School of Thought
School of Thought
School of Thought
Dr Sumitra Mishra
HOD Clinical Psychology
PERCEPTION
ATTENTION
MEMORY
LEARNING
It’s the specific ability to actively process the specific information in the environment while
turning out other details .
Attention is limited in terms of both capacity and duration, so it is important to have ways
to effectively manage the attentional resources we have available in order to make sense
of the world.
In many theories, attention is the link between perception and memory: the amount of
attention devoted to an event at the time it occurs (i.e., at encoding) is a good predictor
of the likelihood that it will be consciously remembered later (i.e., at retrieval).
TYPES OF ATTENTION
SUSTAINED SELECTIVE
ATTENTION DIVIDED ATTENTION ATTENTION
• Ability to focus on • Multitasking or • Being able to
one thing for a effortlessly choose and
continous period shifitng between 2 selectively attend
or more thing with to certain stimuli in
differengt cognitive the environment .
demands
THEORIES OF ATTENTION
1.BROADBENT THEORY 1958 –
proposed that physical charecterstics of
messages are used to select one
message for further processing and rest
are lost.
TRIESMAN'S ATTENTION
THEORY 1964
1. Schemas
2. Assimilation
3. Accomadation
4. Equilibrium
COGNITIVE
PROCESS
Schemas
Assimilation
Equilibration
DEVELOPMENT
TRADITION STAGE 4 FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE : 12 and above
1.Hypothetical deductive
reasoning- when faced with a
problem they start with
hypothesis or a prediction
about variables, that might
affect an outcome. They
systematically isolate and
combine variables to see which
of these inferences are
confirmed
Inexperience , overwhelming
options,
META-COGNITION
Development also entails the acquisition of
metacognition: one’s knowledge of what one knows,
and how one’s own mind works, and how this
knowledge can be deployed strategically in the
service of adaptive behavior.
Metacognitive knowledge is sometimes
characterized as a theory of mind, a phrase which
recalls Piaget’s argument that children, no less than
adults, function as naïve scientists
This higher-level cognition was given the label metacognition by
American developmental psychologist John H. Flavell (1976).
The term metacognition literally means 'above cognition', and is used
to indicate cognition about cognition, or more informally, thinking
about thinking.
Flavell defined metacognition as knowledge about cognition and
control of cognition. For example, a person is engaging in
metacognition if they notice that they are having more trouble
learning A than B, or if it strikes them that they should double-check C
before accepting it as fact.
MetaCogntiveTherapy evolved from classical CT. Metacognition
(knowing about knowing) is the aspect of cognition that
controls mental processes and thinking.
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF PIAGET'S
THEORY IN PSYCHIATRY
1.Sensori-Motar stage -
seperation anxiety due to Object Permanence
2. Pre-operational child- Unable to deal with concepts or abstractions
, benefits more from role playing proposed medical procedure or situations
than by explaining verbally .
They does not understand cause and effect , and has not mastered concept to
conserve and reversibility.
3. Formal operational stage. -
Thinking of adolescent in during this stage may appear to be overly abstract ,
which is a normal development stage.
ADULTS under stress can regress cognitively as well as emotiionally , thinking
can become preoperational , ego centric and sometimes animistic.
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Today the cognitive or cognitive-behavioral perspective on abnormal
behavior generally focuses on how thoughts and information
processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions
and behavior.
A schema is an underlying representation of knowledge that guides
the current processing of information and often leads to distortions in
attention, memory, and comprehension.
People develop different schemas based on their temperament,
abilities, and experiences.
MICHENEBAUM'S SELF INSTRUCTIONAL
TRAINING
Probably the first cognitive approach to generate interest among
behavioral researchers was self-instructional training
(Michenebaum,1975)
Michenbaum suggested that the behavior change can be brought
about by changing the instructions that patient give themselves, away
from maladaptive and upsetting thoughts to more adaptive self-talk.
The more sophisticated cognitive therapy described by Beck
(1970,1976) similar to Rational Emotive Therapy, was adapted much
more slower
RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY
Rational emotive therapy is the pioneering form of cogntive behaviour therapy
developed by Albert Ellis in early 1955 after he had found psychoanalysis
insuffeicient .
Prefrential RET follows ABCDE paradigm .
A represents anticident factors,
B for individual belief system,
C for feelings or consequences or systems,
D for controntation of irrational ideas,
E for outcomeof symptoms. A taetor represents that faulty emotional behaviour
is caused by the person's pattern o f thinking. B factor represents that human
behaviour and emotions can be altered by changing the patiernof thinking. C
factor indicates that they cause themselves prob!em because they have learned
one or more irrational ideas.
COGNITIVE THERAPY
According to Beck (1967; Beck et al., 2005), different forms of
psychopathology are characterized by different maladaptive
schemas that have developed as a function of adverse early
learning experiences.
These maladaptive schemas lead to the distortions in thinking that are
characteristic of certain disorders such as anxiety, depression, and
personality disorders.
In addition to studying the nature of dysfunctional schemas associated
with different forms of psychopathology, researchers have also
studied several different patterns of distorted information
processing exhibited by people with various forms of
psychopathology.
SCHEMAS, AUTOMATIC
NEGATIVE THOUGHTS.
Early experience- parents quarel , divorce
Core belief - I drive people away, I am
worthless
Formation of Dysfunctionion assumption -
unless i always please people, theywill leave
me.reject me
Critical incident – bf went out with another
girl
NAT- ITS MY FAULT, NO ONE LOVES ME , I
WILL BE ALONE FOREVER.
In contrast to the traditional psychiartic view of depression , Beck
proposed that the negative thinking so prominent in disorder is not just
a symptom but has a central role in the maintenance of depression,
This implies that depression can be treated by helping patients to
identify and modify their negative thoughts.
The research has illuminated the cognitive mechanisms that may be
involved in causing or maintaining certain disorders.
For example, individuals who are depressed show memory biases
favoring negative information over positive or neutral information.
Such biases are likely to help reinforce or maintain one’s current
depressed state (e.g., Joormann, 2009; Mathews & MacLeod, 2005).
Another important feature of information processing is that a great
deal of information is processed nonconsciously, or outside of our
awareness.
1.One example relevant to psychopathology is that anxious people
seem to have their attention drawn to threatening information even
when that information is presented subliminally (that is, without the
person’s awareness; e.g., Mathews & MacLeod, 2005).
2. the well-known phenomenon of implicit memory, which is
demonstrated when a person’s behavior reveals that she or he
remembers a previously learned word or activity even though she or
he cannot consciously remember it.
ATTRIBUTIONS, ATTRIBUTIONAL
STYLE, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY