ANTIQUE’S” and “Potatoe’s” – one
questions whether we are bearing witness to new depths of grammar ignorance, or a postmodern caricature of
atrocious punctuation.

Eats, Shoots and Leaves is not just a piece of comedy and ridicule, however, and Truss has plenty to offer on
the question of proper grammar usage. If you have ever wondered whether it is acceptable to simply use an
“em dash”1 in place of a comma – the verdict from Truss is that you can. “The dash is less formal than the
semicolon, which makes it more attractive,” she suggests. “It enhances conversational tone; and … it is
capable of quite subtle effects.” The author concludes, with characteristic wry condescension, that the em
dash’s popularity largely rests on people knowing it is almost impossible to use incorrectly. Truss is a personal
champion of the semicolon, a historically contentious punctuation mark elsewhere maligned by novelist Kurt
Vonnegut Jr., as a “transvestite hermaphrodite representing absolutely nothing”. Coming to the semicolon’s
defence, Truss suggests that while it can certainly be Overused, she refers to the dying words of one 20th
century writer: “I should have used fewer semicolons, the semicolon can perform the role of a kind of Special
Policeman in the event of comma fights.”

Truss has come under criticism on two broad points. The first argument criticises the legitimacy of her
authority as a punctuation autocrat. Louis Menand, writing in the New Yorker, details Eats, Shoots and Leaves’
numerous grammatical and punctuation sins: a comma-free non-restrictive clause; a superfluous ellipsis; a
misplaced apostrophe; a misused parenthesis; two misused semicolons; an erroneous hyphen in the word
“abuzz”, and so on. In fact, as Menand notes, half the semicolons in the Truss book are spuriously deployed
because they stem from the author’s open flouting of the rule that semicolons must only connect two
independent clauses. “Why would a person not just vague about the rules but disinclined to follow them
bother to produce a guide to punctuation?” Menand inquires. Ultimately, he holds Truss accused of producing
a book that pleases those who “just need to vent” and concludes that Eats, Shoots and Leaves is actually a
tirade against the decline of language and print that disguises itself, thinly and poorly, as some kind of a style
manual.

Linguist David Chrystal has criticised what he describes as a “linguistic purism” coursing through Truss’ book.
Linguistic purism is the notion that one variety of language is somehow more pure than others, with this sense
of purity often based on an idealised historical point in the language’s development, but sometimes simply in
reference to an abstract ideal. In The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot and Left, Chrystal – a
former colleague of Truss – condemns the no-holds-barred approach to punctuation and grammar. “Zero
tolerance does not allow for flexibility,” he argues. “It is prescriptivism taken to extremes. It suggests that
language is in a state where all the rules are established with 100 per cent certainty. The suggestion is false.
We do not know what all the rules of punctuation are. And no rule of punctuation is followed by all of the
people all of the time.”

Other detractors of Truss’ “prescriptivism” are careful to disassociate needless purism from robust and sensible

Ultimately, it is unlikely the purists and pedagogues will ever make absolute peace with those who see
language as a fluid, creative process within which everyone has a role to play. Both sides can learn to live in a
sort of contentious harmony, however. Creativity typically involves extending, adapting and critiquing the
status quo, and revising and reviving old traditions while constructing new ones. Rules must exist in order for
this process to take place, if only for them to be broken. On the flip side, rules have an important role to play
in guiding our language into forms that can be accessed by people across all manner of differences, so it is
vital to acknowledge the extent to which they can be democratic, rather than merely autocratic in function.
Nevertheless, all the regulations in the world cannot stem the natural spring of language, which bursts through
rivets and snakes around the dams that linguistic authorities may try to put in place. We should celebrate
rather than curse these inevitable tensions.

Questions 27-32
Look as the following statements (Questions 27-32) and the list of people below. Match each statement with
the correct person A-E. NB You may use any letter more than once.

27 Mistakes should be corrected on the basis of common sense.

28 No one has legitimacy as an ultimate authority on punctuation
use. 29 Eats, Shoots and Leaves is not the type of book it claims to
be.
30 The idea that some forms of language can be better than others is
wrong. 31 The semicolon has no real purpose.
32 We can ask whether rules are helpful without undermining the need for rules.

List of people
A Kurt Vonnegut Jr
B Louis Menand
C David Chrystal
D Geoffrey K. Pullum
E Charles Gaulke

Questions 33-37
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Eats, Shoots and Leaves is a book on punctuation by journalist Lynne Truss, who could be described as a (33)
………………………..She dedicates the book to the Bolshevik printers who started the (34)…………………………..by
protesting for better pay conditions. The book is partly a humorous criticism of incorrect punctuation. Some of
the examples are so bad it is possible that they are actually a (35)……………………………….Truss also guides the
reader on correct punctuation usage. She likes them dash because it is not as (36)……………………….as
the semicolon, for example, but remains a (37) of the latter due to its ability to discipline areas of
text that are crowded with commas.

THREE of the following statements form part of the author’s conclusion?

A Rules prevent the creation of new things.

B A centralised point of control can effectively guide the flow of language.
C Both the descriptivists and prescriptivists have important roles to play in language evolution. D Disputes
over matters of language rules need not be condemned.
E Prescriptivists and descriptivists are both wrong.
F Rules help everyone use language and do not merely prescribe usage.
G An essential part of creativity is the rejection of that which has come before.
“Freebie” Marketing

A. In the late 1890s, while travelling as an itinerant salesperson for the Crown Cork and Seal Company, King C.Gillette
observed how his corked bottle caps were discarded immediately after opening. Nevertheless, his company turned a healthy
profit and there was immense business value. Gillette soon came to realise, in a product that was used only a few times.
Gillette had his own personal breakthrough while struggling with a straight-bladed razor – a slow, fiddly, and potentially
dangerous instrument that required sharpening on a regular basis. A simple, disposable blade that could be thrown away when
it dulled would meet a real need and generate strong profits, he correctly reasoned. After founding the American Safety Razor
Company in 1901, his sales leapt from 168 blades in 1,903 to 123,648 blades only a year later.

B. What King C. Gillette pioneered is far more than a convenient and affordable way for men to shave, however, it is the
business practice now known as “freebie marketing” that has inspired many more companies over the years. Gillette’s
approach was contrary to the received wisdom of his era, which held that a single, durable, high- quality and relatively
expensive consumer item with a high profit margin was the best foundation for a business. Freebie marketing involves two sets
of items: a master product that is purchased once, and a consumable product that is frequently disposed of and repurchased
on an ongoing basis. In this instance, the master product is often sold with little to no profit margin and is sometimes oven
dispensed at a loss. As the consumables are purchased over months and years, however, this can yield a much greater overall
profit.

C. Freebie marketing only works if the producer of the master item is also able to maintain control over the creation and
distribution of the consumables. If this does not happen, then cheaper versions of the consumable items may be produced,
leaving the original company without a source of profit. The video game company Atari, for example, initially sold its Atari 2600
consoles at cost price while relying on game sales for profit. Several programmers left Atari, however, and began a new
company called Activision which produced cheaper games of a similar quality. Suddenly, Atari was left with no way to make
money. Lawsuits to block Activision failed, and Atari survived only by adding licensing measures to its subsequent 5200 and
7800 consoles.

D. In other instances, consumers sometimes find that uses for a master product circumvent the need to purchase
consumables. This phenomenon is well known to have afflicted the producers of CueCat barcode readers. These were given
away free through Wired magazine with the intention that they would be used by customers to scan barcodes next to
advertisements in the publication and thus generate new revenue flows. Users discovered, however, that the machines could
be easily modified and used for other purposes, such as building a personal database of book and CD collections. As no
licensing agreement was ever reached between Wired and its magazine subscribers, CueCat were powerless to intervene, and
after company liquidation, the barcode readers soon became available in quantities over 500.000 for as little as US$0.30 each.

E. Not all forms of freebie marketing are legal. One notable example of this is the use of freebie marketing to “push” habit-
forming goods in areas where there is otherwise no market. For illegal substances, this is already restricted on the basis of the
product’s illegality, but the use of freebie marketing to promote legal goods such as tobacco, alcohol, and pharmaceuticals is
also outlawed because the short-term gain to a small number of commercial outlets is not deemed worth the social cost of
widespread substance abuse.

F. Another practice that is prohibited under antitrust laws Is a form of freebie marketing known as “tying”. This is when a seller

List of headings

i No giveaways for addictive products

ii Sales of razor blades increase astronomically
iii Monopoly of consumables is vital for success
iv Video gaming – a risky business
v A novel method of dual marketing ruled
out vi Freebie marketing restricted to legal goods
vii Buyer ingenuity may lead to bankruptcy
viii A marketing
innovation ix A product
innovation
x More money to be made from high – quality products

1 Section A
2 Section B
3 Section C
4 Section D
5 Section E
6 Section F

Questions 7-9
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each

answer. The new tactic of freebie marketing ran against the (7)..................of Gillette’s time.

Occasionally, people who buy a master product find ways of using it that get around the necessity of buying
more (8)…………………………………

Wired never had a (9)...................................with its customers about the use of the barcode readers.

Questions 10-13
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.

Freebie marketing is not permitted by law for either illegal or legal (10)...................................products. This type
of promotion of goods such as tobacco and alcohol is not considered worth the (11)................................and has
consequently been outlawed. “Tying” is also prohibited. This is when the sale of an attractive product
is (12)..........................on the purchase of another. It tends to occur when the seller takes advantage of a
natural
monopoly and is generally considered to be (13)………………………

When the Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened for traffic on 1 July 1940, it was celebrated as a major engineering
achievement. Even before construction was completed, however, flaws in the design were apparent; workers
sucked on lemon slices to avoid motion sickness as the structure swayed in the relatively mild winds. Engineers
tried three different revisions during construction to address the vibration problem. Initially, tie-down cables
were anchored to fifty-tonne bulkheads on the river banks. These were ineffective, as the cables soon
detached. Then, a pair of inclined cable locks was introduced to connect die main cables to the bridge deck at
mid-span. These stayed throughout the bridge’s lifespan, but did nothing to reduce vibration. A further
measure – the installation of hydraulic dampers between the towers and the floor system – was nullified
because die dampers were compromised when the bridge was sandblasted before painting.

Shortly after opening, the bridge quickly acquired the fond nickname of “Galloping Gertie” because of the way
it would roll in either side-to-side or lengthways movements – known in physics terms as the longitudinal and
transverse modes of vibration respectively. These movements did not compromise the core integrity of the
structure, but did make the crossing a somewhat white-knuckle affair. Many driven reported seeing cars ahead
disappear from sight several times as they sank into troughs from transverse vibrations (imagine the ripple
across a packed stadium during a Mexican wave). The experience of a longitudinal wave is closely analogous,
but more accurately associated with the waves one would encounter in the ocean. On a suspension bridge
though, these waves arc a unique experience – some daredevils were happy to pay the 75c toll just for the
thrill.

Four months later, however, a never-before-seen type of vibration began afflicting the bridge in what were still
fairly gentle winds (about 40 kmph). Rather than the simple “wave” morion that characterizes longitudinal and
transverse vibration, the left side of the bridge would rise while the right side fell, but the centre line of the
road would remain completely level. This was proved when two men walked along the centre of the bridge
completely unaffected by the rocking motions around them. Visually, the bridge’s movements seemed to be
more like a butterfly flapping its wings than a simple rolling motion. Engineers now understand this to be the
torsional mode of vibration, and it is extremely hard to detect. In aeroplane design, for example, even minute
shifts of die aircraft’s mass distribution and an alteration in one component can affect a component with which
it has no logical connection. In its milder forms, this can cause a light buzzing noise, similar to that which a
wasp or a bumble bee makes, but when allowed to develop unchecked, it can eventually cause the total
destruction of an aeroplane.

The torsional mode of vibration is die consequence of a set of actions known as aerostatic flutter. This involves
several different elements of a structure oscillating from the effect of wind, with each cycle of fluttering
building more energy into the bridge’s movements and neutralizing any structural damping effects. Because
the wind pumps in more energy than the structure can dissipate, and the oscillations feed off each other to
become progressively stronger, the aerostatic flutter and torsional vibrations were all but assured to destroy
the Tacoma Bridge on the morning of 7 November. At 11:00 a.m., the fluttering had increased to such
amplitude that the suspender cables were placed under excessive strain. When these budded, the weight of
the deck transferred to the adjacent cables which in turn were unable to support the weight. These cables
buckled, leaving nothing to stop the central deck breaking off into the Tacoma River.

It was at around 10:15 a.m. on 7 November that torsional vibration began afflicting the bridge. This made
driving treacherous, and newspaper editor Leonard Coatsworth’s car was jammed against the curb in the
centre of the bridge as he attempted to cross. Coatsworth tried to rescue his daughter’s cocker spaniel from
the back seat but was unsuccessful, and fearing for his life, crawled and staggered to safety on his own. At this
point, an engineering professor named Beit Farquhatson proceeded onto the bridge in an attempt to save the
frightened animal. Farqulunoii had been video-recording from the bonks of die river and had just returned
from purchasing more rolls of film. As an avowed dog lover, he felt obliged to attempt a rescue.
Unfortunately, the professor too was

Questions 14-16
Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Engineers used various techniques while building the bridge to reduce wobble:
 they attached (14)....................................to heavy blocks on the shoreline
 they fastened main cables to the middle of the (15)…………………………….
 (16).......................................were placed between the tallest parts of the structure and the deck.

Questions 17-19
Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Mode of vibration Description

(17)…………………………… Moving repeatedly to the left and right

(18)…………………………… Up and down motion; like a wave

Torsional Resembling motions of a (19)……………………………

Questions 20-24
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

(20)....................................is a series of actions leading to torsional oscillation. Various components move back
and forth from the force of the (21)……………………………..Eventually, the structure absorbs more (22)
…………………………than it is able to disperse and the (23)………………………………..increase gradually in intensity
until the structure collapses under the (24)……………………………

Questions 25-26
Choose TWO letters. A—E.

Which TWO of the following were on the bridge at the time of the collapse?

A filming equipment
B a small dog
C Leonard Coatsworth’s daughter
D a vehicle
E Professor Farquharson

Ebonics – also known by a host of other names such as African American Venacular English, Black English,
Black Vernacular, and so on — is an African-American language that has its roots in the trans-Atlantic slave
trade, as African captives devised the means to communicate with each other and with their captors. In the
South of the United States, these Pan-African languages co-mingled with Standard English and the Southern
dialect. Many uniquely African American components have arisen over the last two centuries, and all of these
influences have forged what is now known as Ebonics.

In 1996, debates around the nature of “Ebonics’’ in the United States came to a head. That year, the Oakland
Unified School District (OUSD) in California enacted Resolution 597-003, which officially recognized that
African- American students “as part of their culture and history as African people possess and utilize a
language”. Alternatively referred to as Ebonics (literally “black sounds”), African Communication Behaviours,
and African Language Systems, this language was declared to be “genetically-based” rather than a dialect of
Standard English.

Within the profession of language research and pedagogy, a strong consensus formed behind the OUSD’s
decision to recognise Ebonics. Linguistics professor John Rickford noted that Ebonics was not simply
characterised by erroneous grammar and a large slang vocabulary, but that underlying this language was a
structured form and process of grammar and phonology that made English learning for Ebonics speakers far
more complex a task than simply dropping bad habits. English teachers, Rickford counselled, must therefore
accept and embrace these complexities.

The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) concurred with Rickford, adding that whether or not Ebonics should be
defined as a dialect or a language does not matter in terms of its “validity”. While linguists studying Ebonics
typically restrain from prescribing edicts in favour of tracking changes in form and style, the LSA did point to
the fact that speakers of Sweden and Norwegian can typically understand each other while conversing in
different “languages”, whereas Mandarin and Cantonese speakers cannot understand each other’s “dialects” to
conclude that spatial and social tensions, rather than strict linguistic criteria, were the crucial factors in defining
these terms.

For many others, however, the OUSD’s decision was tantamount to endorsing lazy, vulgar, and “broken” English
— the equivalent, perhaps, of acknowledging “txt-speak” or Internet slang as a valid form of expression.
Recognizing and fostering the use of informal, culturally-specific spoken language, say those detractors, traps
users in a kind of linguistic ghetto in which they can interact with other disenfranchised and excluded citizens,
but cannot engage within the public sphere in a meaningful way. Because of the dominance of Standard English
in the United States, Ebonics-only speakers are essentially unable to go to university and work in high-valued
professions, and they are unlikely to be electable to any kind of public office (even in areas with a high density
of black residents, those who lose their Ebonics-tinged speech patterns tend to be more trusted).

Psychology professor Ladonna Lewis Rush has noted, however, that the OUSD’s resolution did not promote
Ebonics instruction as an alternative to Standard English in an either-or approach but was intended to provide
a better springboard for black achievement in English education. The systematic devaluation of Ebonics in
American society parallels. Rush has argued, the devaluation of African-Americans in general While a
demeaning attitude can lead to social exclusion, teachers are suggested to think infusively and encourage
Ebonics speakers to use and celebrate their way of speaking while understanding that the language of the
workplace, and of academics, is Standard English. Nobel Prize-winning journalist Toni Morrison has also found
a reciprocal, mutually enriching use for both Ebonics and Standard English. “There are certain ideas and ways
of thinking I cannot say without recourse to my Ebonics, language … I know the Standard English. I want to
use it to restore the other language, the lingua franca.”

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46
IELTS MASTER
In the media, the Ebonics controversy has mostly been portrayed as a revival of black-versus-white
confrontation
— this time over linguistic differences — but journalist Joan Walsh thinks there are bask elements inherent in
the dispute that people do not want to openly discuss. She considers that there is increasing resentment by
black parents and teachers who see enormous amounts of federal and state support going into Asian and
Latino bilingual programmes. As immigration continues to increase, a greater proportion of the school budget is
going into these programmes. The question has to be raised: why should immigrant children get English-
language assistance as well as reinforcement of their own language and culture while native-born African-
Americans get no such resources? Walsh maintains inner-city black children are more isolated than in the past
and have less social interaction with those fluent in Standard English. For this reason, they need help by trained
teachers to translate the native tongue they hear at home into the English of the classroom.

Ebonics should be treated as a black contribution to culture in the way that jazz and rock-and-roll has been
welcomed — the new vocabulary and imagery has added to the American language rather than devalued it. In
Walsh’s eyes, there has always been “white mistrust of how black people handle their business” but “in the
public realm, white disdain yields block intransigence more reliably than ‘P comes before e’”.

Questions 27-30
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.

Ebonics originated from the (27)................................The prisoners found a way to talk to other enslaved Africans
as well as to (28)......................................In southern USA, several African languages mixed with English and the
local (29)………………………………Over time, many distinctive (30)..............................have been added to produce
the Ebonics language of today.

Questions 31-37
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-K below. Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 31 —37 on
your answer sheet.

31 In 1996, the Oakland Unified School District passed a measure

32 According to John Rickford, it is a good idea when teaching Standard
English 33 Linguists studying Black speech patterns are only able
34 The LSA nilcd that definitions of “dialect” and “language” are generally a way
35 Critics of vernacular alternatives to Standard English tend
36 Ladonna Lewis Rush argues that it is important for
educators 37 Toni Morrison finds it necessary

A to use Ebonies in order to express specific concepts

B to recognise the genetic differences between African-American students and others
C to acknowledge the systematic differences that Ebonics speakers must learn to
overcome D to consider Ebonics as lazy English rather than a unique form of expression
E to admit Ebonics users to university to gain more knowledge
F to make a statement about particular geo-societal relationships
G to compare Scandinavian languages and Chinese dialects
H to declare Ebonics an independent language, not a variation on English
I to honour positive aspects of Ebonies, while emphasising the necessity of Standard English for formal
use
J to approve the language of text messaging as a legitimate mode of
communication K to describe how Ebonics has developed without dictating rules for
proper usage

THREE statements below represent the views of Joan Walsh?

A Linguistic issues are impeding black academic success rather than social issues.
B Ebonics deserves to be considered as nothing less than a gift to American society.
C Children of non-English-speaking immigrants should be denied access to limited educational resources.
D Ebonics is a debate that reflects rising multi-minority tensions and frustration over funding issues.
E Ebonics is just another hostile encounter between black and white opponents.

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