Battery Thermal Management

Battery Thermal Management based on phase change material
(PCM)
Abstract:
It is known that the performance of a power battery is greatly affected by
temperature. The battery pack needs an efficient thermal management system to make the
power battery work in a reasonable temperature range. Battery thermal management system
(BTMs) based on phase change materials (PCM), as a passive thermal management method,
has the advantages of low operating cost and good temperature uniformity. We will focus on
how we should improve the battery power by controlling the temperature.
Introduction:
Nowadays, the demand for energy and the consumption of fossil fuels continues to
grow, especially in countries with rapid economic development [1]. Furthermore, the
environmental and human health consequences of greenhouse gases and pollutants released
by the transportation industry are significant, necessitating the development of new and
renewable energy sources [2]. To suppress the generation of pollutants and achieve the goal
of zero-emissions, the automobile industry is gradually turning to electric vehicles in many
countries [3]. Among all types of energy storage devices in vehicles, the Li-ion battery has
been widely used due to its high specific energy and power, long cycle life, and low self-
discharge rate. As a result, enhancing the performance and cycle life of Li-ion batteries is
critical to increasing the performance of electric cars [4]. However, Li-ion batteries are
temperature sensitive. The best working temperature range of Li-ion batteries is 15–40 ◦C [5],
and the temperature difference between different parts in the battery should be within 5 ◦C
[6]. If the improper temperature range and temperature difference range occur in the Li-ion
battery for a long time, it will cause a series of problems [7,8]. In a cold environment, the
charging and discharging voltage and capacity of the Li-ion battery change significantly.
Lithium plating on a Li-ion battery at low temperatures will reduce the battery’s power
capacity, leading to severe degradation of the Li-ion battery [9]. A variety of battery thermal
management systems (BTMs) have been proposed to keep the Li-ion battery working in the
best operating temperature range. The Li-ion battery thermal management technology mainly
includes air cooling/heating, liquid cooling/heating, heat pipe (HP) cooling/heating [11], and
phase change materials (PCM) cooling/ heating [12]. Compared with the traditional thermal
management method, PCM does not consume energy and does not require additional
components [14]. With the progress of technology, hydrated salt inorganic phase change
materials with lower cost have also been used in BTMS in recent years [15]. In the process of
phase change, PCM may absorb or release a large amount of latent heat while maintaining an
almost constant temperature. This process is accompanied by a larger latent heat of phase
transition and a smaller temperature and volume change, which improves battery temperature
uniformity and keeps it within a reasonable range [16]. The above methods of BTMs have
their limitations. Still, with the advancement of power batteries, a single thermal management
approach is insufficient to fulfill thermal management needs. Therefore, coupled PCM BTMs
were born, and many relevant researches have been published in recent years. The
applications of PCM in the thermal management of Li-ion batteries are mainly in two aspects:
phase change fluid (PCF) as a heat transfer medium and encapsulated solid PCM wrapped in
the battery pack for heat transfer. The emergence of the new PCMs such as PCF and flexible
phase change materials (FPCM) have broken the limitations of the traditional PCM in the
application of battery thermal management.
Research Methodology:
Heat generation and heat transfer model of PCM-based BTMs The heat generated
inside Li-ion batteries mainly includes five parts: electrochemical reaction heat, ohmic
internal resistance heat, polarization heat, electrolyte decomposition heat and SEI film
decomposition heat. Due to the complex internal structure of Li-ion battery, it is difficult to
accurately measure its internal heating power in engineering. In order to facilitate the
calculation, Bernardi [19] puts forward a model for calculating the heat generation rate of the
battery, which simplifies the battery based on the principle of energy conservation and
considers that the heat generation of the battery(Qb) mainly include ohmic internal resistance
heat and chemical reaction heat.
Q b=
1
Vb(E−U−T
dE
dT
(1) )
I is the current of the battery, V b is the volume of the battery cell. E andU are the open circuit
voltage and working voltage of the battery.
T is the battery temperature. When PCM is applied to BTMS, PCM achieves the
purpose of thermal management by absorbing the heat produced by the battery. The energy
equations of the PCM are as follows [20]:
∂H
ρ PCM =K PCM ¿ (2)
∂T
H=h+ ΔH (3)
T
h=∫ C P , PCM dT (4)
T0
ΔH =αβ (5)
References
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