The Kraljic Portfolio Purchasing Model

The Kraljic Portfolio Purchasing Model
Assessing Risk and Maximizing Profits

https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_49.htm
(akses, 3 Oktober 2018)
You've just taken responsibility for purchasing at a major international

logistics company, and you're reviewing all of the fuel purchases over the
past two years.
The company spends a fortune on fuel, and it's hired you, in part, to look for ways to cut
costs.
The problem is that, because of the diverse nature of your company's transportation
methods (which cover air, ground, and ocean freight), each individual department
purchases fuel separately. So, the air division purchases its own jet fuel, the trucking
division purchases its own diesel, and the shipping freight division purchases its own oil.
How could you possibly reduce costs on such a necessary, but ultimately scattered,
commodity? The Kraljic Portfolio Purchasing Model helps you do this.
Understanding the Kraljic Portfolio Purchasing Model

The Kraljic Portfolio Purchasing Model was created by Peter Kraljic and it first appeared
in the Harvard Business Review in 1983. Despite its age, it's a popular and useful model
used in companies worldwide.
Its purpose is to help purchasers maximize supply security and reduce costs, by making
the most of their purchasing power. In doing so, procurement moves from being a
transactional activity to a strategic activity – because, as Kraljic said, "purchasing must
become supply management."
How to Use the Tool

The model involves four steps:
1. Purchase classification.
2. Market analysis.
3. Strategic positioning.
4. Action planning.
Let's explore each in more detail.
Step 1: Purchase Classification

Start by classifying all of the commodities, components, products, and services that you
buy according to the supply risk and potential profit impact of each.
Supply risk is high when the item is a scarce raw material, when its availability could be
affected by government instability or natural disasters, when delivery logistics are
difficult and could easily be disrupted, or when there are few suppliers.
Profit impact is high when the item adds significant value to the organization's output.
This could be because it makes up a high proportion of the output (for example, raw fruit
for a fruit juice maker) or because it has a high impact on quality (for example, the cloth
used by a high-end clothing manufacturer).
Then mark each item in the appropriate place on the product purchasing classification
matrix shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 – Product Purchasing Classification Matrix
Reprinted by permission of Harvard Business Review. From "Purchasing Must Become

Supply Management" by Peter Kraljic, September 1983. Copyright © 1983 by the Harvard
Business School Publishing Corporation; all rights reserved.
Kraljic recommends the following purchasing approaches for each of the four quadrants:
Strategic items (high profit impact, high supply risk).
These items deserve the most attention from purchasing managers. Options include
developing long-term supply relationships, analyzing and managing risks regularly,
planning for contingencies, and considering making the item in-house rather than
buying it, if appropriate.
Note that step 3, below, provides detailed options for the best purchasing approach for
these items, after considering other factors.
Leverage items (high profit impact, low supply risk).
Purchasing approaches to consider here include using your full purchasing power,
substituting products or suppliers, and placing high-volume orders.
Bottleneck items (low profit impact, high supply risk).
Useful approaches here include over ordering when the item is available (lack of reliable
availability is one of the most common reasons that supply is unreliable), and looking for
ways to control vendors
Non-critical items (low profit impact, low supply risk).
Purchasing approaches for these items include using standardized products, monitoring
and/or optimizing order volume, and optimizing inventory levels.
Step 2: Market Analysis

Here, you investigate how much power your suppliers have, and how much buying
power you have as their customer. A good way of doing this is to use Porter's Five
Forces analysis . (You'll use this information in the next step.)
Step 3: Strategic Positioning

Classify the products or materials you identified as "strategic" in Step 1 according to the
supplier and buyer power analysis you did in Step 2. To do this, simply enter each item
in the purchasing portfolio matrix, shown in Figure 2, below.
Figure 2 – Purchasing Portfolio Matrix
Step 4: Action Plans

Finally, develop action plans for each of the products and materials you need on a
regular basis according to where those items are placed in the matrix in Figure 2.
The three purchasing strategies indicated are as follows:
Exploit – Make the most of your high buying power to secure good prices and long-
term contracts from a number of suppliers, so that you can reduce the supply risk
involved in these important items. You may also be able to make "spot purchases" of
individual batches of the item, if a particular supplier offers you a good deal.
The only real caution is not to take any aggressive approach too far, just in case
circumstances change.
Balance – Take a middle path between the exploitation approach and the
diversification approach described below.
Diversify – Reduce the supply risks by seeking alternative suppliers or alternative

products. For example, in our logistics example, could you use the railroad to ship some
of your overland freight instead of relying solely on trucking companies?
You can also increase your buying power by consolidating to a single supplier. And, in
other situations, you could bring the production of the item in-house.

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The Kraljic Portfolio Purchasing Model

Assessing Risk and Maximizing Profits

You've just taken responsibility for purchasing at a major international

Understanding the Kraljic Portfolio Purchasing Model

How to Use the Tool

Step 1: Purchase Classification

Figure 1 – Product Purchasing Classification Matrix

Reprinted by permission of Harvard Business Review. From "Purchasing Must Become

Strategic items (high profit impact, high supply risk).

Leverage items (high profit impact, low supply risk).

Bottleneck items (low profit impact, high supply risk).

Non-critical items (low profit impact, low supply risk).

Step 2: Market Analysis

Step 3: Strategic Positioning

Step 4: Action Plans

The three purchasing strategies indicated are as follows:

Diversify – Reduce the supply risks by seeking alternative suppliers or alternative

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